This study aimed to investigate the infection status and species diversity of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from canal networks in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand. The snails were collected from 35 sites during 2 cycles of the wet (July–October) and dry (November–June) seasons in 2018–2019. A total of 29,420 snails representing 24 species/subspecies were examined for cercarial infection using shedding and crushing techniques. We found that 1,275 snails from 12 species/subspecies were infected, resulting in an overall prevalence of 4.3%. Infections were significantly higher (p<0.001) during the wet season (5.9%; 970/16,473) than during the dry season (2.4%; 305/12,947). Morphological identification revealed 37 distinct types within 15 morphotypes, with the armatae morphotype showing the highest infection rate (1.8%) and the greatest cercarial diversity (8 distinct types). This study highlights the health risk posed by the Bithynia siamensis siamensis, which was the second most prevalent (8.5%) and hosted the greatest cercarial diversity (11 morphotypes, 15 distinct types). This subspecies also displayed a wide distribution range (31 localities) with a generally high occurrence frequency in the BMR. This study firstly documents a gymnophallid digenean as a freshwater digenean, presenting evidence of a dichotoma cercarial morphotype from 4 species/subspecies (Filopaludina martensi martensi, F. sumatrensis polygramma, B. siamensis siamensis, and Wattebledia siamensis) with a low infection range (0.1–0.4%). A staggering diversity of cercariae was observed in the BMR canal networks with seasonal fluctuations. The B. siamensis siamensis displayed notable epidemiological importance in the BMR flowing-water networks. This study provides quantitative and qualitative morphological descriptions and measurement guidelines for the dichotoma cercaria in Thailand.
Life cycle stages, including daughter sporocysts, cercariae, and metacercariae, of Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974 (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) have been found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Aphaedo (Island), Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. The daughter sporocysts were elongated sac-like and 307-570 (av. 395) μm long and 101-213 (av. 157) μm wide. Most of the daughter sporocysts contained 15-20 furcocercous cercariae each. The cercariae measured 112-146 (av. 134) μm in total length and 35-46 (av. 40) μm in width, with 69-92 (av. 85) μm long body and 39-54 (av. 49) μm long tail. The metacercariae were 210-250 (av. 231) μm in length and 170-195 (av. 185) μm in width, and characterized by having a large oral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, strongly suggesting P. duboisi. The metacercariae were experimentally infected to ICR mice, and adults were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The adult flukes were morphologically similar to the metacercariae except in the presence of up to 20 eggs in the uterus. The daughter sporocysts and metacercariae were molecularly (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) analyzed to confirm the species, and the results showed 99.8-99.9% identity with P. duboisi reported from Kyushu, Japan and Gochang, Korea. These results confirmed the presence of various life cycle stages of P. duboisi in the Manila clam, R. philippinarum, playing the role of the first as well as the second intermediate host, on Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Spatial patterns of trematode-induced pits on bivalve skeletons: Challenges and prospects for research on parasite-host dynamics Alexis Rojas, John Warren Huntley, Monica Caffara, Daniele Scarponi The Holocene.2025; 35(12): 1259. CrossRef
Pearl formation associated with gymnophallid metacercariae in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Northwestern Adriatic coast: Preliminary observations Erica Marchiori, Francesco Quaglio, Giovanni Franzo, Ginevra Brocca, Sonja Aleksi, Pietrogiovanni Cerchier, Rudi Cassini, Federica Marcer Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.2023; 196: 107854. CrossRef
Molecular phylogeny, distribution, and pathogenicity of a novel thraustochytrid protist in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, on the west and south coasts of Korea Biyun Zhao, Seung-Hyeon Kim, Dae-Woong Koh, S.D.N.K. Bathige, Kwang-Sik Choi, Kyung-Il Park Aquaculture.2023; 575: 739779. CrossRef
Biotic and abiotic drivers affect parasite richness, prevalence and abundance inMytilus galloprovincialisalong the Northern Adriatic Sea C. Bommarito, M. Wahl, D.W. Thieltges, C. Pansch, M. Zucchetta, F. Pranovi Parasitology.2022; 149(1): 15. CrossRef
Effects of larval trematode parasitism on the reproductive capacity of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in a sandy-mud tidal flat on the west coast of Korea Young-Ghan Cho, Hye-Mi Lee, Jeong-Hwa Kim, Jong-Seop Shin, Hee-Do Jeung, Kwang-Sik Choi Frontiers in Marine Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Negative Impacts of Perkinsus olseni Infection in Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Observed from Tidal Flats in Anmyeondo Island on the West Coast of Korea During Post-Spawning Period Hye-Mi Lee, Kyung-Il Park, Hyun-Sung Yang, Kwang-Sik Choi Ocean Science Journal.2021; 56(3): 307. CrossRef
