Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"genetic diversity"

Original Articles

Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Anopheles kochi, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles vagus: ITS2-based analysis of highland transboundary populations in the Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia: Derico Hitipeuw, Raisha Nuranindita, Martini Martini, Arif Suryo Prasetyo, Jin-Hee Han, Hojong Jun, Bo Young Jeon, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Rohmadi Rohmadi, Fauzi Muh; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):228-242.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25026

Abstract
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Baseline genetic characterization of malaria vector populations provides critical data for evidence-based surveillance in persistent transmission foci. This pilot study generated preliminary genetic baseline data for Anopheles populations in the Menoreh Hills border region between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia, addressing a key geographic gap in regional vector research. Adult female mosquitoes were collected from 3 houses with reported malaria cases in Ngadirejo Village using standardized entomological methods, including human landing, animal landing, and resting collections. Specimens were morphologically identified and molecularly characterized via ITS2 gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were assessed using maximum likelihood methods, and genetic diversity indices were calculated to examine population structure. A total of 62 specimens representing 3 species were collected exclusively through animal landing collections: Anopheles vagus (48 specimens, 77.4%), Anopheles maculatus (9 specimens, 14.5%), and Anopheles kochi (5 specimens, 8.1%). An. kochi exhibited high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.709) with low nucleotide diversity (π=0.004), while An. maculatus showed lower haplotype diversity (Hd=0.480) and higher nucleotide diversity (π=0.026). Phylogenetic analysis revealed Purworejo specimens clustered with regional populations: An. kochi grouped within Clade I with Indonesian isolates; An. maculatus distributed across multiple clades; An. vagus formed a cohesive unit with other Indonesian populations. The exclusive success of animal landing collections in the Menoreh Hills highlands provides key methodological insights. This study offers essential baseline reference data, validates cost-effective genetic surveillance approaches, and supports future large-scale population connectivity studies across the Menoreh Hills malaria transmission complex.

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Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax vir genes in Pakistan: Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zin Moon, Sanghyun Lee, Sahib Gul Afridi, Hương Giang Lê, Yeonchul Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):313-322.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24036

Plasmodium vivax variant interspersed repeats (vir) refer to the key protein used for escaping the host immune system. Knowledge in the genetic variation of vir genes can be used for the development of vaccines or diagnostic methods. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the vir genes of P. vivax populations of several Asian countries, including Pakistan, which is a malaria-endemic country experiencing a significant rise in malaria cases in recent years. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 4 vir genes (vir 4, vir 12, vir 21, and vir 27) in the Pakistan P. vivax population and compared these features to those of the corresponding vir genes in other Asian countries. In Pakistan, vir 4 (S=198, H=9, Hd=0.889, Tajima’s D value=1.12321) was the most genetically heterogenous, while the features of vir 21 (S=8, H=7, Hd=0.664, Tajima’s D value =-0.63763) and vir 27 (S =25, H =11, Hd =0.682, Tajima’s D value=-2.10836) were relatively conserved. Additionally, vir 4 was the most genetically diverse among Asian P. vivax populations, although within population diversity was low. Meanwhile, vir 21 and vir 27 among all Asian populations were closely related genetically. Our findings on the genetic diversity of vir genes and its relationships between populations in diverse geographical locations contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic characteristics of vir. The high level of genetic diversity of vir 4 suggests that this gene can be a useful genetic marker for understanding the P. vivax population structure. Longitudinal genetic diversity studies of vir genes in P. vivax isolates obtained from more diverse geographical areas are needed to better understand the function of vir genes and their use for the development of malaria control measures, such as vaccines.

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Genetic polymorphisms of merozoite surface protein-3α in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan
Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Seemab Akhtar, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2025; 272: 107904. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of Duffy binding protein in Pakistan Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107421. CrossRef

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Genetic structure of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pakistan: Komal Zaib, Asifullah Khan, Muhammad Umair Khan, Ibrar Ullah, Tuấn Cường Võ, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sahib Gul Afridi; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):302-312.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24028

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

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Genetic diversity and natural selection of cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Vietnam
Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Minkyoung Cho, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Gene.2025; 968: 149731. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of Duffy binding protein in Pakistan Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107421. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 and antifolate-resistant genes in Plasmodium falciparum from Mali and Niger: Mahaman Moustapha Lamine, Rabia Maman, Abdoul Aziz Maiga, Ibrahim Maman Laminou; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):455-462.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23049

