Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Gnathostoma spinigerum"

Original Article

Larval Gnathostoma spinigerum Detected in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from a Local Market in Yangon, Myanmar: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Bok Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):619-625.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.619

Abstract
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The present study was performed to determine the infection status of swamp eels with Gnathostoma sp. larvae in Myanmar. We purchased total 37 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from a local market in Yangon in June and December 2013 and 2014. All collected eels were transferred with ice to our laboratory and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion technique. A total of 401 larval gnathostomes (1-96 larvae/eel) were detected in 33 (89.2%) swamp eels. Most of the larvae (n=383; 95.5%) were found in the muscle. The remaining 18 larvae were detected in the viscera. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL₃) were 2.3-4.4 mm long and 0.25-0.425 mm wide. The characteristic head bulb (0.093 × 0.221 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, muscular long esophagus (1.025 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.574 mm) were observed by light microscopy. The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. As scanning electron microscopic findings, the characteristic 4-5 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, a cervical papilla, tegumental spines regularly arranged in the transverse striations, and an anus were well observed. Based on these morphological characters, they were identified as the AdL₃ of Gnathostoma spinigerum. By the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that Asian swamp eels, M. albus, from Yangon, Myanmar are heavily infected with G. spinigerum larvae.

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Regulation of immune response against third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae by human genes
Pattarasuda Puasri, Wilanee Dechkhajorn, Paron Dekumyoy, Tippayarat Yoonuan, Sumate Ampawong, Onrapak Reamtong, Usa Boonyuen, Surachet Benjathummarak, Yaowapa Maneerat
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: A review on the biology of the parasite with special reference on the current therapeutic management
Kathyleen Nogrado, Poom Adisakwattana, Onrapak Reamtong
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2023; 33: e00207. CrossRef
A comparative transcriptome analysis focusing on immune responses of Asian swamp eel following infection with Aeromonas hydrophila
Dingda Xu, Panpan Han, Lihai Xia, Jinping Gan, Qiaoqing Xu
Aquaculture.2021; 539: 736655. CrossRef
Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 519. CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Gnathostoma spinigerum infective stage larva excretory-secretory products on NK cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture: focused on expressions of IFN-γ and killer cell lectin-like receptors
Thanyathon Khetsuphan, Urai Chaisri, Wilanee Dechkhajorn, Surachet Benjathummarak, Paron Dekumyoy, Sumate Ampawong, Parnpen Viriyavejakul, Yaowapa Maneerat
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(3): 1011. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostomes and Spargana in Chinese Edible Frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Myanmar: Potential Risk of Human Infection
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 467. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostomes and Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from a Local Market in Yangon City, Myanmar
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyeon-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 701. CrossRef
Infection Status of Gnathostoma spinigerum Larvae in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from Local Markets in Cambodia
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 695. CrossRef
Isolation, identification, and classification of a novel rhabdovirus from diseased Chinese rice-field eels (Monopterus albus)
Wenzhi Liu, Yuding Fan, Zhong Li, Jianqing Zhao, Yong Zhou, Nan Jiang, Jia Zeng, Kenneth Cain, Lingbing Zeng
Archives of Virology.2019; 164(1): 105. CrossRef
Molecular identification and genetic diversity of Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae in freshwater fishes in southern Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Myanmar
Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Oranuch Sanpool, Rutchanee Rodpai, Lakkhana Sadaow, Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Sakhone Laymanivong, Win Pa Pa Aung, Mesa Un, Porntip Laummaunwai, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(5): 1465. CrossRef
Transcriptome and excretory–secretory proteome of infective-stage larvae of the nematode Gnathostoma spinigerum reveal potential immunodiagnostic targets for development
Supaporn Nuamtanong, Onrapak Reamtong, Orawan Phuphisut, Palang Chotsiri, Preeyarat Malaithong, Paron Dekumyoy, Poom Adisakwattana
Parasite.2019; 26: 34. CrossRef
Aeromonas veronii caused disease and pathological changes in Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus
Lihai Xia, Panpan Han, Xiaoli Cheng, Youshen Li, Chuwen Zheng, Hanwen Yuan, Wenbing Zhang, Qiaoqing Xu
Aquaculture Research.2019; 50(10): 2978. CrossRef
Gnathostomatidae nematode parasite of Colomesus psittacus (Osteichthyes, Tetraodontiformes) in the Ilha de Marajó, Brazilian Amazon
Raul Henrique da Silva Pinheiro, Ricardo Luís Sousa Santana, Francisco Tiago Vasconcelos Melo, Jeannie Nascimento dos Santos, Elane Guerreiro Giese
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2017; 26(3): 340. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Antibodies in Sera of Non-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients in Thailand: Amnat Kitkhuandee, Waranon Munkong, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Penchom Janwan, Wanchai Maleewong, Pewpan M. Intapan; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):755-757.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.755

