Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"merozoite"

Brief Communication

Low Levels of Polymorphisms and Negative Selection in Plasmodum knowlesi Merozoite Surface Protein 8 in Malaysian Isolates: Md Atique Ahmed, Hae-Ji Kang, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):445-450.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.445

Abstract
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Human infections due to the monkey malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is increasingly being reported from most Southeast Asian countries specifically Malaysia. The parasite causes severe and fatal malaria thus there is a need for urgent measures for its control. In this study, the level of polymorphisms, haplotypes and natural selection of full-length pkmsp8 in 37 clinical samples from Malaysian Borneo along with 6 lab-adapted strains were investigated. Low levels of polymorphism were observed across the full-length gene, the double epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains were mostly conserved, and non-synonymous substitutions were absent. Evidence of strong negative selection pressure in the non-EGF regions were found indicating functional constrains acting at different domains. Phylogenetic haplotype network analysis identified shared haplotypes and indicated geographical clustering of samples originating from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. This is the first study to genetically characterize the full-length msp8 gene from clinical isolates of P. knowlesi from Malaysia; however, further functional characterization would be useful for future rational vaccine design.

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Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication
Wenn-Chyau Lee, Fei Wen Cheong, Amirah Amir, Meng Yee Lai, Jia Hui Tan, Wei Kit Phang, Shahhaziq Shahari, Yee-Ling Lau
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection in 42 kDa Region of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-1 from China-Myanmar Endemic Border: Xia Zhou, Ernest Tambo, Jing Su, Qiang Fang, Wei Ruan, Jun-Hu Chen, Ming-Bo Yin, Xiao-Nong Zhou; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):473-480.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.473

Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP1) gene codes for a major malaria vaccine candidate antigen. However, its polymorphic nature represents an obstacle to the design of a protective vaccine. In this study, we analyzed the genetic polymorphism and natural selection of the C-terminal 42 kDa fragment within PvMSP1 gene (Pv MSP1₄₂) from 77 P. vivax isolates, collected from imported cases of China-Myanmar border (CMB) areas in Yunnan province and the inland cases from Anhui, Yunnan, and Zhejiang province in China during 2009-2012. Totally, 41 haplotypes were identified and 30 of them were new haplotypes. The differences between the rates of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations suggest that PvMSP1₄₂ has evolved under natural selection, and a high selective pressure preferentially acted on regions identified of PvMSP1₃₃. Our results also demonstrated that PvMSP1₄₂ of P. vivax isolates collected on China-Myanmar border areas display higher genetic polymorphisms than those collected from inland of China. Such results have significant implications for understanding the dynamic of the P. vivax population and may be useful information towards China malaria elimination campaign strategies.

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Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in northwestern Thailand
Parsakorn Tapaopong, Gustavo da Silva, Sittinont Chainarin, Chayanut Suansomjit, Khajohnpong Manopwisedjaroen, Liwang Cui, Cristian Koepfli, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Wang Nguitragool
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 113: 105467. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase
Alejandro Flores-Alanis, Lilia González-Cerón, Frida Santillán-Valenzuela, Cecilia Ximenez, Marco A. Sandoval-Bautista, Rene Cerritos
Microorganisms.2022; 10(1): 186. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphisms in genes associated with drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax parasites from northeastern Myanmar
Fang Huang, Shigang Li, Peng Tian, Lahpai Ja Seng Pu, Yanwen Cui, Hui Liu, Lianzhi Yang, Dahidam Yaw Bi
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Diversity and natural selection of Merozoite surface Protein-1 in three species of human malaria parasites: Contribution from South-East Asian isolates
Xiang Ting Goh, Yvonne A.L. Lim, Ping Chin Lee, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Kek Heng Chua
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2021; 244: 111390. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Merozoite surface protein 1–42 (MSP1-42) fragment of Plasmodium vivax from Indonesian isolates: Rationale implementation of candidate MSP1 vaccine
E. Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati, E. Henny Herningtyas, Puspawati Puspawati, Fridolina Mau, Shen-Bo Chen, Hai-Mo Shen, Jun-Hu Chen
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104573. CrossRef
Exploration of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface proteins 1 and 7 genetic diversity in Brazilian Amazon and Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest
Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira, Rebecca Abreu-Fernandes, Aline Rosa Lavigne, Anielle Pina-Costa, Daiana de Souza Perce-da-Silva, Marcos Catanho, Átila Duque Rossi, Patrícia Brasil, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 86: 104592. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism and natural selection in the C-terminal 42 kDa region of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) among Plasmodium knowlesi samples from Malaysia
Nan Jiun Yap, Indra Vythilingam, Boon Peng Hoh, Xiang Ting Goh, Azdayanti Muslim, Romano Ngui, Yamuna Rajoo, Seow Huey Choy, Timothy William, Tsin Wen Yeo, Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Characterization of Pv92, a Novel Merozoite Surface Protein of Plasmodium vivax: Seong-Kyun Lee, Bo Wang, Jin-Hee Han, Myat Htut Nyunt, Fauzi Muh, Patchanee Chootong, Kwon-Soo Ha, Won Sun Park, Seok-Ho Hong, Jeong-Hyun Park, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):385-391.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.385

