Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"encephalitis"

Case Reports

Diagnosing Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic meningoencephalitis in a 64-year-old woman from the Southwest of China: Suhua Yao, Xiaoting Chen, Lian Qian, Shizheng Sun, Chunjing Zhao, Zongkai Bai, Zhaofang Chen, Youcong Wu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):183-193.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23039

Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis (BAE) can cause a fatal condition if diagnosis is delayed or effective treatment is lacking. Patients with BAE have been previously reported in 12 provinces of China, with skin lesions being the primary symptom and encephalitis developing after several years. However, a significantly lower number of cases has been reported in Southwest China. Here we report an aggressive BAE case of a 64-year-old woman farmer with a history of skin lesions on her left hand. She was admitted to our hospital due to symptoms of dizziness, headache, cough, vomiting, and gait instability. She was initially diagnosed with syphilitic meningoencephalitis and received a variety of empirical treatment that failed to improve her symptoms. Finally, she was diagnosed with BAE combined with amebic pneumonia using next-generation sequencing (NGS), qRT-PCR, sequence analysis, and imaging studies. She died approximately 3 weeks after the onset. This case highlights that the rapid development of encephalitis can be a prominent clinical manifestation of Balamuthia mandrillaris infection.

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The role of plasma metagenomic sequencing in identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris encephalitis
Sarah Y. Edminster, Ryan W. Rebbe, Christopher Khatchadourian, Kyle M. Hurth, Anna J. Mathew, Julie Huss-Bawab, Mark S. Shiroishi, Devin Clark, Andrew P. Norgan, Susan M. Butler-Wu, Annie Hiniker
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Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Fatal Balamuthia Amoebic Encephalitis: A Case Report
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Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis: A Case Report: Minhua Chen, Wei Ruan, Lingling Zhang, Bangchuan Hu, Xianghong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):291-294.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.291

Abstract
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Primary amebic encephalitis (PAM) is a devastating central nervous system infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba, which can survive in soil and warm fresh water. Here, a 43-year-old healthy male was exposed to warm freshwater 5 days before the symptom onset. He rapidly developed severe cerebral edema before the diagnosis of PAM and was treated with intravenous conventional amphotericin B while died of terminal cerebral hernia finally. Comparing the patients with PAM who has similar clinical symptoms to those with other common types of meningoencephalitis, this infection is probably curable if treated early and aggressively. PAM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of purulent meningoencephalitis, especially in patients with recent freshwater-related activities during the hot season.

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Carmen Rîpă, Roxana Gabriela Cobzaru, Miruna Raluca Rîpă, Alexandra Maștaleru, Andra Oancea, Carmen Marinela Cumpăt, Maria Magdalena Leon
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Hae-Jin Sohn, A-Young Park, Jeong-Heon Lee, Kyu-Hwa Yun, Kyoung-Ju Song, Jong-Hyun Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae
Alejandro Otero-Ruiz, Leobardo Daniel Gonzalez-Zuñiga, Libia Zulema Rodriguez-Anaya, Luis Fernando Lares-Jiménez, Jose Reyes Gonzalez-Galaviz, Fernando Lares-Villa
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Photolysis of sodium chloride and sodium hypochlorite by ultraviolet light inactivates the trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba castellanii in the water matrix
Beni J. M. Chaúque, Marilise B. Rott
Journal of Water and Health.2021; 19(1): 190. CrossRef
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Alexandre Taravaud, Zineb Fechtali‐Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel
Clinical and Translational Science.2021; 14(3): 791. CrossRef
Death From Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis After Recreational Water Exposure During Recent Travel to India—Santa Clara County, California, 2020
Glenn R Harris, Ellora N Karmarkar, Rebecca Quenelle, Lyndsey Chaille, Jai Madhok, Vivian Tien, Jyoti Gupta, Seema Jain, Maria Liu, Shantanu Roy, Supriya Narasimhan, Akiko Kimura, Jennifer R Cope, Ibne Karim M Ali
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Muhammad Zain Mushtaq, Saad Bin Zafar Mahmood, Adil Aziz
Case Reports in Infectious Diseases.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef

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Original Article

Neuronal Apoptosis: Pathological Basis of Behavioral Dysfunctions Induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Rodents Model: Shiqi Luo, Lisi OuYang, Jie Wei, Feng Wu, Zhongdao Wu, Wanlong Lei, Dongjuan Yuan; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):267-278.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.267

