Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records: Do-Won Ham, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Hun Shin, Yong Joon Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Seung Mi Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Ho-Sung Lee, Kyung-Won Hwang, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):424-437.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24001

This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with toxoplasmosis in Korea. We collected and analyzed the specific research data of 5,917 patients from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA; 2007–2020) and 533 electronic medical records (EMRs; 2003–2021) of Korean patients. The HIRA data showed that toxoplasmosis is an endemic disease that occurs constantly in Korea, with a large proportion of patients complaining of ocular symptoms. Of the 533 patients for whom EMR data were available, 54.6% were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis; ocular toxoplasmosis (35.7%), congenital toxoplasmosis (4.7%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (4.1%), pulmonary toxoplasmosis (0.4%), and toxoplasma hepatitis (0.6%), in order of frequency. In ocular cases, 54.4% of the patients had diverse ocular pathologies. Toxoplasmosis in Korea is characterized by a high frequency of ocular symptoms, most patients are adults, and 51.8% of patients with seropositivity were positive for IgG, suggesting prior infection. This study highlights that patients with ocular symptoms are included in the major diagnosis group for acquired toxoplasmosis in Korea.

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Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Spatiotemporal Clusters and Trends of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Korea: Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Sang Haak Lee, Yeong Hoon Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):327-338.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.327

Abstract
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This study determined the recent status and trend of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) in the non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (non-HIV-PcP) and HIV (HIV-PcP) infected populations using data from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). SaTScan and Joinpoint were used for statistical analyses. Non-HIV-PcP cases showed an upward trend during the study period from 2010 to 2021, with the largest number in 2021 (551 cases). The upward trend was similar until 2020 after adjusting for the population. Seoul had the highest number of cases (1,597) in the non-HIV-PcP group, which was the same after adjusting for the population (162 cases/1,000,000). It was followed by Jeju-do (89 cases/1,000,000). The most likely cluster (MLC) for the non-HIV-PCP group was Seoul (Relative Risk (RR)=4.59, Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR)=825.531), followed by Jeju-do (RR=1.59, LLR=5.431). An upward trend was observed among the non-HIV-PcP group in the Jeju-do/Jeollanam-do/Jeollabuk-do/Gyeongsangnam-do/Busan/Daejeon/Daegu/Ulsan joint cluster (29.02%, LLR=11.638, P<0.001) located in the southern part of Korea. Both women and men in the non-HIV groups showed an overall upward trend of PcP during the study period. Men in the 60-69 age group had the highest annual percentage change (APC 41.8) during 2014-2019. In contrast, the HIV groups showed a falling trend of PcP recently. Men in the 60-69 age group had the most decrease (APC -17.6) during 2018-2021. This study provides an analytic basis for health measures and a nationwide epidemiological surveillance system for the management of PcP.

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Pneumonia incidence and determinants in South Punjab, Pakistan (2016–2020): a spatial epidemiological study at Tehsil-level
Ömer Ünsal, Oliver Gruebner, Munazza Fatima
International Journal of Health Geographics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):585-593.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.585

Abstract
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This study was done to provide an analytical overview on the latest malaria infection clusters by evaluating temporal trends during 2010-2019 in Korea. Incheon was the most likely cluster (MLC) for all cases of malaria during the total period. MLCs for P. falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, and clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation were Jeollanam-do, Incheon, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, respectively. Malaria was decreasing in most significant clusters, but Gwangju showed an increase for all cases of malaria, P. vivax and clinically diagnosed cases. Malaria overall, P. falciparum and P. vivax seem to be under control thanks to aggressive health measures. This study might provide a sound scientific basis for future control measures against malaria in Korea.

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List of occupational diseases among farmers in Korea: a literature review
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Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e2. CrossRef
2024년 수도권역 말라리아 환자 및 군집사례 발생 현황
미정 고, 윤정 서, 현미 김, 경원 황
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Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kwang Shik Choi
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatio‐temporal incidence of malaria patients in Incheon Metropolitan City
Jung‐A An, Jeong Hyeon Lee, MyungDeok Kim-Jeon, Sung‐Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 609. CrossRef

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Mini Reviews

Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):189-225.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.189