Abstract
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The discovery and understanding of antigenic proteins are essential for development of a vaccine against malaria. In Plasmodium falciparum, Pf92 have been characterized as a merozoite surface protein, and this protein is expressed at the late schizont stage, but no study of Pv92, the orthologue of Pf92 in P. vivax, has been reported. Thus, the protein structure of Pv92 was analyzed, and the gene sequence was aligned with that of other Plasmodium spp. using bioinformatics tools. The recombinant Pv92 protein was expressed and purified using bacterial expression system and used for immunization of mice to gain the polyclonal antibody and for evaluation of antigenicity by protein array. Also, the antibody against Pv92 was used for subcellular analysis by immunofluorescence assay. The Pv92 protein has a signal peptide and a sexual stage s48/45 domain, and the cysteine residues at the N-terminal of Pv92 were completely conserved. The N-terminal of Pv92 was successfully expressed as soluble form using a bacterial expression system. The antibody raised against Pv92 recognized the parasites and completely merged with PvMSP1-19, indicating that Pv92 was localized on the merozoite surface. Evaluation of the human humoral immune response to Pv92 indicated moderate antigenicity, with 65% sensitivity and 95% specificity by protein array. Taken together, the merozoite surface localization and antigenicity of Pv92 implicate that it might be involved in attachment and invasion of a merozoite to a new host cell or immune evasion during invasion process.

Citations

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Merozoite surface protein 1 paralog is involved in the human erythrocyte invasion of a zoonotic malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi
Seong-Kyun Lee, Tuyet Kha Nguyen, Franziska Mohring, Jin-Hee Han, Egy Rahman Firdaus, Sung-Hun Na, Won-Sun Park, Robert W. Moon, Eun-Taek Han
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A novel platform for peptide-mediated affinity capture and LC-MS/MS identification of host receptors involved in Plasmodium invasion
Jessica Molina-Franky, David Fernando Plaza, Carmen Merali, Salim Merali, Carlos Barrero, Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
Journal of Proteomics.2021; 231: 104002. CrossRef
Inhibition of parasite invasion by monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor-like domain of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 paralog
Jin-Hee Han, Yang Cheng, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Jee-Sun Cho, Myat Htut Nyunt, Hye-Yoon Jeon, Kwon-Soo Ha, Sunghun Na, Won Sun Park, Seok-Ho Hong, Ho-Joon Shin, Bruce Russell, Eun-Taek Han
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax in vitro continuous culture: the spoke in the wheel
Maritza Bermúdez, Darwin Andrés Moreno-Pérez, Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón, Hernando Curtidor, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
Malaria Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Allelic Diversity and Geographical Distribution of the Gene Encoding Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein-3 in Thailand: Vorthon Sawaswong, Phumin Simpalipan, Napaporn Siripoon, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn, Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):177-187.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.177

Abstract
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Merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) of malaria parasites play critical roles during the erythrocyte invasion and so are potential candidates for malaria vaccine development. However, because MSPs are often under strong immune selection, they can exhibit extensive genetic diversity. The gene encoding the merozoite surface protein-3 (MSP-3) of Plasmodium falciparum displays 2 allelic types, K1 and 3D7. In Thailand, the allelic frequency of the P. falciparum msp-3 gene was evaluated in a single P. falciparum population in Tak at the Thailand and Myanmar border. However, no study has yet looked at the extent of genetic diversity of the msp-3 gene in P. falciparum populations in other localities. Here, we genotyped the msp-3 alleles of 63 P. falciparum samples collected from 5 geographical populations along the borders of Thailand with 3 neighboring countries (Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia). Our study indicated that the K1 and 3D7 alleles coexisted, but at different proportions in different Thai P. falciparum populations. K1 was more prevalent in populations at the Thailand-Myanmar and Thailand-Cambodia borders, whilst 3D7 was more prevalent at the Thailand-Laos border. Global analysis of the msp-3 allele frequencies revealed that proportions of K1 and 3D7 alleles of msp-3 also varied in different continents, suggesting the divergence of malaria parasite populations. In conclusion, the variation in the msp-3 allelic patterns of P. falciparum in Thailand provides fundamental knowledge for inferring the P. falciparum population structure and for the best design of msp-3 based malaria vaccines.