Abstract
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Since 2015, countries in the Sahel region have implemented large-scale seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). However, the mass use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine impacts the genetic diversity of malaria parasites and their sensitivity to antimalarials. This study aimed to describe and compare the genetic diversity and SP resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains in Mali and Niger. We collected 400 blood samples in Mali and Niger from children aged 3–59 months suspected of malaria. Of them, 201 tested positive (Niger, 111, 55.2%; Mali, 90, 44.8%). Polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) genetic marker showed 201 allotypes. The frequency of the RO33 allotype was significantly higher in Niger (63.6%) than in Mali (39.3%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of the K1 and MAD20 allotypes between the 2 countries. The multiplicity of infection was 2 allotypes per patient in Mali and one allotype per patient in Niger. The prevalence of strains with the triple mutants Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H and Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps437G was 18.1% and 30.2%, respectively, and 7.7% carried the quadruple mutant Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H/Pfdhps437G. Despite the significant genetic diversity of parasite populations, the level of SP resistance was comparable between Mali and Niger. The frequency of mutations conferring resistance to SP still allows its effective use in intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women and in SMC.

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Preventive interventions and diagnostic testing compliance in the management of tropical infections among patients with sickle cell disease in Tanzania
Felician Paschal Mgasa, Singeun Oh, Avelina Mgasa, Sunjoo Kang, Erasto Mbugi, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 147. CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in field isolates from central Myanmar: Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Sanghyun Lee, Zin Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Moe Kyaw Myint, Haung Naw, Byoung-Kuk Na, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):24-32.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22165

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), encoded by the polymorphic var multigene family, is a highly polymorphic antigen that plays a crucial role in the pathology of malaria. The contribution of the genetic diversity of var toward the immune escape of P. falciparum has not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of var repertoires by screening P. falciparum Duffy-binding-like α domain (PfDBLα) among field isolates from central Myanmar. Genetic analysis revealed that the D-H segments of var in Myanmar populations have an extensive polymorphic repertoire, with high numbers of unique sequence types in each individual. However, var genes from the global population, including Myanmar, shared close genetic lineages regardless of their geographic origins, indicating that they have not undergone rapid evolutionary changes.

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Exploring the Potential of miRNA-92a-3p as Lead for Sequence-Based Therapies for Malaria
Sowmya R. Prabhu, Sayandrila Paul, Shashikiran Umakanth, Manjunath Hande, Abdul Vahab Saadi, Himanshu Gupta, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
Acta Parasitologica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in field isolates: Correspondence
Amnuay Kleebayoon, Viroj Wiwanitkit
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 338. CrossRef

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Genetic Diversity and Clustering of the Rhoptry Associated Protein-1 of Plasmodium knowlesi from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo: Ummi Wahidah Azlan, Yee Ling Lau, Mun Yik Fong; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(6):393-400.
Published online December 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.6.393

Human infection with simian malaria Plasmodium knowlesi is a cause for concern in Southeast Asian countries, especially in Malaysia. A previous study on Peninsular Malaysia P. knowlesi rhoptry associated protein-1 (PkRAP1) gene has discovered the existence of dimorphism. In this study, genetic analysis of PkRAP1 in a larger number of P. knowlesi samples from Malaysian Borneo was conducted. The PkRAP1 of these P. knowlesi isolates was PCR-amplified and sequenced. The newly obtained PkRAP1 gene sequences (n = 34) were combined with those from the previous study (n = 26) and analysed for polymorphism and natural selection. Sequence analysis revealed a higher genetic diversity of PkRAP1 compared to the previous study. Exon II of the gene had higher diversity (π = 0.0172) than exon I (π = 0.0128). The diversity of the total coding region (π = 0.0167) was much higher than those of RAP1 orthologues such as PfRAP-1 (π = 0.0041) and PvRAP1 (π = 0.00088). Z-test results indicated that the gene was under purifying selection. Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network showed distinct clustering of Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo PkRAP1 haplotypes. This geographical-based clustering of PkRAP1 haplotypes provides further evidence of the dimorphism of the gene and possible existence of 2 distinct P. knowlesi lineages in Malaysia.

