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"Anopheles"

Brief Communication

Mosquito Species Composition and Plasmodium vivax Infection Rates on Baengnyeong-do (Island), Republic of Korea
Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, In-Yong Lee, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda, Heung Chul Kim
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):313-316.
Published online September 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.313

Vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in the north of the Republic of Korea (ROK). The island of Baengnyeong-do is the westernmost point of the ROK and is located close to the southwestern coast of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Mosquitoes were collected using a black light trap on Baengnyeong-do, and Anopheles spp. were assayed by PCR, to identify the species, and screened for sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax. Of a subsample of 257 mosquitoes, Anopheles lesteri was the most frequently collected (49.8%), followed by Anopheles sinensis (22.6%), Anopheles pullus (18.7%), Anopheles kleini (7.8%), and Anopheles belenrae (1.2%). The overall sporozoite rate was 3.1%, with the highest rates observed in An. kleini (15.0%), An. sinensis (5.2%), and An. lesteri (1.6%). No sporozoite positive An. pullus or An. belenrae were observed. The results extend our knowledge of the distribution and potential role in malaria transmission of An. kleini, An. lesteri, and An. sinensis, for an area previously considered to be at a low risk for contracting vivax malaria.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Recent malaria outbreak in the USA: Risk of and response to malaria reintroduction in non-endemic regions
    Liwang Cui, Kami Kim
    Decoding Infection and Transmission.2024; 2: 100018.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
    Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kwang Shik Choi
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Vector Competence and the Susceptibility of Anopheles pullus and Anopheles belenrae to Plasmodium vivax-Infected Blood From Thai Patients
    Ratawan Ubalee, Heung-Chul Kim, Siriporn Phasomkusolsil, Jaruwan Tawong, Ratree Takhampunya, Amnart Kayha, Suparat Chairuksa, Waranya Buadok, Vichit Phunkitchar, Betty K Poole-Smith, Silas A Davidson, Won-Ja Lee, Terry A Klein, Dina Fonseca
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(3): 1047.     CrossRef
  • Species Diversity of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Plasmodium vivax Infection Rates, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea During 2020
    So Youn Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Jihun Ryu, Min Hyeok Won, Jae Won Choi, Myung Soon Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Si Hyeock Lee, Young Ho Kim, Ju Hyeon Kim, Kwang Shik Choi, Nobuko Tuno
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(5): 1778.     CrossRef
  • Prediction of species composition ratios in pooled specimens of the Anopheles Hyrcanus group using quantitative sequencing
    Do Eun Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Ju Hyeon Kim, Si Hyeock Lee
    Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea
    Seo Hye Park, Hojong Jun, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Sung-Lim Yu, Sung Keun Lee, Jung-Mi Kang, Hyunwoo Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 543.     CrossRef
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis of Malaria Chemoprophylaxis and Early Diagnosis for Korean Soldiers in Malaria Risk Regions
    Hee-sung Kim, Gilwon Kang, Sunmi Lee, Chang-gyo Yoon, Minyoung Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Adult Mosquito Black-Light and Light-Emitting Diode Traps at Three Cowsheds Located in Malaria-Endemic Areas of the Republic of Korea
    Heung-Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Kwang-Shik Choi, Do-Un Hwang, Jaree L. Johnson, Terry A. Klein
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2017; 54(1): 221.     CrossRef
  • Seasonal dynamics ofAnophelesspecies at three locations in the Republic of Korea
    Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Cong Li, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda
    Journal of Vector Ecology.2017; 42(2): 335.     CrossRef
  • Distribution of malaria vectors and incidence of vivax malaria at Korean army installations near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea
    Kyu Sik Chang, Dae-Hyun Yoo, Young Ran Ju, Wook Gyo Lee, Jong Yul Roh, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, E-Hyun Shin
    Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Vector Competence ofAnopheles kleiniandAnopheles sinensis(Diptera: Culicidae) From the Republic of Korea to Vivax Malaria-Infected Blood From Patients From Thailand
    Ratawan Ubalee, Heung-Chul Kim, Anthony L. Schuster, Patrick W. McCardle, Siriporn Phasomkusolsil, Ratree Takhampunya, Silas A. Davidson, Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2016; 53(6): 1425.     CrossRef
  • Differing Patterns of Selection and Geospatial Genetic Diversity within Two Leading Plasmodium vivax Candidate Vaccine Antigens
    Christian M. Parobek, Jeffrey A. Bailey, Nicholas J. Hathaway, Duong Socheat, William O. Rogers, Jonathan J. Juliano, Mauricio Martins Rodrigues
    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2014; 8(4): e2796.     CrossRef
  • Synchronous peaks in trap catches of malaria-infected mosquito species at Daeseongdong, a border village between North and South Korea
    Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda, Won-Ja Lee
    Journal of Vector Ecology.2012; 37(1): 29.     CrossRef
  • 9,126 View
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Original Article

