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Leishmania Vaccines: the Current Situation with Its Promising Aspect for the Future
Rasit Dinc
Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(6):379-391.
Published online December 22, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.6.379
Leishmaniasis is a serious parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp. transmitted through sandfly bites. This disease is a major public health concern worldwide. It can occur in 3 different clinical forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral Leishmaniasis (CL, MCL, and VL, respectively), caused by different Leishmania spp. Currently, licensed vaccines are unavailable for the treatment of human Leishmaniasis. The treatment and prevention of this disease rely mainly on chemotherapeutics, which are highly toxic and have an increasing resistance problem. The development of a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine for all forms of vector-borne disease is urgently needed to block transmission of the parasite between the host and vector. Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis are complex. IL-12-driven Th1-type immune response plays a crucial role in host protection. The essential purpose of vaccination is to establish a protective immune response. To date, numerous vaccine studies have been conducted using live/attenuated/killed parasites, fractionated parasites, subunits, recombinant or DNA technology, delivery systems, and chimeric peptides. Most of these studies were limited to animals. In addition, standardization has not been achieved in these studies due to the differences in the virulence dynamics of the Leishmania spp. and the feasibility of the adjuvants. More studies are needed to develop a safe and effective vaccine, which is the most promising approach against Leishmania infection.

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Original Article

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Situation and Predicting the Distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti as Vectors of Leishmaniasis in Ardabil Province, Iran
Ali Khamesipour, Soheila Molaei, Navid Babaei-Pouya, Eslam Moradi-Asl
Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):229-236.
Published online June 26, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.229
Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis.CL caused by L. major and L. tropica is endemic in 17 provinces of Iran. This study was carried out to elucidate situation of CL in Ardabil province and to predict distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of CL in the region. In this cross-sectional study, data on CL patients were collected from local health centers of Ardabil province, Iran during 2006-2018 to establish a geodatabase using ArcGIS10.3. A total of 20 CL cases were selected randomly and skin samples were collected and analyzed by PCR method. MaxEnt 3.3.3 model was used to determine ecologically suitable niches for the main vectors. A total, 309 CL human cases were reported and the highest incidence rate of disease was occurred in Bilasavar (37/100,000) and Germi (35/100,000). A total of 2,794 sand flies were collected during May to October 2018. The environmentally suitable habitats for P. papatasi and P. sergenti were predicted to be present in northern and central areas of Ardabil province. The most variable that contributed ratio in the modeling were Isothermality and slope factors. Ardabil province is possibly an endemic are for CL. The presence of P. papatasi and P. sergenti justifies local transmission while the vectors of CL are existing in the northern and central areas of the province.

Citations

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Brief Communication

A Novel Anti-Microbial Peptide from Pseudomonas, REDLK Induced Growth Inhibition of Leishmania tarentolae Promastigote In Vitro
Yanhui Yu, Panpan Zhao, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong, Shuxian Yuan, Xinhua Yao, Yanbing Guo, Hang Dong, Weina Jiang
Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):173-179.
Published online April 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.173
Leishmaniasis is a prevalent cause of death and animal morbidity in underdeveloped countries of endemic area. However, there is few vaccine and effective drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are involved in the innate immune response in many organisms and are being developed as novel drugs against parasitic infections. In the present study, we synthesized a 5-amino acid peptide REDLK, which mutated the C-terminus of Pseudomonas exotoxin, to identify its effect on the Leishmania tarentolae. Promastigotes were incubated with different concentration of REDLK peptide, and the viability of parasite was assessed using MTT and Trypan blue dye. Morphologic damage of Leishmania was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Cellular apoptosis was observed using the annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit, mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit and flow cytometry. Our results showed that Leishmania tarentolae was susceptible to REDLK in a dose-dependent manner, disrupt the surface membrane integrity and caused parasite apoptosis. In our study, we demonstrated the leishmanicidal activity of an antimicrobial peptide REDLK from Pseudomonas aeruginosa against Leishmania tarentolae in vitro and present a foundation for further research of anti-leishmanial drugs.

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    Corina Lobato Hagemann, Alexandre José Macedo, Tiana Tasca
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    Charmante Registre, Luciana Miranda Silva, Farah Registre, Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar Soares, Karina Taciana Santos Rubio, Simone Pinto Carneiro, Orlando David Henrique dos Santos
    ACS Infectious Diseases.2024; 10(8): 2467.     CrossRef
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    Sara M. Robledo, Silvia Pérez-Silanes, Celia Fernández-Rubio, Ana Poveda, Lianet Monzote, Víctor M. González, Paloma Alonso-Collado, Javier Carrión
    Pathogens.2023; 12(7): 939.     CrossRef
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  • 4 Web of Science
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Original Articles

A Novel Niosomal Combination of Selenium Coupled with Glucantime against Leishmania tropica
Mahshid Mostafavi, Payam Khazaeli, Iraj Sharifi, Saeedeh Farajzadeh, Hamid Sharifi, Alireza Keyhani, Maryam Hakimi Parizi, Sina Kakooei
Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):1-8.
Published online February 26, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.1
There is no effective treatment modality available against different forms of leishmaniasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the penetration and efficacy of selenium and glucantime coupled with niosomes and compared them with their simple forms alone on in vitro susceptibility assays. In this study, the niosomal formulations of selenium and in combination with glucantime were prepared. The size and morphology of the niosomal formulations were characterized and the effectivity of the new formulation was also evaluated using in vitro MTT assay, intra-macrophage model, and gene expression profile. From the results obtained, no cytotoxicity effect was observed for niosomal and simple forms of drugs, as alone or in combination. Niosomal formulations of the drugs significantly showed more inhibitory effects (P ≤ 0.001) than the simple drugs when the selectivity index was considered. The gene expression levels of Interleukin (IL-10) significantly decreased, while the level of IL-12 and metacaspase significantly increased (P ≤ 0.001). The results of the present study showed that selenium plus glucantime niosome possess a potent anti-leishmanial effect and enhanced their lethal activity as evidenced by the in vitro experiments.

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    Sajad Rashidi, Kurosh Kalantar, Paul Nguewa, Gholamreza Hatam
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    International Immunopharmacology.2020; 86: 106704.     CrossRef
  • New Amides Containing Selenium as Potent Leishmanicidal Agents Targeting Trypanothione Reductase
    Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena, Daniel Plano, Socorro Espuelas, Esther Moreno, Carlos Aydillo, Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz, Juan Carlos García Soriano, Carmen Sanmartín
    Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 240 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
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Diagnosis, Treatment and Clinical Features of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia
Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Maha M. Abdel-Wahab, Mahmoud Khalifa
Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):229-236.
Published online June 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.229
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been one of the most common parasitic diseases in Saudi Arabia. This study exhibits the clinical features, diagnosis, cytokine profile and treatment of CL patients in Al-Taif province. Ninety CL suspects at a tertiary care general hospital were enrolled in one-year study. Patients were interviewed, clinically-examined, and subjected to laboratory tests: skin scraping smear microscopy, OligoC-TesT commercial PCR (Coris BioConcept) and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) PCR for Leishmania diagnosis. Interferon-gamma (RayBio; Human IFN-γ) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients’ sera were evaluated before treatment with sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) with 20-day intramuscular drug regimen. Positive rates of microscopy, commercial PCR and kDNA PCR were 74.4%, 95.5% and 100%, respectively. Patients came to hospital mostly in winter (45.0%). CL was frequently exhibited in Saudi patients (78.8%), male gender (70.7%), age <20 years (50.0%), rural-dwellers (75.5%) and patients with travel history (86.6%). Lesion was mostly single ulcer (93.3%), occurred in the face (67.7%). Upon pentostam treatment, 85.1% of ulcers showed rapid healing signs. Levels of IFN-γ and NO were significantly higher in the healing than the non-healing cases (P<0.001). The kDNA PCR proved more sensitive than microscopy and OligoC-TesT commercial PCR. Our results open perspectives for IFN-γ use as a biomarker predicting treatment response.

