Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"virulence"

Original Article

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha Stabilization in Human Macrophages during Leishmania major Infection Is Impaired by Parasite Virulence: Ali Ben-Cheikh, Aymen Bali, Fatma Z Guerfali, Chiraz Atr, Hanène Attia, Dhafer Laouini; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):317-325.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.317

Abstract
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is one of the master regulators of immune and metabolic cellular functions. HIF-1α, a transcriptional factor whose activity is closely related to oxygen levels, is a target for understanding infectious disease control. Several studies have demonstrated that HIF-1α plays an important role during the infectious process, while its role in relation to parasite virulence has not been addressed. In this work, we studied the expression levels of HIF-1α and related angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in human macrophages infected with promastigotes of hypo- or hyper-virulent Leishmania major human isolates. L. major parasites readily subverted host macrophage functions for their survival and induced local oxygen consumption at the site of infection. In contrast to hypo-virulent parasites that induce high HIF-1α expression levels, hyper-virulent L. major reduced HIF-1α expression in macrophages under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, and consequently impeded the expression of VEGF-A mRNA. HIF-1α may play a key role during control of disease chronicity, severity, or outcome.

Citations

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Host–parasite interactions after in vitro infection of human macrophages by Leishmania major: Dual analysis of microRNA and mRNA profiles reveals regulation of key processes through time kinetics
Chiraz Atri, Ghada Mkannez, Hanène Attia, Rabiaa Manel Sghaier, Aymen Bali, Ali Ben-Cheikh, Imen Rabhi, Béatrice Regnault, David Piquemal, Kais Ghedira, Koussay Dellagi, Dhafer Laouini, Fatma Zahra Guerfali
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Emily DeMichele, Olivia Sosnowski, Andre G. Buret, Thibault Allain
Microorganisms.2023; 11(6): 1598. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Effect of Iron on Adherence and Cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica to CHO Cell Monolayers: Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):37-40.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.37

Abstract
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Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms. The possible role of iron for growth, adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated in this study. The absence of iron from TYI-S-33 medium stopped amebic growth in vitro. However, iron concentrations in the culture media of 21.4-285.6 ?M did not affect the growth of the amebae. Although growth was not retarded at these concentrations, the adhesive abilities of E. histolytica and their cytotoxicities to CHO cell monolayer were correlated with iron concentration. Amebic adhesion to CHO cell monolayers was significantly reduced by low-iron (24.6 ± 2.1%) compared with 62.7 ± 2.8 and 63.1 ± 1.4% of amebae grown in a normal-iron and high-iron media, respectively. E. histolytica cultured in the normal- and high-iron media destroyed 69.1 ± 4.3% and 72.6 ± 5.7% of cultured CHO cell monolayers, but amebae grown in the low-iron medium showed a significantly reduced level of cytotoxicity to CHO cells (2.8 ± 0.2%). Addition of divalent cations other than iron to amebic trophozoites grown in the low-iron medium failed to restore levels of the cytotoxicity. However, when E. histolytica grown in low-iron medium were transferred to normal-iron medium, the amebae showed completely restored cytotoxicity within 7 days. The result suggests that iron is an important factor in the adherence and cytotoxicity of E. histolytica to CHO cell monolayer.

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Original Articles

Identification of differentially expressed cDNAs in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni after mouse brain passage: Kyu-Lee Han, Jongweon Lee, Don-Soo Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):15-20.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.15

Abstract
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Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis. Because the virulence of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni cultured in the laboratory is restored by consecutive brain passages, we examined the genes induced in mouse brain-passaged A. culbertsoni by differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). Enhanced A. culbertsoni virulence was observed during the second mouse brain passage, i.e., infected mouse mortality increased from 5% to 70%. Ten cDNAs induced during mouse brain passage were identified by DDRT-PCR and this was confirmed by northern blot analysis. BlastX searches of these cDNAs indicated the upregulations of genes encoding predictive NADH-dehydrogenase, proteasomal ATPase, and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase B, which have previously been reported to be associated with A. culbertsoni virulence factors.

Citations

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Acanthamoeba culbertsoni: Electron‐Dense Granules in a Highly Virulent Clinical Isolate
Bibiana Chávez‐Munguía, Lizbeth Salazar‐Villatoro, Maritza Omaña‐Molina, Martha Espinosa‐Cantellano, Elizabeth Ramírez‐Flores, Jacob Lorenzo‐Morales, Adolfo Martínez‐Palomo
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2016; 63(6): 744. CrossRef
Identification of a second mimicry epitope from Acanthamoeba castellanii that induces CNS autoimmunity by generating cross-reactive T cells for MBP 89-101 in SJL mice
C. Massilamany, O. A. Asojo, A. Gangaplara, D. Steffen, J. Reddy
International Immunology.2011; 23(12): 729. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba healyi: Expressed gene profiles with enhanced virulence after mouse-brain passage
Ying-Hua Xuan, Yeon-Chul Hong, Yong-Seok Lee, Se-Won Kang, Hak-Sun Yu, Tae-In Ahn, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2009; 123(3): 226. CrossRef