Angiostrongylus cantonensis invades the central nervous system (CNS) of humans to induce eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis and leads to persistent headache, cognitive dysfunction, and ataxic gait. Infected mice (nonpermissive host), admittedly, suffer more serious pathological injuries than rats (permissive host). However, the pathological basis of these manifestations is incompletely elucidated. In this study, the behavioral test, histological and immunohistochemical techniques, and analysis of apoptotic gene expression, especially caspase-3, were conducted. The movement and motor coordination were investigated at week 2 post infection (PI) and week 3 PI in mice and rats, respectively. The cognitive impairs could be found in mice at week 2 PI but not in rats. The plaque-like lesion, perivascular cuffing of inflammatory cells, and dilated vessels within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were more serious in mice than in rats at week 3 PI. Transcriptomic analysis showed activated extrinsic apoptotic pathway through increased expression of TNFR1 and caspase-8 in mice CNS. Immunohistochemical and double-labeling for NeuN and caspase-3 indicated the dramatically increased expression of caspase-3 in neuron of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice but not in rats. Furthermore, western-blotting results showed high expression of cleaved caspase-3 proteins in mice but relatively low expression in rats. Thus, extrinsic apoptotic pathway participated in neuronal apoptosis might be the pathological basis of distinct behavioral dysfunctions in rodents with A. cantonensis infection. It provides the evidences of a primary molecular mechanism for the behavioral dysfunction and paves the ways to clinical diagnosis and therapy for A. cantonensis infection.

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Defective glycolysis in the cerebrum and cerebellum correlates with the pathology and neurological declines in mice with Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection
Shih-Yi Peng, Ho Yin Pekkle Lam, Yu-Ting Huang
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis induces energy imbalance and dyskinesia in mice by reducing the expression of melanin-concentrating hormone
Hui Huang, Zhongyuan Zhang, Mengdan Xing, Zihan Jin, Yue Hu, Minyu Zhou, Hang Wei, Yiwen Liang, Zhiyue Lv
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
IL-17A Mediates Demyelination by Activating A1 Astrocytes via SOCS3 During Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection
Zongpu Zhou, Tuo Lin, Zhen Liu, Qian Ding, Zhixuan Ma, Wanqi Li, Fukang Xie, Yue Lan, Ying Feng
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Tomáš Macháček, Roman Leontovyč, Barbora Šmídová, Martin Majer, Oldřich Vondráček, Iveta Vojtěchová, Tomáš Petrásek, Petr Horák, Elise O’Connell
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Necroptosis and Caspase-2-Mediated Apoptosis of Astrocytes and Neurons, but Not Microglia, of Rat Hippocampus and Parenchyma Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection
Hongli Zhou, Zhe Chen, Yanin Limpanont, Yue Hu, Yubin Ma, Ping Huang, Paron Dekumyoy, Minyu Zhou, Yixin Cheng, Zhiyue Lv
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Severe CNS angiostrongyliasis in a young marine: a case report and literature review
Liane McAuliffe, Shannon Fortin Ensign, Derek Larson, Mary Bavaro, Joseph Yetto, Michael Cathey, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, Masashi Narita, Kiyofumi Ohkusu, Timothy Quast, Charles Volk
The Lancet Infectious Diseases.2019; 19(4): e132. CrossRef
Regulatory effect of host miR-101b-3p on parasitism of nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis via superoxide dismutase 3
Dongjuan Yuan, Shiqi Luo, Lian Xu, Xingda Zeng, Zhongdao Wu
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms.2019; 1862(5): 557. CrossRef
Trichostatin A, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Alleviates Eosinophilic Meningitis Induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection in Mice
Yanhua Zhang, Hui Xie, Wenyan Tang, Xingda Zeng, Yu Lin, Lian Xu, Lihua Xiao, Jun Xu, Zhongdao Wu, Dongjuan Yuan
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Apoptosis and necroptosis of mouse hippocampal and parenchymal astrocytes, microglia and neurons caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection
Zhang Mengying, Xu Yiyue, Pan Tong, Hu Yue, Yanin Limpanont, Huang Ping, Kamolnetr Okanurak, Wu Yanqi, Paron Dekumyoy, Zhou Hongli, Dorn Watthanakulpanich, Wu Zhongdao, Wang Zhi, Lv Zhiyue
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Brief Communication