Seasonal Prevalence of Mosquitoes, Including Vectors of Brugian Filariasis, in Southern Islands of the Republic of Korea
Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Jong-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):59-64.
Published online March 18, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.59

A survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of Brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of Jeollanam-do (province), Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do, Korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. Overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. Ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as Aedes togoi), Anopheles (Hyrcanus) group, and Culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all areas. Oc. togoi larvae were most frequently collected at salinity levels <0.5% during June and July, with densities decreasing sharply during the rainy season in August. The most likely explanation for the eradication of filariasis in these areas is suggested to be an aggressive treatment program executed during the 1970s and the 1990s. However, high prevalence of the vector mosquitoes may constitute a potential risk for reemerging of brugian filariasis in these areas.

Citations

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  • Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia
    Budi Mulyaningsih, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, Suwarno Hadisusanto, Erwin Edyansyah
    Veterinary World.2021; : 1954.     CrossRef
  • A multiplex PCR assay for six Aedini species, including Aedes albopictus
    Woo Jun Bang, Min Hyeok Won, Seong Tae Cho, Jihun Ryu, Kwang Shik Choi
    Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Modeling the Putative Ancient Distribution of Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Daniel A H Peach, Benjamin J Matthews, Konrad Fiedler
    Journal of Insect Science.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Insecticide Coated Screen Models Reduce Insect-vector Population in a Pasture Area in Ngaoundere, Cameroon
    Sevidzem Silas Lendzele, Raymond Tchawe, Zinga-Koumba Roland, Mamoudou Abdoulmoum, Ndjonka Dieudonne, Mavoungou Jacques Francois
    Trends in Applied Sciences Research.2019; 14(2): 80.     CrossRef
  • Immune responses of Aedes togoi, Anopheles paraliae and Anopheles lesteri against nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi microfilariae during migration from the midgut to the site of development
    Watcharatip Dedkhad, Bruce M Christensen, Lyric C Bartholomay, Deepak Joshi, Chayanit Hempolchom, Atiporn Saeung
    Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Co-occurrence of viruses and mosquitoes at the vectors’ optimal climate range: An underestimated risk to temperate regions?
    Marcus S. C. Blagrove, Cyril Caminade, Elisabeth Waldmann, Elizabeth R. Sutton, Maya Wardeh, Matthew Baylis, Christopher M. Barker
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2017; 11(6): e0005604.     CrossRef
  • Peripheral Blood Smear Contamination with Helicosporium Fungi Resembling Microfilaria
    Kui-Hyun Yoon
    Annals of Laboratory Medicine.2015; 35(1): 169.     CrossRef
  • Sero-surveillance of Getah Virus among Thoroughbred Horses in Korea
    Hyun-Ye Jo, Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Sung-Suk Choi, Kyung-Suk Kang, Sun-Ju Yang, Young-Jin Yang, In-Soo Cho
    Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2015; 45(3): 235.     CrossRef
  • Phylogeography of the Coastal Mosquito Aedes togoi across Climatic Zones: Testing an Anthropogenic Dispersal Hypothesis
    Teiji Sota, Peter Belton, Michelle Tseng, Hoi Sen Yong, Motoyoshi Mogi, Igor Mokrousov
    PLOS ONE.2015; 10(6): e0131230.     CrossRef
  • Peritrophic matrix formation and Brugia malayi microfilaria invasion of the midgut of a susceptible vector, Ochlerotatus togoi (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Narissara Jariyapan, Atiporn Saeung, Nuchpicha Intakhan, Wetpisit Chanmol, Sriwatapron Sor-suwan, Benjarat Phattanawiboon, Kritsana Taai, Wej Choochote
    Parasitology Research.2013; 112(7): 2431.     CrossRef
  • Environmental Forcing Shapes Regional House Mosquito Synchrony in a Warming Temperate Island
    Luis Fernando Chaves, Yukiko Higa, Su Hyun Lee, Ji Yeon Jeong, Sang Taek Heo, Miok Kim, Noboru Minakawa, Keun Hwa Lee
    Environmental Entomology.2013; 42(4): 605.     CrossRef
  • Surveillance and Vector Control of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Republic of Korea
    Shin Hyeong Cho, Da Won Ma, Bo Ra Koo, Hee Eun Shin, Wook Kyo Lee, Byong Suk Jeong, Chaeshin Chu, Won Ja Lee, Hyeng Il Cheun
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2012; 3(3): 145.     CrossRef
  • 9,700 View
  • 66 Download
  • Crossref

