Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Toxocara canis"

Original Article

Immunopathological Changes in the Brain of Immunosuppressed Mice Experimentally Infected with Toxocara canis: Mohamed M. Eid, Samy I. El-Kowrany, Ahmad A. Othman, Dina I. El Gendy, Eman M. Saied; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):51-58.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.51

Abstract
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Toxocariasis is a soil-transmitted helminthozoonosis due to infection of humans by larvae of Toxocara canis. The disease could produce cognitive and behavioral disturbances especially in children. Meanwhile, in our modern era, the incidence of immunosuppression has been progressively increasing due to increased incidence of malignancy as well as increased use of immunosuppressive agents. The present study aimed at comparing some of the pathological and immunological alterations in the brain of normal and immunosuppressed mice experimentally infected with T. canis. Therefore, 180 Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups including normal (control) group, immunocompetent T. canis-infected group, immunosuppressed group (control), and immunosuppressed infected group. Infected mice were subjected to larval counts in the brain, and the brains from all mice were assessed for histopathological changes, astrogliosis, and IL-5 mRNA expression levels in brain tissues. The results showed that under immunosuppression, there were significant increase in brain larval counts, significant enhancement of reactive gliosis, and significant reduction in IL-5 mRNA expression. All these changes were maximal in the chronic stage of infection. In conclusion, the immunopathological alterations in the brains of infected animals were progressive over time, and were exaggerated under the effect of immunosuppression as did the intensity of cerebral infection.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Toxocara canis infections in mice: from subtle to severe consequences in 100 weeks
Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová, Marta Chanová
Journal of Helminthology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Using Biocontrol Fungi to Control Helminthosis in Wild Animals: An Innovative Proposal for the Health and Conservation of Species
Júlia dos Santos Fonseca, Beatriz Bacelar Barbosa, Adolfo Paz Silva, María Sol Arias Vázquez, Cristiana Filipa Cazapal Monteiro, Huarrisson Azevedo Santos, Jackson Victor de Araújo
Pathogens.2025; 14(8): 775. CrossRef
The potential relationship between Toxocara canis infection and epilepsy in a rat model
Amina M. Salama, Dina I. Elgendy, Rasha A. Elmahy, Asmaa F. Eltantawy, Monira A. Seleem, Ahmed M. Elgohary, Omaima K. Docmac, Marwa E. F. Al Mwafy, Ahmed A. Almeldin, Mahmoud S. Sharaf
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of artemether against toxocariasis in mice: parasitological and immunopathological changes in brain, liver, and lung
Dina I. Elgendy, Rasha A. Elmahy, Alaa Ibrahim Mohamed Amer, Hoda A. Ibrahim, Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy, Fotouh Rashed Mansour, Amina M. Salama
Pathogens and Global Health.2024; 118(1): 47. CrossRef
Neurobehavioral Disorders and Pathological Changes in the Brain of Mice Are Caused by Chronic Toxocara canis Larval Invasion with Low to Moderate Inoculum
Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Petr Horák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(4): 1736. CrossRef
Effects of metformin on parasitological, pathological changes in the brain and liver and immunological aspects during visceral toxocariasis in mice
Amina M. Salama, Rasha A. Elmahy, Hoda A. Ibrahim, Alaa Ibrahim Mohamed Amer, Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy, Dina I. Elgendy
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(12): 3213. CrossRef
Cyclosporine A increases the intensity of Toxocara canis infection in swiss mice
W. D. S. Terto, M. Q. de Moura, J. L. Borchardt, F. D. S. Santos, L. F. da Costa Avila, N. B. Pinheiro, F. P. Leivas Leite, M. M. Villela, M. E. A. Berne
Brazilian Journal of Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Gisele Silva Boos, Klaus Failing, Edson Moleta Colodel, David Driemeier, Márcio Botelho de Castro, Daniele Mariath Bassuino, José Diomedes Barbosa, Christiane Herden
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Diallyl sulfide alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced nephropathic encephalopathy in rats
Shereen M. Galal, Heba H. Mansour, Abeer A. Elkhoely
Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods.2020; 30(3): 208. CrossRef
Mesenchymal stem cells combined with albendazole as a novel therapeutic approach for experimental neurotoxocariasis
E. V. N. Beshay, S. A. El-Refai, G. S. Sadek, A. A. Elbadry, F. H. Shalan, A. F. Afifi
Parasitology.2020; 147(7): 799. CrossRef
Histopathological characterization of Toxocara canis- and T. cati-induced neurotoxocarosis in the mouse model
Andrea Springer, Lea Heuer, Elisabeth Janecek-Erfurth, Andreas Beineke, Christina Strube
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(9): 2591. CrossRef
Developmental stages and viability of Toxocara canis eggs outside the host
Iman Fathy Abou-El-Naga
Biomédica.2018; 38(2): 189. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxocara canis Infection in Serbia During 2015
Simona Gabrielli, Suzana Tasić-Otašević, Aleksandra Ignjatović, Maurizio Fraulo, Marija Trenkić-Božinović, Stefan Momčilović, Gabriella Cancrini
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2017; 14(1): 43. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Pulmonary Toxocariasis Mimicking Invasive Aspergillosis in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis: Eun Jin Park, Joon Young Song, Min Ju Choi, Ji Ho Jeon, Jah-yeon Choi, Tae Un Yang, Kyung Wook Hong, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):425-428.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.425