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Subtype–host patterns and genetic differentiation of Blastocystis sp. in the Philippines
Davin Edric V. Adao, Windell L. Rivera
Heliyon.2024; 10(7): e29019. CrossRef
Vector-borne diseases on Borneo island: a scoping review
Song-Quan Ong, Ag Shazmeer Ag Safree, Nur Badriah Asmail Ismai
Malaria Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Inter-Population Genetic Diversity and Clustering of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (pkmsp-1) of Plasmodium knowlesi Isolates from Malaysia and Thailand
Naqib Rafieqin Noordin, Yee Ling Lau, Fei Wen Cheong, Mun Yik Fong
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(5): 285. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Genetic Diversity of Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the South and East Regions of Kazakhstan and Northwestern China: Yicheng Yang, Jin Tong, Hongyin Ruan, Meihua Yang, Chunli Sang, Gang Liu, Wurelihazi Hazihan, Bin Xu, S?ndor Hornok, Kadyken Rizabek, Kulmanova Gulzhan, Zhiqiang Liu, Yuanzhi Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):103-108.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.103

Abstract
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To date, there is no report on the genetic diversity of ticks in these regions. A total of 370 representative ticks from the south and east regions of Kazakhstan (SERK) and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) were selected for molecular comparison. A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene, ranging from 631 bp to 889 bp, was used to analyze genetic diversity among these ticks. Phylogenetic analyses indicated 7 tick species including Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma anatolicum, Dermacentor marginatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Haemaphysalis erinacei from the SERK clustered together with conspecific ticks from the XUAR. The network diagram of haplotypes showed that i) Hy. asiaticum from Almaty and Kyzylorda Oblasts together with that from Yuli County of XUAR constituted haplogroup H-2, and the lineage from Chimkent City of South Kazakhstan was newly evolved; and ii) the R. turanicus ticks sampled in Israel, Almaty, South Kazakhstan, Usu City, Ulugqat and Baicheng Counties of XUAR were derivated from an old lineage in Alataw City of XUAR. These findings indicate that: i) Hy. asiaticum, R. turanicus and Ha. erinacei shared genetic similarities between the SERK and XUAR; and ii) Hy. marginatum and D. reticulatus show differences in their evolution.

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Population genetic structure and demographic history of Dermacentor marginatus Sulzer, 1776 in Anatolia
Ömer Orkun, Eneshan Sarıkaya, Anıl Yılmaz, Mesut Yiğit, Zati Vatansever
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The genetic diversity of tick species in selected areas of Qinghai Province
Xuelian Chen, Zhi Li, Xueyong Zhang, Hong Duo, Xiuying Shen, Yijun Ma, Yong Fu, Zhihong Guo
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphological, distributional, and molecular study of the Phlebotomus sand flies of Jordan
Rami M. Mukbel, Dania A. Kanaan, Marwan M. Abu Halaweh, Zuhair S. Amr
Journal of Vector Ecology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
East-to-west dispersal of bird-associated ixodid ticks in the northern Palaearctic: Review of already reported tick species according to longitudinal migratory avian hosts and first evidence on the genetic connectedness of Ixodes apronophorus between Sibe
Andor Pitó, Denis Fedorov, Vojtěch Brlík, Jenő Kontschán, Gergő Keve, Attila D. Sándor, Nóra Takács, Sándor Hornok
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2024; 6: 100201. CrossRef
Theileria and Babesia infection in cattle – First molecular survey in Kazakhstan
Marat Kuibagarov, Riza Makhamed, Assylbek Zhylkibayev, Maxat Berdikulov, Sarsenbay Abdrakhmanov, Mazhit Kozhabayev, Ilyas Akhmetollayev, Kasim Mukanov, Anara Ryskeldina, Yerlan Ramankulov, Alexandr Shustov, Christian Bauer, Alexandr Shevtsov
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2023; 14(1): 102078. CrossRef
Spotted fever group rickettsiae in hard ticks in eastern and southern Kazakhstan
Qiaoyan Dong, Meihua Yang, Fengshi Li, Yuqing Jia, Kadyken Rizabek, Kenesbay Kairullayev, Otarbayev Bauyrzhan, Ketan Adil, Kazkhan Oralhazi, Yuanzhi Wang
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2023; 14(6): 102238. CrossRef
First detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum in Tibet, China
Jun Jiao, Yonghui Yu, Peisheng He, Weiqiang Wan, Xuan OuYang, Bohai Wen, Yi Sun, Xiaolu Xiong
Zoonoses.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand using PvMSP1, PvMSP3 (PvMSP3α, PvMSP3β) Genes and Eight Microsatellite Markers: Supinya Thanapongpichat, Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):469-479.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.469

