Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 38(4); December 2000

Mini Review

Mucosal immunity against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes: Denis Nnabuike Onah, Yukifumi Nawa; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):209-236.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.209

Abstract
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The last two decades witnessed significant advances in the efforts of immunoparasitologists to elucidate the nature and role of the host mucosal defence mechanisms against intestinal nematode parasites. Aided by recent advances in basic immunology and biotechnology with the concomitant development of well defined laboratory models of infection, immunoparasitologists have more precisely analyzed and defined the different immune effector mechanisms during the infection; resulting in great improvement in our current knowledge and understanding of protective immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites. Much of this current understanding comes from experimental studies in laboratory rodents, which have been used as models of livestock and human GI nematode infections. These rodent studies, which have concentrated on Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti/S. venezuelensis, Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris infections in mice and rats, have helped in defining the types of T cell responses that regulate effector mechanisms and the effector mechanisms responsible for worm expulsion. In addition, these studies bear indications that traditionally accepted mechanisms of resistance such as eosinophilia and IgE responses may not play as important roles in protection as were previously conceived. In this review, we shall, from these rodent studies, attempt an overview of the mucosal and other effector responses against intestinal nematode parasites beginning with the indices of immune protection as a model of the protective immune responses that may occur in animals and man.

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Original Articles

Rodent model for long-term maintenance and development of the viable cysticerci of Taenia saginata asiatica: I.C. Wang, W.C. Chung, S.C. Lu, P.C. Fan; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):237-244.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.237

Abstract
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Although oncospheres of Taenia saginata asiatica can develop into cysticerci in immunodeficiency, immunosuppressed, and normal mice, no detailed information on the development features of these cysticerci from SCID mice is available. In the present study, the tumor-like cyst was found in the subcutaneous tissues of each of 10 SCID mice after 38-244 days inoculation with 39,000 oncospheres of T. s. asiatica. These cysts weighed 2.0-9.6 gm and were 1.5-4.3 cm in diameter. The number of cysticerci were collected from these cysts ranged from 125 to 1,794 and the cysticercus recovery rate from 0.3% to 4.6%. All cysticerci were viable with a diameter of 1-6 mm and 9 abnormal ones each with 2 evaginated protoscoleces were also found. The mean length and width of scolex, protoscolex, and bladder were 477 × 558, 756 × 727, and 1,586 × 1,615 ?m, respectively. The diameters of suckers and rostellum were 220 ?m and 70 ?m, respectively. All cysticerci had two rows of rostellar hooks. These findings suggest that the SCID mouse model can be employed as a tool for long-term maintenance of the biological materials for advanced studies of immunodiagnosis, vaccine development, and evaluation of cestocidal drugs which would be most benefit for the good health of the livestocks.

Citations

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Experimental animal models and their use in understanding cysticercosis: A systematic review
Muloongo C. Sitali, Veronika Schmidt, Racheal Mwenda, Chummy S. Sikasunge, Kabemba E. Mwape, Martin C. Simuunza, Clarissa P. da Costa, Andrea S. Winkler, Isaac K. Phiri, Adler R. Dillman
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(7): e0271232. CrossRef
Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia: A review with emphasis on molecular approaches and local lifestyles
Akira Ito, Tiaoying Li, Toni Wandra, Paron Dekumyoy, Tetsuya Yanagida, Munehiro Okamoto, Christine M Budke
Acta Tropica.2019; 198: 105075. CrossRef
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the suitability and details of freezing methods to allow human consumption of meat infected with Trichinella or Cysticerc

EFSA Journal.2005; 3(1): 142. CrossRef
Development of Taenia saginata asiatica metacestodes in SCID mice and its infectivity in human and alternative definitive hosts
S. L. Chang, N. Nonaka, M. Kamiya, Y. Kanai, H. K. Ooi, W. C. Chung, Y. Oku
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Detection of IgG antibody against Neospora caninum in cattle in Korea: Ji-Seon Bae, Dae-Yong Kim, Woo-Suk Hwang, Jae-Hoon Kim, Nam-Seok Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):245-249.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.245

Abstract
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A total of 492 cattle sera was screened by IgG-ELISA against Neospora caninum (Nc-1 strain and a Korean isolate, KBA-2) and Toxoplasma gondii. Out of 492, 113 sera (23.0%) reacted positively to either Nc-1 or KBA-2 strains of N. caninum. Among the 113 positive sera, 92 sera (81.4%) reacted with antigens of both strains, but 6 sera (5.3%) with Nc-1 and 15 sera (13.3%) with KBA-2 strain only. And with T. gondii antigen, 6 sera (1.2%) were positive but all reacted with N. caninum antigen also. Western blot revealed typical binding pattern according to ELISA values, such that high OD group reacted specifically to the major surface proteins including 43 kDa protein. Seroprevalence of 23.0% indicates that neosporosis seemed to be one of major causes of abortion in cattle. It is suggested here to establish more epidemiological researches nationwide systematically.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(3): 241. CrossRef

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Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea: Young-Ha Lee, Hyung-Jun Noh, Ok-Sun Hwang, Sang-Keol Lee, Dae-Whan Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):251-256.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.251

Abstract
PDF

There have been some reports about the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody among Koreans, and most of all data were taken from patients visiting hospitals. However, the epidemiological data of the community-based study in Korea are rare. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the inhabitants of the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea. A total of 1,109 serum samples (499 males, 610 females) were examined for the IgG antibodies by ELISA. To set up the cut-off point for ELISA, we used a commercial latex agglutination (LA) kit. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA against LA test were 89.5%, and 98.6% respectively. Among 1,109 sera, 6.9% showed seropositivity by ELISA. The positive rates of males and females were 6.0% and 7.2%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between sexes. Comparing the age groups, the highest seropositive rate showed in the seventies or higher, and their rates had a tendency to increase with age (0.05 < p < 0.3). These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in rural inhabitants is similar to previous reports in Korea; however we need further investigation to clarify the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the general population.