Abstract
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A 45-year-old-male who had underlying ulcerative colitis and presented with fever and dry cough. Initially, the patient was considered to have invasive aspergillosis due to a positive galactomannan assay. He was treated with amphotericin B followed by voriconazole. Nevertheless, the patient deteriorated clinically and radiographically. The lung biopsy revealed eosinophilic pneumonia, and ELISA for Toxocara antigen was positive, leading to a diagnosis of pulmonary toxocariasis. After a 10-day treatment course with albendazole and adjunctive steroids, the patient recovered completely without any sequelae. Pulmonary toxocariasis may be considered in patients with subacute or chronic pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotic agents, particularly in cases with eosinophilia.

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Molecular Diagnosis of an Ocular Toxocariasis Patient in Vietnam: Nguyen Van De, Nguyen Vu Trung, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):563-567.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.563

Abstract
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An ocular Toxocara canis infection is reported for the first time in Vietnam. A 34-year-old man residing in a village of Son La Province, North Vietnam, visited the National Eye Hospital (NEH) in August 2011. He felt a bulge-sticking pain in his left eye and loss of vision occurred over 3 months before visiting the hospital. The eye examination in the hospital showed damage of the left eye, red eye, retinal fibrosis, retinal detachment, inflammation of the eye tissues, retinal granulomas, and a parasitic cyst inside. A larva of Toxocara was collected with the cyst by a medical doctor by surgery. Comparison of 264 nucleotides of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA was done between our Vietnamese Toxocara canis and other Toxocara geographical isolates, including Chinese T. canis, Japanese T. canis, Sri Lankan T. canis, and Iranian T. canis. The nucleotide homology was 97-99%, when our T. canis was compared with geographical isolates. Identification of a T. canis infection in the eye by a molecular method was performed for the first time in Vietnam.