Gymnophallid metacercariae found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (‘Banjirak’ in Korean) from Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea were morphologically and molecularly confirmed to be Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974. The metacercariae were morphologically characterized by having a large oral sucker, small ventral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, which were all compatible with P. duboisi. Some of the metacercariae were experimentally fed to mice, and adult flukes were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The morphology of the adult flukes was basically the same as that of the metacercariae except for the presence of uterine eggs; the uterus was filled with up to 40 eggs. The nucleotide sequences (1,193 bp) from ITS regions (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2) of the metacercariae showed 99.7% identity with P. duboisi and 75.7% identity with Gymnophalloides seoi deposited in GenBank. These results confirmed the presence of P. duboisi metacercariae in the Manila clam R. philippinarum in an estuary region of Gochang-gun, Korea.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Survey of trematodes in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum on the west coast of Korea: A preliminary study Cuong Thanh Le, Hee-Do Jeung, Young-Ghan Cho, Kwang-Sik Choi Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.2024; 206: 108172. CrossRef
Description of a New Species of Bacciger (Digenea: Gymnophalloidea) Infecting the American Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur, 1818), and Molecular Characterization of Cercaria rangiae Wardle, 1983, with Molecular Phylogeny of Related Digenea Stephen S. Curran, Micah B. Warren, Stephen A. Bullard Comparative Parasitology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hojong Jun, Min-Jae Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 83. CrossRef
Morphological and molecular characterization of larval digenean trematodes (Parvatrema: Gymnophallidae) and their pathological effects on the clam Leukoma thaca (=Protothaca thaca) (Bivalvia:Veneridae) (Molina, 1782) from northern Chile Diana Montenegro, María Soledad Romero, María Teresa González Parasitology International.2021; 80: 102238. CrossRef
Adult worms of Parvatrema spp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) were found in the intestines of 2 species of migratory birds, i.e., a great knot, Calidris tenuirostris, and 2 Mongolian plovers, Charadrius mongolus, in the coastal area of Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do in October 2009. The recovered Parvatrema worms were 79 in total number and composed of 2 species. The worms from a great knot were 289 ?m in length with the oral and ventral sucker ratio of 2 : 1. They had a single vitellarium, and their intrauterine eggs were 25.0 × 17.5 ?m in size. These findings were compatible with P. duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974 (syn. P. timondavidi Bartoli, 1963). The worms recovered from the Mongolian plovers were smaller in length than P. duboisi and had 2 vitellaria. The oral and ventral sucker ratio was 2.5 : 1, and the eggs were 17.5 × 8.8 ?m in size. These worms were assigned to be P. homoeotecnum James, 1964. This is the first report on the natural final hosts of Parvatrema spp. in Korea.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Parvatrema spp. (Digenea, Gymnophallidae) with parthenogenetic metacercariae: diversity, distribution and host specificity in the palaearctic Kirill V. Galaktionov, Anna Gonchar, Daria Postanogova, Aleksei Miroliubov, Semen Yu. Bodrov International Journal for Parasitology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hojong Jun, Min-Jae Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 83. CrossRef
Molecular data reshape our understanding of the life cycles of three digeneans (Monorchiidae and Gymnophallidae) infecting the bivalve, Donax variabilis: it’s just a facultative host! Kristina M. Hill-Spanik, Claudia Sams, Vincent A. Connors, Tessa Bricker, Isaure de Buron Parasite.2021; 28: 34. CrossRef
Morphological and Molecular Confirmation of Parvatrema duboisi Metacercariae in the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Gochang-gun, Korea Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyejoo Shin, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Deok-Gyu Kim, Laddawan Patarwut, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 87. CrossRef
Infections with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fishes from Two Visiting Sites of Migratory Birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 273. CrossRef
Fossils of parasites: what can the fossil record tell us about the evolution of parasitism? Tommy L. F. Leung Biological Reviews.2017; 92(1): 410. CrossRef
New Record of Schistorophus cirripedesmi (Nematoda: Acuariidae) from a Bar-Tailed Godwit, Limosa lapponica baueri (Charadriformes: Scolopacidae) in Korea Seongjun Choe, Hyun Kim, Junsik Lim, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Heejong Kim, Youngjun Kim, Keeseon S. Eom The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 349. CrossRef