Brief Communication

Population Dynamics of Five Anopheles Species of the Hyrcanus Group in Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea
Kyoung Yong Jeong, Sunjin Un, Jongweon Lee, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Han-Il Ree
Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):351-353.
Published online December 16, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.351

To investigate the population densities of potential malaria vectors, Anopheles species were collected by light traps in malaria endemic areas, Paju and Gimpo, Gyeonggi-do of Korea. Five Anopheles Hyrcanus sibling species (An. sinensis, An. pullus, An. lesteri, An. kleini, and An. belenrae) were identified by PCR. The predominant species, An. pullus was collected during the late spring and mid-summer, while higher population consists of An. sinensis were collected from late summer to early autumn. These 2 species accounted for 92.1% of all Anopheles mosquitoes collected, while the other 3 species accounted for 7.9%. Taking into account of these population densities, late seasonal prevalence, and long-term incubation period (9-13 months) of the Korean Plasmodium vivax strain, An. sinensis s.s is thought to play an important role in the transmission of vivax malaria in the study areas.

Citations

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  • Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria related to international travel in the Republic of Korea from 2009 to 2018
    Byoung Hak Jeon, Jung Ah Lee, Shin Young Lee, Sang Eun Lee, Joon Sup Yeom
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Nowcasting Vector Mosquito Abundance and Determining Its Association With Malaria Epidemics in South Korea
    Taehee Chang, Saebom Choi, Hojong Jun, Jong-Yil Chai, Sang Hoon Song, Sehyeon Kim, Joon-Sup Yeom, Sung-il Cho, Kyung-Duk Min, Fedor Korennoy
    Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • PCR–RFLP assays for the identification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) species circulating in Honduras
    Denis Escobar, Fernando Pérez, Bryan Ortiz, Gustavo Fontecha
    Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Identification of breeding habitats and kdr mutations in Anopheles spp. in South Korea
    Hyelee Hong, Tae-Hui Eom, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Bao Duong Tuan, Hyun Park, Seon-Ju Yeo
    Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Species Diversity of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Plasmodium vivax Infection Rates, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea During 2020
    So Youn Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Jihun Ryu, Min Hyeok Won, Jae Won Choi, Myung Soon Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Si Hyeock Lee, Young Ho Kim, Ju Hyeon Kim, Kwang Shik Choi, Nobuko Tuno
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(5): 1778.     CrossRef
  • Morphological and molecular identification reveals a high diversity of Anopheles species in the forest region of the Cambodia–Laos border
    Canglin Zhang, Chunhai Luo, Rui Yang, Yaming Yang, Xiaofang Guo, Yan Deng, Hongning Zhou, Yilong Zhang
    Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles hyrcanus group (Diptera: Culicidae) based on rDNA–ITS2 and mtDNA–COII
    Canglin Zhang, Rui Yang, Linbo Wu, Chunhai Luo, Xiaofang Guo, Yan Deng, Hongning Zhou, Yilong Zhang
    Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jong-Yil Chai
    Infection & Chemotherapy.2020; 52(3): 441.     CrossRef
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    Yuan Fang, Wen-Qi Shi, Yi Zhang
    Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Seasonal dynamics ofAnophelesspecies at three locations in the Republic of Korea
    Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Cong Li, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda
    Journal of Vector Ecology.2017; 42(2): 335.     CrossRef
  • Mosquitoes of Anopheles hyrcanus (Diptera, Culicidae) Group: Species Diagnostic and Phylogenetic Relationships
    Yulia V. Andreeva, Anuarbek K. Sibataev, Perizat A. Esenbekova, Natalia V. Khrabrova, Svetlana S. Alekseeva
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  • Mosquito Species Composition andPlasmodium vivaxInfection Rates on Baengnyeong-do (Island), Republic of Korea
    Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, In-Yong Lee, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda, Heung Chul Kim
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 313.     CrossRef
  • 8,563 View
  • 121 Download
  • Crossref

Original Articles

Molecular Variation and Distribution of Anopheles fluviatilis (Diptera: Culicidae) Complex in Iran
Saied Reza Naddaf, Mohammad Reza Razavi, Golnaz Bahramali
Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):231-236.
Published online September 16, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.231

