Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"snake"

Brief Communications

Identification of an Opisthorchis viverrini-like liver fluke from Myanmar: Metacercariae recovered from snakehead fish and adults from an experimentally infected hamster: Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon-Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Seung-Hwan Seo, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):174-181.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24063

A novel fluke species, morphologically resembling Opisthorchis viverrini, was discovered in the Yangon Region, Myanmar. Metacercariae were found in the muscle tissue of 2 snakehead fish species, Mi and Channa striata. The metacercariae were elliptical (average 165×122 μm, n=10), having 2 suckers and a large excretory bladder. Experimental infection of a hamster resulted in the recovery of adult flukes from the bile ducts at day 50 post-infection. Adult flukes were lanceolate, with dimensions of 3.8–6.0 (average 5.1) mm by 1.1–1.2 (1.2) mm (n=10). Morphological characteristics included an oral sucker slightly smaller than the ventral sucker, a long uterus not extending anterior to the ventral sucker, vitelline follicles reaching the anterior ovary level, and 2 deeply lobed testes (4 lobes anteriorly, 5 posteriorly). Eggs were ovoid to elliptical, measuring 26.3–27.5 (26.9) μm in length and 13.8–15.0 (14.6) μm in width (n=10). Despite the close morphological resemblance to O. viverrini, our specimens displayed significant differences, including a more spiraled seminal vesicle, a longer uterus occupying 50%–60% of the body length, a less distinct grouping of vitelline follicles (forming 7–8 groups on each side in O. viverrini), vitelline follicles restricted to the ovary level (beyond the posterior end of the ovary or at anterior testis level in O. viverrini), and smaller metacercariae. We tentatively categorize our specimens as an O. viverrini-like liver fluke potentially parasitizing mammals or birds, highlighting the need for further research. Rigorous molecular analyses and identification of natural definitive hosts are essential to clarify the taxonomic status of this novel parasite.

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Toward resolving cryptic diversity in opisthorchiid flukes: Molecular clarification of an Opisthorchis viverrini-like parasite in Myanmar is urgently needed
Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon, Chutharat Thanchonnang, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 284. CrossRef

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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):519-522.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.519

Abstract
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The Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (n=20), and the striped snakehead fish, Channa striata (n=34), were purchased from local markets in 3 administrative regions of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces) from May 2017 to April 2019, and their infection status with Gnathostoma sp. larvae was investigated. The frogs and fish were transported to the laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. Advanced 3rd-stage larvae (AdL₃) of Gnathostoma spinigerum, 24 in total number (1-6 larvae/frog), were detected from 6 (60.0%) out of 10 frogs purchased from Phnom Penh. No gnathostome larvae were detected in 10 frogs purchased from Takeo Province and 34 snakeheads from Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces. AdL₃ isolated from the frogs were 2.55- 3.90 mm long and 0.31-0.36 mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb (0.081×0.191 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus (0.950-1.230 mm long), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.530-0.890 mm long). The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. These features were consistent with G. spinigerum AdL₃. By the present study, it has been first confirmed that the Chinese edible frog, H. rugulosus, from Phnom Penh serves as a second intermediate host for G. spinigerum, although their intensity of infection was not so high compared to other previously reported localities.

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A Global Review of the Zoonotic Potential and Disease Risks of Amphibian Parasites in Bullfrog Aquaculture
Meiqi Weng, Xinhua Liu, Chenxi Zhang, Rui Shu, Andrew Wang, Haotian Zhang, Xingqiang Wang, Huirong Yang, Jinyong Zhang
Reviews in Aquaculture.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Zoonotic disease risk at traditional food markets
Frida E. Sparaciari, Cadhla Firth, Erik A. Karlsson, Paul F. Horwood, Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Descriptions of Two Digenean Trematodes Found from a Chinese Sea Snake, Laticauda semifasciata, in Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Il-Hun Kim, Min-Seop Kim, Hae Rim Lee, Youngjun Kim, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):279-285.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.279

Abstract
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We intended to describe 2 digenean trematodes found from a Chinese sea snake, Laticauda semifasciata, as the new fauna in the Republic of Korea. The snake was caught offshore of Aewol-eup, Jeju-do, in August 2017. Two species of fluke were found in the lung and intestinal tract of the snake in the process of necropsy. They were identified as Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus Coil and Kuntz, 1960 and Harmotrema laticaudae Yamaguti, 1933, respectively based on the morphological characters. Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus showed elongated body with well-developed and elongated male genital system and compact vitelline. And H. laticaudae was characterized by linguiform body with heavily armed cirrus with excretory system. This is the first time both species have been reported and described off the Korean coast. We provide morphological descriptions with some comments on their biology and geographical distribution. In addition, the taxonomic validity of the genus Hydrophitrema Sandars, 1960 was discussed, in terms of morphological descriptions and host ranges. This study provides novel insight into digenean fluke species existing off the coast of Korea.

