Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of the gill-based Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium assay for Perkinsus olseni infections in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) across Korean tidal flats: Young-Ghan Cho, Kajino Nobuhisa, Hee Jung Choi, Mun-Gyeong Kwon, Hyun-Sung Yang, Kwang-Sik Choi; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):157-167.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25014

The alveolate protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni infects a range of marine bivalves inhabiting tidal flats and shallow subtidal zones, causing considerable damage to shellfish industries. Infection by P. olseni is typically assessed using Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) assay, with gill tissue often employed as a diagnostic proxy for whole-body infection. However, the diagnostic reliability of gill-based assays across diverse ecological settings—particularly under low-infection conditions—remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated tissue-specific distribution and the diagnostic performance of the RFTM assay in detecting P. olseni in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) collected from 6 tidal flats along Korea’s west and south coast. The assay was applied to 6 different tissues, including gills and visceral mass. Infection prevalence reached 100% at most sites, except at Padori (90%). Whole-body infection intensity ranged from 0.1×10⁴ to 3.7×10⁶ cells per gram of tissue. The visceral mass consistently harbored the largest proportion of parasites (27.8%–49.0%), followed by the mantle (17.4%–30.6%) and gills (19.4%–25.2%). Gill infection levels correlated strongly with whole-body infection intensity (r²=0.6–0.95), supporting their diagnostic value in high-infection areas. However, at Padori—where infection levels were lowest—the efficacy of the gill assay dropped to 56%, resulting in a 44% false negative rate. These results underscore the limitations of relying solely on gill tissue in low-infection environments and highlight the need for a context-dependent diagnostic approach. A dual-tissue strategy incorporating both gill and whole-body samples is recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy in P. olseni surveillance of Manila clam populations.

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First report of mass mortality event caused by Eomarteilia granula in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum reared in subtidal and bottom cages on the south coast of Korea
Hye-Mi Lee, Hyun-Sil Kang, Nobuhisa Kajino, Hyun-Ki Hong, Young-Ghan Cho, Kwang-Sik Choi
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.2025; 323: 109408. CrossRef

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Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan: Seungman Cha, Sung-Tae Hong, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo Gn Jeong, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mutamad Amin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):421-430.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.421

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate whether mass drug administration (MDA) intervention has an equivalent effect on reducing the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection regardless of the baseline values. A repeated cross-sectional survey was performed targeting students of 12 primary schools in Al Jabalain and El Salam districts of White Nile State, Sudan, at both 1 week before and 8 months after the MDA. Prior to the baseline survey, school-aged children in Al Jabalain had received MDA interventions twice in 4 years, while those in El Salam had not. The baseline prevalence was 9.1% in Al Jabalain and 35.2% in El Salam, which were reduced to 1.8% and 5.5% at 8 months after the MDA, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 80.3% and 84.4%, not significant difference between both districts. However, changes in the geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts were significantly different between both districts. The baseline GMIs were 14.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam, which were reduced to 7.1 and 11.2 EP10 after treatment, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 51.0% and 39.5%. In conclusion, MDA interventions were found to bring about similar relative reduction in prevalence regardless of the baseline value; however, the relative reduction in infection intensity was more salient in the district with a low baseline value for both prevalence and intensity. This clearly points to the importance of repeated MDA interventions in endemic areas, which will eventually contribute to schistosomiasis elimination.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Programmatic Implications for Schistosomiasis Elimination Based on Community-Based Survey in the Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Life.2023; 13(4): 1049. CrossRef
Implications for selecting persistent hot spots of schistosomiasis from community- and school-based surveys in Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(2): 216. CrossRef
Review of Recent Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Diagnostic Challenges in the Field Setting
Sung-Tae Hong
Life.2023; 13(8): 1670. CrossRef
Investigation of Intestinal and Blood Parasites in People Returning to Turkey with a History of Traveling Abroad During the Pandemic
Abdurrahman Ekici, Esra Gürbüz, Ahmet Hakan Ünlü, Rahmi Yıldız, Selahattin Aydemir, Ahmed Galip Halidi, Nuriz Ödemiş, Sinan Karakuş, Şehriban Yürektürk, Mutalip Çiçek, Hasan Yılmaz
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(2): 108. CrossRef
Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan
Yan Jin, Young-Ha Lee, Seungman Cha, In-Uk Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Sung-Tae Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11537. CrossRef
Urinary schistosomiasis and the associated bladder cancer: update
Mohamed S. Zaghloul, Tarek M. Zaghloul, Mai K. Bishr, Brian C. Baumann
Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan: Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):135-144.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.135