Anopheles fluviatilis James (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the known malaria vectors in south and southeastern Iran. Earlier ITS2 sequences analysis of specimens from Iran demonstrated only a single genotype that was identical to species Y in India, which is also the same as species T. We identified 2 haplotypes in the An. fluviatilis populations of Iran based on differences in nucleotide sequences of D3 domain of the 28S locus of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Comparison of sequence data from 44 Iranian specimens with those publicly available in the Genbank database showed that all of the 28S-D3 sequences from Kazeroun and Khesht regions in Fars Province were identical to the database entry representing species U in India. In other regions, all the individuals showed heterozygosity at the single nucleotide position, which identifies species U and T. It is argued that the 2 species may co-occur in some regions and hybridize; however, the heterozygosity in the 28S-D3 locus was not reflected in ITS2 sequences and this locus for all individuals was identical to species T. This study shows that in a newly diverged species, like members of An. fluviatilis complex, a single molecular marker may not be sufficiently discriminatory to identify all the taxa over a vast geographical area. In addition, other molecular markers may provide more reliable information for species discrimination.

Citations

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  • Are members of the Anopheles fluviatilis complex conspecific?
    Om P. Singh, Ankita Sindhania, Gunjan Sharma, Shobhna Mishra, Surya K. Sharma, Piyoosh K. Singh, Manoj K. Das
    Acta Tropica.2021; 224: 106149.     CrossRef
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    Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Behzad Norouzi, Ralph E. Harbach
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    A. Salahi-Moghaddam, A. Khoshdel, H. Dalaei, K. Pakdad, G.G. Nutifafa, M.M. Sedaghat
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    Gang Wang, Chunxiao Li, Wei Zheng, Fenglin Song, Xiaoxia Guo, Zhonghua Wu, Peng Luo, Yongyao Yang, Lei He, Tongyan Zhao
    Mitochondrial DNA Part A.2017; 28(5): 769.     CrossRef
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    Francesco Nugnes, Umberto Bernardo, Gennaro Viggiani
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  • 106 Download
  • Crossref
Efficiency Evaluation of Nozawa-Style Black Light Trap for Control of Anopheline Mosquitoes
Hee Il Lee, Bo Youl Seo, E-Hyun Shin, Douglas A. Burkett, Jong-Koo Lee, Young Hack Shin
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):159-165.
Published online May 27, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.159

House-residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets have achieved some success in controlling anthropophilic and endophagic vectors. However, these methods have relatively low efficacy in Korea because Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector, is highly zoophilic and exophilic. So, we focused our vector control efforts within livestock enclosures using ultraviolet black light traps as a mechanical control measure. We found that black light traps captured significantly more mosquitoes at 2 and 2.5 m above the ground (P < 0.05). We also evaluated the effectiveness of trap spacing within the livestock enclosure. In general, traps spaced between 4 and 7 m apart captured mosquitoes more efficiently than those spaced closer together (P > 0.05). Based on these findings, we concluded that each black light trap in the livestock enclosures killed 7,586 female mosquitoes per trap per night during the peak mosquito season (July-August). In May-August 2003, additional concurrent field trials were conducted in Ganghwa county. We got 74.9% reduction (P < 0.05) of An. sinensis in human dwellings and 61.5% reduction (P > 0.05) in the livestock enclosures. The black light trap operation in the livestock enclosures proved to be an effective control method and should be incorporated into existing control strategies in developed countries.

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    Pairpailin Jhaiaun, Amonrat Panthawong, Manop Saeung, Anchana Sumarnrote, Monthathip Kongmee, Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
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    Tanawat Chaiphongpachara, Sedthapong Laojun, Chaekki Kunphichayadecha
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    José Bento Pereira Lima, Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas, Cynara Melo Rodovalho, Fátima Santos, Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
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Mini Review

Studies on Anopheles sinensis, the vector species of vivax malaria in Korea
Han-Il Ree
Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(3):75-92.
Published online September 20, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.75

Extensive previous studies on taxonomy, behavior/bionomics and control of Anopheles sinensis are reviewed and summarized. Recent molecular identification revealed that the population of An. sinensis complex includes An. sinensis, An. pullus, An. lesteri and at least two new species, and An. yatsushiroensis is synonmy of An. pullus. An. sinensis is the main vector specie of vivax malaria in Korea. Larvae of An. sinensis breed in wide range of habitats which are naturally-made clean water, stagnant or flowing; main habitats include rice fields, ditches, streams, irrigation cannals, marshes, ponds, ground pools, etc. Their host preferences are highly zoophilic. Human blood rate is very low (0.7-1.7%); nevertheless An. sinensis readily feeds on man when domestic animals are not found near by. They feed on hosts throughout the night from dusk to dawn with a peak period of 02:00-04:00 hours; they are slightly more exophagic (biting outdoors); much larger numbers come into the room when light is on. Main resting places are outdoors such as grasses, vegetable fields and rice fields. A mark-release-recapture study resulted that 37.1% was recaptured within 1 km, 29.4% at 1-3 km, 21.1% at 3-6 km, 10.3% at 6-9 km and 2.1% at 9-12 km distance. An. sinensis hibernate outdoors (mostly under part of dense grasses) during October-March. At the end of the hibernation period (March-April) they feed on cows at daytime. Until today any single measure to effectively control An. sinensis population has not been found. Indoor residual spray with a long-lasting insecticide can not reduce vector population densities, but shorten their life spans in some degree, so contributes to malaria control.