Seasonality and host–parasite interrelationship of Mytilus galloprovincialis parasites in Turkish Black Sea coasts Ahmet Özer, Sevilay Güneydağ Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.2015; 95(8): 1591. CrossRef
First report of Urosporidium sp., a haplosporidian hyperparasite infecting digenean trematode Parvatrema duboisi in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum on the west coast of Korea Thanh Cuong Le, Hyun-Sil Kang, Hyun-Ki Hong, Kwang-Jae Park, Kwang-Sik Choi Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.2015; 130: 141. CrossRef
Discovery ofMaritrema obstipum(Digenea: Microphallidae) from Migratory Birds in Korea Ok-Sik Chung, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Hye-Jung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 457. CrossRef
Parvatrema chaii n. sp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) is described using the worms recovered from experimentally infected mice in Korea. The metacercariae were collected from surf-clams, Mactra veneriformis, from a tidal flat in Sochon-gun, Chungchongnam-do. The metacercariae were elliptical (0.262 × 0.132 mm), and the genital pore had an anterior arch of 16-17 sensory papillae in scanning electron microscopic view. Adult worms were ovoid to foliate (0.275-0.303 by 0.140-0.150 mm), and their characteristic features included the presence of lateral lips, short esophagus, genital pore located some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, club-shaped seminal vesicle, a compact to slightly lobed vitellarium, elliptical eggs (0.018-0.020 by 0.010-0.013 mm), and absence of the ventral pit. This gymnophallid is classified as a member of the genus Parvatrema because of the location of the wide genital pore some distance from the ventral sucker, and the absence of the ventral pit. It differs from previously reported Parvatrema species, including the type species, P. borinquenae. In particular, the morphologies of the vitellarium and the genital pore with an anterior arch of 16-17 sensory papillae are unique features. Therefore, we propose it as a new species, Parvatrema chaii n. sp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae).
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Parvatrema spp. (Digenea, Gymnophallidae) with parthenogenetic metacercariae: diversity, distribution and host specificity in the palaearctic Kirill V. Galaktionov, Anna Gonchar, Daria Postanogova, Aleksei Miroliubov, Semen Yu. Bodrov International Journal for Parasitology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hojong Jun, Min-Jae Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 83. CrossRef
Morphological and molecular characterization of larval digenean trematodes (Parvatrema: Gymnophallidae) and their pathological effects on the clam Leukoma thaca (=Protothaca thaca) (Bivalvia:Veneridae) (Molina, 1782) from northern Chile Diana Montenegro, María Soledad Romero, María Teresa González Parasitology International.2021; 80: 102238. CrossRef
Morphological and Molecular Confirmation of Parvatrema duboisi Metacercariae in the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Gochang-gun, Korea Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyejoo Shin, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Deok-Gyu Kim, Laddawan Patarwut, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 87. CrossRef
Prevalence and Density of Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Clams and Oysters from Western Coastal Regions of the Republic of Korea Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(4): 399. CrossRef
Enigmatic septa in shells of some Middle Jurassic
Pholadomya
(Bivalvia) from Poland
Przemysław Sztajner Lethaia.2016; 49(3): 351. CrossRef
Two new species of Parspina Pearse, 1920 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from freshwater fishes (Gymnotiformes) of the Paraná River basin in Argentina Margarita C. Ostrowski de Núñez, Nathalia J. Arredondo, Alicia A. Gil de Pertierra Systematic Parasitology.2011; 80(1): 67. CrossRef
Redescription of Parspina argentinensis (Szidat, 1954) (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from freshwater fishes (Pimelodidae) in the basins of the Paraná and La Plata Rivers, Argentina, with comments on P. bagre Pearse, 1920 Margarita C. Ostrowski de Núñez, Nathalia J. Arredondo, Irene L. Doma, Alicia A. Gil de Pertierra Systematic Parasitology.2011; 78(1): 27. CrossRef
Discovery ofParvatrema duboisiandParvatrema homoeotecnum(Digenea: Gymnophallidae) from Migratory Birds in Korea Ok-Sik Chung, Hye-Jung Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Yun-Kyu Park, Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(3): 271. CrossRef
Mactra veneriformis, an Intertidal Clam, as a New Second Intermediate Host for Acanthoparyphium marilae (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) Eun-Taek Han, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(2): 101. CrossRef