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Rejection of the concept of hemiurid genus Pulmovermis (Digenea: Hemiuridae) and other taxonomic propositions: new morphological and molecular data regarding Lecithochirium cyanovitellosum (Coil and Kuntz, 1960) Urabe and Sokolov, comb. nov. (formerly Pul
Misako Urabe, Takahide Sasai, Sergey G. Sokolov
Systematic Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Polyphyly of the Dinurinae Looss, 1907 (Digenea: Hemiuridae) and resurrection of the Mecoderinae Skrjabin & Guschanskaja, 1954 based on novel collection of Tubulovesicula laticaudi Parukhin, 1969 from marine elapid snakes in Sri Lanka
Storm Blas Martin, M.L.I. De Silva, Erandi Pathirana, R.P.V.J. Rajapakse
Parasitology International.2023; 97: 102776. CrossRef
Paraharmotrema karinganiense n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) infecting the intestine of serrated hinged terrapin (Pelusios sinuatus), east African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger), and South African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa galeata) and a phy
Haley R. Dutton, Louis H. DuPreez, Misako Urabe, Stephen A. Bullard
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2022; 17: 43. CrossRef

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Molecular Identification of Cryptosporidium Species from Pet Snakes in Thailand: Benjarat Yimming, Khampee Pattanatanang, Pornchai Sanyathitiseree, Tawin Inpankaew, Ketsarin Kamyingkird, Nongnuch Pinyopanuwat, Wissanuwat Chimnoi, Jumnongjit Phasuk; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):423-429.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.423

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium is an important pathogen causing gastrointestinal disease in snakes and is distributed worldwide. The main
objective
s of this study were to detect and identify Cryptosporidium species in captive snakes from exotic pet shops and snake farms in Thailand. In total, 165 fecal samples were examined from 8 snake species, boa constrictor (Boa constrictor constrictor), corn snake (Elaphe guttata), ball python (Python regius), milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum), king snake (Lampropeltis getula), rock python (Python sebae), rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria), and carpet python (Morelia spilota). Cryptosporidium oocysts were examined using the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-modified acid-fast staining and a molecular method based on nested-PCR, PCR-RFLP analysis, and sequencing amplification of the SSU rRNA gene. DMSO-modified acid-fast staining revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in 12 out of 165 (7.3%) samples, whereas PCR produced positive results in 40 (24.2%) samples. Molecular characterization indicated the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum (mouse genotype) as the most common species in 24 samples (60%) from 5 species of snake followed by Cryptosporidium serpentis in 9 samples (22.5%) from 2 species of snake and Cryptosporidium muris in 3 samples (7.5%) from P. regius.