Abstract
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The use of albendazole and mebendazole, i.e., benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, in treatment of parasitic infections, as well as cancers, is briefly reviewed. These drugs are known to block the microtubule systems of parasites and mammalian cells leading to inhibition of glucose uptake and transport and finally cell death. Eventually they exhibit ovicidal, larvicidal, and vermicidal effects on parasites, and tumoricidal effects on hosts. Albendazole and mebendazole are most frequently prescribed for treatment of intestinal nematode infections (ascariasis, hookworm infections, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis) and can also be used for intestinal tapeworm infections (taeniases and hymenolepiasis). However, these drugs also exhibit considerable therapeutic effects against tissue nematode/cestode infections (visceral, ocular, neural, and cutaneous larva migrans, anisakiasis, trichinosis, hepatic and intestinal capillariasis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, gongylonemiasis, thelaziasis, dracunculiasis, cerebral and subcutaneous cysticercosis, and echinococcosis). Albendazole is also used for treatment of filarial infections (lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, mansonellosis, and dirofilariasis) alone or in combination with other drugs, such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Albendazole was tried even for treatment of trematode (fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and intestinal fluke infections) and protozoan infections (giardiasis, vaginal trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and microsporidiosis). These drugs are generally safe with few side effects; however, when they are used for prolonged time (>14-28 days) or even only 1 time, liver toxicity and other side reactions may occur. In hookworms, Trichuris trichiura, possibly Ascaris lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Giardia sp., there are emerging issues of drug resistance. It is of particular note that albendazole and mebendazole have been repositioned as promising anti-cancer drugs. These drugs have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo (animals) against liver, lung, ovary, prostate, colorectal, breast, head and neck cancers, and melanoma. Two clinical reports for albendazole and 2 case reports for mebendazole have revealed promising effects of these drugs in human patients having variable types of cancers. However, because of the toxicity of albendazole, for example, neutropenia due to myelosuppression, if high doses are used for a prolonged time, mebendazole is currently more popularly used than albendazole in anti-cancer clinical trials.

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10.1016/s1155-1968(23)45969-x

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Research Advances of Leptotrombidium scutellare in China: Rong Xiang, Xian-Guo Guo; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):1-8.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.1

Leptotrombidium scutellare is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. It has been found in more than 15 provinces of China. Especially in Yunnan, it was found to be mainly distributed in some mountainous areas with high altitude, low temperature and low precipitation. Rodents and some other small mammals were the most common hosts of L. scutellare. To date, more than 40 host species of L. scutellare have been recorded with very low host specificity, and the main hosts varied in different geographical regions. L. scutellare had a strong resistance against the cold environment, and the temperature and humidity were 2 important factors affecting its growth and development. Among different individuals of their rodent hosts, L. scutellare mites often showed an aggregated distribution pattern, which reflected the interspecific cooperation of the mites. The chromosome karyotype of L. scutellare was 2n=16 and all the 8 pairs of chromosomes were short rod-shaped with metacentric or sub-metacentric types. The isozyme spectrum supported that L. scutellare, L. deliense and L. rubellum were in the same species group. Based on the natural infection, experimental transmission and epidemiological evidence, L. scutellare has been eventually confirmed as the second major vector of scrub typhus in China, which is second only to L. deliense.

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Distribution and Host Selection of the Chigger Mite Leptotrombidium rupestre, a Potential Vector of Scrub Typhus, in Southwest China
Rong Yu, Xian‐Guo Guo, Yan Lv, Peng‐Wu Yin, Wen‐Yu Song, Pei‐Ying Peng, Ti‐Jun Qian, Rong Xiang, Yan‐Ling Chen, Bei Li
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Distribution and infestation of Leptotrombidium scutellare (a major vector of scrub typhus) on small mammals across five provincial regions of Southwest China
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Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
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Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Rong Xiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Rong Fan, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Pei-Ying Peng, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian
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Tian Ma, Mengmeng Hao, Shuai Chen, Fangyu Ding
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Current Knowledge of Small Flukes (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from South America: Cl?udia Portes Santos, Juliana Novo Borges; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):373-386.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.373

Abstract
PDF

Fish-borne heterophyid trematodes are known to have a zoonotic potential, since at least 30 species are able to infect humans worldwide, with a global infection of around 7 million people. In this paper, a ‘state-of-the-art’ review of the South American heterophyid species is provided, including classical and molecular taxonomy, parasite ecology, host-parasite interaction studies and a list of species and their hosts. There is still a lack of information on human infections in South America with undetected or unreported infections probably due to the information shortage and little attention by physicians to these small intestinal flukes. Molecular tools for specific diagnoses of South American heterophyid species are still to be defined. Additional new sequences of Pygidiopsis macrostomum, Ascocotyle pindoramensis and Ascocotyle longa from Brazil are also provided.