Abstract
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There have been some reports on schistosomiasis of school children in Sudan’s Nile River basin area; however, information about the infection status of Schistosoma species and intestinal helminths among village residents of this area is very limited. Urine and stool samples were collected from the 1,138 residents of the Al Hidaib and Khour Ajwal villages of White Nile State, Sudan in 2014. The prevalence of overall schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis was 36.3% and 7.7%, respectively. Egg positive rates were 35.6% for Schistosoma haematobium, 2.6% for S. mansoni, and 1.4% were mixed. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly higher in men (45.6%) than in women (32.0%), in Khou Ajwal villagers (39.4%) than in Al Hidaib villagers (19.2%), and for age groups ≤15 years old (51.5%) than for age groups >15 years old (13.2%). The average number of eggs per 10 ml urine (EP10) of S. haematobium infections was 18.9, with 22.2 eggs in men vs 17.0 in women and 20.4 in Khou Ajwal villagers vs 8.1 in Al Hidaib villagers. In addition to S. mansoni eggs, 4 different species of intestinal helminths were found in the stool, including Hymenolepis nana (6.6%) and H. diminuta (1.0%). Collectively, urinary schistosomiasis is still prevalent among village residents in Sudan’s White Nile River basin and was especially high in men, children ≤15 years, and in the village without a clean water system. H. nana was the most frequently detected intestinal helminths in the 2 villages.

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Schistosomiasis Interventions in Africa: Assessment and Systematic Review
Christopher Yaw Dumevi, George Boateng Kyei, Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo, James-Paul Kretchy, Irene Ayi, Patrick F. Ayeh-Kumi, Satabdi Datta Choudhury
Journal of Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Urogenital schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in the lake zones of Kankossa and Oued Rawdha, southern Mauritania: The first parasitological and malacological survey
Lemat Nakatt, Papa Mouhamadou Gaye, Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah, Binta Niang, Leonardo Basco, Stephane Ranque, Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Bonnie L. Webster
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(9): e0012505. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigation of cluster cases of urinary bilharziasis in the health area of Klemeklo, Northwest Bouake, 2017
I. Soumahoro S., P. Kouassi D., D. Zika K., Coulibaly M., D. Kouame A., Yéo S., M. Sokodogo A., A. E. Amani E., S. M. L. Tanoh M., Moumouni A., H. A. Yao G., -E. Ebouat M., Adoubryn K.D, S. Dagnan N.
Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology.2023; 15(3): 202. CrossRef
Impact of seven years of mass drug administration and recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium infections after one year of treatment gap in Zanzibar: Repeated cross-sectional studies
Lydia Trippler, Shaali Makame Ame, Jan Hattendorf, Saleh Juma, Salum Abubakar, Said Mohammed Ali, Fatma Kabole, David Rollinson, Stefanie Knopp, Antonio Montresor
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(2): e0009127. CrossRef
Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Diepreye Victoria Ayabina, Jessica Clark, Helena Bayley, Poppy H. L. Lamberton, Jaspreet Toor, T. Deirdre Hollingsworth, Victor S. Santos
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(11): e0009083. CrossRef
Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan
Seungman Cha, Sung-Tae Hong, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo Gn Jeong, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mutamad Amin, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 421. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity in Drug Transporters: Impact in African Populations
Iris Rajman, Laura Knapp, Imad Hanna
Clinical and Translational Science.2020; 13(5): 848. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Molecular Clarification of Hookworm Species in Ethnic Ede Primary Schoolchildren in Dak Lak Province, Southern Vietnam: Bui Khac Hung, Nguyen Van De, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):471-476.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.471