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax is usually considered morbidity in endemic areas of Asia, Central and South America, and some part of Africa. In Thailand, previous studies indicated the genetic diversity of P. vivax in malaria-endemic regions such as the western part of Thailand bordering with Myanmar. The
objective
of the study is to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax circulating in Southern Thailand by using 3 antigenic markers and 8 microsatellite markers. Dried blood spots were collected from Chumphon, Phang Nga, Ranong and, Surat Thani provinces of Thailand. By PCR, 3 distinct sizes of PvMSP3α, 2 sizes of PvMSP3β and 2 sizes of PvMSP1 F2 were detected based on the length of PCR products, respectively. PCR/RFLP analyses of these antigen genes revealed high levels of genetic diversity. The genotyping of 8 microsatellite loci showed high genetic diversity as indicated by high alleles per locus and high expected heterozygosity (H_E). The genotyping markers also showed multiple-clones of infection. Mixed genotypes were detected in 4.8% of PvMSP3α, 29.1% in PvMSP3β and 55.3% of microsatellite markers. These results showed that there was high genetic diversity of P. vivax isolated from Southern Thailand, indicating that the genetic diversity of P. vivax in this region was comparable to those observed other areas of Thailand.

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Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Honduras in the malaria elimination phase
Alejandro Zamora, Alejandra Pinto, Denis Escobar, Hugo O. Valdivia, Lesly Chaver, Gloria Ardón, Erick Carranza, Gustavo Fontecha
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 7: 100230. CrossRef
Genetic Structure of Introduced Plasmodium vivax Malaria Isolates in Greece, 2015–2019
Ioanna Spiliopoulou, Danai Pervanidou, Nikolaos Tegos, Maria Tseroni, Agoritsa Baka, Annita Vakali, Chrisovaladou-Niki Kefaloudi, Vasilios Papavasilopoulos, Anastasia Mpimpa, Eleni Patsoula
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(5): 102. CrossRef
Asymptomatic Malaria Reservoirs in Honduras: A Challenge for Elimination
Sharon Banegas, Denis Escobar, Alejandra Pinto, Marcela Moncada, Gabriela Matamoros, Hugo O. Valdivia, Allan Reyes, Gustavo Fontecha
Pathogens.2024; 13(7): 541. CrossRef
Distinct Allelic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 3-Alpha (PvMSP-3α) Gene in Thailand Using PCR-RFLP
Kanyanan Kritsiriwuthinan, Warunee Ngrenngarmlert, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich, Supaksajee Phuagthong, Kantima Choosang, Jianbing Mu
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai–Myanmar Border during the Period of 2006–2016
Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Kesara Na-Bangchang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(4): 210. CrossRef
Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in northwestern Thailand
Parsakorn Tapaopong, Gustavo da Silva, Sittinont Chainarin, Chayanut Suansomjit, Khajohnpong Manopwisedjaroen, Liwang Cui, Cristian Koepfli, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Wang Nguitragool
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 113: 105467. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-3 Alpha and Beta from Diverse Geographic Areas of Thailand
Jiraporn Kuesap, Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Mathirut Mungthin
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2022; 75(3): 241. CrossRef
Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency among Malaria Patients in Southern Thailand: 8 Years Retrospective Study
Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(1): 15. CrossRef
PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genotyping reveals higher genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax parasites from migrant workers than residents at the China-Myanmar border
Xiaosong Li, Yao Bai, Yanrui Wu, Weilin Zeng, Zheng Xiang, Hui Zhao, Wei Zhao, Xi Chen, Mengxi Duan, Xun Wang, Wenya Zhu, Kemin Sun, Yiman Wu, Yanmei Zhang, Yucheng Qin, Benjamin M. Rosenthal, Liwang Cui, Zhaoqing Yang
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2022; 106: 105387. CrossRef
Genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan using circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (pvmsp-1) genes as genetic markers
Zainab Bibi, Anam Fatima, Rehana Rani, Ayesha Maqbool, Samea Khan, Shumaila Naz, Shahid Waseem
Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Low Levels of Polymorphisms and Negative Selection in Plasmodum knowlesi Merozoite Surface Protein 8 in Malaysian Isolates: Md Atique Ahmed, Hae-Ji Kang, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):445-450.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.445

