Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 46(1); March 2008

Mini Review

RNA Interference in Infectious Tropical Diseases: Seokyoung Kang, Young S. Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):1-15.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.1

Abstract
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Introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into some cells or organisms results in degradation of its homologous mRNA, a process called RNA interference (RNAi). The dsRNAs are processed into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that subsequently bind to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), causing degradation of target mRNAs. Because of this sequence-specific ability to silence target genes, RNAi has been extensively used to study gene functions and has the potential to control disease pathogens or vectors. With this promise of RNAi to control pathogens and vectors, this paper reviews the current status of RNAi in protozoans, animal parasitic helminths and disease-transmitting vectors, such as insects. Many pathogens and vectors cause severe parasitic diseases in tropical regions and it is difficult to control once the host has been invaded. Intracellularly, RNAi can be highly effective in impeding parasitic development and proliferation within the host. To fully realize its potential as a means to control tropical diseases, appropriate delivery methods for RNAi should be developed, and possible off-target effects should be minimized for specific gene suppression. RNAi can also be utilized to reduce vector competence to interfere with disease transmission, as genes critical for pathogenesis of tropical diseases are knockdowned via RNAi.

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Molecular and structural analysis of a novel vitellogenin protein (SpVTG3) and its roles in the embryonic development of mud crab Scylla paramamosain
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In vivo inhibition of the Ostreid Herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) replication in juveniles of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas by a specific RNAi targeting the viral DNA polymerase gene
Carolina Gallardo-Ybarra, Arturo Sánchez-Paz, Trinidad Encinas-García, Christian Minjarez-Osorio, Adriana Muhlia-Almazán, Ariel Cruz-Villacorta, José Manuel Grijalva-Chon, Enrique De La Re Vega
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RNA Interference Applied to Crustacean Aquaculture
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Max F. Moescheid, Oliver Puckelwaldt, Mandy Beutler, Simone Haeberlein, Christoph G. Grevelding
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Integrated RNA-seq and RNAi Analysis of the Roles of the Hsp70 and SP Genes in Red-Shell Meretrix meretrix Tolerance to the Pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Yun Zheng, Shanjie Zha, Weifeng Zhang, Yinghui Dong, Jing He, Zhihua Lin, Yongbo Bao
Marine Biotechnology.2022; 24(5): 942. CrossRef
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Original Articles

Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis: Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):17-22.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.17

Abstract
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Rats develop strong resistance to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis. The present study investigated the antibodies present in the sera and bile juice of rats that were primary infected and re-infected with C. sinensis. The serum level of specific IgG antibodies, which were elevated 2 wk of the primary infection, peaked at 4 wk and subsequently remained unchanged even during re-infection. The total IgE level in serum increased slowly from 388 ng / ml to 3,426 ng / ml beginning 2 wk after the primary infection, and remained high up to 8 wk but dropped to a normal level (259 ng / ml) after treatment. In resistant re-infected rats, the serum IgE level increased rapidly and peaked within 1 wk, whereas no increase was observed in immunosuppressed rats. The serum level of specific IgA antibodies was elevated beginning 1 wk after infection, and decreased 4 wk after treatment. The total bile IgA level unchanged during the primary infection but increased in treated and re-infected rats. The elevated levels of serum IgE and bile IgA indicate that these immunoglobulins may be correlated with the development of resistance to re-infection by C. sinensis in rats.