Abstract
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To know the infection status of helminths in primary schoolchildren of southern parts of Vietnam, we performed an epidemiological study in Krong Pac district, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. A total of 1,206 stool specimens were collected from ethnic Ede schoolchildren in 4 primary schools in 2015 and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. In addition, stool cultures were done by the Harada-Mori method to obtain hookworm larvae and then to clarify the species of hookworms infected. The results showed that the helminth infection rate was 25.0%, including 2.0% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.33% Trichuris trichiura, and 22.8% hookworm infections. The average intensity of infection was 102.0 eggs per gram of feces (EPG) for Ascaris, 36.0 EPG for Trichuris, and 218.0 EPG for hookworms. ITS1 gene sequences of the hookworm larvae were identical with those of Necator americanus (100% homology) reported in GenBank. It has been confirmed in this study that the hookworm, N. americanus, is a dominant helminth species infected in primary schoolchildren of a southern part of Vietnam. Public health attention is needed for control of hookworm infections among schoolchildren in surveyed areas of Vietnam.

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Prevalence and correlates of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren aged 5 to 18 years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ritik Agrawal, Sweta Pattnaik, Jaya Singh Kshatri, Srikanta Kanungo, Nityananda Mandal, Subrata Kumar Palo, Sanghamitra Pati
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths using quantitative PCR and risk factors for hookworm and Necator americanus infection in school children in Dak Lak province, Vietnam
Angus Hughes, Dinh Ng-Nguyen, Naomi E. Clarke, Clare E. F. Dyer, Sze Fui Hii, Archie C. A. Clements, Roy M. Anderson, Darren J. Gray, Luc E. Coffeng, John M. Kaldor, Rebecca J. Traub, Susana Vaz Nery
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Vietnam: Neglected tropical diseases in an emerging and accelerating economy
Kala Pham, Peter J Hotez, Aaron R. Jex
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(2): e0010140. CrossRef
Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response
Virginie Doyen, Francis Corazza, Hoa Nhu Thi, Thanh Le Chi, Carine Truyens, Carole Nagant, Hiep Tran Thi Mong, Jean-Francois Fils, Phuong Thi Ngoc Huynh, Olivier Michel, Raffi V. Aroian
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(6): e0252921. CrossRef
Ancylostoma ceylanicum infections in humans in Vietnam
Khanh-Linh Bui, Thu-Huong Nguyen, Hieu Duc Duong, Viet-Linh Nguyen, Thi-Nhien Nguyen, Lan-Anh Le, Ha-My Cong, Khanh-Trang Tran, Duc-Vinh Le, Eiji Nagayasu, Nariaki Nonaka, Ayako Yoshida
Parasitology International.2021; 84: 102405. CrossRef
The prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infections in minority indigenous populations of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Region: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Beth Gilmour, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Archie C. A. Clements, Pablo Maravilla
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(11): e0009890. CrossRef
Children’s Environmental Health in South and Southeast Asia: Networking for Better Child Health Outcomes
Peter D. Sly, Brittany Trottier, David Carpenter, Ubon Cha’on, Stephania Cormier, Betsy Galluzzo, Samayita Ghosh, Fiona Goldizen, Michelle Heacock, Paul Jagals, Hari Datt Joshi, Prachi Kathuria, Le Thai Ha, Melina S. Magsumbol, Panida Navasumrit, Poornima
Annals of Global Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
A cluster-randomised controlled trial comparing school and community-based deworming for soil transmitted helminth control in school-age children: the CoDe-STH trial protocol
Naomi E. Clarke, Dinh Ng-Nguyen, Rebecca J. Traub, Archie C. A. Clements, Kate Halton, Roy M. Anderson, Darren J. Gray, Luc E. Coffeng, John M. Kaldor, Susana Vaz Nery
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The protective effect of rural life on mite sensitization disappears among urban migrants in the South of Vietnam
Ha Thi Chu, Thanh Ngoc Tran, Virginie Doyen, Olivier Denis, Thi Thu Thuy Tran, Thi Kieu Diem Nguyen, Huu Lan Nguyen, Minh Xuan Ngo, Thi Mong Hiep Tran, Francis Corazza, Catherine Bouland, Jean-Marie Hauglustaine, Isabelle Godin, Olivier Michel
World Allergy Organization Journal.2019; 12(12): 100085. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Onchocerca volvulus Linear Epitopes in a Peptide Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Ole Lagatie, Ann Verheyen, Erik Nijs, Bieke Van Dorst, Linda Batsa Debrah, Alex Debrah, Taniawati Supali, Erliyani Sartono, Lieven J. Stuyver
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 98(3): 779. CrossRef
Is it necessary to take anthelmintics every year in Korea?
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2018; 61(3): 198. CrossRef