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  • Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Saudi Arabia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    Najm Z. Alshahrani, Abdullah M. Alarifi, Abdullah M. Assiri
    Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Tracking of Leishmania spp. in Iranian phlebotominae, distribution and biodiversity in Jarqavieh county, central Iran
    Mehdi Haddadnia, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Parisima Badiezadeh, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2025; 35(12): 3761.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
    W. Iqbal, U. Iram, S. Nisar, N. Musa, A. Alam, M. R. Khan, B. Ullah, M. Ullah, I. Ali
    Brazilian Journal of Biology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of the biodiversity and distribution of sand flies and tracking of Leishmania major in them in central Iran
    Parisima Badiezadeh, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Mehdi Haddadniaa, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; 34(9): 3245.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology and clinical features of parasitic disease Leishmaniasis. A case study from Pakistan
    Muhaibullah khan, Sheraz Ahmad, Hamayun saeed, M. Junaid Akhtar, Amna Munir
    Medical Reports.2024; 6: 100090.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiological Mapping of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: An Observational Descriptive Study
    Basmah Alharbi, Mawahib Ahmed
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  • Dermoscopic features in relation to the type of clinical lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis
    Qasim S. Al Chalabi, Hala N. Al Salman, Anfal L. Al harbawi
    Journal of the Egyptian Women's Dermatologic Society.2024; 21(3): 240.     CrossRef
  • Leishmaniasis: Recent epidemiological studies in the Middle East
    Chinyere A. Knight, David R. Harris, Shifaa O. Alshammari, Ayele Gugssa, Todd Young, Clarence M. Lee
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Associated Risk Factors and Prevention in Hubuna, Najran, Saudi Arabia
    Mohammed Jamaan Alzahrani, Nahid Elfaki, Yahya Hussein Ahmed Abdalla, Mugahed Ali Alkhadher, Maha Hamed Mohamed Ali, Waled AM Ahmed
    International Journal of General Medicine.2023; Volume 16: 723.     CrossRef
  • A disfiguring neglected tropical disease sweeps war-torn Yemen: a community-based study of prevalence and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis among rural communities in the western highlands
    Manal A Al-Ashwal, Wahib M Atroosh, Abdulelah H Al-Adhroey, Assia A Al-Subbary, Lau Yee-Ling, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
    Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2023; 117(12): 823.     CrossRef
  • Distribution, clinical features, and epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case study of District Haripur, KPK, Pakistan
    Muhaibullah Khan, Shehzad Ghayyur, Samina yasmin
    Medical Reports.2023; 2: 100025.     CrossRef
  • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Prevalence and Clinical Overview: A Single Center Study from Saudi Arabia, Eastern Region, Al-Ahsa
    Mahdi Al-Dhafiri, Abdulmohsen Alhajri, Zahraa Ali Alwayel, Jasmine Ahmed Alturaiki, Shaima Ali Bu Izran, Fatimah Ahmed Alhammad, Ryhana Mohammed Aljumaiah
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(12): 507.     CrossRef
  • Distribution and epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Asir province, Saudi Arabia, from 2011 to 2020
    Yasser Alraey
    Journal of Infection and Public Health.2022; 15(7): 757.     CrossRef
  • Molecular characterization of Leishmania species from stray dogs and human patients in Saudi Arabia
    Abdullah D. Alanazi, Abdulazi S. Alouffi, Mohamed S. Alyousif, Abdulsadah A. Rahi, Magda A. Ali, Hend H. A. M. Abdullah, Fabio A. Brayner, Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan, Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos, Domenico Otranto
    Parasitology Research.2021; 120(12): 4241.     CrossRef
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    Li Qiao, Changxiao Li, Qinde Yu, Li Ma
    Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics.2021; 11(6): 1743.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Leishmania species among patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qassim province of Saudi Arabia
    Zafar Rasheed, Ahmed A. Ahmed, Tarek Salem, Mohammed S. Al-Dhubaibi, Ahmad A. Al Robaee, Abdullateef A. Alzolibani
    BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis during 2009-2016 in Kashan City, Central Iran
Doroodgar Moein, Doroodgar Masoud, Mahboobi Saeed, Doroodgar Abbas
Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):21-24.
Published online February 28, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.21
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) can be seen in 2 forms, zoonotic and anthroponotic, in Iran. In this study, epidemiological aspects of CL were studied during an 8-year period (2009-2016) in city of Kashan, central Iran. The demographic and epidemiological data, including age, sex, occupation, number and site of the lesions, treatment regimen, past history of CL, and season of all patients were gathered from the health centers. Descriptive statistics were used to describe features of the study data. Total 2,676 people with CL were identified. The highest annual incidence was estimated to be 182 per 100,000 population in 2009 and the least was in 2016 (47 per 100,000 population). The highest frequency affected age groups were observed in 20-29 year-old patients (20.9%). More than 51% of the patients were under 30 years old. The maximum frequency of the disease, 1,134 (43.3%), was seen in autumn. The most common location of lesions was hands (61.4%). Most of the patients (81.6%) were treated by systemic glucantime regimen. In the city of Kashan, the incidence rate of the CL disease is significantly higher than many other regions of Iran. To reduce the risk of disease, control of reservoir hosts and vectors of disease, and education of individual protection are strongly recommended.

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  • Molecular diagnosis and epidemiological aspects of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Aleppo: Current status
    Lana Kourieh, Mohammad Y. Abajy, Mahasen Alkebajy, Silva Ishkhanian, Ream Nayal
    Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 28: e00412.     CrossRef
  • Residential environment, human behavior and socio-economic status in transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran
    Asieh Heidari, Nadia Mohammadi Dashtaki, Sima Mizbani, Mehri Rejali, Mohammad Reza Maracy
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Tracking of Leishmania spp. in Iranian phlebotominae, distribution and biodiversity in Jarqavieh county, central Iran
    Mehdi Haddadnia, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Parisima Badiezadeh, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Investigating the Effects of Demographic Factors on the Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Focus Area of Northeastern Iran
    Fateme Rajabi Gharaii, Mitra Boroomand, Amin Mohammadpour, Mohadeseh Motamed-Jahromi, Aboozar Soltani, Sumi Mukhopadhyay
    Journal of Tropical Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Parisima Badiezadeh, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Mehdi Haddadniaa, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; 34(9): 3245.     CrossRef
  • A Retrospective Analysis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Epidemiology During 2016 - 2021 in Hoveyzeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran
    Mehdi Kian, Naser Hatamzadeh, Hamid Kassiri, Abas Naboureh, Zahra Makiani, Somayeh Mirzavand
    Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mehri Rejali, Nadia Mohammadi Dashtaki, Afshin Ebrahimi, Asieh Heidari, Mohammad Reza Maracy
    Advanced Biomedical Research.2022; 11(1): 120.     CrossRef
  • Spatiotemporal Variability of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on Sociodemographic Heterogeneity. The Case of Northeastern Iran, 2011–2016
    Mohammad Tabasi, Ali Asghar Alesheikh
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  • Recombinant C-Reactive Protein: A Potential Candidate for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of BALB/c Mice Caused by Leishmania major
    Seyedeh Noushin Zahedi, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Maryam Boshtam, Farahnaz Amini, Hossein Fazeli, Mahdieh Sarmadi, Mahsa Rahimi, Hossein Khanahmad
    Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(1): 53.     CrossRef
  • Molecular identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis species using kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) gene in southeast of Iran
    Gholamreza Motalleb, Hamid MalekRaeesi, Hadi Mirahmadi, Amir Tavakoli Kareshk, Rahmat Solgi
    Gene Reports.2021; 22: 101005.     CrossRef
  • Reemergence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic focus, northeastern Iran
    Hasan Jalali, Ahmad Ali Enayati, Mahdi Fakhar, Farzad Motevalli-Haghi, Jamshid Yazdani Charati, Omid Dehghan, Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
    Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2021; 13: e00206.     CrossRef
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    Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Adane Derso, Arega Yeshanew, Rezika Mohammed, Helina Fikre, Bernard Marchand
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    Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2019; 113(9): 560.     CrossRef
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran
    Yazdan Hamzavi, Naser Nazari, Nahid Khademi, Keivan Hassani, Arezoo Bozorgomid
    Veterinary World.2018; : 1692.     CrossRef
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Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Iranian Leishmania Parasites Based on HSP70 Gene PCR-RFLP and Sequence Analysis
Sara Nemati, Asghar Fazaeli, Homa Hajjaran, Ali Khamesipour, Mohsen Falahati Anbaran, Arezoo Bozorgomid, Fatah Zarei
Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):367-374.
Published online August 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.367
Despite the broad distribution of leishmaniasis among Iranians and animals across the country, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the causative agents. Applying both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania spp. isolated from Iranian endemic foci and available reference strains. A total of 36 Leishmania isolates from almost all districts across the country were genetically analyzed for the HSP70 gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. The original HSP70 gene sequences were aligned along with homologous Leishmania sequences retrieved from NCBI, and subjected to the phylogenetic analysis. Basic parameters of genetic diversity were also estimated. The HSP70 PCR-RFLP presented 3 different electrophoretic patterns, with no further intraspecific variation, corresponding to 3 Leishmania species available in the country, L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum. Phylogenetic analyses presented 5 major clades, corresponding to 5 species complexes. Iranian lineages, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, were distributed among 3 complexes L. major, L. tropica, and L. donovani. However, within the L. major and L. donovani species complexes, the HSP70 phylogeny was not able to distinguish clearly between the L. major and L. turanica isolates, and between the L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. chagasi isolates, respectively. Our results indicated that both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses are medically applicable tools for identification of Leishmania species in Iranian patients. However, the reduced genetic diversity of the target gene makes it inevitable that its phylogeny only resolves the major groups, namely, the species complexes.