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The effect of microfilament inhibitor on the Cryptosporidium infection in vitro: Jae-Ran Yu, Sung-Don Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):257-261.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.257

Abstract
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This study was focused on the effects of microfilament inhibitor, Cytochalasin D (CD) on the invasiveness of sporozoites of Cryptosporidium spp. into the host cells. MDCK and AGS cell lines were used as host cells for C. parvum and C. muris, respectively. When MDCK cells were pretreated with CD for 1 hr before inoculation of the sporozoites, C. parvum infection was significantly inhibited when compared to the control cells. These inhibitory effects of CD on the rate of infection were dose-dependent. In addition, C. muris infection was hampered when AGS cell lines were pretreated with CD. However, the capability of invasiveness of the sporozoites into the host cells was not greatly influenced by the pretreatment of sporozoites with CD before infection. These results suggest that microfilaments of host cells, rather than parasites, play an important role for the invasion of Cryptosporidium spp.

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Comparative study on longevity of Anopheles sinensis in malarious and non-malarious areas in Korea: Han-Il Ree, Ui-Wook Hwang; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):263-266.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.263

Abstract
PDF

An outbreak of vivax malaria has been occurring in northern part of Kyonggi-do and north-western part of Kangwon-do, where are located near the demilitarized zone, since 1993. For understanding of epidemiological features of malaria, the probability of daily survival of Anopheles sinensis, the vector species of malaria was compared in malarious and non-malarious areas in July-August, 2000. Total 915 females collected at three locations in malarious areas were dissected for ovaries, and 64.6% of the parous rate was found. Total 758 females collected at three locations in non-malarious areas were dissected, and 57.8% of the parous rate was observed. It was estimated from the parous rates that the probability of daily survival of An. sinensis females was 0.864 in malarious areas and 0.850 in non-malarious areas, which was not significantly different.

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Case Report

Five cases of ocular toxocariasis confirmed by serology: Sung-Pyo Park, Inwon Park, Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Jean-Fran?ois Magnaval; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):267-273.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.267

Abstract
PDF

We report 5 cases of ocular toxocariasis in Korean adults complaining of visual impairment along with floating or bubbling sensation. Fundoscopic examination revealed a retinal detachment along with exudate in 4 cases. They all showed typical reaction by ELISA and immunoblot against Toxocra excretory-secretory antigen. One case showed high level of anti-Toxocara IgE antibodies (34,000 Toxocara units/L) as well as increased level of serum total IgE antibodies and the specific IgE antibodies for 3 inhalant antigens, suggesting that high level of anti-Toxocara IgE antibodies was associated with an atopic status. Clinical manifestations were improved after the sequential use of steroids then mebendazole. We also suggest that ocular toxocariasis should be thoroughly investigated even when an evocative uniocular inflammatory lesion is encountered in peripheral retina without a systematic disease.

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Brief Communications

A small-scale survey on the status of intestinal parasite infections in rural villages in Nepal: Tai-Soon Yong, Seobo Sim, Jongweon Lee, Heechoul Ohrr, Myung-Ho Kim, Hyunsoo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):275-277.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.275

Abstract
PDF

The status of intestinal parasite infections was investigated in two rural villages (Chitrasar, Jerona) in Chitwan District, Nepal in 1999. Stool examination was performed with a total of 300 specimens from schoolchildren by formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasite infections in the surveyed areas was 44.0%. The prevalence rate in Jerona was slightly higher than that in Chitrasar. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasite infections in female was slighly higher than that in male without statistically significant difference. Entamoeba coli was the most commonly found protozoan parasite (21.0%) followed by Giardia lamblia (13.7%) and others (5.3%). Hookworm was the most prevalent intestinal helminth (13.0%) followed by Trichuris trichiura (3.0%) and others (5.0%). Forty-three specimens (14.3%) showed mixed infections. It is necessary to implement large-scale treatment with anthelminthics, health education and sanitary improvement for intestinal parasite control in the surveyed areas.

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Enterobius vermicularis egg positive rate of pre-school children in Chunchon, Korea (1999): Hyung-Jun Yoon, Ye-Jong Choi, Soo-Ung Lee, Hyun-Young Park, Sun Huh, Yong-Sang Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):279-281.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.279

Abstract
PDF

Pre-school children were examined for the presence of Enterobius vermicularis egg by perianal swab method. We visited 67 nurseries and 25 kindergartens between January, 1999 and April, 1999 in Chunchon, Korea. Of the 4,711 children examined, 434 (9.2%) were found to be positive for E. vermicularis egg. The egg positive rates of boys and girls were 10.1% and 8.1%, respectively. The rates were 7.8% in kindergartens and 9.7% in nurseries. Positive rate of 50 institutions was less than 10%. Rate in 35 institutions was from 10% to less than 20%. Rate in 7 institutions was equal to or over 20%. Out of 1,113 children examined twice, 28 (2.5%) children were positive consecutively, 53 (4.8%) were positive with negative conversion, 47 (4.2%) were negative with positive conversion, and 985 (88.5%) were consecutively negative. It means that in the low endemic area of enterobiasis with around 10% positive rate, the two consecutive examinations may increase the egg detection rate of 4.2-4.8%. The small number of consecutive egg positive children also suggests that the worm burden of the positive children might be low. Since the egg positive rate of that age group in this City increased from 1.85% (1997), and 3.0% (1998), the more intensive regular control should be executed.

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