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Seropositivity and Serointensity of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA among Patients with Schizophrenia: Ainsah Omar, Osman Che Bakar, Nor Fatini Adam, Hakim Osman, Arina Osman, Ahmad Hatim Suleiman, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, Mohd Ikhsan Selamat; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):29-34.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.29

Abstract
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The aim of this cross sectional case control study was to examine the serofrequency and serointensity of Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) IgG, IgM, and DNA among patients with schizophrenia. A total of 101 patients with schizophrenia and 55 healthy controls from Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia and University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) were included in this study. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The presence of Tg infection was examined using both indirect (ELISA) and direct (quantitative real-time PCR) detection methods by measuring Tg IgG and IgM and DNA, respectively. The serofrequency of Tg IgG antibodies (51.5%, 52/101) and DNA (32.67%, 33/101) among patients with schizophrenia was significantly higher than IgG (18.2%, 10/55) and DNA (3.64%, 2/55) of the controls (IgG, P=0.000, OD=4.8, CI=2.2-10.5; DNA, P=0.000, OD=12.9, CI=2.17-10.51). However, the Tg IgM antibody between patients with schizophrenia and controls was not significant (P>0.005). There was no significant difference (P>0.005) in both serointensity of Tg IgG and DNA between patients with schizophrenia and controls. These findings have further demonstrated the strong association between the active Tg infection and schizophrenia.