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  • Update on the Seroepidemiology of Human Cystic Echinococcosis and Associated Risk Factors in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
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    Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Genetic Diversity and Chromosomal Variations in the Iranian Leishmania major Strain: Insights into Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance
    Hanieh Sharifian, Anis Khalafiyan, Mahmood Fadaie, Hossein Khanahmad, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Erfan Zaker, Parisa Mousavi, Nadia Pourmoshir, Azadeh Zolfaghari
    Advanced Biomedical Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Shumaila Naz, Muhammed Nalcaci, Obaid Hayat, Seray Toz, Azhar Minhas, Shahid Waseem, Yusuf Ozbel
    Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Naser Nazari, Mohamad Bagher Rokni, Madoka Ichikawa‐Seki, Saber Raeghi, Homa Hajjaran, Shahab Falahi, Yazdan Hamzavi, Peyman Heydarian, Afshin Davari, Keyphobad Ghadiri, Arezoo Bozorgomid
    Veterinary Medicine and Science.2023; 9(2): 924.     CrossRef
  • Real‐time impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on cutaneous leishmaniasis case finding and strategic planning, preventive interventions, control and epidemiology in a region with a high burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis and COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional descriptive
    Morteza Shams, Ayoub Rashidi, Jasem Mohamadi, Mohamad Moradi, Reza Pakzad, Razi Naserifar, Jahangir Abdi, Fariba Ghelichi, Arezoo Bozorgomid, Nahid Maspi, Azra Kenarkoohi, Yasin Mohammadi, Amir Abdoli, Shahab Falahi
    Health Science Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Adriana C. Castillo-Castañeda, Luz H. Patiño, Maria Fernanda Zuñiga, Omar Cantillo-Barraza, Martha S. Ayala, Maryi Segura, Jessica Bautista, Plutarco Urbano, Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez, Juan David Ramírez
    Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Taxonomy, Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Iranian Leishmania Strains of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis
    Sara Nemati, Homa Hajjaran, Soudabeh Heydari, Asghar Fazaeli, Ali Khamesipour, Mohsen Falahati Anbaran, Mehdi Mohebali, Hamed Mirjalali
    Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1274.     CrossRef
  • The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
    Homa Hajjaran, Reza Saberi, Alireza Borjian, Mahdi Fakhar, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Sajjad Ghodrati, Mehdi Mohebali
    Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Development of a Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Pan-Leishmania
    Juan Jose Lauthier, Paula Ruybal, Paola Andrea Barroso, Yoshihisa Hashiguchi, Jorge Diego Marco, Masataka Korenaga
    Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105189.     CrossRef
  • Isolation and Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Iran
    Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Gilda Eslami, Oghol Niazjorjani, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Javad Namrodi
    International Journal of Epidemiologic Research.2019; 6(1): 8.     CrossRef
  • Description of Leishmania species among dogs and humans in Colombian Visceral Leishmaniasis outbreaks
    Giovanny Herrera, Adriana Higuera, Luz Helena Patiño, Martha S. Ayala, Juan David Ramírez
    Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 64: 135.     CrossRef
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran
    Yazdan Hamzavi, Naser Nazari, Nahid Khademi, Keivan Hassani, Arezoo Bozorgomid
    Veterinary World.2018; : 1692.     CrossRef
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  • 234 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
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Clinico-Epidemiological Patterns of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Attending the Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka
Lahiru Sandaruwan Galgamuwa, Buthsiri Sumanasena, Lalani Yatawara, Susiji Wickramasinghe, Devika Iddawela
Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):1-7.
Published online February 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.1
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania donovani is an endemic vector-borne disease in Sri Lanka. Over 2,500 cases have been reported since 2000 and the number of CL cases has dramatically increased annually. Total 57 clinically suspected CL patients attending the dermatology clinic in Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital were recruited from January to June 2015. Slit skin smears and skin biopsies were taken from each of the subjects. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained using interviewer administered questionnaire. Forty-three (75.4%) patients among 57 were confirmed positive for L. donovani. The majority of infected patients was males (P=0.005), and the most affected age group was 21-40 years. Soldiers in security forces, farmers, and housewives were identified as high risk groups. The presence of scrub jungles around the residence or places of occupation (P=0.003), the presence of sandflies (P=0.021), and working outsides more than 6 hr per day (P=0.001) were significantly associated with CL. The number of lesions ranged from 1-3, and the majority (76%) of the patients had a single lesion. Upper and lower extremities were the prominent places of lesions, while the wet type of lesions were more prevalent in females (P=0.022). A nodular-ulcerative type lesion was common in both sexes. The presence of sandflies, scrub jungles, and outdoor activities contributed to spread of Leishmania parasites in an endemic pattern. Implementation of vector control programs together with health education with regard to transmission and prevention of CL are necessary to control the spread of this infection.

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  • Evaluation of IgG anti-L. tropica antibody response as a biomarker for cutaneous leishmaniasis using ELISA in endemic regions of Pakistan
    Bashair Sheikh Pervez, Arshad Islam, Azhar Minhas, Yusuf Ozbel, Seray Toz, Shahid Waseem, Obaid Hayat, Shumaila Naz
    Journal of Microbiological Methods.2026; 240: 107340.     CrossRef
  • Immunohistochemical Characterisation of Innate Immune Cellular Responses in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani
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    SAGE Open Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Aisha Khan, Rawan Sajid, Shaista Gul, Ashiq Hussain, Mohammad Tahir Zehri, Shumaila Naz, Sami Simsek, Shahid Waseem, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Syed Kamran Ul Hassan Naqvi, Muhammad Qasim, Haroon Ahmed
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    Tropical Medicine and Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Hermali Silva, Achala Liyanage, Theja Deerasinghe, Vasana Chandrasekara, Kalaivani Chellappan, Nadira D. Karunaweera, Bhaskar Saha
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  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran
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Case Report

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the Eyelids: A Case Series with Molecular Identification and Literature Review
Iraj Mohammadpour, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Farhad Handjani, Gholam Reza Hatam
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):787-792.
Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.787
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoan disease which is endemic in Iran. It is transmitted by the Phlebotomus sand fly. The eyelid is rarely involved possibly because the movement of the lids impedes the sand fly from biting the skin in this region. Here, we report 6 rare cases of eyelid CL. The patients were diagnosed by skin scraping, culture, and PCR from the lesions. Skin scraping examination showed Leishmania spp. amastigotes in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Culture examination was positive for Leishmania spp. PCR was positive for Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. The lesions were disguised as basal cell carcinoma, chalazion, hordeolum, and impetigo. The patients were treated with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (20 mg/kg/day) for at least 3 weeks. They showed a dramatic response, and the lesions almost completely disappeared. We emphasized the importance of clinical and diagnostic features of lesions, characterized the phylogenetic relationship of isolated parasites, and reviewed the literature on ocular leishmaniasis.

Citations

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  • Leishmania cytochrome b gene sequence polymorphisms in southern Iran: relationships with different cutaneous clinical manifestations
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    BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Original Articles

Tamoxifen Induces Apoptosis of Leishmania major Promastigotes in Vitro
Masoud Doroodgar, Mahdi Delavari, Moein Doroodgar, Ali Abbasi, Ali Akbar Taherian, Abbas Doroodgar
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):9-14.
Published online February 26, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.9
Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor and currently used for the treatment of breast cancer. The current treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony compounds is not satisfactory. Therefore, in this study, due to its antileishmanial activity, effects of tamoxifen on the growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major Iranian strain were evaluated in vitro. Promastigotes and amastigotes were treated with different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 μg/ml) and time periods (24, 48, and 72 hr) of tamoxifen. After tamoxifen treatment, MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 biphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay) was used to determine the percentage of live parasites and Graph Pad Prism software to calculate IC50. Flow cytometry was applied to investigate the induction of tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in promastigotes. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of tamoxifen on promastigotes was 2.6 μg/ml after 24 hr treatment. Flow cytometry analysis showed that tamoxifen induced early and late apoptosis in Leishmania promastigotes. While after 48 hr in control group the apoptosis was 2.0%, the 50 ?g/L concentration of tamoxifen increased it to 59.7%. Based on the in vitro antileishmanial effect, tamoxifen might be used for leishmaniasis treatment; however, further researches on in vivo effects of tamoxifen in animal models are needed.