Abstract
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Gnathostoma spinigerum can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The detection of specific antibodies in serum against G. spinigerum antigen is helpful for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. There is limited data on the frequency of G. spinigerum infection in non-traumatic SAH. A series of patients diagnosed as non-traumatic SAH at the Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand between January 2011 and January 2013 were studied. CT or MR imaging of the brain was used for diagnosis of SAH. Patients were categorized as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (A-SAH) or non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (NA-SAH) according to the results of cerebral angiograms. The presence of specific antibodies in serum against 21- or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen was determined using the immunoblot technique. The detection rate of antibodies was compared between the 2 groups. Of the 118 non-traumatic SAH patients for whom cerebral angiogram and immunoblot data were available, 80 (67.8%) patients had A-SAH, whereas 38 (32.2%) had NA-SAH. Overall, 23.7% were positive for specific antibodies against 21- and/or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen. No significant differences were found in the positive rate of specific antibodies against G. spinigerum in both groups (P-value=0.350).

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A Recombinant Matrix Metalloproteinase Protein from Gnathostoma spinigerum for Serodiagnosis of Neurognathostomiasis: Penchom Janwan, Pewpan M. Intapan, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Porntip Laummaunwai, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Chaisiri Wongkham, Chatchai Tayapiwatana, Amnat Kitkhuandee, Viraphong Lulitanond, Yukifumi Nawa, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):751-754.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.751

Abstract
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Neurognathostomiasis is a severe form of human gnathostomiasis which can lead to disease and death. Diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis is made presumptively by using clinical manifestations. Immunoblotting, which recognizes antigenic components of molecular mass 21 kDa and 24 kDa in larval extracts of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Gs 21/24), has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. However, only very small amounts of the Gs 21/24 antigens can be prepared from parasites harvested from natural or experimental animals. To overcome this problem, we recently produced a recombinant matrix metalloproteinase (rMMP) protein from G. spinigerum. In this study, we evaluated this rMMP alongside the Gs 21/24 antigens for serodiagnosis of human neurognathostomiasis. We studied sera from 40 patients from Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, with clinical criteria consistent with those of neurognathostomiasis, and sera from 30 healthy control adults from Thailand. All sera were tested for specific IgG antibodies against both G. spinigerum crude larval extract and rMMP protein using immunoblot analysis. The sensitivity and specificity for both antigenic preparations were all 100%. These results show that G. spinigerum rMMP protein can be used as an alternative diagnostic antigen, in place of larval extract, for serodiagnosis of neurognathostomiasis.