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Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development
Tulika Nirmolia, Md. Atique Ahmed, Vinayagam Sathishkumar, Nilanju P. Sarma, Dibya R. Bhattacharyya, Pradyumna K. Mohapatra, Devendra Bansal, Praveen K. Bharti, Rakesh Sehgal, Jagadish Mahanta, Ali A. Sultan, Kanwar Narain, Saurav J. Patgiri
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-3 in Myanmar Plasmodium falciparum field isolates
Hương Giang Lê, Thị Lam Thái, Jung-Mi Kang, Jinyoung Lee, Mya Moe, Tuấn Cường Võ, Haung Naw, Moe Kyaw Myint, Zaw Than Htun, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Joon Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Unraveling Haplotype Diversity of the Apical Membrane Antigen-1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Populations in Thailand
Lalita Lumkul, Vorthon Sawaswong, Phumin Simpalipan, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn, Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 153. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of the merozoite surface protein-3 gene in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand
Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat, Vorthon Sawaswong, Phumin Simpalipan, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Napaporn Siripoon, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Evolution of Genetic Polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein (PfMSP) in Thailand: Jiraporn Kuesap, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Kanchanok Ketprathum, Puntanat Tattiyapong, Kesara Na-Bangchang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):105-109.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.105

Abstract
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Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a major public health problem in Thailand due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. The understanding of genetic diversity of malaria parasites is essential for developing effective drugs and vaccines. The genetic diversity of the merozoite surface protein-1 (PfMSP-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (PfMSP-2) genes was investigated in a total of 145 P. falciparum isolates collected from Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand during 3 different periods (1997-1999, 2005-2007, and 2009-2010). Analysis of genetic polymorphisms was performed to track the evolution of genetic change of P. falciparum using PCR. Both individual genes and their combination patterns showed marked genetic diversity during the 3 study periods. The results strongly support that P. falciparum isolates in Thailand are markedly diverse and patterns changed with time. These 2 polymorphic genes could be used as molecular markers to detect multiple clone infections and differentiate recrudescence from reinfection in P. falciparum isolates in Thailand.

Citations

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Immunization with PfGBP130 generates antibodies that inhibit RBC invasion by P. falciparum parasites
Yannick Johnson, Ahmad Rushdi Shakri, Sunthorn Pond-Tor, Anup Jnawali, Tanbir Najrana, Haiwei Wu, Jhasketan Badhai, Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh, Drew Weissman, Edward Kabyemela, Patrick Duffy, Michal Fried, Jonathan Kurtis, Dipak Kumar Raj
Frontiers in Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Allelic diversity of MSP1 and MSP2 repeat loci correlate with levels of malaria endemicity in Senegal and Nigerian populations
Mary A. Oboh, Tolla Ndiaye, Khadim Diongue, Yaye D. Ndiaye, Mouhamad Sy, Awa B. Deme, Mamadou A. Diallo, Mamadou S. Yade, Sarah K. Volkman, Aida S. Badiane, Alfred Amambua-Ngwa, Daouda Ndiaye
Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 of Plasmodium falciparum in the China–Myanmar border region
Cang-Lin Zhang, Hong-Ning Zhou, Quan Liu, Ya-Ming Yang
Malaria Journal.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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91 Download
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Genetic diversity in merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1 and MSP-2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum in a major endemic region of Iran: Aliehsan Heidari, Hossein Keshavarz, Mohammad B Rokni, Tomas Jelinek; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):59-63.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.59

Abstract
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Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) were used to develop vaccines and to investigate the genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Iran. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to determine polymorphisms of block 2 of the MSP-1 and the central domain of MSP-2 genes. A total of 67 microscopically positive P. falciparum infected individuals from a major endemic region, southeast Iran, were included in this trial. Nine alleles of MSP-1 and 11 alleles of MSP-2 were identified. The results showed that amplified product from these surface antigen genes varied in size and there was specific pattern for each isolate. Besides, regarding this pattern, 23 multiple infections with at least 2 alleles were observed. While the endemic regions of malaria in Iran is classified in low to moderate group, but extensive polymorphism was observed for each marker and the MSP-2 central repeat was the most diverse that could be considered in designing malaria vaccine.