Citations

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Toxocara cati Infection in Cats (Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana, Alba Cristina Espinosa-Nuñez, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Animals.2024; 14(7): 1022. CrossRef
An Integrated Coproscopic and Molecular Method Provides Insights into the Epidemiology of Zoonotic Intestinal Helminths of Dogs across Cambodia
Patsy A. Zendejas-Heredia, Vito Colella, Lucas G. Huggins, Roland Schaper, Bettina Schunack, Rebecca J. Traub, Long-Xian Zhang
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
An overview of human helminthioses in Vietnam: Their prevention, control and lessons learnt
Hung Manh Nguyen, Dung Trung Do, Stephen E. Greiman, Ha Van Nguyen, Hien Van Hoang, Toan Quoc Phan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Henry Madsen
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106753. CrossRef
A delayed diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis presenting as total monocular retinal detachment in an immunocompetent 57-year-old male
George W. Jowsey, Gavin X. McLeod
IDCases.2023; 32: e01764. CrossRef
Molecular and microscopic detection of natural and experimental infections of Toxocara vitulorum in bovine milk
Amira Dewair, Mohamed Bessat, Jacopo Guccione
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(5): e0233453. CrossRef
Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact
Jia Chen, Quan Liu, Guo-Hua Liu, Wen-Bin Zheng, Sung-Jong Hong, Hiromu Sugiyama, Xing-Quan Zhu, Hany M. Elsheikha
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Toxocara canis DNA in tissues of experimentally infected mice
Micaele Quintana de Moura, Marcia Raquel Pegoraro de Macedo, Wesley Douglas da Silva Terto, Luciana Farias da Costa Avila, Fabio Pereira Leivas Leite, Carlos James Scaini, Natália Berne Pinto, Gabriela de Almeida Capella, Adriane Leites Strothmann, Marcos
Acta Tropica.2018; 187: 51. CrossRef
Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Toxocara infection using a rat model
Vachel Gay V. Paller, Cyrelle M. Besana, Isabel Kristine M. Valdez
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2017; 41(4): 933. CrossRef
Levels of Toxocara infections in dogs and cats from urban Vietnam together with associated risk factors for transmission
N. Thi Lan Anh, D. Thi Thu Thuy, D. Huu Hoan, N. Thi Hop, D. Trung Dung
Journal of Helminthology.2016; 90(4): 508. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2012
Toan Nguyen, Fei Wen Cheong, Jonathan Wee Kent Liew, Yee Ling Lau
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Field evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test to detect antibodies in human toxocariasis
P.K.C. Lim, H. Yamasaki, J.W. Mak, S.F. Wong, C.W. Chong, I.K.S. Yap, S. Ambu, V. Kumarasamy
Acta Tropica.2015; 148: 32. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Comparison of Functional Gene Annotation of Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis using CLC Genomics Workbench: Ki Uk Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Ho-jin Jung, Kyung-Yun Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):525-530.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.525

The ascarids, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, are probably the most common gastrointestinal helminths encountered in dogs. In order to understand biological differences of 2 ascarids, we analyzed gene expression profiles of female adults of T. canis and T. leonina using CLC Genomics Workbench, and the results were compared with those of free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A total of 2,880 and 7,949 ESTs were collected from T. leonina and T. canis, respectively. The length of ESTs ranged from 106 to 4,637 bp with an average insert size of 820 bp. Overall, our results showed that most functional gene annotations of 2 ascarids were quite similar to each other in 3 major categories, i.e., cellular component, biological process, and molecular function. Although some different transcript expression categories were found, the distance was short and it was not enough to explain their different lifestyles. However, we found distinguished transcript differences between ascarid parasites and free-living nematodes. Understanding evolutionary genetic changes might be helpful for studies of the lifestyle and evolution of parasites.

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Serodiagnosis of Toxocariasis by ELISA Using Crude Antigen of Toxocara canis Larvae: Yan Jin, Chenghua Shen, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):433-439.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.433

Abstract
PDF

Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by larvae of ascarid nematodes of dogs or cats, Toxocara canis or T. cati. Diagnosis of human toxocariasis currently relies on serology that uses T. canis excretory-secretory antigen to detect specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. We investigated the serodiagnostic efficacy of ELISA using crude antigen of T. canis larvae (TCLA). Serum specimens of 64 clinically confirmed toxocariasis, 115 healthy controls, and 119 other tissue-invading helminthiases were screened by ELISA using TCLA. The ELISA using TCLA showed 92.2% (59/64 patient samples) sensitivity and 86.6% (103/119) specificity. Its positive diagnostic predictivity was 78.7% and negative predictivity was 97.8%. No serum of healthy controls reacted but that of anisakiasis (45.5%), gnathostomiasis (19.2%), clonorchiasis (15.8%), sparganosis (11.1%), and cysticercosis (6.3%) cross-reacted. Immunoblot analysis on TCLA recognized antigenic proteins of 28- and 30-kDa bands in their dominant protein quantity and strong blotting reactivity. The present results indicate that the ELISA using our TCLA antigen is acceptable by the sensitivity and specificity for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. ELISA with TCLA is recommended to make differential diagnosis for patients with any sign of organ infiltration and eosinophilia.