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Reconsidering Toxoplasmosis Prevention and Treatment Due to Its Relation to Neuropsychiatric Disturbances
Fabrizio Bruschi, Silvia Fabiani
Zoonotic Diseases.2025; 5(2): 8. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia: A Case–Control Cross Sectional Study
Sebastian Grada, Alin Gabriel Mihu, Daniela Adriana Oatis, Constantin Catalin Marc, Liana Maria Chicea, Cristina Petrescu, Alina Maria Lupu, Tudor Rares Olariu
Biomedicines.2024; 12(5): 998. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with psychiatric disorders in Malaysia
Alia Maisarah, Suharni Mohamad, Maruzairi Husain, Sarimah Abdullah, Rahmah Noordin
Acta Tropica.2024; 255: 107241. CrossRef
The Spread of Toxoplasmosis in Women within Al-Rifai District
Rehab Issa Hashem Suhail, Shimaa Ahmed Mutab Nayef, Teeba Sabah Daham Mohammed, Yaqeen Mohammed Mahmud, Abdalrhman Falah Omar Ali
European Journal of Medical and Health Research.2024; 2(4): 257. CrossRef
Infección por Toxoplasma gondii como factor de riesgo para desarrollar esquizofrenia: revisión de la literatura
Felipe Botero Rodríguez, Ana María Zárate, Damaris Cote Martínez, Carlos Gómez Restrepo, Andrés Duarte Osorio
Universitas Médica.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Common Metabolic Alterations in Plasma of Patients with Toxoplasma Infection and Schizophrenia
Emelia Osman, Anis Safirah Mohammad Zahariluddin, Shalisah Sharip, Zulkarnain Md Idris, Jen Kit Tan
Genes.2022; 13(8): 1482. CrossRef
Association between exposure to toxoplasmosis and major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review
Santiago M. Fernandes, Alan R. Dias, Ângela Miranda-Scippa
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry.2021; 43(4): 438. CrossRef
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Franziska E. Fuchs, Maude Pauly, Antony P. Black, Judith M. Hübschen
Microorganisms.2021; 9(3): 574. CrossRef
A Review on the Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Humans and Animals Reported in Malaysia from 2008–2018
Mohammed Nasiru Wana, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Malaika Watanabe, Norshariza Nordin, Ngah Zasmy Unyah, Sharif Alhassan Abdullahi, Ashraf Ahmad Issa Alapid, Tijjani Mustapha, Rusliza Basir, Roslaini Abd. Majid
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(13): 4809. CrossRef
Molecular Detection and Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Cat Faeces from Klang Valley, Malaysia, Using B1 and REP Genes in 2018
Mohammed Nasiru Wana, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Malaika Watanabe, Ngah Zasmy Unyah, Sharif Alhassan Abdullahi, Ashraf Ahmad Issa Alapid, Norshariza Nordin, Rusliza Basir, Roslaini Abd Majid
Pathogens.2020; 9(7): 576. CrossRef
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Saber Nasirpour, Farnaz Kheirandish, Shirzad Fallahi
Archives of Microbiology.2020; 202(10): 2689. CrossRef
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Claudia Del Grande, Elisa Schiavi, Isabella Masci, Margherita Barbuti, Giuseppe Maccariello, Gabriele Massimetti, Fabrizio Bruschi, Liliana Dell'Osso
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Mohammed A. Ibrahim, Olayinka Atilola, Aminu Mohammed, Emmanuel J. Awosanya, Ismail A. Odetokun, Aliyu Muhammad, Chinwe U. Chukwudi, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi
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Nicholas Bachand, André Ravel, Patrick Leighton, Craig Stephen, Momar Ndao, Ellen Avard, Emily Jenkins
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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L. Galli, C. Del Grande, L. Rindi, C. Mangia, V. Mangano, E. Schiavi, I. Masci, B. Pinto, L. Kramer, L. Dell'Osso, F. Bruschi
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Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Sergio Estrada-Martínez, Alma Rosa Pérez-Alamos
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Labanté Outcha Daré, Pierre-Emile Bruand, Daniel Gérard, Benoît Marin, Valerie Lameyre, Farid Boumédiène, Pierre-Marie Preux
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Bachand Nicholas, A. Ravel, P. Leighton, C. Stephen, A. Iqbal, M. Ndao, K. Konecsni, C. Fernando, E. Jenkins
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Possible Link Between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Mood Disorders in Lorestan Province, Western Iran
Farnaz Kheirandish, Hedayat Nazari, Hossein Mahmoudvand, Yaser Yaseri, Mohammad Javad Tarahi, Shirzad Fallahi, Behrouz Ezatpour
Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
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Declan J. Bolton, Lucy J. Robertson
Journal of Food Protection.2016; 79(11): 2005. CrossRef

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Distribution and Abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini Metacercariae in Cyprinid Fish in Northeastern Thailand: Somchai Pinlaor, Sudarat Onsurathum, Thidarut Boonmars, Porntip Pinlaor, Nuttanan Hongsrichan, Apisit Chaidee, Ornuma Haonon, Wutipong Limviroj, Smarn Tesana, Sasithorn Kaewkes, Paiboon Sithithaworn; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):703-710.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.703

Abstract
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To increase public health awareness for prevention of opisthorchiasis caused by eating raw freshwater fish, the distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (OV MC) was investigated in freshwater fish obtained from 20 provinces in northeastern Thailand between April 2011 and February 2012. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 12,890 fish consisting of 13 species randomly caught from 26 rivers, 10 dams, and 38 ponds/lakes. Fish, were collected in each of the rainy and winter seasons from each province. Fish were identified, counted, weighed, and digested using pepsin-HCl. Samples were examined for OV MC by a sedimentation method, and metacercariae were identified under a stereomicroscope. OV MC were found in 6 species of fish; i.e., Cyclocheilichthys armatus, Puntius orphoides, Hampala dispar, Henicorhynchus siamensis, Osteochilus hasselti, and Puntioplites proctozysron from localities in 13 provinces. Among the sites where OV MC-infected fish were found, 70.0% were dams, 23.7% were ponds/lakes, and 7.7% were rivers. The mean intensity of OV MC ranged from 0.01 to 6.5 cysts per fish (or 1.3-287.5 cysts per kg of fish). A high mean intensity of OV MC per fish (>3 cysts) was found in 5 provinces: Amnat Charoen (6.5 cysts), Nakhon Phanom (4.3), Mukdahan (4.1), Khon Kaen, (3.5) and Si Sa Ket (3.4). In conclusion, OV MC are prevalent in natural cyprinid fish, with the infection rate varying according to fish species and habitats.