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Invited Review

Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review: Jong-Yil Chai, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):343-371.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.343

Abstract
PDF

Echinostoma flukes armed with 37 collar spines on their head collar are called as 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. (group) or ‘Echinostoma revolutum group’. At least 56 nominal species have been described in this group. However, many of them were morphologically close to and difficult to distinguish from the other, thus synonymized with the others. However, some of the synonymies were disagreed by other researchers, and taxonomic debates have been continued. Fortunately, recent development of molecular techniques, in particular, sequencing of the mitochondrial (nad1 and cox1) and nuclear genes (ITS region; ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), has enabled us to obtain highly useful data on phylogenetic relationships of these 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. Thus, 16 different species are currently acknowledged to be valid worldwide, which include E. revolutum, E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. lindoense, E. luisreyi, E. mekongi, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG of Georgieva et al., 2013. The validity of the other 10 species is retained until further evaluation, including molecular analyses; E. acuticauda, E. barbosai, E. chloephagae, E. echinatum, E. jurini, E. nudicaudatum, E. parvocirrus, E. pinnicaudatum, E. ralli, and E. rodriguesi. In this review, the history of discovery and taxonomic debates on these 26 valid or validity-retained species are briefly reviewed.

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Mini Reviews

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Enterobius vermicularis (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in the Prehistoric Americas: Karl J. Reinhard, Adauto Ara?jo, Johnica J. Morrow; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):591-603.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.591

Abstract
PDF

Investigations of Enterobius sp. infection in prehistory have produced a body of data that can be used to evaluate the geographic distribution of infection through time in the Americas. Regional variations in prevalence are evident. In North America, 119 pinworm positive samples were found in 1,112 samples from 28 sites with a prevalence of 10.7%. Almost all of the positive samples came from agricultural sites. From Brazil, 0 pinworm positive samples were found in 325 samples from 7 sites. For the Andes region, 22 pinworm positive samples were found in 411 samples from 26 sites for a prevalence of 5.3%. Detailed analyses of these data defined several trends. First, preagricultural sites less frequently show evidence of infection compared to agricultural populations. This is especially clear in the data from North America, but is also evident in the data from South America. Second, there is an apparent relationship between the commonality of pinworms in coprolites and the manner of constructing villages. These analyses show that ancient parasitism has substantial value in documenting the range of human behaviors that influence parasitic infections.

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Crossref

The Paleoparasitology in Brazil and Findings in Human Remains from South America: A Review: Sh?nia Patr?cia Corr?a Novo, Luiz Fernando Ferreira; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):573-583.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.573

Abstract
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Abstract: The review article presents some of the history of how paleoparasitology started in Brazil, making highlight the great responsible Dr. Luiz Fernando Ferreira and Dr. Adauto Ara?jo, the trajectory of paleoparasitology in Brazil since 1978 and its performance in science to the present day. In sequence, it is made a presentation of parasitological findings on human remains found in archaeological sites in South America, highlighting Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru, where major discoveries have occurred. Many of the parasites found in archaeological material and mentioned in this review went out of Africa with the peopling of Europe and from there they dispersed around the world, where climatic conditions allow the transmission. However, humans have acquired other parasites of animals, since humans invaded new habitats or creating new habits adopting new technologies, thus expanding its range of influence on the environment. Thus, this review article is finalized with information that explain the importance of these findings in the interaction between parasites, human host, and ambient.

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First report in pre-Columbian mummies from Bolivia of Enterobius vermicularis infection and capillariid eggs: A contribution to Paleoparasitology studies
Guido Valverde, Viterman Ali, Pamela Durán, Luis Castedo, José Luis Paz, Eddy Martínez
International Journal of Paleopathology.2020; 31: 34. CrossRef
First description of Enterobius vermicularis egg in a coprolite dated from the pre-contact in Brazil
Matheus Lino, Daniela Leles, Alfredo P. Peña, Marina C. Vinaud
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.2018; 17: 1. CrossRef
Paleoparasitology and pathoecology in Russia: Investigations and perspectives
Sergey Slepchenko, Karl Reinhard
International Journal of Paleopathology.2018; 22: 39. CrossRef