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Brief Communication

A Seroepidemiological Survey of Toxocariasis among Eosinophilia Patients in Chungcheongnam-do: Min Seo, Sung Chul Yoon; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):249-251.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.249

Abstract
PDF

There have been several reports on the relationship between toxocariasis and eosinophilia, but all have been limited to the areas of Seoul or Gangwon-do. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of toxocariasis among eosinophilia patients in Chungcheongnam-do, the central district of Korea. Among the 101 patients tested, 51 (50.5%) were identified as positive by Toxocara ELISA, and 46 (45.5%) were confidently diagnosed with toxocariasis because of absence of any other cause of eosinophilia. Whereas 22 of 42 seropositive patients (52.3%) had a recent history of consuming raw livers, especially the cow liver, only 1 of 25 seronegative patients (4%) had done so (P<0.01). From these results, we could confirm that toxocariasis is related to eosinophilia, and infer that ingestion of raw cow liver plays a vital role in the transmission of toxocariasis in Chungcheongnam-do.

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Original Article

Transmission of Toxocara canis via Ingestion of Raw Cow Liver: A Cross-Sectional Study in Healthy Adults: Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Dong-Chull Choi, Kyung Soo Lee, Seung Woon Paik, Sun-Hee Kim, Yoon-Ho Choi, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):23-27.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.23

Abstract
PDF

The aim of this study is to ascertain the relationship between ingestion of raw cow liver and Toxocara canis infection. A total of 150 apparently healthy adults were divided into 2 groups; 1 group consisted of 86 adults with positive results of Toxocara ELISA, and the other group of 64 adults with negative results. One researcher collected the history of ingestion of raw cow liver within 1 year and recent history of keeping dogs. Among 86 seropositive adults for T. canis, 68 (79.1%) had a recent history of ingestion of raw cow liver. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that a recent ingestion of raw cow liver and keeping dogs were related to an increased risk of toxocariasis (odds ratios, 4.4 and 3.7; and 95% confidence intervals, 1.9-10.2 and 1.2-11.6, respectively). A recent history of ingestion of raw cow liver and keeping dogs was significantly associated with toxocariasis.

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Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 83(4): 543. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Toxocara canis in Dogs, North West Bank of Palestine: Rateb Aref Othman; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):181-182.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.181

Abstract
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This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of Toxocara canis in local districts in North West Bank of Palestine. Fecal samples from 132 dogs were collected in Nablus, Tulkarm, and Jenin cities from September 2008 to April 2009 and examined for T. canis eggs with the floating technique. The overall infection rate of toxocariasis in dogs was 36.4%. The dogs less than 6 months old showed higher infection rates than those older than 12 months (P=0.04). Vigorous interventions are necessary, such as routine coprological examinations of dogs and prescription of anthelmintics to infected dogs.

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Zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of shelter dogs in Israel
H. Salant, D. Yasur-Landau, S.-L. Siboni, Y. Nachum Biala, G. Baneth
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Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences.2024; 7(2): 60. CrossRef

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Effects of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis Antigens on WEHI-164 Fibrosarcoma Growth in a Mouse Model: Hossein Yousofi Darani, Hedayatollah Shirzad, Fataneh Mansoori, Nozhat Zabardast, Mahdi Mahmoodzadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):175-177.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.175

Abstract
PDF

Cancer is the main cause of death in developed countries. However, in underdeveloped countries infections and parasitic diseases are the main causes of death. There are raising scientific evidences indicating that parasitic infections induce antitumor activity against certain types of cancers. In this study, the effects of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis egg antigens in comparison with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) (known to have anticancer distinctive) on WEHI-164 fibosarcoma transplanted to BALB/c mice was investigated. Groups of 6 male BALB/c mice injected with T. gondii antigen, BCG, or T. canis egg antigen as case groups and alum alone as control groups. All mice were then challenged with WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells. The mice were examined for growth of the solid tumor and the tumor sizes were measured every other day up to 4 wk. The mean tumor area in T. gondii, BCG, or alum alone injected mice in 4 different days of measurements was 25 mm², 23 mm², and 186 mm² respectively. Also the mean tumor area in T. canis injected mice in 4 different days was 25.5 mm² compared to the control group (alum treated) which was 155 mm². T. gondii parasites and T. canis egg antigens induced inhibition of the tumor growth in the fibrosarcoma mouse model. We need further study to clarify the mechanisms of anti-cancer effects.

