Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Th1"

Original Article

Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer: Bong Kyun Kim, Hei Gwon Choi, Jae-Hyung Lee, In Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):37-49.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24082

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8⁺ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8⁺ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in FFPE Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions Using Real-Time PCR
Selma Usluca, Ayfer Bakir, Ata Arikok, Gizem Korkut, Gulsah Yagiz, Murat Alper
Infection and Drug Resistance.2025; Volume 18: 3149. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Therapeutic Effects of Resiniferatoxin Related with Immunological Responses for Intestinal Inflammation in Trichinellosis: Jos? Luis Mu?oz-Carrillo, Jos? Luis Mu?oz-L?pez, Jos? Jes?s Mu?oz-Escobedo, Claudia Maldonado-Tapia, Oscar Guti?rrez-Coronado, Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero, Mar?a Alejandra Moreno-Garc?a; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):587-599.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.587

Abstract
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The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the CD4⁺ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE₂, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

Citations

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A potential therapeutic effect of sea cucumber Holothuria polii extract during the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis
Salwa A. El-Saidy, Asmaa S. El-Feki, Gihan M. El-Khodary, Amal A. A. Hassan, Dina I. Elgendy, Yasmeen M. Gawaan
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2025; 49(1): 224. CrossRef
Disrupted Microbiome–Metabolome networks underlie gut barrier and immune imbalance in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
Hua Li, Xin Wang, Xiaohui Zhang, Haixia Mu, Ruifang Hao, Yahong Li, Qinghui Liu, Ruifen Chi, Deyin Zhai
Microbes and Infection.2025; : 105586. CrossRef
Appraisal of Chitosan-Coated Lipid Nano-Combination with Miltefosine and Albendazole in the Treatment of Murine Trichinellosis: Experimental Study with Evaluation of Immunological and Immunohistochemical Parameters
Asmaa F. Ibrahim, Sahar M. Selim, Dalia A. Shafey, Dina M. Sweed, Shaimaa A. Farag, Marwa A. Gouda
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(1): 929. CrossRef
Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of Olibanum extract against enteric and intramuscular phases of trichinosis in experimentally infected mice
A.M. Matar, M.A. Kora, S.S. Shendi
Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Resiniferatoxin promotes adult worm expulsion in Trichinella spiralis‐infected rats by Th2 immune response modulation
José Luis Muñoz‐Carrillo, Oscar Gutiérrez‐Coronado, José Jesús Muñoz‐Escobedo, Juan Francisco Contreras‐Cordero, Claudia Maldonado‐Tapia, María Alejandra Moreno‐García
Parasite Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Foodborne Parasitic Diseases in the Neotropics – a review
F. Chávez-Ruvalcaba, M. I. Chávez-Ruvalcaba, K. Moran Santibañez, J. L. Muñoz-Carrillo, A. León Coria, R. Reyna Martínez
Helminthologia.2021; 58(2): 119. CrossRef
Effect of treatment with resiniferatoxin in an experimental model of pulpal inflammatory in mice
José Luis Muñoz‐Carrillo, Jazmín Monserrat Vargas‐Barboza, Paola Trinidad Villalobos‐Gutiérrez, Juan Armando Flores‐De La Torre, Silverio Jafet Vazquez‐Alcaraz, Oscar Gutiérrez‐Coronado
International Endodontic Journal.2021; 54(11): 2099. CrossRef

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Original Article

Modulation of Antibody Responses against Gnathostoma spinigerum in Mice Immunized with Crude Antigen Formulated in CpG Oligonucleotide and Montanide ISA720: Pewpan M. Intapan, Chakrit Hirunpetcharat, Churairat Kularbkaew, Wiboonchai Yutanawiboonchai, Penchom Janwan, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):637-644.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.637

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate the antibody responses in mice immunized with Gnathostoma spinigerum crude antigen (GsAg) incorporated with the combined adjuvant, a synthetic oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG ODN 1826) and a stable water in oil emulsion (Montanide ISA720). Mice immunized with GsAg and combined adjuvant produced all antibody classes and subclasses to GsAg except IgA. IgG2a/2b/3 but not IgG1 subclasses were enhanced by immunization with CpG ODN 1826 when compared with the control groups immunized with non-CpG ODN and Montanide ISA or only with Montanide ISA, suggesting a biased induction of a Th1-type response by CpG ODN. After challenge infection with live G. spinigerum larvae, the levels of IgG2a/2b/3 antibody subclasses decreased immediately and continuously, while the IgG1 subclass remained at high levels. This also corresponded to a continuous decrease of the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio after infection. Only IgM and IgG1 antibodies, but not IgG2a/2b/3, were significantly produced in adjuvant control groups after infection. These findings suggest that G. spinigerum infection potently induces a Th2-type biased response.