Abstract
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Human infections due to the monkey malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is increasingly being reported from most Southeast Asian countries specifically Malaysia. The parasite causes severe and fatal malaria thus there is a need for urgent measures for its control. In this study, the level of polymorphisms, haplotypes and natural selection of full-length pkmsp8 in 37 clinical samples from Malaysian Borneo along with 6 lab-adapted strains were investigated. Low levels of polymorphism were observed across the full-length gene, the double epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains were mostly conserved, and non-synonymous substitutions were absent. Evidence of strong negative selection pressure in the non-EGF regions were found indicating functional constrains acting at different domains. Phylogenetic haplotype network analysis identified shared haplotypes and indicated geographical clustering of samples originating from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. This is the first study to genetically characterize the full-length msp8 gene from clinical isolates of P. knowlesi from Malaysia; however, further functional characterization would be useful for future rational vaccine design.

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Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication
Wenn-Chyau Lee, Fei Wen Cheong, Amirah Amir, Meng Yee Lai, Jia Hui Tan, Wei Kit Phang, Shahhaziq Shahari, Yee-Ling Lau
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Mini Review

Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Causing Epidemic Malaria in the Republic of Korea: Young Yil Bahk, Jeonga Kim, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):545-552.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.545

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax is more challenging to control and eliminate than P. falciparum due to its more asymptomatic infections with low parasite densities making diagnosis more difficult, in addition to its unique biological characteristics. The potential re-introduction of incidence cases, either through borders or via human migrations, is another major hurdle to sustained control and elimination. The Republic of Korea has experienced re-emergence of vivax malaria in 1993 but is one of the 32 malaria-eliminating countries to-date. Despite achieving successful nationwide control and elimination of vivax malaria, the evolutionary characteristics of vivax malaria isolates in the Republic of Korea have not been fully understood. In this review, we present an overview of the genetic variability of such isolates to increase understanding of the epidemiology, diversity, and dynamics of vivax populations in the Republic of Korea.

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Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai–Myanmar Border during the Period of 2006–2016
Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Kesara Na-Bangchang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(4): 210. CrossRef
Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination
Yuling Li, Yubing Hu, Yan Zhao, Qinghui Wang, Huguette Gaelle Ngassa Mbenda, Veerayuth Kittichai, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Lynette Menezes, Xiaoming Liu, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Genetic Diversity of Ascaris in China Assessed Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers: Chunhua Zhou, Shaoqing Jian, Weidong Peng, Min Li; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):175-181.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.175

The giant roundworm Ascaris infects pigs and people worldwide and causes serious diseases. The taxonomic relationship between Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 258 Ascaris specimens from humans and pigs from 6 sympatric regions in Ascaris-endemic regions of China using existing simple sequence repeat data. The microsatellite markers showed a high level of allelic richness and genetic diversity in the samples. Each of the populations demonstrated excess homozygosity (Ho<He, Fis>0). According to a genetic differentiation index (Fst=0.0593), there was a highlevel of gene flow in the Ascaris populations. A hierarchical analysis on molecular variance revealed remarkably high levels of variation within the populations. Moreover, a population structure analysis indicated that Ascaris populations fell into 3 main genetic clusters, interpreted as A. suum, A. lumbricoides, and a hybrid of the species. We speculated that humans can be infected with A. lumbricoides, A. suum, and the hybrid, but pigs were mainly infected with A. suum. This study provided new information on the genetic diversity and population structure of Ascaris from human and pigs in China, which can be used for designing Ascaris control strategies. It can also be beneficial to understand the introgression of host affiliation.

