Tick infestation control is difficult, however, it may be effected by integrated pest management, whereby different control methods are adapted in a geographic area against one tick species with due consideration to their environmental effects. Recently, the development of vaccines against Boophilus spp. has provided new possibilities for the identification of protective antigens for use in vaccines for the control of tick infestations (Willadsen, 1997; de la Fuente et al., 1999, 2000; Willadsen and Jongejan, 1999; de Vos et al., 2001). Ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases, though they are considered to be the most important pathogen vector in North America (Parola and Raoult, 2001).

The hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901, is widely distributed in East Asia and Australia, and transmits pathogens that cause deteriorative diseases in human and animals (Fujisaki, 1978; Fujisaki et al., 1994). A variety of methods have been employed to suppress tick vector populations, including the application of biological control agents (Frazzon et al., 2000) and a heavy reliance on the use of chemical acaricides (Solomon, 1983). Control of ticks by vaccination would avoid environmental contamination and the selection of drug resistant ticks due to repeated acaricide application (de la Fuente et al., 1998; Garcia-Garcia et al., 1999). However, some hosts become resistant after multiple infestations and often display immune responses to substances found in tick saliva (Willadsen, 1980; Wikel, 1982; Wikel and Whelen, 1986). Moreover it has been proposed that immunization with tick extracts could induce resistance to infestation resembling the immune protection observed after repeated infestations. The success of such methods is dependent on the identification and cloning of tick molecules involved in the mediation of key physiological roles.

Recently genes for two Boophilus microplus midgutassociated molecules, Bm 86 and Bm 91, were cloned and expressed (Rand et al., 1989; Riding et al., 1994). Others have demonstrated the ability of dogs to develop resistance against Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Pogoielyi, 1966; Inokuma, 1997), and the antigens involved were shown to confer a significant protective immunity against R. sanguineus infestation in cows (Rand et al., 1989; Riding et al., 1994) and in dogs (Pogoielyi, 1966; Inokuma, 1997). Host resistance to infestation can be determined by measuring tick feeding and fecundity performance parameters; and several of these parameters have been shown to be affected by hosts resistant to other tick species (Barriga et al., 1995; Sahibi et al., 1997). Previously, we cloned the H. longicornis P27/30 gene and found by immunoblotting that anti-mouse sera against recombinant P27/30 reacts with native 27/30 kDa proteins from H. longicornis adult lysates, the results obtained suggested that the native P27/30 protein is a troponin I-like protein that has two isoforms (You et al., 2001). The most striking property of troponin I is its ability to inhibit the magnesium activated ATPase of actomyosin, but not the calcium activated ATPase of actomyosin or myosin (Zot and Potter, 1987). This indicates that in some way troponin I blocks the interaction between actin and myosin, which is responsible for the activation of MgATPase (Zot and Potter, 1987).

In the present study, when ticks ingest blood from rabbits immunized with P27/30, tick gut cells lyse via an antibody-mediated mechanism of host defense, thus provoking a reduction in tick number, weight, and reproductive cavity. We describe the effects of immunizing rabbits with recombinant P27/30 protein on tick feeding. In addition, we discuss the possible use of P27/30 as a vaccine candidate for tick control.

The effects of rP27/30 immunization on tick feeding and fecundity are summarized in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. No differences in attachment rates were observed during the initial 24 hr after nymphal and adult ticks had been introduced onto rabbit backs. In terms of feeding of larval, nymphal, and adult ticks from infestation to drop, adult ticks that fed on rP27/30-immunized rabbits were observed to feed longer (12.5 ± 0.78 days) compared to the control (7.8 ± 0.83 days) (P<0.05, Fig. 1), as did tick larvae (4.9 ± 0.3 days vs. 4.4 ± 0.2 days) (P <0.05, Fig. 1). However, no differences were observed in the duration of nymph feeding (5.6 ± 0.45 days) versus the control (5.3 ± 0.76 days) (Fig. 1). In terms of engorged rates of larval, nymphal, and adult ticks from infestation to drop-off, larval ticks that fed on rP27/30-immunized rabbits exhibited a lower attachment rate (64.4%) than the control (93.4%). No significant difference was observed for nymphs and adults (Fig. 2). The engorged body weights of larval, nymphal, and adult ticks following feeding on rP27/30-immunized rabbits were 0.62 ± 0.05, 4.1 ± 0.2, and 257 ± 10.5 mg, respectively, compared to control values of 0.66 ± 0.05, 4.2 ± 0.2, and 263 ± 12.5 mg, none of which were significant. Molting periods of larval and nymphal ticks from drop-off to molting following feeding on rP27/30-immunized rabbits were 9.0 ± 0.2 and 10.3 ± 0.2 days, respectively, versus control values of 9.0 ± 0.3 and 10.2 ± 0.5 days. An apparent reduction in egg weights was observed for adult ticks fed on rP27/30-immunized rabbits (125 ± 20 mg vs a control value of 140 ± 12 mg) (Fig. 3).