Citations

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Bacillus subtilis spore with surface display of paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis potentializes a promising oral vaccine candidate
Hengchang Sun, Zhipeng Lin, Lu Zhao, Tingjin Chen, Mei Shang, Hongye Jiang, Zeli Tang, Xinyi Zhou, Mengchen Shi, Lina Zhou, Pengli Ren, Honglin Qu, Jinsi Lin, Xuerong Li, Jin Xu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Local immune response to primary infection and re-infection by Clonorchis sinensis in FVB mice
Eun-Min Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2017; 66(4): 436. CrossRef
Virus-like particles vaccine containing Clonorchis sinensis tegumental protein induces partial protection against Clonorchis sinensis infection
Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchiasis
Men-Bao Qian, Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, Xiao-Nong Zhou
The Lancet.2016; 387(10020): 800. CrossRef
Enhanced protection against Clonorchis sinensis induced by co‐infection with Trichinella spiralis in rats
K.‐B. Chu, S.‐S. Kim, S.‐H. Lee, H.‐S. Lee, K.‐H. Joo, J.‐H. Lee, Y.‐S. Lee, S. Zheng, F.‐S. Quan
Parasite Immunology.2014; 36(10): 522. CrossRef
Systemic and local mucosal immune responses induced by orally delivered Bacillus subtilis spore expressing leucine aminopeptidase 2 of Clonorchis sinensis
Hongling Qu, Yanquan Xu, Hengchang Sun, Jinsi Lin, Jinyun Yu, Zeli Tang, Jiqing Shen, Chi Liang, Shan Li, Wenjun Chen, Xuerong Li, Zhongdao Wu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 3095. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update
Sung-Tae Hong, Yueyi Fang
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 17. CrossRef
Strain variation in the susceptibility and immune response to Clonorchis sinensis infection in mice
Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 118. CrossRef

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A Survey of Ectoparasite Infestations in Stray Dogs of Gwang-ju City, Republic of Korea: Jeong-Hyun Chee, Jung-Kee Kwon, Ho-Seong Cho, Kyoung-Oh Cho, Yu-Jin Lee, A. M. Abd El-Aty, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):23-27.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.23

Abstract
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This study was designed to investigate the incidence of ectoparasite infestation among stray dogs in Gwang-ju City, Republic of Korea. A total of 103 stray dogs collected in the Animal Shelter of Gwang-ju City from November 2003 to August 2005 were investigated in this study. Ectoparasites of one or more genera were detected in 45.6% (47 / 103) of the dogs examined for dermatologic lesions and/or skin scrapings (from 3-5 affected areas). Otodectes cynotis was found to be the most frequent parasite (22.%, 23 / 103), followed by Sarcoptes scabiei var canis (19.4%, 20 / 103), Ctenocephalides canis (6.8%, 7 / 103), Demodex canis (4.9%, 5 / 103), and Trichodectes canis (1.0%, 1 / 103). Monospecific infestation was found in 83.0% (39 / 47) of the affected dogs, whereas concurrent infestations with 2 or more ectoparasites per animal were found in 17.0% (8 / 47) of the affected dogs. Trichodectes canis is reported for the first time in the Republic of Korea. Dogs less than 1 yr old were more heavily infected than other age groups (66.7%), and small-sized dogs of less than 3 kg body weight were more heavily infected than larger dogs (41.7%).

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Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis among Healthy People with Eosinophilia: Yong-Hun Kim, Sun Huh, Young-Bae Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):29-32.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.29

Abstract
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The aim of this study is to determine the Toxocara seropositive rate among healthy people with eosinophilia. A total of 97 people residing in Seoul who were healthy and whose blood eosinophilia was over 10%, as shown by regular health check-ups in 2004, were subjected to this study. Their sera were tested by immunoblotting and ELISA with the antigen of larval Toxocara canis excretory-secretory (ES) protein. Sixty-five sera were band-positive (67.0%). The seropositve control sera were positive to band sizes of 66 kDa, 56 kDa, 32 kDa, and 13 kDa. In ELISA, 63 sera (65.0%) were positive to T. canis ES protein. There was no significant correlation between the IgG ELISA titer and the level of eosinophilia (r = 0.156, P = 0.156). As there were insufficient data to determine whether there were cross-reactions with other helminthic infections, or whether atopy occurred, further studies are required to verify the cause of the seropositive reactions against T. canis ES antigen. Toxocariasis seropositivity is suggested to be the major cause of eosinophilia, since the Toxocara seroprevalence among Korean rural adults was shown to be approximately 5%.