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Diversity of vir Genes in Plasmodium vivax from Endemic Regions in the Republic of Korea: an Initial Evaluation: Ui-han Son, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Sanghyun Lee, Hae Soo Yun, Jung-Yeon Kim, So-Young Joo, Sookwan Jeong, Man Hee Rhee, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Dongmi Kwak, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):149-158.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.149

Variant surface antigens (VSAs) encoded by pir families are considered to be the key proteins used by many Plasmodium spp. to escape the host immune system by antigenic variation. This attribute of VSAs is a critical issue in the development of a novel vaccine. In this regard, a population genetic study of vir genes from Plasmodium vivax was performed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Eighty-five venous blood samples and 4 of the vir genes, namely vir 27, vir 21, vir 12, and vir 4, were selected for study. The number of segregating sites (S), number of haplotypes (H), haplotype diversity (Hd), DNA diversity (π and Θ_w), and Tajima’s D test value were conducted. Phylogenetic trees of each gene were constructed. The vir 21 (S=143, H=22, Hd=0.827) was the most genetically diverse gene, and the vir 4 (S=6, H=4, Hd=0.556) was the opposite one. Tajima’s D values for vir 27 (1.08530, p>0.1), vir 12 (2.89007, p<0.01), and vir 21 (0.40782, p>0.1) were positive, and that of vir 4 (-1.32162, p>0.1) was negative. All phylogenetic trees showed 2 clades with no particular branching according to the geographical differences and cluster. This study is the first survey on the vir genes in ROK, providing information on the genetic level. The sample sequences from vir 4 showed a clear difference to the Sal-1 reference gene sequence, whereas they were very similar to those from Indian isolates.

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Brief Communication

Different Clinical Outcomes of Entamoeba histolytica in Malaysia: Does Genetic Diversity Exist?: Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Mohamed Kamel Abdul Ghani, Siti Nor Azreen, Fatmah Md Salleh, Nuraffini Ghazali, Mekadina Bernadus, Norhayati Moktar; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):231-236.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.231

Abstract
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The present study was conducted to investigate the clinical outcomes of Entamoeba histolytica infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic Orang Asli (aborigine) communities in Malaysia. Examination was performed on 500 stool samples obtained from Orang Asli communities in 3 different states using formalin-ether concentration, trichrome staining, and single-round PCR techniques. Out of 500 stool samples, single infection of E. histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii was identified in 3.2%, 13.4%, and 1%, respectively. In addition, 10 samples had mixed infections with E. histolytica and E. dispar. Six samples containing E. dispar were also positive for E. moshkovskii, and only 2 samples had E. histolytica in association with E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. Seventeen E. histolytica-positive samples were from symptomatic subjects, whereas the remaining 11 samples came from asymptomatic subjects. These findings suggest a predominant distribution of pathogenic potential of E. histolytica strains in this community. Therefore, further studies on genotyping of E. histolytica is required, to find out association between E. histolytica genotype and the outcome of the infection.

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Articles from Symposium on Asian Taenia (October 2011, Osong, Korea)

Genetic Diversity of Taenia asiatica from Thailand and Other Geographical Locations as Revealed by Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit 1 Sequences: Malinee Thairungroj Anantaphruti, Urusa Thaenkham, Dorn Watthanakulpanich, Orawan Phuphisut, Wanna Maipanich, Tippayarat Yoonuan, Supaporn Nuamtanong, Somjit Pubampen, Surapol Sanguankiat; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):55-59.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.55

Abstract
PDF

Twelve 924 bp cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial DNA sequences from Taenia asiatica isolates from Thailand were aligned and compared with multiple sequence isolates from Thailand and 6 other countries from the GenBank database. The genetic divergence of T. asiatica was also compared with Taenia saginata database sequences from 6 different countries in Asia, including Thailand, and 3 countries from other continents. The results showed that there were minor genetic variations within T. asiatica species, while high intraspecies variation was found in T. saginata. There were only 2 haplotypes and 1 polymorphic site found in T. asiatica, but 8 haplotypes and 9 polymorphic sites in T. saginata. Haplotype diversity was very low, 0.067, in T. asiatica and high, 0.700, in T. saginata. The very low genetic diversity suggested that T. asiatica may be at a risk due to the loss of potential adaptive alleles, resulting in reduced viability and decreased responses to environmental changes, which may endanger the species.