Citations

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Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax field isolates from the Nowshera district of Pakistan
Chandni Hayat, Atif Kamil, Asifullah Khan, Aniqa Sayed, Kehkashan Akbar, Sahib Gul Afridi
Malaria Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Population genetic analyses inferred a limited genetic diversity across the pvama-1 DI domain among Plasmodium vivax isolates from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions of Pakistan
Ibrar Ullah, Sahib Gul Afridi, Muhammad Israr, Hizbullah Khan, Sulaiman Shams, Komal Zaib, Huong Giang Le, Jung-Mi Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Asifullah Khan
BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Allelic diversity of MSP1 and MSP2 repeat loci correlate with levels of malaria endemicity in Senegal and Nigerian populations
Mary A. Oboh, Tolla Ndiaye, Khadim Diongue, Yaye D. Ndiaye, Mouhamad Sy, Awa B. Deme, Mamadou A. Diallo, Mamadou S. Yade, Sarah K. Volkman, Aida S. Badiane, Alfred Amambua-Ngwa, Daouda Ndiaye
Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Prediction of malaria cases in the southeastern Iran using climatic variables
Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Hossein Keshavarz, Mehdi Mohebali, Mandana Sanjar, Gholamreza Hassanpour
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2021; 14(10): 463. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Polymorphic Marker Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (Msp-1) and 2 (Msp-2) Genes of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates From Malaria Endemic Region of Pakistan
Shahid Niaz Khan, Rehman Ali, Sanaullah Khan, Muhammad Rooman, Sadia Norin, Shehzad Zareen, Ijaz Ali, Sultan Ayaz
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Characterization of drug resistance and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Tripura, Northeast India
S. J. Patgiri, K. Sarma, N. Sarmah, N. Bhattacharyya, D. K. Sarma, T. Nirmolia, D. R. Bhattacharyya, P. K. Mohapatra, D. Bansal, P. K. Bharti, R. Sehgal, J. Mahanta, A. A. Sultan
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Genetic diversity of merozoite surface protein-2 inPlasmodium falciparumisolates from Aceh province, Indonesia
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.2018; 125: 012036. CrossRef
The genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 inPlasmodium falciparumisolates from Aceh province, Indonesia
K F Jamil, S Supargiyono, D Syafruddin, N Pratama, S Silvy
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Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 block 2 gene polymorphism in field isolates along the slope of mount Cameroon: a cross – sectional study
Tobias O. Apinjoh, Rolland B. Tata, Judith K. Anchang-Kimbi, Hanesh F. Chi, Eleanor M. Fon, Regina N. Mugri, Delphine A. Tangoh, Robert V. Nyingchu, Stephen M. Ghogomu, Theresa Nkuo-Akenji, Eric A. Achidi
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Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 and merozoite surface protein-2 inPlasmodium falciparumisolates from children in South of Benin
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Reduction of multiplicity of infections but no change in msp2 genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Congolese children after introduction of artemisinin-combination therapy
Rod Ibara-Okabande, Felix Koukouikila-Koussounda, Mathieu Ndounga, Jeannhey Vouvoungui, Vladimir Malonga, Prisca Nadine Casimiro, Jean Rosaire Ibara, Anissa Sidibe, Francine Ntoumi
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Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
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Malaria Journal.2010;[Epub] CrossRef
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Original Article

Expression of major piroplasm protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti (Korean isolate) and its immunogenicity in guinea pigs: Seung-Won Kang, Chang-Hee Kweon, Eun-Jin Choi, Yong-Dhuk Yoon; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):277-283.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.277

Abstract
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To investigate the development of a subunit vaccine against theileriosis in cattle, the DNA fragments encoding piroplasm surface protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti of a Korean isolate were expressed in baculoviruses. The expressed p33 was characterized by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and western blotting analysis. The expression of p33 was mainly detected on the surface of infected Sf21 cells by IFA. The immunoblotting analysis revealed the presence of a same molecular weight protein band of p33. The antigenicity of expressed polypeptide was further examined through the inoculation of a guinea pig. The sera of guinea pigs immunized with p33 expressed cell lysate showed similar fluorescent antibody patterns and reacted with the same molecular weight protein of T. sergenti in immunoblotting analysis, thus indicating that this protein can be a promising candidate for a subunit vaccine in the future.

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Adjuvant effect of bovine heat shock protein 70 on piroplasm surface protein, p33, of Theileria sergenti
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Seung Won Kang, Hyang Sim Lee, Yingtian Xu, Cheng Lu, Shoufa Zhang, Vishvanath Nene
Biologicals.2009; 37(5): 282. CrossRef
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THEILERIA SERGENTI USING LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SOUTH KOREA
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Jong Man Kim, Hwan Jang, Sang Gi Paik
Journal of Parasitology.2005; 91(1): 164. CrossRef