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Protein and antigen profiles of third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum assessed with next-generation sequencing transcriptomic information
Kathyleen Nogrado, Tipparat Thiangtrongjit, Poom Adisakwattana, Paron Dekumyoy, Sant Muangnoicharoen, Charin Thawornkuno, Onrapak Reamtong
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of Immunochromatographic Test Kit for Rapid Detection of Specific IgG4 Antibody in Whole-Blood Samples for Diagnosis of Human Gnathostomiasis
Penchom Janwan, Pewpan M. Intapan, Lakkhana Sadaow, Rutchanee Rodpai, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Oranuch Sanpool, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Phuangphaka Sadee, Wanchai Maleewong
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Tipparat Thiangtrongjit, Kathyleen Nogrado, Thawatchai Ketboonlue, Preeyarat Malaitong, Poom Adisakwattana, Onrapak Reamtong
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Sara Althubaiti, Şenay Kafkas, Marwa Abdelhakim, Robert Hoehndorf
Journal of Biomedical Semantics.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
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Reza Zolfaghari Emameh, Sami Purmonen, Antti Sukura, Seppo Parkkila
Food Science & Nutrition.2018; 6(1): 3. CrossRef

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Original Article

Modulation of Antibody Responses against Gnathostoma spinigerum in Mice Immunized with Crude Antigen Formulated in CpG Oligonucleotide and Montanide ISA720: Pewpan M. Intapan, Chakrit Hirunpetcharat, Churairat Kularbkaew, Wiboonchai Yutanawiboonchai, Penchom Janwan, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):637-644.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.637

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate the antibody responses in mice immunized with Gnathostoma spinigerum crude antigen (GsAg) incorporated with the combined adjuvant, a synthetic oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG ODN 1826) and a stable water in oil emulsion (Montanide ISA720). Mice immunized with GsAg and combined adjuvant produced all antibody classes and subclasses to GsAg except IgA. IgG2a/2b/3 but not IgG1 subclasses were enhanced by immunization with CpG ODN 1826 when compared with the control groups immunized with non-CpG ODN and Montanide ISA or only with Montanide ISA, suggesting a biased induction of a Th1-type response by CpG ODN. After challenge infection with live G. spinigerum larvae, the levels of IgG2a/2b/3 antibody subclasses decreased immediately and continuously, while the IgG1 subclass remained at high levels. This also corresponded to a continuous decrease of the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio after infection. Only IgM and IgG1 antibodies, but not IgG2a/2b/3, were significantly produced in adjuvant control groups after infection. These findings suggest that G. spinigerum infection potently induces a Th2-type biased response.

Citations

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Evaluation of immunodiagnostic tests for human gnathostomiasis using different antigen preparations of Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae against IgE, IgM, IgG, IgG1‐4 and IgG1 patterns of post‐treated patients
Issariya Ieamsuwan, Dorn Watthanakulpanich, Urai Chaisri, Poom Adisakwattana, Paron Dekumyoy
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2021; 26(12): 1634. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis with Recurrent Migratory Nodule and Persistent Eosinophilia: a Case Report from China: Jing Cui, Ye Wang, Zhong Quan Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):467-470.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.467

Abstract
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The present study reports a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis with recurrent migratory nodule and persistent eosinophilia in China. A 52-year-old woman from Henan Province, central China, presented with recurrent migratory reddish swelling and subcutaneous nodule in the left upper arm and on the back for 3 months. Blood examination showed eosinophila (21.2%), and anti-sparganum antibodies were positive. Skin biopsy of the lesion and histopathological examinations revealed dermal infiltrates of eosinophils but did not show any parasites. Thus, the patient was first diagnosed as sparganosis; however, new migratory swellings occurred after treatment with praziquantel for 3 days. On further inquiring, she recalled having eaten undercooked eels and specific antibodies to the larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum were detected. The patient was definitely diagnosed as cutaneous gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma sp. and treated with albendazole (1,000 mg/day) for 15 days, and the subsequent papule and blister developed after the treatment. After 1 month, laboratory findings indicated a reduced eosinophil count (3.3%). At her final follow-up 18 months later, the patient had no further symptoms and anti-Gnathostoma antibodies became negative. Conclusively, the present study is the first report on a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis in Henan Province, China, based on the past history (eating undercooked eels), clinical manifestations (migratory subcutaneous nodule and persistent eosinophilia), and a serological finding (positive for specific anti-Gnathostoma antibodies).