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Ultrastructural Localization of Toxocara canis Larval Antigen Reacted with a Seropositive Human Serum: Soo-Ung Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):65-68.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.65

Abstract
PDF

Excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis larvae have been considered as a major functional antigen in immune responses against toxocariasis. We studied ultrastructural localization of T. canis second-stage larval antigen using a seropositive human serum under immunogold electron microscopy. High-density gold particles were observed in the secretory cells, excretory duct, intestinal epithelium, and cuticle of the larval worm sections. The distribution of the positive reactions in the larval worms suggests that the nature of the antigen is excretory-secretory antigen including waste metabolites and secretory enzymes.

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Original Articles

Toxocariasis and Ingestion of Raw Cow Liver in Patients with Eosinophilia: Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Dong-Chull Choi, Seung Woon Paik, Sun-Hee Kim, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):139-143.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.139

Abstract
PDF

Ingestion of raw animal liver has been suggested as a possible mode of infection of human toxocariasis. We evaluated the relationship between toxocariasis and the ingestion of raw meat in patients with eosinophilia of unknown etiology. The study population consisted of 120 patients presenting with peripheral blood eosinophilia (> 500 cells/?l or > 10% of the white blood cell count). They were divided into 2 groups: 104 seropositive patients based on a Toxocara excretory-secretory IgG ELISA and 16 seronegative patients. While 25.0% of seronegative patients had a recent history of eating raw cow liver, 87.5% of seropositive patients had this history. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that a recent history of eating raw cow liver was related to an increased risk of toxocariasis. Collectively, it is proposed that raw cow liver is a significant infection source of toxocariasis in the patients with eosinophilia of unknown etiology.

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Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis among Healthy People with Eosinophilia: Yong-Hun Kim, Sun Huh, Young-Bae Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):29-32.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.29

Abstract
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The aim of this study is to determine the Toxocara seropositive rate among healthy people with eosinophilia. A total of 97 people residing in Seoul who were healthy and whose blood eosinophilia was over 10%, as shown by regular health check-ups in 2004, were subjected to this study. Their sera were tested by immunoblotting and ELISA with the antigen of larval Toxocara canis excretory-secretory (ES) protein. Sixty-five sera were band-positive (67.0%). The seropositve control sera were positive to band sizes of 66 kDa, 56 kDa, 32 kDa, and 13 kDa. In ELISA, 63 sera (65.0%) were positive to T. canis ES protein. There was no significant correlation between the IgG ELISA titer and the level of eosinophilia (r = 0.156, P = 0.156). As there were insufficient data to determine whether there were cross-reactions with other helminthic infections, or whether atopy occurred, further studies are required to verify the cause of the seropositive reactions against T. canis ES antigen. Toxocariasis seropositivity is suggested to be the major cause of eosinophilia, since the Toxocara seroprevalence among Korean rural adults was shown to be approximately 5%.

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Characterization of a Toxocara canis species-specific excretory-secretory antigen (TcES-57) and development of a double sandwich ELISA for diagnosis of visceral larva migrans: R.D. Iddawela, R.P.V.J. Rajapakse, N.A.N.D. Perera, Takeshi Agatsuma; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):19-26.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.19

Abstract
PDF

This study describes the isolation of a Toxocara canis species-specific excretory-secretory (ES) antigen and the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on this antigen. Analysis of the ES antigens of T. canis, Toxocara vitulorum, Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus larval antigen was performed by SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting. A 57 kDa T. canis-specific antibody fraction (TcES-57) was identified by western blotting and labelling with anti-Toxocara antibodies (from experimental rabbits and human patients) and tracing with anti-human or anti-rabbit peroxidase conjugate. No protein fraction of 57 kDa was detected in ES or larval antigens collected from T. canis, T. vitulorum, A. lumbricoides and N. americanus. Using TcES-57, a specific anti-serum was produced in rabbits and a double sandwich ELISA was developed. This test was validated using known seropositive sera from toxocariasis patients, sera from A. lumbricoides or N. americanus patients, and 50 serum samples from cats. These tests revealed that TcES-57 antigen is specific to T. canis infection and does not cross react with sera of other related infections. Thus, ELISA based on TcES-57 antigen was proven to be an effective tool in the diagnosis of toxocariasis and studies on the role of T. canis in the epidemiology of human toxocariasis.