Citations

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In Vitro Infectivity Assessment by Drug Susceptibility Comparison of Recombinant Leishmania major Expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein or EGFP-Luciferase Fused Genes with Wild-Type Parasite
Somayeh Sadeghi, Negar Seyed, Mohammad-Hossein Etemadzadeh, Saeid Abediankenari, Sima Rafati, Tahereh Taheri
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):385-394.
Published online August 25, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.385
Leishmaniasis is a worldwide uncontrolled parasitic disease due to the lack of effective drug and vaccine. To speed up effective drug development, we need powerful methods to rapidly assess drug effectiveness against the intracellular form of Leishmania in high throughput assays. Reporter gene technology has proven to be an excellent tool for drug screening in vitro. The effects of reporter proteins on parasite infectivity should be identified both in vitro and in vivo. In this research, we initially compared the infectivity rate of recombinant Leishmania major expressing stably enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) alone or EGFP-luciferase (EGFP-LUC) with the wild-type strain. Next, we evaluated the sensitivity of these parasites to amphotericin B (AmB) as a standard drug in 2 parasitic phases, promastigote and amastigote. This comparison was made by MTT and nitric oxide (NO) assay and by quantifying the specific signals derived from reporter genes like EGFP intensity and luciferase activity. To study the amastigote form, both B10R and THP-1 macrophage cell lines were infected in the stationary phase and were exposed to AmB at different time points. Our results clearly revealed that the 3 parasite lines had similar in vitro infectivity rates with comparable parasite-induced levels of NO following interferon-γ/lipopolysaccharide induction. Based on our results we proposed the more reporter gene, the faster and more sensitive evaluation of the drug efficiency.

Citations

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Visceral Leishmaniasis in Rural Areas of Alborz Province of Iran and Implication to Health Policy
Aliehsan Heidari, Mehdi Mohebali, Kourosh Kabir, Hojatallah Barati, Yousef Soultani, Hossein Keshavarz, Behnaz Akhoundi, Homa Hajjaran, Hosein Reisi
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):379-383.
Published online August 25, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.379
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar mainly affects children in endemic areas. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL using direct agglutination test (DAT) in children living in rural districts of Alborz Province located 30 km from Tehran capital city of Iran. Multi-stage cluster random sampling was applied. Blood samples were randomly collected from 1,007 children under 10 years of age in the clusters. A total of 37 (3.7%) of the studied population showed anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies with titers of ≥1:800. There was a significant association between positive sera and various parts of the rural areas of Alborz Province (P<0.002). Two children with anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies titers of ≥1:3,200 indicated kala-azar clinical features and treated with anti-leishmaniasis drugs in pediatric hospital. The findings of this study indicated that Leishmania infection is prevalent in rural areas of Alborz Province. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the awareness and alertness among physicians and public health managers, particularly in high-risk rural areas of the province in Iran.

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  • Population structures of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica the causative agents of kala-azar in Southwest Iran
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Antileishmanial and Cytotoxic Effects of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extract of Myrtus communis L.
Hossein Mahmoudvand, Fatemeh Ezzatkhah, Fariba Sharififar, Iraj Sharifi, Ebrahim Saedi Dezaki
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):21-27.
Published online February 27, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.21

Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat various diseases such as infectious diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the antileishmanial effects of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Myrtus communis against Leishmania tropica on an in vitro model. Antileishmanial effects of essential oil and methanolic extract of M. communis on promastigote forms and their cytotoxic activities against J774 cells were evaluated using MTT assay for 72 hr. In addition, their leishmanicidal activity against amastigote forms was determined in a macrophage model, for 72 hr. Findings showed that the main components of essential oil were α-pinene (24.7%), 1,8-cineole (19.6%), and linalool (12.6%). Findings demonstrated that M. communis, particularly its essential oil, significantly (P<0.05) inhibited the growth rate of promastigote and amastigote forms of L. tropica based on a dose-dependent response. The IC50 values for essential oil and methanolic extract was 8.4 and 28.9 μg/ml against promastigotes, respectively. These values were 11.6 and 40.8 μg/ml against amastigote forms, respectively. Glucantime as control drug also revealed IC50 values of 88.3 and 44.6 μg/ml for promastigotes and amastigotes of L. tropica, respectively. The in vitro assay demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity in J774 cells. However, essential oil indicated a more cytotoxic effect as compared with the methanolic extract of M. communis. The findings of the present study demonstrated that M. communis might be a natural source for production of a new leishmanicidal agent.

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Case Reports

Visceral Leishmaniasis without Fever in an 11-Month-Old Infant: a Rare Clinical Feature of Kala-azar
Shirin Sayyahfar, Shahla Ansari, Mehdi Mohebali, Babak Behnam
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):189-191.
Published online April 18, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.189

Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar is an endemic parasitic disease in some parts of the world which is characterized by fever, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia in most of the cases. Herein we report an 11 month-old male infant with diagnosis of kala-azar who presented with pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, failure to gain weight, and no history of fever. Surprisingly, fever started after beginning of meglumine antimoniate treatment in this patient. As far as we are aware of, this is a rare presentation of visceral leishmaniasis. Therefore, clinicians especially in endemic areas are highly recommended to include kala-azar among differential diagnosis of unexplained anemia without fever to prevent misdiagnosis of this potentially fatal, but treatable condition.

Citations

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  • Leishmaniasis – Still a diagnostic challenge: An individual participant data systematic review
    Azza Sarfraz, Zouina Sarfraz, Maryyam Liaqat, Muhammad Hadi Khan, Hafiza Aqsa Abdul Jabbar, Muhammad Abdullah
    Tropical Doctor.2024; 54(4): 352.     CrossRef
  • Visceral Leishmaniasis After Kidney Transplant: An Unusual Presentation and Mode of Diagnosis
    Abhyudaysingh Rana, Ashwini Gadde, Lipika Lippi, Shyam B. Bansal
    Experimental and Clinical Transplantation.2022; 20(3): 311.     CrossRef
  • Filariasis presenting as pancytopenia in a child
    Anusree Krishna Mandal, Jadab Kumar Jana, Soumya Gayen, Abhay Charan Pal
    BMJ Case Reports.2022; 15(5): e248930.     CrossRef
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    Guoqiang Zhang, Jihua Zhong, Ting Wang, Lu Zhong
    Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    P Kumar, P Misra, C P Thakur, A Saurabh, N Rishi, D K Mitra
    Clinical and Experimental Immunology.2018; 191(3): 318.     CrossRef
  • Diversity and incrimination of sandflies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) captured in city and suburbs of Hamadan, Hamadan province, west of Iran
    Aref Salehzadeh, Somayeh Rafatbakhsh Iran, Milad Latifi, Motahare Mirhoseini
    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2014; 7: S177.     CrossRef
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  • 80 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
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An Autochthonous Case of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Korea
Dong Ha Bhang, Ul Soo Choi, Hyun Jeong Kim, Kyoung-Oh Cho, Sung-Shik Shin, Hee-Jeong Youn, Cheol-Yong Hwang, Hwa-Young Youn
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):545-549.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.545

A 12-year-old spayed female mixed-bred dog presented with nasal bleeding of 2 days duration and a skin nodule in the left flank. No abnormalities were found in coagulation profiles and blood pressure. Cytological evaluation of the nodule revealed numerous characteristic round organisms having a nucleus and a bar within macrophages and in the background, consistent with leishmaniasis. In vitro culture was unsuccessful but PCR of the nodular aspirate identified the organisms as Leishmania infantum, and the final diagnosis was canine leishmaniasis. No history of travel to endemic countries was noted. Because the dog had received a blood transfusion 2 years before the illness, serological screening tests were performed in all donor dogs of the commercial blood bank using the commercial Leishmania ELISA test kit, and there were no positive results. Additional 113 dogs with hyperglobulinemia from Seoul were also screened with the same kits but no positive results were obtained. To the best of the author's knowledge this is the first autochthonous case of canine leishmaniasis in Korea.