Toxoplasmosis in a Pet Peach-Faced Lovebird(Agapornis roseicollis): Madalyn K. Cooper, Jan ?lapeta, Shannon L. Donahoe, David N. Phalen; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):749-753.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.749

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii atypical type II genotype was diagnosed in a pet peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and multilocus DNA typing. The bird presented with severe neurological signs, and hematology was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease. Gross post-mortem examination revealed cerebral hemorrhage, splenomegaly, hepatitis, and thickening of the right ventricular free wall. Histologic sections of the most significant lesions in the brain revealed intralesional protozoan organisms associated with malacia, spongiform changes, and a mild histiocytic response, indicative of diffuse, non-suppurative encephalitis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the causative organisms to be T. gondii. DNA isolated from the brain was used to confirm the presence of T. gondii DNA. Multilocus genotyping based on SAG1, altSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico markers demonstrated the presence of ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #3 and B1 gene as atypical T. gondii type II. The atypical type II strain has been previously documented in Australian wildlife, indicating an environmental transmission route.

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Dolphins share Toxoplasma gondii Type II genotypes with terrestrial animals: Evidence of terrestrial T. gondii contamination in marine environments
Yi-Jou Chen, Heather Fenton, Jane Hall, Karrie Rose, Victor M. Peddemors, Jan Šlapeta
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Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Leila Zaki, Meysam Olfatifar, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Amir KarimiPourSaryazdi, Ali Taghipour, Najla Hamidianfar, Milad Badri, Pikka Jokelainen
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Rachel Baden, Brian Speer, Michael Garner, Vanessa Hernández Urraca, Brenna Fitzgerald
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Liulu Yang, Hongjie Ren, Niuping Zhu, Gaohui Mao, Junbao Li, Chunlei Su, Yibao Jiang, Yurong Yang
Heliyon.2023; 9(3): e13960. CrossRef
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J. P. Dubey, F. H. A. Murata, C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar, O. C. H. Kwok, C. Su
Parasitology.2021; 148(1): 1. CrossRef
Comparison of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats from Australia with latent infection or clinical toxoplasmosis
Anthea Brennan, Shannon L. Donahoe, Julia A. Beatty, Katherine Belov, Scott Lindsay, Katherine A. Briscoe, Jan Šlapeta, Vanessa R. Barrs
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Case Reports

A Case of Ocular Angiostrongyliasis with Molecular Identification of the Species in Vietnam: Nguyen Van De, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):713-717.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.713

Abstract
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A 23-year-old female residing in a village of Cao Bang Province, North Vietnam, visited the Hospital of Hanoi Medical University in July 2013. She felt dim eyes and a bulge-sticking pain in her left eye for some days before visiting the hospital. In the hospital, a clinical examination, an eye endoscopy, and an operation were carried out. A nematode specimen was collected from the eye of this patient. The body of this worm was thin and long and measured 22.0×0.3 mm. It was morphologically suggested as an immature female worm of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. By a molecular method using 18S rRNA gene, this nematode was confirmed as A. cantonensis. This is the first molecular study for identification of A. cantonensis in Vietnam.

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Development of Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Antigen Detection in Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. malaysiensis Broadly Overlap in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar: A Molecular Survey of Larvae in Land Snails
Rutchanee Rodpai, Pewpan M. Intapan, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Sakhone Laymanivong, Win Papa Aung, Issarapong Phosuk, Porntip Laummaunwai, Wanchai Maleewong, Donald James Colgan
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Fatal Balamuthia Amebic Encephalitis in a Healthy Child: A Case Report with Review of Survival Cases: A. Krasaelap, S. Prechawit, J. Chansaenroj, P. Punyahotra, T. Puthanakit, K. Chomtho, S. Shuangshoti, J. Amornfa, Y. Poovorawan; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):335-341.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.335