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Cryptosporidium spp. in reptiles: Detection challenges, molecular characterization and zoonotic risk
Mariana Louro, Laura Hernandez, João Antunes, Luís Madeira de Carvalho, Isabel Pereira da Fonseca, Jacinto Gomes
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2025; 40: e00272. CrossRef
Minimal zoonotic risk of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis from frogs and reptiles
Siobhon Egan, Amanda D. Barbosa, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao, Una Ryan
European Journal of Protistology.2024; 93: 126066. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium spp. in captive snakes from 26 provinces in China: Prevalence, molecular characterization, and symptoms
Yilei Zhang, Zhenxiao Lu, Lingru He, Guodong Xiao, Lijie Tian, Jiawei Zhu, Tian Liu, Qiangxin Ou, Haibo Chen, Yew Hwong, Yangjun Kang, Qianming Xu, Qingxun Zhang, Congshan Yang
Parasite.2024; 31: 47. CrossRef
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Yongru Zeng, Yi Xiong, Chunsheng Yang, Nan He, Jiasong He, Wenxian Luo, Yaohuan Chen, Xiaochen Zeng, Zhengjun Wu
Animals.2022; 12(20): 2726. CrossRef
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium serpentis in Captive Snakes in China
Yijun Chai, Haifeng Liu, Lei Deng, Bo Bi, Jingxin Yao, Xingtao Yang, Zhijun Zhong, Hualin Fu, Liuhong Shen, Ziyao Zhou, Yi Geng, Guangneng Peng
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Paromomycin Treatment for Cryptosporidium serpentis Infection in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi)
James E. Bogan, Michelle Hoffman, Falicia Dickerson, Mark A. Mitchell, Michael M. Garner, April Childress, James F.X. Wellehan
Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in wild-caught pet spiny-tailed lizards
Rie Kubota, Toshihiro Tokiwa, Katsuki Matsubara, Minoru Okamoto, Kazunori Ike
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2020; 11: 83. CrossRef
The first genetic assessment of wild and farmed ball pythons (Reptilia, Serpentes, Pythonidae) in southern Togo
Mark Auliya, Sylvia Hofmann, Gabriel H. Segniagbeto, Délagnon Assou, Delphine Ronfot, Jonas J. Astrin, Sophia Forat, Guillaume Koffivi K. Ketoh, Neil D’Cruze
Nature Conservation.2020; 38: 37. CrossRef
Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in pet snakes in Beijing, China
Haixia Zhang, Zixiang Lin, Yuxi Jiang, Weifeng Qian, Chaochao Lv, Liwei Zhang, Siqi Wang, Meng Qi, Zhaofei Xia
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(9): 3119. CrossRef
Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium, Hepatozoon and Spirometra in snakes from central China
Xiao Xiao, Rui Qi, Hui-Ju Han, Jian-Wei Liu, Xiang-Rong Qin, Li-Zhu Fang, Chuan-Min Zhou, Xiao-Qing Gong, Si-Cong Lei, Xue-Jie Yu
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2019; 10: 274. CrossRef
Gastric Cryptosporidiosis in Snakes, a Review
James E. Bogan
Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery.2019; 29(3-4): 71. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Three Nematode Species Recovered from Terrestrial Snakes in Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Junsik Lim, Hyun Kim, Youngjun Kim, Heejong Kim, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):205-213.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.205

Abstract
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The majority of parasitological studies of terrestrial snakes in Korea have focused on zoonotic parasites. However, in the present study, we describe 3 unrecorded nematode species recovered from 5 species of snakes (n=6) in Korea. The examined snakes, all confiscated from illegal hunters, were donated by the Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center and Korean Broadcasting System in July 2014 and February 2015. Light and scanning electron microscopies on the shapes of spicules that are either bent or straight (kalicephalids) and the presence of the intestinal cecum (ophidascarids) figured out 3 nematodes; Kalicephalus brachycephalus Maplestone, 1931, Kalicephalus sinensis Hs?, 1934, and Ophidascaris excavata Hs? and Hoeppli, 1934. These 3 species of nematode faunas are recorded for the first time in Korea.

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An update on the conservation status and ecology of Korean terrestrial squamates
Daniel Macias, Yucheol Shin, Amaël Borzée
Journal for Nature Conservation.2021; 60: 125971. CrossRef
The mitochondrial genome sequence analysis of Ophidascaris baylisi from the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus)
Qi Zhao, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Long He, Tingting Zhuang, Xiu Li, Jumei Liu, Shilan Zhu, Xiaoyu Chen, Guoqing Li
Parasitology International.2021; 85: 102434. CrossRef
Morphologic and morphometric characteristics of ascaroid worm, Ophidascaris piscatori in Xenochrophis piscator snake in Sidoarjo, Indonesia
Lucia Tri Suwanti, Inggarsetya Syah Audini, Setiawan Koesdarto, Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto
Veterinary World.2018; 11(8): 1159. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Genetic Identification of Spirometra decipiens Plerocercoids in Terrestrial Snakes from Korea and China: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Hansol Park, Dongmin Lee, Seongjun Choe, Kyu-Heon Kim, Woon- Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):181-185.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.181