Citations

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Evaluation of immunodiagnostic tests for human gnathostomiasis using different antigen preparations of Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae against IgE, IgM, IgG, IgG1‐4 and IgG1 patterns of post‐treated patients
Issariya Ieamsuwan, Dorn Watthanakulpanich, Urai Chaisri, Poom Adisakwattana, Paron Dekumyoy
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2021; 26(12): 1634. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Alteration of Cytokine Production during Visceral Larva Migrans by Toxascaris leonina in Mice: Shin Ae Kang, Mi-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):583-588.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.583

Abstract
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To determine alteration of immune responses during visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by Toxascaris leonina at several time points, we experimentally infected mice with embryonated eggs of T. leonina and measured T-helper (Th) cell-related serial cytokine production after infection. At day 5 post infection (PI), most larvae were detected from the lungs, spleen, intestine, and muscle. Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and CCL11 (eotaxin) showed a significant increase in most infected organs, except the intestine. However, expression of the CXCL1 (Gro-α) gene was most highly enhanced in the intestine at day 14 PI. Th1-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes showed increases at day 28 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 42 PI. Th2-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes also showed an increase after infection; in particular, IL-5 level showed a significant increase at day 14 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 28 PI. However, levels of Th17-related cytokines, IL-6 and IL-17A, showed gradual increases until day 42 PI. In conclusion, Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokine production might be important in immune responses against T. leonina VLM in experimental mice.

Citations

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Histopathological lesions caused by experimental Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina infections in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 205. CrossRef
Experimental infection with T. canis and T. leonina in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Justyna Bartosik, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 197. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Fasciola gigantica Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP) as a Prophylactic Agent against Schistosoma mansoni Infection in CD1 Mice: Ibrahim Rabia Aly, M. Diab, A. M. El-Amir, M. Hendawy, S. Kadry; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):37-43.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.37

Abstract
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Although schistosomicidal drugs and other control measures exist, the advent of an efficacious vaccine remains the most potentially powerful means for controlling this disease. In this study, native fatty acid binding protein (FABP) from Fasciola gigantica was purified from the adult worm's crude extract by saturation with ammonium sulphate followed by separation on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration using Sephacryl HR-100, respectively. CD1 mice were immunized with the purified, native F. gigantica FABP in Freund's adjuvant and challenged subcutaneously with 120 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Immunization of CD1 mice with F. gigantica FABP has induced heterologous protection against S. mansoni, evidenced by the significant reduction in mean worm burden (72.3%), liver and intestinal egg counts (81.3% and 80.8%, respectively), and hepatic granuloma counts (42%). Also, it elicited mixed IgG₁/IgG_2b immune responses with predominant IgG1 isotype, suggesting that native F. gigantica FABP is mediated by a mixed Th1/Th2 response. However, it failed to induce any significant differences in the oogram pattern or in the mean granuloma diameter. This indicated that native F. gigantica FABP could be a promising vaccine candidate against S. mansoni infection.