Ticks cause direct and indirect damage to livestock and disease in man. Ticks may cause severely toxic conditions, e.g. tick paralysis, various tick toxicoses, irritation, tick bite allergies, immune responses, and economic losses due to blood sucking (Sonenshine, 1991). H. longicornis is the most predominant species in East Asian pastures, and is a three-host tick and transmits theileriosis caused by Theileria sergenti/buffeli/orientalis among grazing cattle (Fujisaki, 1992; Fujisaki et al., 1994).

Tick control represents the most important part of the current global strategy to control major tick-borne diseases. H. longicornis is a vector for rickettsiae causing Q fever, viruses causing Russian spring-summer encephalitis, and for protozoa that cause theileriosis and babesiosis (Hoogstraal, 1968). Vector control has a vital role in the prevention of malaria and is the only practical option for the control of dengue and Chagas' disease (Schofield and Dias, 1999). Tick-borne diseases are particularly devastating to livestock, especially cattle, with costs estimated at about $7 billion per annum (Food and Agricultural Organization, 1995). Moreover, our failure to control ticks and tick-bornedisease is a major factor limiting livestock production world-wide.

The native P27/30 protein of H. longicornis has been suggested to be a troponin I-like protein that may have two isoforms (You et al., 2001). Troponin I is a principal component of thin filament-linked system of regulatory proteins. It also binds to actin and inhibits the actin-myosin interaction (Leavis and Gergely, 1984). This unique role requires that it must interact with each of the proteins involved, i.e., directly with actin, troponin C, and troponin T and possibly indirectly with tropomyosin and myosin (Perry, 1999). In the present study, we found that recombinant P27/30 protein expressed in E. coli stimulates a specific protective anti-tick immune response in rabbits, as demonstrated by the statistically significant longer duration of feeding required by the larval and adult forms (Fig. 1), and the low engorged rates in larval ticks (64.4%, Fig. 2). These results suggest that rabbits immunized with rP27/30 protein acquired a significant level of resistance against H. longicornis infestations. No apparent egg weights or molting period difference were observed between adult applied to rP27/30-immunized rabbits versus the controls. Egg weights in ticks fed on rP27/30-immunized rabbits tended to be lower than those of the controls. The findings of the present study are consistent with those of Kemp et al. (1986) concerning the effects of different vaccines on immature and mature H. longicornis ticks.

Several previous investigations have indicated potential applications for inducing protective immunity against ticks and analyzed the merits and demerits of using either exposed or concealed antigens as vaccine candidates. A vaccine against B. microplus, a highly adapted one-host cattle tick, has been developed with the midgut-associated immunogen Bm 86, and was found to reduce the engorged weights and egg laying rates of engorged female ticks (Willadsen et al., 1995). Tick concealed antigens produce immunity that inhibits tick fecundity, and also prevent tick feeding, whereas tick saliva proteins increase fecundity and facilitate feeding (Sahibi et al., 1997). Recent studies on tropomyosin have revealed that it may be implicated in host protective responses to microfilariae in onchocerciasis (Jenkins et al., 1998). In this study, rabbits that were immunized with rP27/30 protein showed considerable resistance to tick infestation, indicating that P27/30 protein implicated in host protective response to H. longicornis may be identical to tropomyosin. Our data also indicates that P27/30 protein may play an important role during bloodsucking in H. longicornis, suggesting the possibility that H. longicornis P27/30 protein is a potential candidate antigen for a tick vaccine.

Previous studies by Riding et al. (1994) and Willadsen et al. (1996) provided evidence that antitick immunity induced by a combination of vaccine antigens is more effective than that induced by a single antigen vaccine. Our efforts are currently directed toward cloning other concealed tick molecules for using in vaccine trials in combination with H. longicornis P27/30 protein.