Abstract
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Human sparganosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with larval forms (procercoid/plerocercoid) of Spirometra spp. The purpose of this study was to identify Spirometra spp. of infected snakes using a multiplex PCR assay and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the spargana of terrestrial snakes obtained from Korea and China. A total of 283 snakes were obtained that included 4 species of Colubridae comprising Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus (n=150), Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum (n=64), Elaphe davidi (n=2), and Elaphe schrenkii (n=7), and 1 species of Viperidae, Agkistrodon saxatilis (n=60). The snakes were collected from the provinces of Chungbuk, Chungnam, and Gyeongbuk in Korea (n=161), and from China (n=122). The overall infection rate with spargana was 83% (235/283). The highest was recorded for D. rufozonatum rufozonatum (100%), followed by A. saxatilis (85%) and R. tigrinus tigrinus (80%), with a negative result for E. davidi (0%) and E. schrenkii (0%). The sequence identities between the spargana from snakes (n=50) and Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (KJ599680) or S. decipiens (KJ599679) control specimens were 90.8% and 99.2%, respectively. Pairwise genetic distances between spargana (n=50) and S. decipiens ranged from 0.0080 to 0.0107, while those between spargana and S. erinaceieuropaei ranged from 0.1070 to 0.1096. In this study, all of the 904 spargana analyzed were identified as S. decipiens either by a multiplex PCR assay (n=854) or mitochondrial cox1 sequence analysis (n=50).

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Mahboobeh Salimi, Meysam Sharifdini, Eshrat Beigom Kia
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(1): 574. CrossRef
Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Spirometra Tapeworms from Snakes in Hunan Province
Shu-Yu Chen, Teng-Fang Gong, Jun-Lin He, Fen Li, Wen-Chao Li, Li-Xing Xie, Xin-Rui Xie, Yi-Song Liu, Ying-Fang Zhou, Wei Liu
Veterinary Sciences.2022; 9(2): 62. CrossRef
Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Spirometra Tapeworm Isolates from Snakes in Hunan Province, China
Tengfang Gong, Xiaoyi Su, Fen Li, Junlin He, Shuyu Chen, Wenchao Li, Xinrui Xie, Yisong Liu, Xi Zhang, Wei Liu
Animals.2022; 12(9): 1216. CrossRef
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Sparganosis in Asia
Wei Liu, Tengfang Gong, Shuyu Chen, Quan Liu, Haoying Zhou, Junlin He, Yong Wu, Fen Li, Yisong Liu
Animals.2022; 12(12): 1578. CrossRef
Spirometra species from Asia: Genetic diversity and taxonomic challenges
Hiroshi Yamasaki, Oranuch Sanpool, Rutchanee Rodpai, Lakkhana Sadaow, Porntip Laummaunwai, Mesa Un, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Sakhone Laymanivong, Win Pa Pa Aung, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong
Parasitology International.2021; 80: 102181. CrossRef
Genome of the fatal tapeworm Sparganum proliferum uncovers mechanisms for cryptic life cycle and aberrant larval proliferation
Taisei Kikuchi, Mehmet Dayi, Vicky L. Hunt, Kenji Ishiwata, Atsushi Toyoda, Asuka Kounosu, Simo Sun, Yasunobu Maeda, Yoko Kondo, Belkisyole Alarcon de Noya, Oscar Noya, Somei Kojima, Toshiaki Kuramochi, Haruhiko Maruyama
Communications Biology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Large-scale survey of a neglected agent of sparganosis Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in wild frogs in China
Xi Zhang, Xiu Hong, Shi Nan Liu, Peng Jiang, Shu Chuan Zhao, Chuan Xi Sun, Zhong Quan Wang, Jing Cui, David Blair
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(2): e0008019. CrossRef
A Retrieved Sparganum of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei from a Korean Man during Mechanical Thrombectomy
Yang-Ha Hwang, Wonsoo Son, Yong-Won Kim, Dong-Hun Kang, Hyun-Ha Chang, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 309. CrossRef
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Xiaoli Zhang, Rongsheng Mi, Yehua Zhang, Shijie Zhang, Tao Sun, Haiyan Jia, Yan Huang, Haiyan Gong, Xiangan Han, Zhaoguo Chen
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104466. CrossRef
Development of EST-derived microsatellite markers to investigate the population structure of sparganum — the causative agent of zoonotic sparganosis
Xi Zhang, Xiu Hong, Jiang Yang Duan, Lu Lu Han, Zi Yang Hong, Peng Jiang, Zhong Quan Wang, Jing Cui
Parasitology.2019; 146(07): 947. CrossRef
Genetic Identification of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Spargana in Liaoning and Hubei Provinces, PR China
Li He, Zheng-Ming Fang, Ting Xue, Er-Fu Zhang, Chun-Li An
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 309. CrossRef
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Spirometra decipiens (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) from China
Yue Xie, Yingxin Li, Xiaobin Gu, Senzhao Zhang, Yunjian Liu, Lu Wang, Youle Zheng, Xuan Zhou, Zhicai Zuo, Guangyou Yang
Mitochondrial DNA Part B.2019; 4(2): 2788. CrossRef
Spirometra decipiens (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) Collected in A Heavily Infected Stray Cat from the Republic of Korea
Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Hansol Park, Dongmin Lee, Seongjun Choe, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(1): 87. CrossRef
Human Sparganosis in Korea
Jeong-Geun Kim, Chun-Seob Ahn, Woon-Mok Sohn, Yukifumi Nawa, Yoon Kong
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Genetic Findings of Spirometra decipiens and S. ranarum in Korea
Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(4): 359. CrossRef
Establishment of the complete life cycle of Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in the laboratory using a newly isolated triploid clone
Tetsuya Okino, Hiroshi Ushirogawa, Kumiko Matoba, Shin-ichiro Nishimatsu, Mineki Saito
Parasitology International.2017; 66(2): 116. CrossRef
Using the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA to reveal the phylogenetic position of the plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra tapeworms
Xi Zhang, Jiang Yang Duan, Zhong Quan Wang, Peng Jiang, Ruo Dan Liu, Jing Cui
Experimental Parasitology.2017; 175: 1. CrossRef
Comparative mitochondrial genomics among Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) and the molecular phylogeny of related tapeworms
Xi Zhang, Jiang Yang Duan, Ya Li Shi, Peng Jiang, De Jun Zeng, Zhong Quan Wang, Jing Cui
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2017; 117: 75. CrossRef
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in a wildcat (Felis silvestris) in Iran
Milad Badri, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Hamidreza Majidiani, Majid Pirestani
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2017; 10: 58. CrossRef