Abstract
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Balamuthia mandrillaris is one of the 4 amebas in fresh water and soil that cause diseases in humans. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), caused by B. mandrillaris, is a rare but life-threatening condition. A 4-year-old, previously healthy, Thai girl presented with progressive headache and ataxia for over a month. Neuroimaging studies showed an infiltrative mass at the right cerebellar hemisphere mimicking a malignant cerebellar tumor. The pathological finding after total mass removal revealed severe necrotizing inflammation, with presence of scattered amebic trophozoites. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from lumbar puncture showed evidence of non-specific inflammation without identifiable organisms. A combination of pentamidine, sulfasalazine, fluconazole, and clarithromycin had been initiated promptly before PCR confirmed the diagnosis of Balamuthia amebic encephalitis (BAE). The patient showed initial improvement after the surgery and combined medical treatment, but gradually deteriorated and died of multiple organ failure within 46 days upon admission despite early diagnosis and treatment. In addition to the case, 10 survivors of BAE reported in the PubMed database were briefly reviewed in an attempt to identify the possible factors leading to survival of the patients diagnosed with this rare disease.

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Denouement

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A Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis in Taiwan: Mei-Yu Su, Ming-Shih Lee, Ling-Yuh Shyu, Wei-Chen Lin, Pei-Ching Hsiao, Chi-Ping Wang, Dar-Der Ji, Ke-Min Chen, Shih-Chan Lai; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):203-206.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.203

Abstract
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After bathing at a hot spring resort, a 75-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of seizure-like attack with loss of conscious. This is the first case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri in Taiwan. PAM was diagnosed based on detection of actively motile trophozoites in cerebrospinal fluid using a wet-mount smear and the Liu's stain. The amoebae were further confirmed by PCR and gene sequencing. In spite of administering amphotericin B treatment, the patient died 25 days later.

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Original Articles

Comparison of specific activity and cytopathic effects of purified 33 kDa serine proteinase from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence: Won-Tae Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Young-Ran Ha, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):321-330.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.321

Abstract
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The pathogenic mechanism of granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and amebic keratitis (AK) by Acanthamoeba has yet to be clarified. Protease has been recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GAE and AK. In the present study, we have compared specific activity and cytopathic effects (CPE) of purified 33 kDa serine proteinases from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence (A. healyi OC-3A, A. lugdunensis KA/E2, and A. castellanii Neff). Trophozoites of the 3 strains revealed different degrees of CPE on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. The effect was remarkably reduced by adding phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), a serine proteinase inhibitor. This result indicated that PMSF-susceptible proteinase is the main component causing cytopathy to HCE cells by Acanthamoeba. The purified 33 kDa serine proteinase showed strong activity toward HCE cells and extracellular matrix proteins. The purified proteinase from OC-3A, the most virulent strain, demonstrated the highest enzyme activity compared to KA/E2, an ocular isolate, and Neff, a soil isolate. Polyclonal antibodies against the purified 33 kDa serine proteinase inhibit almost completely the proteolytic activity of culture supernatant of Acanthamoeba. In line with these results, the 33 kDa serine proteinase is suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis and to be the main component of virulence factor of Acanthamoeba.

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Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea: Douglas A. Burkett, Won-Ja Lee, Kwan-Woo Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Robert A. Wirtz, Hae-Wol Cho, David M. Claborn, Russel E. Coleman, Wan Y Kim, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):45-54.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.45

Abstract
PDF

Field trials evaluating selected commercially available mosquito traps variously baited with light, carbon dioxide, and/or octenol were conducted from 18-27 September 2000 in a malarious area near Paekyeon-ri (Tongil-Chon ) and Camp Greaves in Paju County, Kyonggi Province, Republic of Korea. The host-seeking activity for common mosquito species, including the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, was determined using hourly aspirator collections from a human and propane lantern-baited Shannon trap during hours when temperatures exceeded 15℃. The total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the test was compared using a block design. Significant differences were observed for the total number of mosquitoes collected, such that, the Mosquito MagnetTM with octenol > Shannon trap > ABC light trap with light and dry ice > Miniature Black Light trap (manufactured by John W. Hock) ≥ New Jersey Trap > ABC light trap with light only. Significant differences in numbers collected among traps were noted for several species including: Aedes vexans (Meigen), Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu, An. sinensis Weidemann, An. sineroides Yamada, An. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett L., Cx. orientalis Edwards and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Host-seeking activity for most common species showed a similar bimodal pattern. Results from these field trap evaluations can significantly enhance current vector and disease surveillance efforts especially for the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.

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