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William H. Roldán, Yrma A. Espinoza, Arturo Atúncar, Emperatriz Ortega, América Martinez, Melissa Saravia
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Case Report

A Laboratory-Based Study for First Documented Case of Urinary Myiasis Caused by Larvae of Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) in Saudi Arabia: Majed H. Wakid; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):33-36.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.33

Abstract
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Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) is one of the medically important insects. Maggots from a urine sample of a 5-year-old Saudi girl were examined microscopically for identification. These maggots were cultured to become adult flies. Larvae and adults were identified using standard keys. Protozoan flagellates were obtained from the gut of the larvae. This is the first report of M. scalaris as a causative agent of urinary human myiasis in Saudi Arabia.

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Brief Communications

Effect of Iron on Adherence and Cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica to CHO Cell Monolayers: Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):37-40.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.37

Abstract
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Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms. The possible role of iron for growth, adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated in this study. The absence of iron from TYI-S-33 medium stopped amebic growth in vitro. However, iron concentrations in the culture media of 21.4-285.6 ?M did not affect the growth of the amebae. Although growth was not retarded at these concentrations, the adhesive abilities of E. histolytica and their cytotoxicities to CHO cell monolayer were correlated with iron concentration. Amebic adhesion to CHO cell monolayers was significantly reduced by low-iron (24.6 ± 2.1%) compared with 62.7 ± 2.8 and 63.1 ± 1.4% of amebae grown in a normal-iron and high-iron media, respectively. E. histolytica cultured in the normal- and high-iron media destroyed 69.1 ± 4.3% and 72.6 ± 5.7% of cultured CHO cell monolayers, but amebae grown in the low-iron medium showed a significantly reduced level of cytotoxicity to CHO cells (2.8 ± 0.2%). Addition of divalent cations other than iron to amebic trophozoites grown in the low-iron medium failed to restore levels of the cytotoxicity. However, when E. histolytica grown in low-iron medium were transferred to normal-iron medium, the amebae showed completely restored cytotoxicity within 7 days. The result suggests that iron is an important factor in the adherence and cytotoxicity of E. histolytica to CHO cell monolayer.

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The Ruddy Turnstone, Arenaria interpres interpres, a New Definitive Host for Gynaecotyla squatarolae (Digenea: Microphallidae): Min Seo, Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):41-43.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.41

Abstract
PDF

The ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres interpres, a migratory Korean bird, was proved to be a natural definitive host for Gynaecotyla squatarolae (Digenea: Microphallidae). The ruddy turnstone was found dead at the seashore of Okgu-eup, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do. The intestinal tract was examined, and 98 unknown flukes were recovered. The worms were 600 × 284 ?m in size, and had 2 ventral suckers. The seminal vesicle was large, the genital atrium was prominent, and the average egg size was 20 × 12.5 ?m. Based on these results, the worms were identified as G. squatarolae. This is the first report on the ruddy turnstone as a natural definitive host of G. squatarolae in the Republic of Korea.

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A preliminary study on some larval trematodes parasites of marine snail Cerithidea cingulata (Gmelin, 1791) in Al- faw Bay, South of Iraq

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Infections with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fishes from Two Visiting Sites of Migratory Birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 273. CrossRef
New Record of Schistorophus cirripedesmi (Nematoda: Acuariidae) from a Bar-Tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica baueri (Charadriformes: Scolopacidae) in Korea
Seongjun Choe, Hyun Kim, Junsik Lim, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Heejong Kim, Youngjun Kim, Keeseon S. Eom
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Young-Il Lee, Ok-Sik Chung, Min Seo
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Ho-Jin Yoo, Ok-Sik Chung, Min Seo
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 273. CrossRef
Discovery ofMaritrema obstipum(Digenea: Microphallidae) from Migratory Birds in Korea
Ok-Sik Chung, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Hye-Jung Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 457. CrossRef
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Ok-Sik Chung, Hye-Jung Lee, Yoo-Me Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sahng-June Kwak, Min Seo
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Hye Jung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Jin-Woo Lee, Ho Jin, Kwan-Hong Min, Yong-Jun Cho, Min Seo
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Do-Seon Lim, Ki-Ju Choi, Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai, Il-Yong Park, Yun-Kyu Park, Min Seo
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(2): 87. CrossRef