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Tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides lineatus in Chinese Snakes and Their Adults Recovered from Experimental Animals: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):531-536.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.531

Abstract
PDF

Morphological characteristics of Mesocestoides lineatus tetrathyridia collected from Chinese snakes and their adults recovered from experimental animals were studied. The tetrathyridia were detected mainly in the mesentery of 2 snake species, Agkistrodon saxatilis (25%) and Elaphe schrenckii (20%). They were 1.73 by 1.02 mm in average size and had an invaginated scolex with 4 suckers. Adult tapeworms were recovered from 2 hamsters and 1 dog, which were orally infected with 5-10 larvae each. Adults from hamsters were about 32 cm long and those from a dog were about 58 cm long. The scolex was 0.56 mm in average width with 4 suckers of 0.17 by 0.15 mm in average size. Mature proglottids measured 0.29 by 0.91 mm (av.). Ovaries and vitellaria bilobed and located in the posterior portion of proglottids. The cirrus sac was oval-shaped and located median. Testes were follicular, distributed in both lateral fields of proglottids, and 41-52 in number per proglottid. Gravid proglottids were 1.84 by 1.39 mm (av.) with a characteristic paruterine organ. Eggs were 35 by 27 ?m in average size with a hexacanth embryo. These morphological characteristics of adult worms were identical with those of M. lineatus reported previously. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the tetrathyridia detected in 2 species of Chinese snakes are the metacestodes of M. lineatus, and 2 snake species, A. saxatilis and E. schrenckii, play the role of intermediate hosts.

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Gastrointestinal parasites of cats in the Middle East (2000−2023): A literature review
Mahdi Soroushianfar, Soheil Sadr, Alireza Sazmand, Shiva Dianaty, Javad Khedri, Rolf Karl Schuster, Hassan Borji
Parasitology International.2024; 102: 102919. CrossRef
Wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) as intermediate host for Mesocestoides canislagopodis (Rudolphi, 1810) (Krabbe 1865) in Iceland
Damien Jouet, Aðalsteinn Örn Snæþórsson, Karl Skírnisson
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(9): 2119. CrossRef
Squamata reptiles as a potential source of helminth infections when preyed on by companion animals
Mariaelisa Carbonara, Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan, Riccardo Paolo Lia, Giada Annoscia, Roberta Iatta, Antonio Varcasia, Giuseppe Conte, Giovanni Benelli, Domenico Otranto
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular identification of Taenia hydatigena and Mesocestoides species based on copro-DNA analysis of wild carnivores in Mongolia
Gelegbalsan Ulziijargal, Chultemsuren Yeruult, Janchiv Khulan, Choijilsuren Gantsetseg, Toni Wandra, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Myadagsuren Narankhajid
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2020; 11: 72. CrossRef
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Post-Larval Pre-Tetrathyridia ofMesocestoidessp. (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from Ground Skink,Scincella lateralis(SAURIA: SCINCIDAE), FROM SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA
Chris T. McAllister, Vasyl V. Tkach, David Bruce Conn
Journal of Parasitology.2018; 104(3): 246. CrossRef
ПЕРВЫЕ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ДАННЫЕ ПО ТЕТРАТИРИДИЯМ РОДА MESOCESTOIDES ОТ КРАСНОЙ ПОЛЕВКИ ИЗ МАГАДАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, "Паразитология"
Н. А. Поспехова, В.В. Переверзева, Н.Е. Докучаев
Паразитология.2018; (5): 382. CrossRef
Occurrence of Mesocestoides canislagopodis (Rudolphi, 1810) (Krabbe, 1865) in mammals and birds in Iceland and its molecular discrimination within the Mesocestoides species complex
Karl Skirnisson, Damien Jouet, Hubert Ferté, Ólafur K. Nielsen
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(7): 2597. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Discovery of Larval Gnathostoma nipponicum in Frogs and Snakes from Jeju-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Ho-Choon Woo, Hong-Shik Oh, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):445-448.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.445

