The study was carried out in 10 primary schools (Buhama, Bugoro, Isenyi, Izindabo, Kabaganga, Lugata, Nyakabanga, Nyakasasa, Nyamiswi, and Muungano) located on Kome Island, Sengerema District, Mwanza, Tanzania in June 2009 (Fig. 1). Kome Island is located in a southernmost part of Lake Victoria and has a total population of about 47,000. The location of the schools is scattered all over the island, either at peripheral areas or near the central part of the island (Fig. 1). The schoolchildren were screened for malaria parasites using microscopy of peripheral blood smears, 1 smear per person. The fingerprick method was applied to draw 1-2 drops of blood. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa and examined by 2 expert parasitologists from National Institute of Medical Research at Mwanza, Tanzania. For positive samples, the Plasmodium species was determined, and parasitemia of P. falciparum was determined. The number of asexual parasites per 200 leukocytes were counted and converted to the number of parasites per µl blood assuming 8,000 leukocytes per µl blood. A 95% confidence interval of the parasitemia was calculated for each school and for total subjected (Table 1). Basic demographic data and results of the microscopic examination were analyzed using the SPSS version 18.0. The prevalence and quantitative values of malaria parasitemia were compared between schools. This study was approved by “An international cooperative project on schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases control in Mwanza area, Tanzania (2008-2013)” between Good Neighbors International, Korea and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) from Korea and National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) from Tanzania. Informed consent was obtained from the school guardians or teachers of each primary school.

A total of 244 schoolchildren (123 male and 121 female), aged 6-8 years, 15-37 in number in each primary school, were examined (Table 1). Of the 244 blood smears examined, 93 (38.1%) were positive for malaria parasites; the prevalence of P. falciparum was 38.1% (93/244) and that of P. vivax was 1.6% (4/244) (Table 1). All P. vivax cases were mixed-infected with P. falciparum, with the latter predominating. The prevalence was not different between boys and girls (data not shown). The prevalence was the highest in Izindabo Primary School (51.4%) followed by Isenyi (48.3%), Bugoro (46.7%), and Buhama Primary School (45.8%). The lowest prevalence was found in Muungano (16.7%) and Nyamiswi Primary School (16.7%). The geometric means of P. falciparum parasitemia were between 288 and 951 (overall average; 445) asexual parasites per µl blood for individual school. Isenyi Primary School revealed the highest mean parasitemia (951/µl) followed by Nyamiswi (759/µl), Buhama (494/µl), Izindabo (474/µl), and Nyakasasa Primary School (392/µl) (Table 1). The malaria prevalence in each primary school was highly correlated with the location of the school on the Island; those schools located in the peripheral parts revealed higher prevalences while those schools located in the central areas showed lower prevalences (Table 1).

The results of the present study demonstrated a markedly high malaria prevalence compared to other studies performed in different areas of Tanzania [3,4]. For example, a national survey undertaken in different parts of Tanzania reported the general malaria prevalence of less than 10% for most of the regions other than Lake Victoria regions (Mara and Geita) which showed significantly higher malaria prevalences [3]. In Kilosa district, central Tanzania, the malaria prevalence of schoolchildren was as low as 4.5% [4]. However, around the lakeside areas of Lake Victoria malaria prevalence has been reported to be quite high [5,6]. For example, in another side of Lake Victoria, Magu district, north-western Tanzania, a high malaria prevalence of 29.8% [5] to 44.9% [6] was reported among school and pre-schoolchildren. Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of P. falciparum malaria, with a few mixed-infection cases with P. vivax, among schoolchildren on Kome Island, within Victoria Lake regions of Tanzania. All these data on malaria around Lake Victoria, Tanzanian side, are similar to other reports from islands in the other side of Lake Victoria, Uganda side [7] which reported 46.4% malaria prevalence among the children age group of ≤15 years.

It is interesting to note that the malaria prevalence showed a remarkable variation according to the localities of the schools on the island. Whereas the central parts of the island revealed lower malaria prevalence, the peripheral areas showed higher malaria prevalence. This could be attributed to various reasons such as the differences in the frequency of mosquito-breeding sites, availability of insecticide-treated mosquito-net and indoor residual spray use, and other health seeking behaviors of the guardians [8-10]. Preventive and control measures including chemoprophylaxis, early active and passive case detection of patients, mosquito control, and personal protection should be implemented urgently in this area. Conclusively, the present study detected high malaria prevalence among primary schoolchildren on Kome Island, Tanzania and suggested strongly that there is an urgent need to combat with malaria (mostly falciparum malaria) in this area.