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Original Articles
A mark-release-recapture experiment with Anopheles sinensis in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Korea
Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hyeong-Woo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Hee-Il Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Chong-Han Kim, Jong-Taek Kim, Jong-Soo Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Gi-Gon Jung, Tong-Soo Kim
Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):139-148.
Published online September 30, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.139

In order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of Anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in Paju city, located in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, during the period of 7th to 28th September 1998. Unfed females An. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. Released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites in the cowsheds located 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 km north-northwest and north-northeast and at 3 sites located 1, 6 and 9 km toward south-west from the release point. In addition, to study the longest flight distance in one night, we set the light traps at 16 and 20 km toward north-northeast from the release site. All the collected mosquitoes were placed on filter papers and observed on UV transilluminator after treatment with one drop of 100% ethanol. Out of 12,773 females of An. sinensis released, 194 marked females mosquitoes were recaptured, giving 1.52% recapture rate. Of 194, 72 mosquitoes (37.1%) were recaptured in light traps from three places set at 1 km from the release point, 57 mosquitoes (29.4%) from two places at 1-3 km, 41 mosquitoes (21.1%) from three places at 3-6 km, 20 mosquitoes (10.3%) from three places at 6-9 km, and 4 mosquitoes (2.1%) from two places at 9-12 km. Since 170 female mosquitoes (87.6%) out of 194 marked mosquitoes were captured within 6 km from the release point, this flight radius represents the main activity area. An. sinensis was found to be able to fly at least 12 km during one night.

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Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea
Douglas A. Burkett, Won-Ja Lee, Kwan-Woo Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Robert A. Wirtz, Hae-Wol Cho, David M. Claborn, Russel E. Coleman, Wan Y Kim, Terry A. Klein
Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):45-54.
Published online March 31, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.45

Field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 September 2000 in a malarious area near Paekyeon-ri (Tongil-Chon ) and Camp Greaves in Paju County, Kyonggi Province, Republic of Korea. The host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and propane lantern-baited Shannon trap during hours when temperatures exceeded 15℃. The total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the test was compared using a block design. Significant differences were observed for the total number of mosquitoes collected, such that, the Mosquito MagnetTM with octenol > Shannon trap > ABC light trap with light and dry ice > Miniature Black Light trap (manufactured by John W. Hock) ≥ New Jersey Trap > ABC light trap with light only. Significant differences in numbers collected among traps were noted for several species including: Aedes vexans (Meigen), Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu, An. sinensis Weidemann, An. sineroides Yamada, An. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett L., Cx. orientalis Edwards and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Host-seeking activity for most common species showed a similar bimodal pattern. Results from these field trap evaluations can significantly enhance current vector and disease surveillance efforts especially for the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.

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Vector competence of Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium vivax in Korea
E-Hyun Shin, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, Won-Ja Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):41-44.
Published online March 31, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.41

Three anopheline mosquitoes in Korea were studied for their abilities as vectors for Plasmodium vivax. The female mosquitoes of Anopheles lesteri, An. pullus and An. sinensis were allowed to suck malaria patient blood until fully fed, and they were then bred for 2 weeks to develop from malaria parasites to sporozoites. The result from the above confirmed the sporozoites in one An. lesteri of one individual and five An. sinensis of six individuals. We also confirmed that An. sinensis was the main vector to transmit malaria and An. lesteri as well as An. sinensis were able to carry Korean malaria parasites. Therefore, we propose that diversified study is needed to manage malaria projects.