Abstract
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A survey was performed to find out the intermediate hosts of Gnathostoma nipponicum in Jeju-do (Province), the Republic of Korea. In August 2009 and 2010, a total of 82 tadpoles, 23 black-spotted pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata), 7 tiger keelback snakes (Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus), 6 red-tongue viper snakes (Agkistrodon ussuriensis), and 2 cat snakes (Elaphe dione) were collected in Jeju-do and examined by the pepsin-HCl digestion method. Total 5 gnathostome larvae were detected in 3 (50%) of 6 A. ussuriensis, 70 larvae in 3 of 7 (42.9%) R. tigrinus tigrinus, and 2 larvae in 2 of 82 (8.7%) frogs. No gnathostome larvae were detected in tadpoles and cat snakes. The larvae detected were a single species, and 2.17×0.22 mm in average size. They had characteristic head bulbs, muscular esophagus, and 4 cervical sacs. Three rows of hooklets were arranged in the head bulbs, and the number of hooklets in each row was 29, 33, and 36 posteriorly. All these characters were consistent with the advanced third-stage larvae of G. nipponicum. It has been first confirmed in Jeju-do that R. nigromaculata, A. ussuriensis, and R. tigrinus tigrinus play a role for intermediate and/or paratenic hosts for G. nipponicum.

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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Third-Stage Larvae in Snakeheads Purchased from a Central Part of Myanmar: Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):285-288.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.285

Abstract
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To examine the infection status of freshwater fish with Gnathostoma spp. larvae in Myanmar, we purchased 15 snakeheads, Channa striatus, from a local market in a suburban area of Naypyidaw, the new capital city. Two larval gnathostomes were collected using an artificial digestion technique, and observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The size of an intact larva was 2.65 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. The characteristic morphology of the larvae included the presence of a long esophagus (0.80 mm long), 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.43 mm long), and a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets. The number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row was 45, 48, 50, and 52, respectively. Based on these morphological characters, the larvae were identified as the advanced 3rd-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. This is the first report of detection of G. spinigerum 3rd-stage larvae in the central part of Myanmar. Our study suggests that intake of raw meat of snakehead fish in Myanmar may result in human gnathostomiasis.

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Original Article

Larval Gnathostoma hispidum detected in the red banded odd-tooth snake, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, from China: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):191-198.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.191

Abstract
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A total of 205 larval gnathostomes were collected from 18 (22.5%) of 80 red banded odd-tooth snakes, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, which had been smuggled from China and confiscated at Customs in Busan, Republic of Korea. In order to identify the species, some of the larvae were observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The larvae were 2.18 x 0.29 mm in average size, and had a pair of lips at the anterior end, a muscular esophagus, 2 pairs of cervical sacs, and brownish intestines. The head bulb was characteristically equipped with 4 rows of hooklets; the average number of hooklets in each respective row was 38.6, 40.5, 41.5, and 43.7. In SEM views, the mouth evidenced a pair of lateral lips of equal size in a half-moon shape. Each lip featured a couple of labial papillae and a small amphid located between the 2 papillae. The hooklets on the head bulb had single-pointed, posteriorly-curved tips. The cuticular spines were larger and more densely distributed on the anterior part of the body, and decreased gradually in size and number toward the posterior body. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the larvae were identified as the third stage larvae of Gnathostoma hispidum.

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