Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Eimeria"

Original Article

Effect of Diclazuril on the Bursa of Fabricius Morphology and SIgA Expression in Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella: Bian-hua Zhou, Li-li Liu, Jeffrey Liu, Fu-wei Yuan, Er-jie Tian, Hong-wei Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):675-682.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.675

Abstract
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The effects of diclazuril on the bursa of Fabricius (BF) structure and secretory IgA (SIgA) expression in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella were examined. The morphology of the BF was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, while ultrastructural changes were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. E. tenella infection caused the BF cell volumes to decrease, irregularly arranged, as well as, enlargement of the intercellular space. Diclazuril treatment alleviated the physical signs of damages associated with E. tenella infection. The SIgA expression in BF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry technique. The SIgA expression increased significantly by 350.4% (P<0.01) after E. tenella infection compared to the normal control group. With the treatment of diclazuril, the SIgA was relatively fewer in the cortex, and the expression level was significantly decreased by 46.7% (P<0.01) compared with the infected and untreated group. In conclusion, E. tenella infection in chickens induced obvious harmful changes in BF morphological structure and stimulated the expression of SIgA in the BF. Diclazuril treatment effectively alleviated the morphological changes. This result demonstrates a method to develop an immunological strategy in coccidiosis control.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Experimental Eimeria tenella infection of chickens followed by very virulent infectious bursal disease viral challenge: clinical and pathological effects
Nahed A. El-Shall, Mahmoud E. Sedeik, Heba M. Ismail, Ashraf M. Awad
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Identification of differentially expressed genes and metabolism signaling pathway in the spleen of broilers supplemented with probiotic Bacillus spp.
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Efficacy and safety of diclazuril nanoemulsion in control of Eimeria tenella in broilers
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Diclazuril-induced expression of CDK-related kinase 2 in the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella
Bian-hua Zhou, Hai-yan Ding, Jing-yun Yang, Jun Chai, Hong-wei Guo, Er-jie Tian
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2023; 255: 111575. CrossRef
Ameliorative effect of yeast cell walls on broiler chickens' performance and gut health under coccidiosis challenge
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Czech Journal of Animal Science.2023; 68(8): 346. CrossRef
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EFFECTS OF ZN2+- AND CR3+-MODIFIED PALYGORSKITE ON THE TREATMENT OF EIMERIA TENELLA
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Brief Communications

Suppression of Eimeria tenella Sporulation by Disinfectants: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):435-438.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.435

Abstract
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The disinfectant effects (DEs) of 10 types of chemicals, defined by their ability to destroy or inhibit oocysts and consequently prevent sporulation of Eimeria tenella field isolate, were evaluated in vitro. Correct species assignments and sample purities were confirmed by the singular internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR analysis. A total of 18 treatments were performed, and the disinfection suppression levels were 75.9% for 39% benzene + 22% xylene (1:10 dilution), 85.5% for 30% cresol soup (1:1 dilution), and 91.7% for 99.9% acetic acid (1:2 dilution) group. The results indicate that acetic acid, cresol soup, and benzene+xylene are good candidates for suppression of E. tenella oocyst sporulation.

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Pathogenicity in Chicken Anemia Virus with Eimeria tenella: Concurrent Co-Infection and Secondary Eimeria tenella Infection
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The Effect of Increased Temperatures on Viability, Morphology, Infectivity, and Development of Eimeria Tenella
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Effects of Different Sizes of Glass Beads on the Release of Sporocysts from Eimeria tenella Oocysts: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):317-319.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.317

Abstract
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The oocyst wall is severed by means of mechanical injury or chemical agents. This study reports the percentage of in vitro sporocyst release following mechanical shaking in the presence of varying sizes of glass beads. Glass beads measured 0.5, 1, and 3 mm in diameter and were shaken with the oocysts for different times ranging from 5 sec to 5 min. Approximately 80% of sporocysts were released with 5 min of shaking in the presence of 3 mm glass beads, as well as 30 sec with 0.5 mm beads and 1 mm glass beads. The release of sporocysts of E. tenella was most efficient using 1 mm glass beads and treatment times of 30 sec to 1 min. Therefore, the use of 1 mm glass beads with 30 sec to 1 min of agitation is recommended in order to maximize sporocyst release and recovery and to improve the yield of viable sporozoites for use in biochemical, tissue culture, and immunological applications of coccidia.

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Statistical Prediction of the Peak Point (Time) Required for Release of Maximum Number of Sporocysts after Eimeria Tenella Oocyst Excystation
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Original Articles

A Novel Recombinant BCG Vaccine Encoding Eimeria tenella Rhomboid and Chicken IL-2 Induces Protective Immunity Against Coccidiosis: Qiuyue Wang, Lifeng Chen, Jianhua Li, Jun Zheng, Ning Cai, Pengtao Gong, Shuhong Li, He Li, Xichen Zhang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):251-256.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.251

Abstract
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A novel recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) vaccine co-expressed Eimeria tenella rhomboid and cytokine chicken IL-2 (chIL-2) was constructed, and its efficacy against E. tenella challenge was observed. The rhomboid gene of E. tenella and chIL-2 gene were subcloned into integrative expression vector pMV361, producing vaccines rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2. Animal experiment via intranasal and subcutaneous route in chickens was carried out to evaluate the immune efficacy of the vaccines. The results indicated that these rBCG vaccines could obviously alleviate cacal lesions and oocyst output. Intranasal immunization with pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 elicited better protective immunity against E. tenella than subcutaneous immunization. Splenocytes from chickens immunized with either rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 had increased CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell production. Our data indicate recombinant BCG is able to impart partial protection against E. tenella challenge and co-expression of cytokine with antigen was an effective strategy to improve vaccine immunity.