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    Marianne E Sinka, Michael J Bangs, Sylvie Manguin, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Anand P Patil, William H Temperley, Peter W Gething, Iqbal RF Elyazar, Caroline W Kabaria, Ralph E Harbach, Simon I Hay
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    Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Young-Mi Choi, Seok-Hyun Yoon, Kyu-Sik Chang, Sung-Tae Chong, In-Yong Lee, James W. Jones, Jolanta S. Jacobs, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jae-Sun Park
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  • Anopheles kleini,Anopheles pullus, andAnopheles sinensis: Potential Vectors ofPlasmodium vivaxin the Republic of Korea
    Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Young-Mi Choi, Seok-Hyun Yoon, Kyu-Sik Chang, Sung-Tae Chong, In-Yong Lee, James W. Jones, Jolanta S. Jacobs, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jae-Sun Park
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Malaria transmission potential by Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea
Hee-IL Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Won-Ja Lee, Yoon-Young Kim, Kyung-Ro Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):185-192.
Published online June 30, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.185

To evaluate the factors that determine the transmission level of vivax malaria using vectorial capacity, entomological surveys were conducted from June to August, 2000. From 6 nights of human-bait collection in Paju, the human biting rate (ma) was counted as 87.5 bites/man/night. The parity of Anopheles sinensis from human baiting collections fluctuated from 41% to 71% (average 48.8%) of which the rate gradually increased as time passed on: 35.2% in Jun.; 55.0% in July; 66.2% in Aug. From this proportion of parous, we could estimate the probability of daily survival rate of An. sinensis to be 0.79 assumed with 3 days gonotrophic cycle and the expectancy of infective life through 11 days could be defined as 0.073. Blood meal analysis was performed using ELISA to determine the blood meal source. Only 0.8% of blood meals were from human hosts. We could conclude that An. sinensis is highly zoophilic (cow 61.8%). Malaria is highly unstable (stability index < 0.5) in this area. From these data, vectorial capacity (VC) was determined to be 0.081. In spite of a high human biting rate (ma), malaria transmission potential is very low due to a low human blood index. Therefore, we could conclude that malaria transmission by An. sinensis is resulted by high population density, not by high transmission potential. For this reason, we need more effort to decrease vector population and vector-human contact to eradicate malaria in Korea.

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  • Anopheles kleini,Anopheles pullus, andAnopheles sinensis: Potential Vectors ofPlasmodium vivaxin the Republic of Korea
    Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Young-Mi Choi, Seok-Hyun Yoon, Kyu-Sik Chang, Sung-Tae Chong, In-Yong Lee, James W. Jones, Jolanta S. Jacobs, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jae-Sun Park
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2007; 44(6): 1086.     CrossRef
  • Anopheles kleini, Anopheles pullus, and Anopheles sinensis: Potential Vectors of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea
    Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Young-Mi Choi, Seok-Hyun Yoon, Kyu-Sik Chang, Sung-Tae Chong, In-Yong Lee, James W. Jones, Jolanta S. Jacobs, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jae-Sun Park
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2007; 44(6): 1086.     CrossRef
  • Simulating malaria model for different treatment intensities in a variable environment
    Ana Paula P. Wyse, Luiz Bevilacqua, Marat Rafikov
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  • Studies on Anopheles sinensis, the vector species of vivax malaria in Korea
    Han-Il Ree
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2005; 43(3): 75.     CrossRef
  • Species Coexistence and Pathogens with Frequency‐Dependent Transmission
    Volker H. W. Rudolf, Janis Antonovics
    The American Naturalist.2005; 166(1): 112.     CrossRef
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Experimental infection of Anopheles sinensis with Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax
Hyeong Woo Lee, Shin Hyeong Cho, E-Hyun Shin, Jong Soo Lee, Joon-Sang Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee, Tong Soo Kim
Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):177-183.
Published online June 30, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.177

The
objective
s of the present study were to (1) determine the susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis to Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax, (2) establish a method to collect large quantities of P. vivax sporozoites for use as antigen in seroepidemiological studies, and (3) investigate the characteristics of Korean isolates of P. vivax sporozoites. Females of Anopheles sinensis were collected at non-epidemic area, Seokwha-ri, Cheongwon-gun and Chungcheongbuk-do using tent-trap methods coupled with dry ice. The females were artificially infected with gametocytes of P. vivax using blood obtained from P. vivax malaria patients. Individual mosquitoes were infected using either a parafilm-covered glass feeding apparatus or were allowed to feed on naturally infected volunteers. Mosquitoes were sacrificed between 16 and 18 days post-feeding and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect sporozoites. Four (33.4%) of 12 mosquitoes, which were fed on naturally infected volunteers directly, were positive for sporozoites. In cases, the mosquitoes allowed to feed on whole blood which were extract from three different patients with heparin treated vacuutainers using a parafilm-covered glass apparatus. Two of 55 (3.6%) were positive which blood sample was maintained at room temperature for 8 hours, 1 of 68 (1.5%) was positive which blood was maintained at 4℃ for 24 hours and 1 of 47 (2.3%) was positive at 4℃ for 48 hours. The mean number of sporozoites was estimated about 818 (n=8; range of 648-1,056) based on optical density values of ELISA.