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  • Imported case of canine viscerocutaneous leishmaniasis in South Korea: clinical presentation and diagnostic approach in a Labrador Retriever
    Ki-Yeon Son, Gyeong-Gook Park, Joong-Hyun Song
    Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Epidemiological Investigation of Asymptomatic Dogs with Leishmania Infection in Southwestern China Where Visceral Leishmaniasis is Intractable
    Gui-Hua Zhao, Kun Yin, Wei-Xia Zhong, Ting Xiao, Qing-Kuan Wei, Yong Cui, Gong-Zhen Liu, Chao Xu, Hong-Fa Wang
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(6): 797.     CrossRef
  • Who Neglects Neglected Tropical Diseases? - Korean Perspective
    Min-Ho Choi, Jae-Ran Yu, Sung-Tae Hong
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(Suppl 2): S122.     CrossRef
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Original Articles

Overexpression of Ubiquitin and Amino Acid Permease Genes in Association with Antimony Resistance in Leishmania tropica Field Isolates
Elham Kazemi-Rad, Mehdi Mohebali, Mohammad Bagher Khadem-Erfan, Homa Hajjaran, Ramtin Hadighi, Ali Khamesipour, Sassan Rezaie, Mojtaba Saffari, Reza Raoofian, Mansour Heidari
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):413-419.
Published online August 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.413

The mainstay therapy against leishmaniasis is still pentavalent antimonial drugs; however, the rate of antimony resistance is increasing in endemic regions such as Iran. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance to antimonials could be helpful to improve treatment strategies. This study aimed to recognize genes involved in antimony resistance of Leishmania tropica field isolates. Sensitive and resistant L. tropica parasites were isolated from anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and drug susceptibility of parasites to meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) was confirmed using in vitro assay. Then, complementary DNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) approaches were utilized on mRNAs from resistant and sensitive L. tropica isolates. We identified 2 known genes, ubiquitin implicated in protein degradation and amino acid permease (AAP3) involved in arginine uptake. Also, we identified 1 gene encoding hypothetical protein. Real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant upregulation of ubiquitin (2.54-fold), and AAP3 (2.86-fold) (P<0.05) in a resistant isolate compared to a sensitive one. Our results suggest that overexpression of ubiquitin and AAP3 could potentially implicated in natural antimony resistance.

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An Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi, Libya
Manal Z. M. Abdellatif, Khamis El-Mabrouk, Ashraf A. Ewis
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):75-84.
Published online February 18, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.75

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic parasitic infection in the Mediterranean region, including Libya and its Al-jabal Al-gharbi province. We aimed at studying the occupational relevance as well as other epidemiological aspects of CL. We investigated 140 CL cases who attended at Gharyan outpatient polyclinic during a period of 6 months in 2009. CL infection was clinically diagnosed and confirmed by demonstration of Leishmania parasites on smears from lesions. Our findings showed that males were more affected than females (P=0.04), and people above 10-years were more affected than younger ones (P=0.0001). A significant percent of CL cases belonged to Al-Kawasem subprovince (P=0.0001). Farm-related activities were the most frequent occupations among CL cases (P=0.04). In addition to farm workers, housewives and students are at risk groups since they are engaged at farm activities. Moreover, those who have occupations that require staying outdoors for a part of night, e.g., policemen, are also at risk. Compared to children, adult CL patients had multiple lesions (P=0.001) that were more prevalent in their upper and lower extremities than the face (P=0.0001). We conclude that CL is a major health problem in Al-jabal Al-gharbi province of Libya. The presence of rodents and sandflies makes it a suitable environment for Leishmania to spread in an endemic epidemiological pattern. Being engaged in farming activities or outdoor occupations increases the risk of infection. Various clinical patterns of CL suggest the presence of more than 1 species of Leishmania at Al-jabal Al-gharbi province. We propose that the 2 species responsible for CL in this area are L. major and L. tropica. Further investigations to identify the leishmanial species responsible for CL at Al-jabal Al-gharbi together with adoption of preventive and control programs are needed.

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    Aminetou El Moctar, Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah, Abdoulaye Kassoum Koné, Mona Saout, Magalie Demar, Mamadou Dramani Fofana, Taleb Khyar Cheikh Mohamed Vadel, Mariem Kébé, Mahamadou Ali Thera, Romain Blaizot, Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
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  • Cutaenous Leishmaniasis In Libya
    Tarek Mohamed Arshah
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  • Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa and Its Threats to Public Health: A Statistical Study Focused on Djelfa (Algeria)
    Fatma Messaoudene, Slimane Boukraa, Said Chaouki Boubidi, Ahlem Guerzou, Abdeldjalil Ouahabi
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The Route of Leishmania tropica Infection Determines Disease Outcome and Protection against Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice
Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Ghader Khalili, Firoozeh Abrishami, Ali Najafy, Vahid Khaze
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):69-74.
Published online February 18, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.69

Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. Routes of infection have been reported to be an important variable for some species of Leishmania parasites. The role of this variable is not clear for L. tropica infection. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of route of L. tropica infection on the disease outcome and immunologic parameters in BALB/c mice. Two routes were used; subcutaneous in the footpad and intradermal in the ear. Mice were challenged by Leishmani major, after establishment of the L. tropica infection, to evaluate the level of protective immunity. Immune responses were assayed at week 1 and week 4 after challenge. The subcutaneous route in the footpad in comparison to the intradermal route in the ear induced significantly more protective immunity against L. major challenge, including higher delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, more rapid lesion resolution, lower parasite loads, and lower levels of IL-10. Our data showed that the route of infection in BALB/c model of L. tropica infection is an important variable and should be considered in developing an appropriate experimental model for L. tropica infections.

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  • The Immune Memory Response of In Vitro-Polarised Th1, Th2, and Th17 Cells in the Face of Ovalbumin-Transgenic Leishmania major in a Mouse Model
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Case Report

Visceral Leishmaniasis Mimicking Autoimmune Hepatitis, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Overlap
Ozlem Guzel Tunccan, Abdurrahman Tufan, G?l?in Telli, Nalan Aky?rek, Merve Pamuk?uo?lu, G?ldal Yılmaz, Kenan Hızel
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):133-136.
Published online May 24, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.133

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening infection caused by Leishmania species. In addition to typical clinical findings as fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cachexia, VL is associated with autoimmune phenomena. To date, VL mimicking or exacerbating various autoimmune diseases have been described, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Herein, we presented a patient with VL who had overlapping clinical features with SLE, AIH, as well as antimitochondrial antibody (AMA-M2) positive primary biliary cirrhosis.

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Original Articles

Use of In Vivo and In Vitro Systems to Select Leishmania amazonensis Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein
Solange dos Santos Costa, Marjorie de Assis Golim, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann, Fabio Trindade Maranh?o Costa, Selma Giorgio
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):357-364.
Published online December 16, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.357

Various Leishmania species were engineered with green fluorescent protein (GFP) using episomal vectors that encoded an antibiotic resistance gene, such as aminoglycoside geneticin sulphate (G418). Most reports of GFP-Leishmania have used the flagellated extracellular promastigote, the stage of parasite detected in the midgut of the sandfly vector; fewer studies have been performed with amastigotes, the stage of parasite detected in mammals. In this study, comparisons were made regarding the efficiency for in vitro G418 selection of GFP-Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes and the use of in vivo G418 selection. The GFP-promastigotes retained episomal plasmid for a prolonged period and G418 treatment was necessary and efficient for in vitro selection. In contrast, GFP-amastigotes showed low retention of the episomal plasmid in the absence of G418 selection and low sensitivity to antibiotics in vitro. The use of protocols for G418 selection using infected BALB/c mice also indicated low sensitivity to antibiotics against amastigotes in cutaneous lesions.

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Miltefosine-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death on Leishmania major and L. tropica Strains
Shahram Khademvatan, Mohammad Javad Gharavi, Fakher Rahim, Jasem Saki
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):17-23.
Published online March 18, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.17

The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxic effects of various concentrations of miltefosine on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) and L. tropica (MHOM/IR/02/Mash10) promastigotes and to observe the programmed cell death features. The colorimetric MTT assay was used to find L. major and L. tropica viability and the obtained results were expressed as 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). Also, 50% effective doses (ED50) for L. major and L. tropica amastigotes were also determined. Annexin-V FLUOS staining was performed to study the cell death properties of miltefosine using FACS analysis. Qualitative analysis of the total genomic DNA fragmentation was performed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, to observe changes in cell morphology, promastigotes were examined using light microscopy. In both strains of L. major and L. tropica, miltefosine induced dose-dependent death with features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, DNA laddering, and externalization of phosphatidylserine. The IC50 was achieved at 22 ?M and 11 ?M for L. major and L. tropica after 48 hr of incubation, respectively. ED50 of L. major and L. tropica amastigotes were 5.7 ?M and 4.2 ?M, respectively. Our results indicate that miltefosine induces apoptosis of the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, L. major did not display any apoptotic changes when it was exposed to miltefosine in concentrations sufficient to kill L. tropica.