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Original Article

Metagonimus yokogawai (Trematoda: Heterophyidae): From Discovery to Designation of a Neotype: Takeshi Shimazu, Hideto Kino; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):627-639.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.627

Abstract
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Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) Katsurada, 1912 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) is parasitic in the small intestine of mammals including man and birds in Far Eastern Russia, Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. In the present study, the metacercariae and adults of M. yokogawai were redescribed to designate a neotype of this fluke together with reviews of previous studies including study histories from the first discovery to now. We particularly, attempted to review the study histories and morphological descriptions of M. yokogawai for the species validity, and compared with the morphological characteristics and life cycles of the closely related species, Metagonimus takahashii and Metagonimus miyatai. Finally, we proposed a differential key for the 8 known Metagonimus species distributed in East Asia. Metacercariae were obtained from the body muscles of sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) collected in the Asahi River at Takebe-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Adults were recovered from the small intestine of Syrian golden hamsters, to which the metacercariae had been fed 14 days before. A neotype was selected out of the present adult specimens. The Asahi River at Takebo-cho became the type locality of M. yokogawai. In conclusion, the present review shows that M. yokogawai, M. takahashii, and M. miyatai are valid and discriminated by means of morphological characteristics.

Citations

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Small intestinal flukes of the genusMetagonimus(Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Europe and the Middle East: A review of parasites with zoonotic potential
Tomáš Scholz, Roman Kuchta, Daniel Barčák, Gábor Cech, Mikuláš Oros
Parasite.2024; 31: 20. CrossRef
Global distribution of zoonotic digenetic trematodes: a scoping review
Yue Hu, Rong-Jian Zhan, Shi-Lin Lu, Yi-Yang Zhang, Min-Yu Zhou, Hui Huang, Ding-Ding Wang, Tao Zhang, Zi-Xin Huang, Yun-Fei Zhou, Zhi-Yue Lv
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular evidence of the absence of Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Europe: report of Metagonimus sp. in cyprinoid fish from the River Danube in Hungary
Gábor Cech, Martina Gyöngy, Diána Sándor, Kálmán Molnár, Boglárka Sellyei, Ádám Varga, Csaba Székely
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(10): 2325. CrossRef
Ancient DNA of Metagonimus yokogawai Recovered from Joseon Period Human Remains Newly Discovered at Goryeong County in South Korea
Chang Seok Oh, Jong Ha Hong, Jong Yil Chai, Mi Kyung Song, Ho-Jin Jang, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(1): 539. CrossRef
Metagonimus yokogawai Ancient DNA Recovered from 16th- to 17th-Century Korean Mummy Feces of the Joseon Dynasty
Jong Ha Hong, Min Seo, Chang Seok Oh, Jong-Yil Chai, Dong Hoon Shin
Journal of Parasitology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Description of Metagonimus pusillus sp. nov. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae): phylogenetic relationships within the genus
Y.V. Tatonova, P.G. Shumenko, V.V. Besprozvannykh
Journal of Helminthology.2018; 92(6): 703. CrossRef
The life cycle of a zoonotic parasite reassessed: Experimental infection of Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae) with Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)
Hudson A. Pinto, Nicole Q. Gonçalves, Danimar López-Hernandez, Eduardo A. Pulido-Murillo, Alan L. Melo, Petr Heneberg
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(4): e0194161. CrossRef
Metagonimus suifunensis sp. n. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the Russian Southern Far East: Morphology, life cycle, and molecular data
P.G. Shumenko, Y.V. Tatonova, V.V. Besprozvannykh
Parasitology International.2017; 66(1): 982. CrossRef
Metacercaria Infection Status of Fishborne Zoonotic Trematodes, Except for Clonorchis sinensis in Fish from the Heilongjiang Province, China
Jian-Hua Qiu, Ying Zhang, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Yuan Gao, Qi Li, Qiao-Cheng Chang, Chun-Ren Wang
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2017; 14(8): 440. CrossRef
Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2017; 8-9: 33. CrossRef
A molecular phylogeny of Asian species of the genus Metagonimus (Digenea)—small intestinal flukes—based on representative Japanese populations
Siritavee Pornruseetairatn, Hideto Kino, Takeshi Shimazu, Yukifumi Nawa, Tomáš Scholz, Jiraporn Ruangsittichai, Naowarat Tanomsing Saralamba, Urusa Thaenkham
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(3): 1123. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Anisakiasis: Report of 15 Gastric Cases Caused by Anisakis Type I Larvae and a Brief Review of Korean Anisakiasis Cases: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tae Hyo Kim, Tae-Joon Park; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):465-470.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.465