A nationwide survey was performed to know the distribution and prevalence of human Gymnophalloides seoi infection on western and southern coastal islands in the Republic of Korea. A total of 4,178 fecal specimens were collected from residents on 45 (24 western and 21 southern) islands, and examined by Kato-Katz and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. Eggs of G. seoi were detected from 160 (3.8%) people living on 22 (13 western and 9 southern) islands. The prevalence varied by the location of islands; higher on western islands than on southern islands. The highest prevalence was found on Amtaedo (25.3%), followed by Cheungdo (25.0%), and Anchwado (20.9%) (Shinan-gun). A little lower prevalence was observed on Munyodo (13.3%), Shinshido (12.9%), and Sonyudo (10.3%) (Kunsan-shi). Of the remaining islands, the regions showing the prevalence greater than 5% included Kohado, Dallido (Mokpo-shi), Pyeongildo, Kogumdo (Wando-gun), and Keogumdo (Kohung-gun). A strong age predilection was noted (p < 0.05); 95% of the infected people were over 40 years old. Females showed a little higher prevalence than males. The results indicate that human G. seoi infection is more widely distributed than previously considered. Nine of 11 islands (excluding the 2 known areas Munyodo and Sunyudo) that showed greater prevalence than 5% are regarded as new endemic foci of G. seoi.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Foodborne parasitic diseases in China Langui Song, Qingxing Xie, Zhiyue Lv Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2021; 14(9): 385. CrossRef
A potential zoonotic parasite, the digenean Gymnophalloides nacellae, on the Magellanic coast in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: its life cycle and geographical distribution Carmen Gilardoni, Gisele Di Giorgio, Estefanía Bagnato, Susana Pina, Pedro Rodrigues, Florencia Cremonte Polar Biology.2020; 43(6): 725. CrossRef
Survey of Gymnophalloides seoi Metacercariae in Natural and Cultured Oysters from Several Western Coastal Areas, Korea Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Sooji Hong, Keon-Hoon Lee, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Jisu Kang, Jini Lim, Hana Lee, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 705. CrossRef
Prevalence and Density of Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Clams and Oysters from Western Coastal Regions of the Republic of Korea Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(4): 399. CrossRef
Recovery of Oswaldotrema nacinovici from Whimbrels (Aves) in Korea Young-Il Lee, Ok-Sik Chung, Min Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(6): 809. CrossRef
Paleoparasitological Studies on Mummies of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea Min Seo, Adauto Araujo, Karl Reinhard, Jong Yil Chai, Dong Hoon Shin The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(3): 235. CrossRef
Increased Intestinal Epithelial Cell Turnover and Intestinal Motility in Gymnophalloides seoi-Infected C57BL/6 Mice Sang Hyub Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jae-Hwan Park, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(3): 273. CrossRef
A Survey of Intestinal Parasite Infection during a 10-Year Period (2003-2012) Young-Eun Kim, Hee Jae Huh, Yu-Yean Hwang, Nam Yong Lee Annals of Clinical Microbiology.2013; 16(3): 134. CrossRef
Sixteenth CenturyGymnophalloides seoiInfection on the Coast of the Korean Peninsula Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Seok Oh, Jong-Yil Chai, Min Ju Ji, Hye-Jung Lee, Min Seo Journal of Parasitology.2012; 98(6): 1283. CrossRef
Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S69. CrossRef
Trends in parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea Eun-Hee Shin, Sang-Mee Guk, Hyo-Jin Kim, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai Trends in Parasitology.2008; 24(3): 143. CrossRef
Gymnophalloides seoi Eggs from the Stool of a 17th Century Female Mummy Found in Hadong, Republic of Korea Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin, Sang-Mee Guk, Chang Seok Oh, Eun-Joo Lee, Myung Ho Shin, Myeung Ju Kim, Soong Deok Lee, Yi-Suk Kim, Yang Su Yi, Mark Spigelman, Jong-Yil Chai Journal of Parasitology.2008; 94(2): 467. CrossRef
A new endemic focus of Gymnophalloides seoi infection on Aphae Island, Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(1): 39. CrossRef
Prevalence of Gymnophalloides seoi infection in coastal villages of Haenam-gun and Yeongam-gun, Republic of Korea Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Hwan Park, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Aifen Lin, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(1): 1. CrossRef
A survey of Enterobius vermicularis infection among children on western and southern coastal islands of the Republic of Korea Jae-Hwan Park, Eun-Taek Han, Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2005; 43(4): 129. CrossRef
Gymnophalloides seoi: a new human intestinal trematode Jong-Yil Chai, Min-Ho Choi, Jae-Ran Yu, Soon-Hyung Lee Trends in Parasitology.2003; 19(3): 109. CrossRef
Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee Parasitology International.2002; 51(2): 129. CrossRef
A review of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) and human infections in the Republic of Korea Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(2): 85. CrossRef
First
Prev