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Case Report

A Case of Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in India
Kalpalata Tripathy, Aparijita Misra, Rabinarayn Mallik, Debiprasad Misra, Niranjan Rout, Jayshree Rath
Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):245-246.
Published online September 15, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.245

Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a rare disease. This is a solitary case report from Orissa, India. We describe a case of PKDL in a 55-year-old male who presented with multiple nodular lesions over face, trunk, and extremities. The patient had been to an endemic area of kala-azar and had a previous history of leishmaniasis. Fine needle aspiration cytology samples from skin nodules revealed Leishmania amastigotes.

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    Teresa Oranges, Stefano Veraldi, Giammarco Granieri, Cristian Fidanzi, Agata Janowska, Valentina Dini, Marco Romanelli
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  • Fine‐needle sampling provides appreciable diagnostic yield in lesions of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis: Analysis of four cases from North Eastern India
    Arghya Bandyopadhyay, Kaushik Majumdar, Mimi Gangopadhyay, Sankha Koley
    Diagnostic Cytopathology.2014; 42(6): 525.     CrossRef
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  • 66 Download
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Original Articles

Aureobasidium-Derived Soluble Branched (1,3-1,6) β-Glucan (Sophy β-glucan) Enhances Natural Killer Activity in Leishmania amazonensis-Infected Mice
Lalani Yatawara, Susiji Wickramasinghe, Mitsuru Nagataki, Misa Takamoto, Haruka Nomura, Yasunori Ikeue, Yoshiya Watanabe, Takeshi Agatsuma
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):345-351.
Published online December 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.345

The β-glucans derived from yeast cell walls have been reported for having many immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. In this study, Aureobasidium-derived soluble branched (1,3-1,6) β-glucan (Sophy β-glucan) was checked for natural killer (NK) activity and for the production of IFN-γ and IL-4 in Leishmania amazonensis infection. The main experiment was performed with a group of female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, orally supplemented with 5% of Sophy β-glucan and infected with promastogotes of L. amazonensis (1 × 107) into the footpad. Increase in the footpad thickness with time was observed in BALB/c mice in spite of the oral Sophy β-glucan supplement, but it was less in C57BL/6 mice. The difference in overall mean footpad thickness between 'infection only' versus 'infection + glucan' groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). High NK activity in C57BL/6 than BALB/c mice was observed in 'glucan only' group compared to the control group and also in 'infection + glucan' group compared to 'infection only' group. The difference in the NK activity among these groups was significant (P < 0.05). The IFN-γ level increased at weeks 7 and 8 post-infection in C57BL/6 mice and was significantly high in 'infection + glucan' group compared to the 'infection only' group (P < 0.05). IL-4 levels did not increase up to detectable levels throughout the study. The results led a conclusion that Sophy β-glucan enhances NK activity and cellular immunity in L. amazonensis-infected mice.

Citations

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A Novel Organotellurium Compound (RT-01) as a New Antileishmanial Agent
Camila B?rbara Cantalupo Lima, Wagner Welber Arrais-Silva, Rodrigo Luiz Oliveira Rodrigues Cunha, Selma Giorgio
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):213-218.
Published online August 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.213

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease and endemic in developing countries. A lack of adequate and definitive chemotherapeutic agents to fight against this infection has led to the investigation of numerous compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RT-01, an organotellurane compound presenting biological activities, in 2 experimental systems against Leishmania amazonensis. The in vitro system consisted of promastigotes and amastigotes forms of the parasite, and the in vivo system consisted of L. amazonensis infected BALB/c mice, an extremely susceptible mouse strain. The compound proved to be toxic against promastigotes and amastigotes. The study also showed that treatment with RT-01 produces an effect similar to that treatment with the reference antimonial drug, Glucantime, in L. amazonensis infected mice. The best results were obtained following RT-01 intralesional administration (720 ?g/kg/day); mice showed significant delay in the development of cutaneous lesions and decreased numbers of parasites obtained from the lesions. Significant differences in tissue pathology consisted mainly of no expressive accumulation of inflammatory cells and well-preserved structures in the skin tissue of RT-01-treated mice compared with expressive infiltration of infected cells replacing the skin tissue in lesions of untreated mice. These findings highlight the fact that the apparent potency of organotellurane compounds, together with their relatively simple structure, may represent a new avenue for the development of novel drugs to combat parasitic diseases.

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Anti-leishmanial Effects of Trinitroglycerin in BALB/C Mice Infected with Leishmania major via Nitric Oxide Pathway
Hossein Nahrevanian, Mana Najafzadeh, Reza Hajihosseini, Habib Nazem, Mahin Farahmand, Zahra Zamani
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):109-115.
Published online May 27, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.109

This study investigated whether trinitroglycerine (TNG) as nitric oxide (NO) releasing agent had anti-leishmanial effects and mediated pathology in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a zoonotic infection caused by leishmania protozoa is still one of the health problems in the world and in Iran. NO is involved in host immune responses against intracellular L. major, and leishmania killing by macrophages is mediated by this substance. Moreover, application of CL treatment with NO-donors has been recently indicated. In our study, TNG was used for its ability to increase NO and to modify CL infection in mice, in order to evaluate NO effects on lesion size and formation, parasite proliferation inside macrophages, amastigote visceralization in target organs, and NO induction in plasma and organ suspensions. Data obtained in this study indicated that TNG increased plasma and liver-NO, reduced lesion sizes, removed amastigotes from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, declined proliferation of amastigotes, hepatomegaly, and increased survival rate. However, TNG reduced spleen-NO and had no significant effects on spelenomegaly. The results show that TNG therapy reduced leishmaniasis and pathology in association with raised NO levels. TNG had some antiparasitic activity by reduction of positive smears from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, which could emphasize the role of TNG to inhibit visceralization of L. major in target organs.

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Brief Communication

Distribution Frequency of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Cutaneus Leishmaniasis Lesions
Hengameh Ziaei, Giti Sadeghian, SH Hejazi
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):191-193.
Published online September 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.191

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease characterized by single or multiple ulcerations. Secondary bacterial infections are one of the complications that can increase the tissue destruction and the resulting scar. To better determine the incidence of real secondary bacterial infections in CL, we designed the current study. This was a cross-sectional study performed in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan, Iran. A total of 1,255 patients with confirmed CL enrolled in the study. Sterile swaps were achieved for ulcer exudates and scraping was used for non-ulcerated lesions. All samples were transferred to tryptic soy broth medium. After 24 hr of incubation at 37℃ they were transferred to eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and blood agar. Laboratory tests were used to determine the species of bacteria. Among 1,255 confirmed CL patients, 274 (21.8%) had positive cultures for secondary bacterial infections. The bacteria isolated from the lesions were Staphylococcus aureus in 190 cases (69.3%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 63 cases (23.0%), E. coli in 10 cases (3.6%), Proteus sp. in 6 cases (2.2%), and Klebsiella sp. in 5 cases (1.9%). The results show that the overall incidence of secondary bacterial infections in the lesions of CL was 21.8%, considerably high. The incidence of secondary bacterial infections was significantly higher in ulcerated lesions compared with non-ulcerated lesions.

