While various examples of rationale or benefits of ascariasis control could justify a necessity of control activity in a community, few practical index other than the egg prevalence or intensity of infection has been used to evaluate the efficacy obtained by the control activity. A literature-based retrospective study was undertaken to provide some numerical data on the decreasing morbidity of surgical ascariasis as a consequence of ascariasis control in Korea. A thorough review of literatures (1959-1990) on biliary and other surgical complications of ascariasis reported from general hospitals revealed that their incidence has been decreasing very proportionally to the national figures of its egg prevalence and worm burden. For example, according to the remarkable decreases of the prevalence of ascariasis, there is an evident decreasing tendency of the proportion (%) of biliary ascariasis cases among all biliary surgical patients and the proportion of biliary ascariasis cases among all biliary stone patients in general hospitals. It is highly suggested that the Korean people have been much benefited by the control activity of ascariasis executed at a national scale since 1960s, especially in terms of incidence of biliary and other surgical complications of ascariasis.
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The complete life cycle of Echinostoma hortense has been maintained in the laboratory, using Lymnaea pervia snails and Rana nigromaculata tadpoles as the first and second intermediate hosts. ICR mice was used as the definitive host. Within the egg of E. hortense, the miracidium was fully matured in 13 days of incubation at 29-30 degrees C.
The miracidium was 93.8 x 53.6 microns in average size, covered with numerous cilia of 7-11 microns length. The epidermal plates were arranged in 6-8-4-2 formula. The first generation rediae (1.19 x 0.27 mm in average size) were observed in 14 days after miracidial challenge to the snails, and the second generation rediae (1.40 x 0.26 mm in average size) in 30 days. The average size of the cercaria was 295.5 x 145.0 microns. Their head crown was poorly developed, and collar spines were not yet observed. After a cercarial challenge to the tadpoles, all of the tadpoles became infected and the average worm recovery rate was 88.5%. The majority of the metacercariae (75.5%) were recovered from the muscle of the tadpole's posterior body and the rest (24.3%) from their gills. The metacercariae from the tadpoles were elliptical, and 167.7 x 129.9 microns in average size. The recovery rate of adults from the mice was different by the age of the metacercariae grown in the tadpoles. The metacercariae younger than 5 hrs could not infect mice whereas those older than 6 hrs could infect mice. The recovery rate became higher as the metacercaria matured, with the peak recovery rate of 90.0% at the metacercarial age of 9 days. Thereafter the recovery rate decreased to 55.0% at the age of 50 days. As shown by the above results, the whole life cycle of E. hortense has been completed in the laboratory. At least 55-58 days were required to maintain one egg-to-egg cycle of E. hortense.
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A SEM study was performed on the surface of adult P.
kobayashii Park, 1940, recovered from the snake, Elaphe rufodorsata. The anterior part of the worms was cup-shape and equipped with oral, ventral suckers, pseudosuckers, and tribocytic organ, and the posterior one was finger-like and round-ended. The tegument of the anterior body was covered with 3-4 pointed small spines on the mid-ventral surface and 1-2 pointed ones on the lateral surface. Sensory papillae such as type II, dome-shape ones, and papillae with an opening were distributed over the ventral surface of the anterior portion. The round tribocytic organ was bearing small stout spines laterally, whereas the surface which comes in contact with the host tissues consisted of numerous long fibrillar fibers. The lip of the oral sucker contained type II papillae. Lateral margin of the anterior body revealed type III papillae.
Epidemiological studies on host rodents of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out during the period of July-September 1990 at nine localities of central Korea. Among total 111 wild rodents trapped by the modified Sherman live traps, 103 were Apodemus agrarius (92.8%), seven were Crocidura lasiura (6.3%) and one was Microtus fortis (0.9%), showing 24.0% of trapping rate in winter, 11.7% in spring, 11.2% in summer and 12.0% in autumn. Out of 103 A. agrarius 84 were parasitized by chiggers, showing 81.6% of the infestation rate and 43.0 of the chigger index. The antibody positive rate of A. agrarius sera to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was significantly variable by locality, being in the range of 0-78.6%. The seasonal change of the antibody positive rate at Dorai 5-ri, Goyang-gun was 75.8% in average during November-March, decreased to 30.3% in April and further decreased to 13.3% in average during May-August. Among 33 antibody positives, 31 were Karp strain and two were Gilliam. Seven Crocidura lasiura sera showed all negative.
R. tsutsugamushi organisms were isolated from three A.
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Status of metacercarial infections of Paragonimus westermani was observed in freshwater crabs, which were purchased at 3 markets in its peak season of 1990. All of 85 crabs were Eriocheir japonicus. No other species of Eriocheir were found. When crushed muscle and viscera was examined individually, the infection rate was 11.8%; and mean number of metacercariae was 2.1 per infected crab. Unless adequately cooked, freshwater crabs are still potential sources of human paragonimiasis.
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