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First reported case of intraocular gnathostomiasis in China
Shuang Wang, Ling Zhang, Feng Miao, Jun Huang, Juan Guo
Journal of Travel Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ernest Man, Helen P. Price, Clare Hoskins
Pharmaceutical Research.2022; 39(4): 631. CrossRef
Eosinophilic Meningitis (Angiostrongylus spp. and Gnathostoma spp.)
Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita, Jackrapong Bruminhent
Current Tropical Medicine Reports.2022; 9(1): 40. CrossRef
Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eustrongylides sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum Parasitizing the Asian Swamp Eel Monopterusalbus in China
Sixin Zhang, Guangping Huang, Liang Li, Xianyong Liu, Xiaoli Tang, Xun Suo
Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 711. CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and Löffler’s syndrome
William L. Hamilton, Daniel Agranoff
BMJ Case Reports.2018; 2018: bcr-2017-223132. CrossRef

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Gnathostoma spinigerum Infection in the Upper Lip of a Korean Woman: An Autochthonous Case in Korea: Jae Hee Kim, Hyemi Lim, Young-Sang Hwang, Tae Yeon Kim, Eun Mee Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):343-347.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.343

Abstract
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Autochthonous human gnathostomiasis had never been reported in the Republic of Korea. We report here a case of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in a 32-year-old Korean woman, presumed to have been infected via an indigenous route. The patient had experienced a painful migratory swelling near the left nasolabial fold area of the face for a year, with movement of the swelling to the mucosal area of the upper lip 2 weeks before surgical removal of the lesion. Histopathological examinations of the extracted tissue revealed inflammation with heavy eosinophilic infiltrations and sections of a nematode suggestive of a Gnathostoma sp. larva. The larva characteristically revealed about 25 intestinal cells with multiple (3-6) nuclei in each intestinal cell consistent with the 3rd-stage larva of G. spinigerum. The patient did not have any special history of travel abroad except a recent trip, 4 months before surgery, to China where she ate only cooked food. The patient is the first recorded autochthonous case of G. spinigerum infection in Korea.

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Imported parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea: status and issues
Jong-Yil Chai
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Heung Up Kim
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A case of vocal cord gnathostomiasis diagnosed with sectional morphologies in a histopathological specimen from a Chinese woman living in Korea
Doo Sik Park, Eun Hyun Cho, Kyung Hoon Park, Soo Min Jo, Bumjung Park, Sun Huh
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Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eustrongylides sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum Parasitizing the Asian Swamp Eel Monopterusalbus in China
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Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 711. CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Gnathostomiasis: an emerging infectious disease relevant to all dermatologists
Francisco Bravo, Bernardo Gontijo
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia.2018; 93(2): 172. CrossRef
Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and Löffler’s syndrome
William L. Hamilton, Daniel Agranoff
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Gnathostomiasis: an Emerging Infection of Raw Fish Consumers in Gnathostoma Nematode-Endemic and Nonendemic Countries
James H. Diaz
Journal of Travel Medicine.2015; 22(5): 318. CrossRef

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Original Article

Positivity and Intensity of Gnathostoma spinigerum Infective Larvae in Farmed and Wild-Caught Swamp Eels in Thailand: Wilai Saksirisampant, Benjamas Wongsatayanon Thanomsub; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):113-118.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.113