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  • Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)
    Greta Volpedo, Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez, Erin A. Holcomb, Natalie Cipriano, Blake Cox, Abhay R. Satoskar
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The role of Bax in the apoptosis of Leishmania-infected macrophages
    Maryam Aghaei, Hossein KhanAhmad, Shahrzad Aghaei, Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh, Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh, Seyed Hossein Hejazi
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2020; 139: 103892.     CrossRef
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    Tiffany Y. Borbón, Breanna M. Scorza, Gwendolyn M. Clay, Fellipe Lima Nobre de Queiroz, Alan J. Sariol, Jayden L. Bowen, Yani Chen, Bayan Zhanbolat, Corey P. Parlet, Diogo G. Valadares, Suzanne L. Cassel, William M. Nauseef, Alexander R. Horswill, Fayyaz
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    Breanna Scorza, Edgar Carvalho, Mary Wilson
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    Hany Yehia, Ebtesam Al-Olayan, Manal El-Khadragy, Dina Metwally
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    Pouran Layegh, Kiarash Ghazvini, Toktam Moghiman, Fatemeh Hadian, Naghmeh Zabolinejad, Fakhrozaman Pezeshkpour
    Indian Journal of Dermatology.2015; 60(2): 211.     CrossRef
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    Joanne Lello, Stefanie Knopp, Khalfan A. Mohammed, I. Simba Khamis, Jürg Utzinger, Mark E. Viney
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    Marie-Pierre Otto, Jean-Louis Estival, Bruno Soullié, Barbara Foucher, Valérie Cheminel, Patrick Gérôme
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    Roshan Ramanathan, Kawsar R. Talaat, Siddhartha Mahanty, Daniel P. Fedorko, Theodore E. Nash
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Case Report

Successful Treatment of Lupoid Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Glucantime and Topical Trichloroacetic Acid (A Case Report)
Mohamad Ali Nilforoushzadeh, Giti Sadeghian, Fariba Jaffary, Hengameh Ziaei, Liela Shirani-Bidabad, Parvin Mahzoni
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):175-177.
Published online September 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.175

Lupoid leishmaniasis is a unique form of cutaneous leishmaniasis characterized by unusual clinical features and a chronic relapsing course, mostly caused by infection with Leishmania tropica. In this clinical form, 1-2 yr after healing of the acute lesion, new papules and nodules appear at the margin of the remaining scar. Herein, we describe a case of this clinical form that was resistant to 2 courses of treatments: systemic glucantime and then a combination therapy with allopurinol and systemic glucantime. However, marked improvement was seen after a combination therapy with topical trichloroacetic acid solution (50%) and systemic glucantime, and there were no signs of recurrence after 1 yr of follow-up.

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    Haya Raef, Harold J. Brody, Gary D. Monheit, William P. Coleman
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    Bahareh Abtahi‐Naeini, Seyed Naser Emadi, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Mahsa Pourmahdi‐Boroujeni, Ali Saffaei, Fereshte Rastegarnasab
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    Alireza Firooz, Hossein Mortazavi, Ali Khamesipour, Maryam Ghiasi, Robabeh Abedini, Kamran Balighi, Nafiseh Esmaili, Mansour Nassiri-Kashani, S. Ebrahim Eskandari, Mehdi Mohebali, Akram Mir Amin Mohammadi, Yahya Dowlati
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    Ana Lia Mazzeti, Lívia de F. Diniz, Karolina R. Gonçalves, Ruan Schott WonDollinger, Tassiane Assíria, Isabela Ribeiro, Maria T. Bahia
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  • Comparison of Lesion Improvement in Lupoid Leishmaniasis Patients with Two Treatment Approaches
    Mahnaz Banihashemi, Mohamad Javad Yazdanpanah, Hossein Amirsolymani, Hadis Yousefzadeh
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  • Comparison Between Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate and Combination of Trichloroacetic Acid 50% and Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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  • Lupoid leishmaniasis of the nose responding well to cryotherapy
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Brief Communication

Purification and biochemical characterization of two novel antigens from Leishmania major promastigotes
Majid Zeinali, Sussan K. Ardestani, Amina Kariminia
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):287-293.
Published online December 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.287

The identification and characterization of antigens that elicit human T cell responses is an important step toward understanding of Leishmania major infection and ultimately in the development of a vaccine. Micropreparative SDS-PAGE followed by electrotransfer to a PVDF membrane and elution of proteins from the PVDF, was used to separate 2 novel proteins from L. major promastigotes, which can induce antibodies of the IgG2a isotype in mice and also are recognized by antisera of recovered human cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects. Fractionation of the crude extract of L. major revealed that all detectable proteins of interest were present within the soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA). Quantitation of these proteins showed that their expression in promastigotes is relatively very low. Considering the molecular weight, immunoreactivity, chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior in reducing and non-reducing conditions, these proteins are probably 2 isoforms of a single protein. A digest of these proteins was resolved on Tricine-SDS-PAGE and immunoreactive fragments were identified by human sera. Two immunoreactive fragments (36.4 and 34.8 kDa) were only generated by endoproteinase Glu-C treatment. These immunoreactive fragments or their parent molecules may be ideal candidates for incorporation in a cocktail vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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  • Highly Effective Serodiagnosis for Chagas' Disease
    Pilar Hernández, Michael Heimann, Cristina Riera, Marco Solano, José Santalla, Alejandro O. Luquetti, Ewald Beck
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Original Articles
Protective effect of lectin from Synadenium carinatum on Leishmania amazonensis infection in BALB/c mice
Sandra R. Afonso-Cardoso, Fl?vio H. Rodrigues, M?rcio A.B. Gomes, Adriano G. Silva, Ademir Rocha, Aparecida H.B. Guimar?es, Ign?s Candeloro, S?lvio Favoreto, Marcelo S. Ferreira, Maria A. de Souza
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):255-266.
Published online December 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.255

The protective effect of the Synadenium carinatum latex lectin (ScLL), and the possibility of using it as an adjuvant in murine model of vaccination against American cutaneous leishmaniasis, were evaluated. BALB/c mice were immunized with the lectin ScLL (10, 50, 100 ?g/animal) separately or in association with the soluble Leishmania amazonensis antigen (SLA). After a challenge infection with 106 promastigotes, the injury progression was monitored weekly by measuring the footpad swelling for 10 weeks. ScLL appeared to be capable of conferring partial protection to the animals, being most evident when ScLL was used in concentrations of 50 and 100 ?g/animal. Also the parasite load in the interior of macrophages showed significant reduction (61.7%) when compared to the control group. With regard to the cellular response, ScLL 50 and 100 ?g/animal stimulated the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction significantly (P < 0.05) higher than SLA or SLA plus ScLL 10 weeks after the challenge infection. The detection of high levels of IgG2a and the expression of mRNA cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α (Th1 profiles), corroborated the protective role of this lectin against cutaneous leishmaniasis. This is the first report of the ScLL effect on leishmaniasis and shows a promising role for ScLL to be explored in other experimental models for treatment of leishmaniasis.

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  • Partial characterization of purified glycoprotein from nutshell of Arachis hypogea L. towards macrophage activation and leishmaniacidal activity
    Sujatha Srinivasan, Mamilla R. Charan Raja, Amrita Kar, Aishwarya Ramasamy, Adithyan Jayaraman, Vellingiri Vadivel, Santanu Kar Mahapatra
    Glycoconjugate Journal.2023; 40(1): 1.     CrossRef
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    Eliézer L. P. Ramos, Silas S. Santana, Murilo V. Silva, Fernanda M. Santiago, Tiago W. P. Mineo, José R. Mineo
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  • Adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of a D-galactose-binding lectin from Synadenium carinatum latex (ScLL) in the mouse model of vaccination against neosporosis
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  • Effect of the Synadenium carinatum latex lectin (ScLL) on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection in murine macrophages
    Sandra R. Afonso-Cardoso, Claudio Vieira Silva, Marcelo S. Ferreira, Maria A. Souza
    Experimental Parasitology.2011; 128(1): 61.     CrossRef
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    M. P. Fernandes, N. M. Inada, M. R. Chiaratti, F. F. B. Araújo, F. V. Meirelles, M. T. S. Correia, L. C. B. B. Coelho, M. J. M. Alves, F. R. Gadelha, A. E. Vercesi
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    PR. Melo-Reis, LS. Andrade, CB. Silva, LMM. Araújo, MS. Pereira, F. Mrue, L. Chen-Chen
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Viscerotropic growth pattern of Leishmania tropica in BALB/c mice is suggestive of a murine model for human viscerotropic leishmaniasis
Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Simin Sadat Kiaei, Davood Iravani
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):247-253.
Published online December 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.247

Leishmania (L.) tropica is a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and occasionally of visceral or viscerotropic leishmaniasis in humans. Murine models of Leishmania infection have been proven to be useful for elucidation of mechanisms for pathogenesis and immunity in leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to establish a murine model for human viscerotropic leishmaniasis, and the growth pattern of L. tropica was studied in different tissues of BALB/c mice in order to find out whether the parasite visceralizes in this murine model. L. major was used as a control as this species is known to cause a progressive infection in BALB/c mice. L. tropica or L. major was injected into the footpad of mice, and thickness of footpad, parasite loads in different tissues, and the weight of the spleen and lymph node were determined at different intervals. Results showed that L. tropica visceralizes to the spleen and grows there while its growth is controlled in footpad tissues. Dissemination of L. tropica to visceral organs in BALB/c mice was similar to the growth patterns of this parasite in human viscerotropic leishmaniasis. The BALB/c model of L. tropica infection may be considered as a good experimental model for human diseases.