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  • 국내 말라리아 매개모기 집단유전학 분석
    하늘 정, 보경 한, 현일 신, 명노 이, 정원 주, 희일 이
    Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(16): 623.     CrossRef
  • Genetic diversity and spatiotemporal population structure of Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) marker
    Haneul Jung, Bo Gyeong Han, Hyun-Il Shin, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee
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    Sirasate Bantuchai, Hisham Imad, Wang Nguitragool
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  • Epidemiological Characteristics of Re-emerging Vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993-2017)
    Young Yil Bahk, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jeonga Kim, Kyoung Jin, Yeong Seon Hong, Tong-Soo Kim
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 531.     CrossRef
  • Singapore’s Anopheles sinensis Form A is susceptible to Plasmodium vivax isolates from the western Thailand–Myanmar border
    Sook-Cheng Pang, Chiara Andolina, Benoit Malleret, Peter R. Christensen, Sai-Gek Lam-Phua, Muhammad Aliff Bin Abdul Razak, Chee-Seng Chong, Daiqin Li, Cindy S. Chu, Bruce Russell, Laurent Rénia, Lee-Ching Ng, Francois Nosten
    Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis
    Marianne E Sinka, Michael J Bangs, Sylvie Manguin, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Anand P Patil, William H Temperley, Peter W Gething, Iqbal RF Elyazar, Caroline W Kabaria, Ralph E Harbach, Simon I Hay
    Parasites & Vectors.2011;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The role of Pvs28 in sporozoite development in Anopheles sinensis and its longevity in BALB/c mice
    Tong-Soo Kim, Hyung-Hwan Kim, Sung-Ung Moon, Sun-Sim Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Chang-Mi Oh, Yoon-Joong Kang, Do-Kyung Kim, Youngjoo Sohn, Hyuck Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee
    Experimental Parasitology.2011; 127(2): 346.     CrossRef
  • The susceptibility of Anopheles lesteri to infection with Korean strain of Plasmodium vivax
    Deepak Joshi, Wej Choochote, Mi-Hyun Park, Jung-Yeon Kim, Tong-Soo Kim, Wannapa Suwonkerd, Gi-Sik Min
    Malaria Journal.2009;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Anopheles kleini,Anopheles pullus, andAnopheles sinensis: Potential Vectors ofPlasmodium vivaxin the Republic of Korea
    Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Young-Mi Choi, Seok-Hyun Yoon, Kyu-Sik Chang, Sung-Tae Chong, In-Yong Lee, James W. Jones, Jolanta S. Jacobs, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jae-Sun Park
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2007; 44(6): 1086.     CrossRef
  • Anopheles kleini, Anopheles pullus, and Anopheles sinensis: Potential Vectors of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea
    Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Young-Mi Choi, Seok-Hyun Yoon, Kyu-Sik Chang, Sung-Tae Chong, In-Yong Lee, James W. Jones, Jolanta S. Jacobs, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jae-Sun Park
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2007; 44(6): 1086.     CrossRef
  • Detection of vivax sporozoites naturally infected in Anopheline mosquitoes from endemic areas of northern parts of Gyeonggi-do (province) in Korea
    Hyeong Woo Lee, E Hyun Shin, Shin Hyeong Cho, Hee Il Lee, Chung Lim Kim, Wook Gyo Lee, Sung Ung Moon, Jong Soo Lee, Wan Ja Lee, Tong Soo Kim
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2002; 40(2): 75.     CrossRef
  • Vector competence of Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium vivax in Korea
    E-Hyun Shin, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, Won-Ja Lee
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2002; 40(1): 41.     CrossRef
  • Intraspecific Hybridization of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Strains from Thailand and Korea
    Gi-Sik Min, Wej Choochote, Atchariya Jitpakdi, Se-Joo Kim, Won Kim, Jongwoo Jung, Anuluck Junkum
    Molecules and Cells.2002; 14(2): 198.     CrossRef
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Comparative study on longevity of Anopheles sinensis in malarious and non-malarious areas in Korea
Han-Il Ree, Ui-Wook Hwang
Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):263-266.
Published online December 31, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.263

An outbreak of vivax malaria has been occurring in northern part of Kyonggi-do and north-western part of Kangwon-do, where are located near the demilitarized zone, since 1993. For understanding of epidemiological features of malaria, the probability of daily survival of Anopheles sinensis, the vector species of malaria was compared in malarious and non-malarious areas in July-August, 2000. Total 915 females collected at three locations in malarious areas were dissected for ovaries, and 64.6% of the parous rate was found. Total 758 females collected at three locations in non-malarious areas were dissected, and 57.8% of the parous rate was observed. It was estimated from the parous rates that the probability of daily survival of An. sinensis females was 0.864 in malarious areas and 0.850 in non-malarious areas, which was not significantly different.