Citations

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Protective efficacy induced by Eimeria maxima rhomboid-like protein 1 against homologous infection
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Effect of Diclazuril on the Bursa of Fabricius Morphology and SIgA Expression in Chickens Infected with <i>Eimeria tenella</i>
Bian-hua Zhou, Li-li Liu, Jeffrey Liu, Fu-wei Yuan, Er-jie Tian, Hong-wei Wang
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Efficacy of a DNA Vaccine Carrying Eimeria maxima Gam56 Antigen Gene against Coccidiosis in Chickens: Jinjun Xu, Yan Zhang, Jianping Tao; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):147-154.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.147

Abstract
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To control coccidiosis without using prophylactic medications, a DNA vaccine targeting the gametophyte antigen Gam56 from Eimeria maxima in chickens was constructed, and the immunogenicity and protective effects were evaluated. The ORF of Gam56 gene was cloned into an eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(zeo)+. Expression of Gam56 protein in COS-7 cells transfected with recombinant plasmid pcDNA-Gam56 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The DNA vaccine was injected intramuscularly to yellow feathered broilers of 1-week old at 3 dosages (25, 50, and 100 ?g/chick). Injection was repeated once 1 week later. One week after the second injection, birds were challenged orally with 5×10⁴ sporulated oocysts of E. maxima, then weighed and killed at day 8 post challenge. Blood samples were collected and examined for specific peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation activity and serum antibody levels. Compared with control groups, the administration of pcDNA-Gam56 vaccine markedly increased the lymphocyte proliferation activity (P<0.05) at day 7 and 14 after the first immunization. The level of lymphocyte proliferation started to decrease on day 21 after the first immunization. A similar trend was seen in specific antibody levels. Among the 3 pcDNA-Gam56 immunized groups, the median dosage group displayed the highest lymphocyte proliferation and antibody levels (P<0.05). The median dosage group had the greatest relative body weight gain (89.7%), and the greatest oocyst shedding reduction (53.7%). These results indicate that median dosage of DNA vaccine had good immunogenicity and immune protection effects, and may be used in field applications for coccidiosis control.

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Brief Communication

Effects of Simple and Disposable Chicken Cages for Experimental Eimeria Infections: Jeongmi Yoo, Sung H. Kang, Jipseol Jeong, Woo H. Kim, Suk Kim, Hyun S. Lillehoj, Wongi Min; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):299-302.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.299

Abstract
PDF

During experimental Eimeria infections in chickens, facilities are often contaminated by fecal oocysts known to be highly resistant to both chemical and enzymatic treatments. Thus, studies using experimental Eimeria infections have been limited due to the difficulty of complete elimination of residual oocysts from both cages and facilities. To overcome this limitation, simple, inexpensive, and disposable cages were constructed from cardboard boxes and tested during experimental Eimeria maxima infections. The cages were used in animal rooms with only a 1.7% evidence of coccidia contamination between adjacent cages. No significant differences in fecal oocyst output and body weight gain were noted between animals housed in disposable cages and animals housed in wire control cages. This cage design is a useful means for preventing oocyst contamination during experimental conditions, suggesting that this disposable cage design could be used for other avian infectious disease studies.

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Jipseol Jeong, Woo H. Kim, Cherry P. Fernandez, Suk Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Hyung-Kwan Jang, Hyun S. Lillehoj, Hee-Jong Woo, Wongi Min
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PLoS ONE.2012; 7(5): e37704. CrossRef

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Original Article

Changing Patterns of Acute Phase Proteins and Inflammatory Mediators in Experimental Caprine Coccidiosis: Mohammad Hashemnia, Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti, Seyed Mostafa Razavi, Saeed Nazifi; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):213-219.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.213

Abstract
PDF

This experiment was conducted to assess the changing patterns and relative values of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in experimental caprine coccidiosis. Eighteen newborn kids were allocated to 3 equal groups. Two groups, A and B, were inoculated with a single dose of 1×10³ and1×10⁵ sporulated oocysts of Eimeria arloingi, respectively. The third group, C, received distilled water as the control. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each kid in both groups before inoculation and at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-inoculation (PI), and the levels of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured. For histopathological examinations, 2 kids were selected from each group, euthanized, and necropsied on day 42 PI. Mean Hp concentrations in groups A and B (0.34 and 0.68 g/L) at day 7 PI were 3.2 and 6.3 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The mean SAA concentrations in groups A and B (25.6 and 83.5 ?g/ml) at day 7 PI were 4.2 and 13.7 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The magnitude and duration of the Hp and SAA responses correlated well with the inoculation doses and the severity of the clinical signs and diarrhea in kids. These results were consistent with the histopathological features, which showed advanced widespread lesions in group B. In both groups, significant correlations were observed for TNF-α and IFN-γ with SAA and Hp, respectively. In conclusion, Hp and SAA can be useful non-specific diagnostic indicators in caprine coccidiosis.

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