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Aman D. Moudgil, Anil K. Nehra, Pallavi Moudgil
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Satyendra K. Singh, Kashi N. Prasad, Aloukick K. Singh, Kamlesh K. Gupta, Ranjeet S. Chauhan, Amrita Singh, Avinash Singh, Ravi P. Rai, Binod K. Pati
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Malinee Thairungroj Anantaphruti
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(1): 37. CrossRef

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Original Article

Genetic Variability of Antigen B among Echinococcus granulosus Egyptian Isolates: Gihan M. Tawfeek, Hala S. Elwakil, Nabil S. Awad, Laila El-Hoseiny, Hala S. Thabet, Rania M. Sarhan, Samar K. Darweesh, Wagida A. Anwar; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):259-264.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.259

Abstract
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Genetic polymorphisms of encoding antigen B2 gene (AgB2) in Echinococcus granulosus were studied using PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing among 20 Egyptian isolates. Five isolates from different host origins (humans, camels, pigs, and sheep) were collected and used. All examined isolates of each host group gave very similar patterns of PCR-RFLP after restriction enzyme digestion with AluI, with the gene size of approximately 140 bp and 240 bp for sheep and human isolates, and approximately 150 bp and 250 bp for pig and camel isolates. No digestion pattern was obtained after incubation of all studied isolates with EcoRI. These results reveal high intra-group homogeneity. DNA sequence analysis highlighted that human infecting strain showed 100% identity with respect to sheep infecting isolate, 96% and 99% with pig and camel infecting isolates, respectively.

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Harun Kaya Kesik, Figen Celik, Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc, Muhammet Uslug, Sami Simsek
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Taner Tarladaçalışır, Canan Eryıldız, Kıymet Tabakçıoğlu, Nermin Şakru
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Parisa Asheri, Abolfazl Miahipour, Mohammad Zibaei, Hamid Hosseini
International Journal of Enteric Pathogens.2021; 9(3): 90. CrossRef
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Acta Tropica.2019; 199: 105099. CrossRef
Sero-epidemiological value of some hydatid cyst antigen in diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis
Mohey Abdelhafez Hassanain, Raafat Mohamed Shaapan, Fathia Abdelrazik M. Khalil
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2016; 40(1): 52. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of cystic echinococcosis: First record of G7 in Egypt and G1 in Yemen
Yosra H. Alam-Eldin, Heba E. Abdel Aaty, Mona A. Ahmed
Acta Parasitologica.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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Abdul Jabbar, Robin B. Gasser
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Comparative analysis of the diagnostic performance of crude sheep hydatid cyst fluid, purified antigen B and its subunit (12 Kda), assessed by ELISA, in the diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis
Gihan M. Tawfeek, Hala S. Elwakil, Laila El-hoseiny, Hala S. Thabet, Rania M. Sarhan, Nabil S. Awad, Wagida A. Anwar
Parasitology Research.2011; 108(2): 371. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Genetic variance of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by Southern hybridization: Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Myeong-Heon Shin, Youl-Hee Cho; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):207-211.
Published online September 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.207

Abstract
PDF

In the present study, genomic DNAs were purified from Korean isolates (KT8, KT6, KT-Kim and KT-Lee) and foreign strains (CDC85, IR78 and NYH 286) of Trichomonas vaginalis, and hybridized with a probe based on the repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis to observe the genetic differences. By Southern hybridization, all isolates of T. vaginalis except the NYH286 strain had 11 bands. Therefore all isolates examined were distinguishable into 3 groups according to their banding patterns; i) KT8, KT6 and KT-Kim isolates had 11 identical bands such as 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb, 1.9 kb, 2.3 kb, 2.7 kb, 3.2 kb, 3.4 kb, 3.8 kb, 4.9 kb and 6.0 kb. ii) The metronidazole-resistant IR78 strain had the same bands as KT-Lee isolate at bands of 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb, 1.8 kb, 2.1 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.7 kb, 2.9 kb, 3.4 kb, 5.0 kb and 6.0 kb. Bands of CDC85, metronidazole-resistant strain, were similar to those of IR78 and KT-Lee, except that 3.2 kb replaced 2.9 kb. iii) NYH286 particularly had 12 bands and band patterns were similar to IR78 with a few exceptions as follows: i) 6.2 kb in place of 6.0 kb, ii) 2.0 kb and 2.2 kb instead of 2.1 kb. Through the results obtained, genetic variance of T. vaginalis isolates was demonstrated by Southern hybridization.

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