Abstract
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The present study was performed to report 15 anisakiasis cases in Korea and to review the Korean cases reported in the literature. Total 32 Anisakis type I larvae were detected in the stomach of 15 patients by the endoscopy. Single worm was detected from 12 cases, and even 9 larvae were found from 2 cases. Epigastric pain was most commonly manifested in almost all cases, and hemoptysis and hematemesis were seen in 1 case each. Symptom manifestations began at 10-12 hr after eating fish in 73.3% cases. Endoscopy was performed 1-2 days after the symptom onset in most cases. The common conger, Conger myriaster, was the probable infection source in 7 cases. In the review of Korean anisakiasis cases, thus far, total 645 cases have been reported in 64 articles. Anisakis type I larva was the most frequently detected (81.3%). The favorable infection site of larvae was the stomach (82.4%). The common conger was the most probable source of human infections (38.6%). Among the total 404 cases which revealed the age and sex of patients, 185 (45.8%) were males, and the remaining 219 (54.2%) were female patients. The age prevalence was the highest in forties (34.7%). The seasonal prevalence was highest in winter (38.8%). By the present study, 15 cases of gastric anisakiasis are added as Korean cases, and some epidemiological characteristics of Korean anisakiasis were clarified.

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Bronchopulmonary Infection of Lophomonas blattarum: A Case and Literature Review: Jian Xue, Ying-Li Li, Xue-Mei Yu, Dai-Kun Li, Ming-Fang Liu, Jing-Fu Qiu, Jian-Jiang Xue; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):521-525.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.521

Abstract
PDF

Human infections with Lophomonas blattarum are rare. However, the majority of the infections occurred in China, 94.4% (136 cases) of all cases in the world. This infection is difficult to differentiate from other pulmonary infections with similar symptoms. Here we reported a case of L. blattarum infection confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid smear on the microscopic observations. The patient was a 21-year-old female college student. The previous case which occurred in Chongqing was 20 years ago. We briefly reviewed on this infection reported in the world during the recent 20 years. The epidemiological characteristics, possible diagnostic basis, and treatment of this disease is discussed in order to provide a better understanding of recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of L. blattarum infection.

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First Co-morbidity of Lophomonas blattarum and COVID-19 Infections: Confirmed Using Molecular Approach
Maryam Nakhaei, Mahdi Fakhar, Ali Sharifpour, Elham Sadat Banimostafavi, Zakaria Zakariaei, Hossein Mehravaran, Reza Saberi, Sepideh Safanavaei, Siavash Abedi, Masoud Aliyali, Mostafa Soleimani
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Mahdi Fakhar, Sepideh Safanavaei, Maryam Nakhaei, Samira Esmaeili, Elham Sadat Banimostafavi, Fatemeh Spahbodi, Ali Sharifpour
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Maryam Nakhaei, Mahdi Fakhar, Ali Sharifpour, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi, Elham Sadat Banimostafavi, Eisa Nazar, Vijay Kumar Srivastava
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Two Cases of Human Thelaziasis and Brief Review of Korean cases: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Ji Myong Yoo; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):265-271.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.265

Abstract
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The present study was performed to describe 2 cases of human thelaziasis (HT) which occurred in Gyeongsangnam- do and to briefly review the previously reported Korean cases. A 58-year old woman, residing in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, came to Gyeongsang National University Hospital (GNUH) complaining of foreign body sensation and itching of the right eye in March 2000. Total 6 adult nematodes of Thelazia callipaeda (2 males and 4 females) were detected in her right eye. A 80-year old man, residing in Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, came to GNUH complaining of foreign body sensation, itching, and pain of the right eye in December 2007. A total of 5 worms (4 females and 1 degenerated) were removed from his right eye. We analyzed characteristics of the total 39 Korean HT cases reported to date, including the present 2 cases. Most of the cases (71.8%) occurred in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do before 2000, and 21 cases (53.8%) were males and 18 (46.2%) were females. The prevalence was higher in younger ages below 30 years (48.7%) than 31-60 years (41.0%) and over 61 years (10.3%). The seasonal prevalence showed a higher incidence in autumn (43.6%) than in other seasons. Most of the cases (94.9%) were conjunctival sac infections and only 2 (5.1%) were intraocular cases. The present 2 HT cases are the first reported cases in Gyeongsangnam-do. Some characteristics of Korean HT cases were analyzed.