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    Ashraf Akintayo Akintola, Bia Park, Eun Hwa Choi, Ui Wook Hwang
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    Ratawan Ubalee, Heung-Chul Kim, Anthony L. Schuster, Patrick W. McCardle, Siriporn Phasomkusolsil, Ratree Takhampunya, Silas A. Davidson, Won-Ja Lee, Terry A. Klein
    Journal of Medical Entomology.2016; 53(6): 1425.     CrossRef
  • The unique distribution of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 in parasite isolates with short and long latent periods from the Republic of Korea
    Youn-Kyoung Goo, Jun-Hye Moon, So-Young Ji, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Shin-Hyung Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Jung-Yeon Kim
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  • Annual variations in the number of malaria cases related to two different patterns of Anopheles darlingi transmission potential in the Maroni area of French Guiana
    Florence Fouque, Pascal Gaborit, Romuald Carinci, Jean Issaly, Romain Girod
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  • Malaria transmission potential by Anopheles sinensis in the Republic of Korea
    Hee-IL Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Won-Ja Lee, Yoon-Young Kim, Kyung-Ro Lee
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(2): 185.     CrossRef
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Malaria Vector Surveillance in Ganghwa-do, a Malaria-Endemic Area in the Republic of Korea
Oh, Sung Suck , Hur, Myung Je , Joo, Gwang Sig , Kim, Sung Tae , Go, Jong Myoung , Kim, Yong Hee , Lee, Wook Gyo , Shin, E Hyun
Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):35-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.35
We investigated the seasonality of Anopheles mosquitoes, including its species composition, density, parity, and population densities of mosquitoes infected with the parasite in Ganghwa-do (Island), a vivax malaria endemic area in the Republic of Korea. Mosquitoes were collected periodically with a dry-ice-tent trap and a blacklight trap during the mosquito season (April-October) in 2008. Anopheles sinensis (94.9%) was the most abundant species collected, followed by Anopheles belenrae (3.8%), Anopheles pullus (1.2%), and Anopheles lesteri (0.1%). Hibernating Anopheles mosquitoes were also collected from December 2007 to March 2008. An. pullus (72.1%) was the most frequently collected, followed by An. sinensis (18.4%) and An. belenrae (9.5%). The composition of Anopheles species differed between the mosquito season and hibernation seasons. The parous rate fluctuated from 0% to 92.9%, and the highest rate was recorded on 10 September 2008. Sporozoite infections were detected by PCR in the head and thorax of female Anopheles mosquitoes. The annual sporozoite rate of mosquitoes was 0.11% (2 of 1,845 mosquitoes). The 2 mosquitoes that tested positive for sporozoites were An. sinensis. Malarial infections in anopheline mosquitoes from a population pool were also tried irrespective of the mosquito species. Nine of 2,331 pools of Anopheles mosquitoes were positive. From our study, it can be concluded that An. sinensis, which was the predominant vector species and confirmed as sporozoite-infected, plays an important role in malaria transmission in Ganghwa-do.

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    Entomological Research.2021; 51(9): 432.     CrossRef
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    Ah-Young Lim, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Yeonseung Chung, Kisung Sim, Jong-Hun Kim
    Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • Seasonal dynamics ofAnophelesspecies at three locations in the Republic of Korea
    Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Cong Li, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda
    Journal of Vector Ecology.2017; 42(2): 335.     CrossRef
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    Hong-wei Zhang, Ying Liu, Tao Hu, Rui-min Zhou, Jian-she Chen, Dan Qian, Cheng-yun Yang, Yu-ling Zhao, Su-hua Li, Jing Cui, Zhong-quan Wang, Zhanchun Feng, Bian-li Xu
    Malaria Journal.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Desmond H Foley, Genelle Harrison, Jittawadee R Murphy, Megan Dowler, Leopoldo M Rueda, Richard C Wilkerson
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  • Synchronous peaks in trap catches of malaria-infected mosquito species at Daeseongdong, a border village between North and South Korea
    Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, Myung-Soon Kim, Richard C. Wilkerson, Genelle Harrison, Leopoldo M. Rueda, Won-Ja Lee
    Journal of Vector Ecology.2012; 37(1): 29.     CrossRef
  • Status of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea, 2008–2009: decrease followed by resurgence
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  • Mosquito Species Composition andPlasmodium vivaxInfection Rates on Baengnyeong-do (Island), Republic of Korea
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    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 313.     CrossRef
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    Malaria Journal.2011;[Epub]     CrossRef
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