Citations

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Investigating the Taenia solium Fatty Acid Binding Protein Superfamily for Their Immunological Outlook and Prospect for Therapeutic Targets
Suraj S. Rawat, Gagandeep Singh, Amit Prasad
ACS Omega.2024; 9(21): 22557. CrossRef
Potential Utility of Systemic Plasma Biomarkers for Evaluation of Pediatric Schistosomiasis in Western Kenya
Bartholomew N. Ondigo, Rachael E. Hamilton, Edwin O. Magomere, Isaac O. Onkanga, Pauline N. Mwinzi, Maurice R. Odiere, Lisa Ganley-Leal
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of regulatory T cells on the efficacy of the fatty acid-binding protein vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum
Chun-lian Tang, Rong-hui Zhang, Zhi-ming Liu, Huang Jin, Long He
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(2): 559. CrossRef
Protection against Schistosoma mansoni infection using a Fasciola hepatica-derived fatty acid binding protein from different delivery systems
Belén Vicente, Julio López-Abán, Jose Rojas-Caraballo, Esther del Olmo, Pedro Fernández-Soto, Antonio Muro
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Schistosomiasis in Egypt: A never-ending story?
Ahmad A. Othman, Rasha H. Soliman
Acta Tropica.2015; 148: 179. CrossRef
Development of the Brazilian Anti Schistosomiasis Vaccine Based on the Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein Sm14 Plus GLA-SE Adjuvant
Miriam Tendler, Marilia Almeida, Andrew Simpson
Frontiers in Immunology.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
The transcriptome of Echinostoma caproni adults: Further characterization of the secretome and identification of new potential drug targets
Gagan Garg, Dolores Bernal, Maria Trelis, Javier Forment, Javier Ortiz, M. Luz Valero, Laia Pedrola, Juan Martinez-Blanch, J. Guillermo Esteban, Shoba Ranganathan, Rafael Toledo, Antonio Marcilla
Journal of Proteomics.2013; 89: 202. CrossRef
Molecular characterization, functional expression, tissue localization and protective potential of a Taenia solium fatty acid-binding protein
Oscar Illescas, Julio C. Carrero, Raúl J. Bobes, Ana Flisser, Gabriela Rosas, Juan P. Laclette
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2012; 186(2): 117. CrossRef

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Immune Responses of NIH Mice Infected with Avirulent and Virulent Strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami Single and Mixed Infections: M. J. Namazi, R. S. Phillips; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):23-33.
Published online March 18, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.23

Abstract
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An understanding of the nature of the immune response to asexual erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites will facilitate vaccine development by identifying which responses the vaccine should preferentially induce. The present study examined and compared the immune responses of NIH mice in either single or mixed infections with avirulent (DK) or virulent (DS) strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami using the ELISA test for detecting and measurement of cytokines and antibody production. In both single and mixed infections, the study showed that both cell- and antibody-mediated responses were activated. In all experiments, an early relatively high level of IFN-γ and IgG2a during the acute phase of the infection, and later elevation of IL-4 and IgG1, suggested that there was a sequential Th1/Th2 response. However, in the avirulent DK strain infection a stronger Th1 response was observed compared to the virulent DS strain-infection or in mixed infections. In the virulent DS infection, there was a stronger Th2 response compared to that in the DK and mixed infections. The faster proliferation rate of the virulent DS strain compared to the DK strain was also evident.

Citations

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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Downregulator of Early T Cell-Dependent IFN-γ Responses in Plasmodium chabaudi adami (556 KA)-Infected Mice
Diane Tshikudi Malu, Benoit Bélanger, François Desautels, Karine Kelendji, Esther Dalko, Jaime Sanchez-Dardon, Lin Leng, Richard Bucala, Abhay R Satoskar, Tatiana Scorza
The Journal of Immunology.2011; 186(11): 6271. CrossRef

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Cytokine and antibody responses of reactivated murine toxoplasmosis upon administration of dexamethasone: Ki-Man Kang, In-Uk Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):209-219.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.209

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to result in life-threatening encephalitis in immunocompromised patients after reactivation of dormant parasites. In order to obtain information on immune responses related to this phenomenon, BALB/c mice were infected with 25 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, then, treated orally with dexamethasone (Toxo/Dexa-treated group) in order to reactivate the chronic toxoplasmosis. None of the T. gondii-infected mice died during the experimental periods, whereas the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice evidenced a significant attenuation of survival periods. Toxoplasma-specific IgG2a, IgA and IgM titers in sera were significantly depressed in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice; however, the IgG1 sera titers were similar to those seen in the Toxoplasma-infected mice. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were significantly reduced 2 weeks after dexamethasone treatment. IFN-γ and IL-10 production levels in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were depressed significantly, whereas IL-4 production was increased temporarily. The expression levels of the Toxoplasma-specific P30 and B1 genes were found to have been increased in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice in comparison with the Toxoplasma-infected mice. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that reactivation of murine toxoplasmosis as the result of dexamethasone treatment induced a depression in Th1 immune responses, whereas Th2 immune responses were not significantly influenced.

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