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Evaluation of the Korean Isolate-1 Tachyzoite Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Eun-Hee Shin, Dong-Hee Kim, Aifen Lin, Jo-Woon-Yi Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):45-48.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.45

Abstract
PDF

To evaluate the usefulness of the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, antigen profiles of KI-1 tachyzoites were analyzed in comparison with RH tachyzoites by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. ELISA was performed on latex agglutination (LA)-positive and negative serum samples using KI-1 and RH antigens. Immunoblotting of the KI-1 antigen showed multiple antigen bands with molecular sizes of 22-105 kDa. Among them, 1 and 6 common bands were noted against a KI-1-infected and a RH-infected human serum, respectively, which represented differences in antigenic profiles between KI-1 and RH tachyzoites. However, all 9 LA-positive human sera were found positive by ELISA, and all 12 LA-negative sera were negative by ELISA; the correlation between the ELISA titers and LA titers was high (r = 0.749). Our results suggest that tachyzoites of KI-1 may be useful for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis.

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Resistance toToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Centrocestus formosanus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) Encysted in the Freshwater Fish, Puntius brevis, from Lao PDR: Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Souvanny Phommakorn, Bounthong Sengvilaykham, Jae-Lip Kim, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):49-53.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.49

Abstract
PDF

The metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus, a minute intestinal trematode of mammals and birds, were detected in the freshwater fish, Puntius brevis, from Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR. The metacercariae were experimentally fed to mice, and adult flukes were recovered in their small intestines 7 days later. The adult flukes were morphologically characterized by having 32 (rarely 34) circumoral spines arranged in 2 alternative rows, a large bipartite seminal vesicle, an oval-shaped ovary, and an X-shaped excretory bladder. Based on these characters, the adults were identified as Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924). The taxonomic significance of C. formosanus, in relation to a closely related species, C. caninus (Leiper, 1913), is briefly discussed. It has been first verified by adult worm recovery that C. formosanus is prevalent in Vientiane areas of Lao PDR, taking the freshwater fish, P. brevis, as a second intermediate host.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(1): 107. CrossRef
Centrocestus formosanus(Heterophyidae): Human Infections and the Infection Source in Lao PDR
Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Mi Youn Lee, Hyemi Lim, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Bounlay Phommasack, Han-Jong Rim
Journal of Parasitology.2013; 99(3): 531. CrossRef
Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in humans and fish in Kratie Province, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Mi Youn Lee, Hyemi Lim, Seongjun Choe, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat, Jong-Yil Chai
Acta Tropica.2012; 124(3): 215. CrossRef
Metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in Australoheros facetus (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Brazil
Hudson Alves Pinto, Alan Lane de Melo
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2012; 21(3): 334. CrossRef
Infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in Sutchi catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in Vietnam: Associations with season, management and host age
Dinh Thi Thuy, Per Kania, Kurt Buchmann
Aquaculture.2010; 302(1-2): 19. CrossRef
Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae) as an intermediate host of Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in Brazil
Hudson Alves Pinto, Alan Lane de Melo
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2010; 52(4): 207. CrossRef
Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia
Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S69. CrossRef
Fishborne Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Yichao Yang, Xueming Li
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 249. CrossRef
Fishborne Trematode Metacercariae Detected in Freshwater Fish from Vientiane Municipality and Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
Han-Jong Rim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Bounlay Phommasack, Sithat Insisengmay
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(4): 253. CrossRef