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Chuncheon, Korea (2004): Yong-Hun Kim, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):65-67.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.65

Abstract
PDF

The intestines and hearts of dogs were examined for Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and Dirofilaria immitis, after necropsy between June 26 and September 29, 2004 in Chuncheon, Korea. Of the 662 dogs examined, 6 were infected with T. canis (0.9%), 86 with T. leonina (13.0%). Fifty dogs were infected with D. immitis among 500 dogs examined (10.0%). Five were co-infected with T. canis and T. leonina, and three were co-infected with T. leonina and D. immitis. The cumulative positive infection rate for three species was 134/662(20.2%). Considering previously reported seropositive rates of T. canis excretory-secretory antigen, i.e., 5% in the adult population in Korea, the possibility of toxocariasis caused by T. leonina should be reevaluated.

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Cross-reactivity between sera from dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis and crude extract of Toxocara canis: Kun-Ho Song, Mineo Hayasaki, Kyu-Woan Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Duck-Hwan Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):195-198.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.195

Abstract
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This study was performed to investigate whethere there is cross-reactivity between Dirofilaria immitis and three intestinal nematodes of dogs. In ELISA, D. immitis-infected dog sera obtained at the 4th molting stage (9-11 weeks) and microfilaremic stage (25-30 weeks) were shown to be highly reactive with crude extract of T. canis. In immunoblotting, some antigenic fractions, 44, 57, 88, 100 kDa of crude extract of T. canis, were found to be positive reaction with sera of dogs infected with D. immitis. However, little or no cross-reaction were observed between sera of D. immitis-infected dogs and crude extract antigen of T. vulpis or A. caninum. These result suggest that there are partial cross reaction between sera of D. immitis-infected dogs and the antigen of T. canis.

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Original Article

A seroepidemiological survey for toxocariasis in apparently healthy residents in Gangwon-do, Korea: Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Yoon Kong, Jean-Fran?ois Magnaval; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):113-117.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.113

Abstract
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We investigated the sero-prevalence of toxocariasis among healthy Korean adults in 1999. A total of 314 sera from normal inhabitants in Whachon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea was examined for specific antibody levels against excretory-secretory products of second stage larvae of Toxocara (TES). The presence of cross-reactions with other helminthiases such as cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, sparganosis or clonorchiasis was also checked by specific IgG ELISA. Sera showing positive reaction against TES were also tested by IgG immunoblot and by IgE ELISA. Out of 314 subjects, 16 was found to be positive by TES IgG ELISA and immunoblot, among whom 12 were also positive by TES IgE ELISA. Among the 16 seropositive samples, two sera showed positive reaction against Paragonimus and sparganum antigen, respectively. These results inferred that cross-reactions were negligible between toxocariasis and other helminthiases. Toxocariasis seroprevalence among Korean rural adults was detected to be approximately 5%.

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Case Report

Five cases of ocular toxocariasis confirmed by serology: Sung-Pyo Park, Inwon Park, Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Jean-Fran?ois Magnaval; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):267-273.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.267

Abstract
PDF

We report 5 cases of ocular toxocariasis in Korean adults complaining of visual impairment along with floating or bubbling sensation. Fundoscopic examination revealed a retinal detachment along with exudate in 4 cases. They all showed typical reaction by ELISA and immunoblot against Toxocra excretory-secretory antigen. One case showed high level of anti-Toxocara IgE antibodies (34,000 Toxocara units/L) as well as increased level of serum total IgE antibodies and the specific IgE antibodies for 3 inhalant antigens, suggesting that high level of anti-Toxocara IgE antibodies was associated with an atopic status. Clinical manifestations were improved after the sequential use of steroids then mebendazole. We also suggest that ocular toxocariasis should be thoroughly investigated even when an evocative uniocular inflammatory lesion is encountered in peripheral retina without a systematic disease.

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