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Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida) infections in 2 wildlife species, Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides, in Korea
Jinho Jang, Young-Seok Park, YoungMin Yun, Keeseon S. Eom, Seongjun Choe
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Eight cases of canine thelaziosis found in two localities in Korea
Seongjun Choe, Sunmin Kim, Tilak Chandra Nath, Jeong-Ho Kim
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Xiaoxing Wei, Bo Liu, Yijian Li, Ke Wang, Lixia Gao, Yuli Yang
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Periocular thelaziasis presenting as an orbital mass – a case report
Kirthi Koka, Andrea Tongbram, Bipasha Mukherjee, Raman Muthusamy, Azhahia Nambi, Jyotirmay Biswas
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A Pediatric Case of Thelaziasis in Korea
Chung Hyuk Yim, Jeong Hee Ko, Jung Hyun Lee, Yu Mi Choi, Won Wook Lee, Sang Ki Ahn, Myoung Hee Ahn, Kyong Eun Choi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 319. CrossRef
Ocular thelaziasis in a 7-month-old infant
AK Handique, A Tamuli, AM Khan
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2014; 32(1): 84. CrossRef
Mitochondrial Genome of the Eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida), as the First Representative from the Family Thelaziidae
Guo-Hua Liu, Robin B. Gasser, Domenico Otranto, Min-Jun Xu, Ji-Long Shen, Namitha Mohandas, Dong-Hui Zhou, Xing-Quan Zhu, Peter U. Fischer
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Nguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Jong-Yil Chai
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Trichuris trichiura Infection Diagnosed by Colonoscopy: Case Reports and Review of Literature: Kyung-Sun Ok, You-Sun Kim, Jung-Hoon Song, Jin-Ho Lee, Soo-Hyung Ryu, Jung-Hwan Lee, Jeong-Seop Moon, Dong-Hee Whang, Hye-Kyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):275-280.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.275

Abstract
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Trichuris trichiura, commonly referred to as a whipworm, has a worldwide distribution, particularly among countries with warm, humid climates. In Korea, trichuriasis was a highly prevalent soil-transmitted helminthiasis until the 1970s. However, the nationwide prevalence decreased to 0.02% in 2004 as a result of national control activities and improvement in the socioeconomic status of Koreans. Most infected individuals have no distinct symptoms, if lightly infected. The diagnosis is typically confirmed by detection of T. trichiura eggs on examination of a stool sample; few reports have described detection of the parasite during colonoscopy. Recently, we managed 4 patients with trichuriasis who were diagnosed by detection of the parasite on colonoscopy, and we reviewed the literature on the colonoscopic diagnosis of T. trichiura in Korea. We suggest that colonoscopy might be a useful diagnostic tool, especially when infected by only a few male worms with no eggs in the stool.

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A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection with a brief review of diphyllobothriasis in the Republic of Korea: Eun Bin Lee, Jung Hoon Song, Nam Seon Park, Byung Kook Kang, Hyung Suk Lee, Yoon Ju Han, Hyo-Jin Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):219-223.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.219

Abstract
PDF

A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection in a 49-year old man is described, and diphyllobothriasis latum in the Republic of Korea is briefly reviewed. An incomplete strobila of a tapeworm, 95 cm in length, without scolex and neck, was spontaneously discharged in the feces of a patient. On the basis of morphologic characteristics of the worm and eggs, the worm was identified as D. latum. The patient was successfully treated with a single dose (15 mg/kg) of praziquantel. The most probable source of infection was salmon flesh according to the past history of the patient. The first case of D. latum infection was documented in 1971, and this is the 43rd recorded case in the Republic of Korea. The 43 cases were briefly reviewed. The patients' main complaints were gastrointestinal troubles, such as mild abdominal pain, indigestion, and diarrhea, and discharge of tapeworm segments in the feces. The suspected infection sources included raw or improperly cooked flesh of fresh or brackish water fish, including the perch, mullet, salmon, and trout.

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