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Spatial prediction of the probability of liver fluke infection using a geographic weighted regression (GWR) model in waterways connecting the Mekong River, Sakon Nakhon of Thailand
Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj, Patiwat Littidej, Thidarut Boonmars, Atchara Artchayasawat, Nutchanat Buasri, Donald Slack
One Health.2026; : 101320. CrossRef
High-fat/high-fructose diet and Opisthorchis viverrini infection promote metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via inflammation, fibrogenesis, and metabolic dysfunction
Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Phonpilas Thongpon, Chutima Sitthirach, Apisit Chaidee, Kitti Intuyod, Chawalit Pairojkul, Ei Htet Htet Khin, Chanakan Jantawong, Kanjana Thumanu, Porntip Pinlaor, Nuttanan Hongsrichan, Somchai Pinlaor
Acta Tropica.2025; 261: 107491. CrossRef
Development of a Dielectric Heating System for Selective Thermal Targeting of Liver Fluke Regions in Cirrhinus microlepis
Supatinee Kornsing, Sirigiet Phunklang, Chanchai Thongsopa, Piyaporn Krachodnok, Nuchanart Santalunai, Samran Santalunai
Applied Sciences.2025; 15(10): 5466. CrossRef
Distribution of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae and cyprinoid fish abundance in Nong Han Wetland, Thailand
Wiwat Kaensa, Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Chadon Nakmai, Somchai Pinlaor, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, Umawadee Laothong, Suksanti Prakobwong
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00447. CrossRef
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Positivity and Intensity of Gnathostoma spinigerum Infective Larvae in Farmed and Wild-Caught Swamp Eels in Thailand: Wilai Saksirisampant, Benjamas Wongsatayanon Thanomsub; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):113-118.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.113

Abstract
PDF

From July 2008 to June 2009, livers of the swamp eels (Monopterus alba) were investigated for advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Results revealed that 10.2% (106/1,037) and 20.4% (78/383) of farmed eels from Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province and those of wild-caught eels obtained from a market in Min Buri District of Bangkok, Thailand were infected, respectively. The prevalence was high during the rainy and winter seasons. The infection rate abruptly decreased in the beginning of summer. The highest infection rate (13.7%) was observed in September and absence of infection (0%) in March-April in the farmed eels. Whereas, in the wild-caught eels, the highest rate (30.7%) was observed in November, and the rate decreased to the lowest at 6.3% in March. The average no. (mean±SE) of AL3 per investigated liver in farmed eels (1.1±0.2) was significantly lower (P=0.040) than those in the caught eels (0.2±0.03). In addition, the intensity of AL3 recovered from each infected liver varied from 1 to 18 (2.3±0.3) in the farmed eels and from 1 to 47 (6.3±1.2) in the caught eels, respectively. The AL3 intensity showed significant difference (P=0.011) between these 2 different sources of eels. This is the first observation that farmed eels showed positive findings of G. spinigerum infective larvae. This may affect the standard farming of the culture farm and also present a risk of consuming undercooked eels from the wild-caught and farmed eels.

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Sixin Zhang, Guangping Huang, Liang Li, Xianyong Liu, Xiaoli Tang, Xun Suo
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Genetic diversity of infective larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in freshwater swamp eels from Thailand
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Anisakis simplex Larvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea: Seon Hee Choi, Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):39-44.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39

Abstract
PDF

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

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