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Purification and characterization of a 33 kDa serine protease from Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2 isolated from a Korean keratitis patient: Hyo-Kyung Kim, Young-Ran Ha, Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):189-196.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.189

Abstract
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In order to evaluate the possible roles of secretory proteases in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, we purified and characterized a serine protease secreted by Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2, isolated from a Korean keratitis patient. The ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatant of the isolate was purified by sequential chromatography on CM-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, and mono Q-anion exchange column. The purified 33 kDa protease had a pH optimum of 8.5 and a temperature optimum of 55℃. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl-fluoride, both serine protease specific inhibitors, inhibited almost completely the activity of the 33 kDa protease whereas other classes of inhibitors did not affect its activity. The 33 kDa enzyme degraded various extracellular matrix proteins and serum proteins. Our results strongly suggest that the 33 kDa serine protease secreted from this keratopathogenic Acanthamoeba play important roles in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, such as in corneal tissue invasion, immune evasion and nutrient uptake.

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Upregulated expression of the cDNA fragment possibly related to the virulence of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni: Kyung-Il Im, Kwang-Min Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Yong-Pyo Hong, Tae-Eun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):257-263.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.257

Abstract
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Identification of the genes responsible for the recovery of virulence in brain-passaged Acanthamoeba culbertsoni was attempted via mRNA differential display-polymerase chain reaction (mRNA DD-PCR) analysis. In order to identify the regulatory changes in transcription of the virulence related genes by the brain passages, mRNA DD-PCR was performed which enabled the display of differentially transcribed mRNAs after the brain passages. Through mRNA DD-PCR analysis, 96 brain-passaged amoeba specific amplicons were observed and were screened to identify the amplicons that failed to amplify in the non-brain-passaged amoeba mRNAs. Out of the 96 brain-passaged amoeba specific amplicons, 12 turned out to be amplified only from the brain-passaged amoeba mRNAs by DNA slot blot hybridization. The clone, A289C, amplified with an arbitrary primer of UBC #289 and the oligo dT₁₁-C primer, revealed the highest homology (49.8%) to the amino acid sequences of UPD-galactose lipid transferase of Erwinia amylovora, which is known to act as an important virulence factor. The deduced amino acid sequences of an insert DNA in clone A289C were also revealed to be similar to cpsD, which is the essential gene for the expression of type III capsule in group B streptococcus. Upregulated expression of clone A289C was verified by RNA slot blot hybridization. Similar hydrophobicity values were also observed between A289C (at residues 47-66) and the AmsG gene of E. amylovora (at residues 286-305: transmembrane domains). This result suggested that the insert of clone A289C might play the same function as galactosyl transferase controlled by the AmsG gene in E. amylovora.

Citations

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Taurine, a Component of the Tear Film, Exacerbates the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Acanthamoeba castellanii in the Ex Vivo Amoebic Keratitis Model
Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Bibiana Chávez-Munguía, Celia Esther Guevara-Estrada, Anel Lagunes-Guillén, Dolores Hernández-Martínez, Ismael Castelan-Ramírez, Maritza Omaña-Molina
Pathogens.2023; 12(8): 1049. CrossRef
Acanthamoebaspp. as Agents of Disease in Humans
Francine Marciano-Cabral, Guy Cabral
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2003; 16(2): 273. CrossRef

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Pathogenicity of Korean isolates of Acanthamoeba by observing the experimental infection and zymodemes of five isoenzymes: Kyung-Il Im, Ho-Joon Shin, Dong Whan Seo, Soung-Hoo Jeon, Tae-Eun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):85-92.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.85

Abstract
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To determine the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated in Korea and to develop a isoenzymatic maker, the mortality rate of infected mice, in vitro cytotoxicity against target cells and isoenzyme band patterns were observed. Five isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. (YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, and YM-7) were used in this study as well as three reference Acanthamoeba spp. (A. culbertsoni, A. hatchetti, and A. royreba). According to the mortality rate of infected mice, Korean isolates could be categorized into three groups: high virulent (YM-4), low virulent (YM-2, YM-5, YM-7) and the nonpathogenic group (YM-3). In addition, the virulence of Acanthamoeba spp. was enhanced by brain passage in mice. In the cytotoxicity assay against chinese hamster ovary cells, especially, the cytotoxicity of brain-passaged amoebae was relatively higher than the long-term cultivated ones. The zymodeme patterns of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), hexokinase (HK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and malic enzyme (ME) of Acanthamoeba spp. were different among each isolate, and also between long-term cultured amoebae and brain passaged ones. In spites of the polymorphic zymodemes, a slow band of G6PD and HK, and an intermediate band of MDH were only observed in pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp., which should be used as isoenzymatic makers.

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Ho-Joon Shin, Myung-Soo Cho, Suk-Yul Jung, Hyung-Il Kim, Sun Park, Jang-Hoon Seo, Jung-Chil Yoo, Kyung-Il Im
Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.2001; 8(4): 837. CrossRef
In vitro cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from contact lens containers in Korea by crystal violet staining and LDH release assay
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