Abstract
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From July 2008 to June 2009, livers of the swamp eels (Monopterus alba) were investigated for advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Results revealed that 10.2% (106/1,037) and 20.4% (78/383) of farmed eels from Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province and those of wild-caught eels obtained from a market in Min Buri District of Bangkok, Thailand were infected, respectively. The prevalence was high during the rainy and winter seasons. The infection rate abruptly decreased in the beginning of summer. The highest infection rate (13.7%) was observed in September and absence of infection (0%) in March-April in the farmed eels. Whereas, in the wild-caught eels, the highest rate (30.7%) was observed in November, and the rate decreased to the lowest at 6.3% in March. The average no. (mean±SE) of AL3 per investigated liver in farmed eels (1.1±0.2) was significantly lower (P=0.040) than those in the caught eels (0.2±0.03). In addition, the intensity of AL3 recovered from each infected liver varied from 1 to 18 (2.3±0.3) in the farmed eels and from 1 to 47 (6.3±1.2) in the caught eels, respectively. The AL3 intensity showed significant difference (P=0.011) between these 2 different sources of eels. This is the first observation that farmed eels showed positive findings of G. spinigerum infective larvae. This may affect the standard farming of the culture farm and also present a risk of consuming undercooked eels from the wild-caught and farmed eels.

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Human gnathostomiasis: A review on the biology of the parasite with special reference on the current therapeutic management
Kathyleen Nogrado, Poom Adisakwattana, Onrapak Reamtong
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Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eustrongylides sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum Parasitizing the Asian Swamp Eel Monopterusalbus in China
Sixin Zhang, Guangping Huang, Liang Li, Xianyong Liu, Xiaoli Tang, Xun Suo
Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 711. CrossRef
Molecular cloning and characterization of serine protease inhibitor from food-borne nematode, Gnathostoma spinigerum
Anusorn Tinyou, Salisa Chaimon, Orawan Phuphisut, Porntida Kobpornchai, Preeyarat Malaithong, Akkarin Poodeepiyasawat, Issariya Ieamsuwan, Jiraporn Ruangsittichai, Pornpan Pumirat, Paron Dekumyoy, Onrapak Reamtong, Poom Adisakwattana
Acta Tropica.2020; 204: 105288. CrossRef
Infection Status of Gnathostoma spinigerum Larvae in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from Local Markets in Cambodia
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 695. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of infective larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in freshwater swamp eels from Thailand
P. Eamsobhana, D. Wanachiwanawin, K. Roongruangchai, S.L. Song, H.S. Yong
Journal of Helminthology.2017; 91(6): 767. CrossRef
Cloning and expression analysis of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and its receptor, IL-1R2, in the Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus
Q. Q. Xu, P. Xu, J. W. Zhou, T. S. Pan, R. Tuo, K. Ai, D. Q. Yang
Molecular Biology.2016; 50(5): 671. CrossRef
Antiviral genes in the Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus: comparison of tissue expression and inducible expression of six interferon regulatory factors
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Genes & Genomics.2015; 37(5): 429. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostoma spinigerum Detected in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from a Local Market in Yangon, Myanmar
Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Bok Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(5): 619. CrossRef
Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis with Recurrent Migratory Nodule and Persistent Eosinophilia: a Case Report from China
Jing Cui, Ye Wang, Zhong Quan Wang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 467. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Third-Stage Larvae in Snakeheads Purchased from a Central Part of Myanmar: Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):285-288.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.285

Abstract
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To examine the infection status of freshwater fish with Gnathostoma spp. larvae in Myanmar, we purchased 15 snakeheads, Channa striatus, from a local market in a suburban area of Naypyidaw, the new capital city. Two larval gnathostomes were collected using an artificial digestion technique, and observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The size of an intact larva was 2.65 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. The characteristic morphology of the larvae included the presence of a long esophagus (0.80 mm long), 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.43 mm long), and a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets. The number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row was 45, 48, 50, and 52, respectively. Based on these morphological characters, the larvae were identified as the advanced 3rd-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. This is the first report of detection of G. spinigerum 3rd-stage larvae in the central part of Myanmar. Our study suggests that intake of raw meat of snakehead fish in Myanmar may result in human gnathostomiasis.

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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 519. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostomes and Spargana in Chinese Edible Frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Myanmar: Potential Risk of Human Infection
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 467. CrossRef
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