Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"mixed infection"

Brief Communications

Morphologic and Genetic Evidence for Mixed Infection with Two Myxobolus Species (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) in Gray Mullets, Mugil cephalus, from Korean Waters: Wi-Sik Kim, Jeong-Ho Kim, Myung-Joo Oh; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):369-373.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.369

Abstract
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The present study was performed to trace the decisive evidence for mixed infection of 2 Myxobolus species, M. episquamalis and Myxobolus sp., in the gray mullet, Mugil cephalus, from Korean waters. Mullets with whitish cyst-like plasmodia on their scales were collected near a sewage plant in Yeosu, southern part of Korea, in 2009. The cysts were mainly located on scales and also found in the intestine. The spores from scales were oval in a frontal view, tapering anteriorly to a blunt apex, and measured 7.2 ?m (5.8-8.0) in length and 5.3 ?m (4.7-6.1) in width. Two polar capsules were pyriform and extended over the anterior half of the spore, measuring 3.5 ?m (2.3-4.8) in length and 2.0 ?m (1.5-2.2) in width. In contrast, the spores from the intestine were ellipsoidal, 10.4 ?m (9.0-11.9) in length and 8.4 ?m (7.3-10.1) in width. The polar capsules were pyriform but did not extend over the anterior half of the spore, 3.7 ?m (2.5-4.5) in length and 2.2 ?m (1.8-2.9) in width. The nucleotide sequences of the 18S rDNA gene of the 2 myxosporean spores from scales and intestine showed 88.1% identity to each other and 100% identity with M. episquamalis and 94.5% identity with M. spinacurvatura from mullet, respectively. By the above findings, it is first confirmed that mullets from the Korean water are infected with 2 myxosporean species, M. episquamalis and Myxobolus sp.

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Primaquine Administration after Falciparum Malaria Treatment in Malaria Hypoendemic Areas with High Incidence of Falciparum and Vivax Mixed Infection: Pros and Cons: Polrat Wilairatana, Noppadon Tangpukdee, Shigeyuki Kano, Srivicha Krudsood; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):175-177.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.175

Abstract
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Mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax is high (~30%) in some malaria hypoendemic areas where the patients present with P. falciparum malaria diagnosed by microscopy. Conventional treatment of P. falciparum with concurrent chloroquine and 14 days of primaquine for all falciparum malaria patients may be useful in areas where mixed falciparum and vivax infections are high and common and also with mild or moderate G6PD deficiency in the population even with or without subpatent vivax mixed infection. It will be possibly cost-effective to reduce subsequent vivax illness if the patients have mixed vivax infection. Further study to prove this hypothesis may be warranted.

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Original Articles

Infection Status of Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients with Gastrointestinal Protozoa, Bacteria, and Viruses in the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jin-Hee Lee, Yi-Young Lim, Ji-Hye Jeon, Jae-Ran Yu, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee, Seung-Hak Cho, Deog-Yong Lee, Mi-Seon Park, Hye-Sook Jeong, Doo-Sung Chen, Yeong-Mi Ji, Mi-Hwa Kwon; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):113-120.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.113

Abstract
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To understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the Republic of Korea. A total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. The positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. Especially, Cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed-infected with rotavirus among pediatric diarrheal patients (29.5 per 100 C. parvum positive cases), and Entamoeba histolytica was mixed-infected with Clostridium perfringens (10.3 per 100 E. histolytica positive cases) in protozoan-diarrheal patients. Those infected with rotavirus and C. perfringens constituted relatively high proportions among mixed infection cases from January to April. The positivity for rotavirus among viral infection for those aged ≤ 5 years was significantly higher, while C. perfringens among bacterial infection was higher for ≥ 50 years. The information for association of viral and bacterial infections with enteropathogenic protozoa in diarrheal patients may contribute to improvement of care for diarrhea as well as development of control strategies for diarrheal diseases in Korea.

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Immune Responses of NIH Mice Infected with Avirulent and Virulent Strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami Single and Mixed Infections: M. J. Namazi, R. S. Phillips; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):23-33.
Published online March 18, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.23

Abstract
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An understanding of the nature of the immune response to asexual erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites will facilitate vaccine development by identifying which responses the vaccine should preferentially induce. The present study examined and compared the immune responses of NIH mice in either single or mixed infections with avirulent (DK) or virulent (DS) strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami using the ELISA test for detecting and measurement of cytokines and antibody production. In both single and mixed infections, the study showed that both cell- and antibody-mediated responses were activated. In all experiments, an early relatively high level of IFN-γ and IgG2a during the acute phase of the infection, and later elevation of IL-4 and IgG1, suggested that there was a sequential Th1/Th2 response. However, in the avirulent DK strain infection a stronger Th1 response was observed compared to the virulent DS strain-infection or in mixed infections. In the virulent DS infection, there was a stronger Th2 response compared to that in the DK and mixed infections. The faster proliferation rate of the virulent DS strain compared to the DK strain was also evident.

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