Citations

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  • Influence of sex hormones on the immune response to leishmaniasis
    Layana Pachêco de Araújo Albuquerque, Amanda Miranda da Silva, Francisca Miriane de Araújo Batista, Ingridi de Souza Sene, Dorcas Lamounier Costa, Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
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    Farhat Afrin, Garima Chouhan, Mohammad Islamuddin, Muzamil Y. Want, Hani A. Ozbak, Hassan A. Hemeg, Fabiano Oliveira
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    Ryan D. Lockard, Mary E. Wilson, Nilda E. Rodríguez
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    Mosayeb Rostamian, Alisha Akya, Hamid M. Niknam
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    Hanafi A. Hanafi, El-Shaimaa M. Nour El-Din, Shabaan S.I. El-Hossary, Rania M. Kaldas, Jeffrey T. Villinski, Barry D. Furman, David J. Fryauff
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  • The Route of Leishmania tropica Infection Determines Disease Outcome and Protection against Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice
    Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Ghader Khalili, Firoozeh Abrishami, Ali Najafy, Vahid Khaze
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(1): 69.     CrossRef
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    Hamid Mahmoudzadeh‐Niknam, Soheila Ajdary, Farhad Riazi‐Rad, Ebrahim Mirzadegan, Abdolhossein Rezaeian, Vahid Khaze, Navid D. Djadid, Mohammad H. Alimohammadian
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    Dalit Talmi-Frank, Charles L. Jaffe, Abedelmajeed Nasereddin, Gad Baneth
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    Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Simin Sadat Kiaei, Davood Iravani
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Leishmania tropica infection, in comparison to Leishmania major, induces lower delayed type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice
Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Simin Sadat Kiaei, Davood Iravani
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):103-109.
Published online June 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.103

Leishmania tropica and L. major are etiologic agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immunologic response that has been frequently used as a correlate for protection against or sensitization to leishmania antigen. In BALB/c mice, L. tropica infection results in non-ulcerating disease, whereas L. major infection results in destructive lesions. In order to clarify the immunologic mechanisms of these 2 different outcomes, we compared the ability of these 2 leishmania species in induction of DTH response in this murine model. BALB/c mice were infected with L. major or L. tropica, and disease evolution and DTH responses were determined. The results show that the primary L. major infection can exacerbate the secondary L. major infection and is associated with DTH response. Higher doses of the primary L. major infection result in more disease exacerbation of the secondary L. major infection as well as higher DTH response. L. tropica infection induces lower DTH responses than L. major. We have previously reported that the primary L. tropica infection induces partial protection against the secondary L. major infection in BALB/c mice. Induction of lower DTH response by L. tropica suggests that the protection induced against L. major by prior L. tropica infection may be due to suppression of DTH response.

Citations

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  • Expression of key cytokines in dog macrophages infected by Leishmania tarentolae opening new avenues for the protection against Leishmania infantum
    Viviane Noll Louzada-Flores, Maria Stefania Latrofa, Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan, Maria Stella Lucente, Sara Epis, Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi, Claudio Bandi, Domenico Otranto
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    Ehsan Sarreshteh, Mosayeb Rostamian, Mahsa Tat Asadi, Firoozeh Abrishami, Ali Najafi, Maryam Abolghazi, Hamid Mahmoudzadeh Niknam
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Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of 117 cases from Iran
Safar Ali Talari, Rezvan Talaei, Gholamreza Shajari, Zarichehr Vakili, Abbas Taghaviardakani
Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):355-360.
Published online December 20, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.355

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), due to Leishmania major, is endemic in different parts of Iran and has long been recognized in most provinces of Iran. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of childhood leishmaniasis in 3 areas at the southeast of Kashan. A descriptive study was carried out on all children referred to central laboratories during a 3-year period. Initial information including age, sex, sites of ulcer on the body, number of lesions, address, and the place of the disease was obtained. The study gathered 117 children, and the results showed a prevalence of 7.2% in patients with lesions among the population and 4.2% of people displayed lesion and scar. The ages of subjects were from 6 to 15 years (average 9.75 years). The boy: girl ratio was 1.2. All of our patients lived in an endemic area. The face was affected in 47.0% of cases. The encountered forms of leishmaniasis are as follows: papulonodular 27.4%, ulcer 60.7%, sporotrichoid 6%, impetiginous 2.5%, and erysipeloid 3.4%. Treatment with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate 20-30 mg/kg/day was done for 93 patients. Meglumine antimoniate treatment was tolerated with no side effects. All leishmaniasis lesions healed within an average period of 2-14 months. Hyperpigmented scars were formed in 25.6% of the patients, atrophic scars in 4.3%, and hypopigmented scars were in 3.4%, respectively. The findings of this study indicate increased prevalence of CL in the villages at the area of Kashan and Aran-Bidgol. The clinical finding patterns belonged to different endemic strains of L. major in Isfahan, which indicates the possible transmission of infection from Isfahan to this area.

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Effects of combined therapy with thalidomide and glucantime on leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice
Ghassem Solgi, Amina Kariminia, Khossro Abdi, Majid Darabi, Behnaz Ghareghozloo
Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):55-61.
Published online March 20, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.55

For treating Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice, we used thalidomide in conjunction with glucantime. Groups of mice were challenged with 5 × 103 metacyclic promastigotes of L. major subcutaneously. A week after the challenge, drug treatment was started and continued for 12 days. Thalidomide was orally administrated 30 mg/kg/day and glucantime was administrated intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg/day). It was shown that the combined therapy is more effective than single therapies with each one of the drugs since the foot pad swelling in the group of mice received thalidomide and glucantime was significantly decreased (0.9 ± 0.2 mm) compared to mice treated with either glucantime, thalidomide, or carrier alone (1.2 ± 0.25, 1.4 ± 0.3, and 1.7 ± 0.27 mm, respectively). Cytokine study showed that the effect of thalidomide was not dependent on IL-12; however, it up-regulated IFN-γ and down-regulated IL-10 production. Conclusively, thalidomide seems promising as a conjunctive therapy with antimony in murine model of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Identification of novel Leishmania major antigens that elicit IgG2a response in resistant and susceptible mice
Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Majid Zeinali, Sussan K. Ardestani, Amina Kariminia
Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):43-48.
Published online March 20, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.43

Experimental murine models with high, intermediate and low levels of genetically based susceptibility to Leishmania major infection reproduce almost entire spectrum of clinical manifestations of the human disease. There are increasing non-comparative studies on immune responses against isolated antigens of L. major in different murine strains. The aim of the present study was to find out whether there is an antigen that can induce protective immune response in resistant and susceptible murine strains. To do that, crude antigenic extract of procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes of L. major was prepared and subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Western-blotting was used to search for antigen(s) capable of raising high antibody level of IgG2a versus IgG1 in the sera of both infected resistant and susceptible strains. Two novel antigens from metacyclic promastigotes of L. major (140 and 152 kDa) were potentially able to induce specific dominant IgG2a responses in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The 2 antigens also reacted with IgG antibody of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. We confirm that 140 and 152 kDa proteins of L. major promastigotes are inducing IgG production in mice and humans.

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Production of nitric oxide by murine macrophages induced by lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania major
Gholamreza Kavoosi, Sussan K. Ardestani, Amina Kariminia, Zahra Tavakoli
Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):35-41.
Published online March 20, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.35

Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a number of important human diseases. One of the key determinants of parasite infectivity and survival is the surface glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG). In addition, LPG is shown to be useful as a transmission blocking vaccine. Since culture supernatant of parasite promastigotes is a good source of LPG, we made attempts to characterize functions of the culture supernatant, and membrane LPG isolated from metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania major. The purification scheme included anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and cold methanol precipitation. The purity of supernatant LPG (sLPG) and membrane LPG (mLPG) was determined by SDS-PAGE and thin layer chromatography. The effect of mLPG and sLPG on nitric oxide (NO) production by murine macrophages cell line (J774.1A) was studied. Both sLPG and mLPG induced NO production in a dose dependent manner but sLPG induced significantly higher amount of NO than mLPG. Our results show that sLPG is able to promote NO production by murine macrophages.

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