Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"pathogen"

Brief Communications

Prevalence of parasitic infections in stray cats from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Chung-Won Lee, Jae-Young Park, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):182-187.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24061

Stray cats serve as reservoir hosts for various zoonotic parasites, posing a significant risk of transmission to humans. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of parasitic infections in stray cats from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. A total of 101 fecal and 237 blood (serum) samples were collected from 237 stray cats captured through the trapneuter-return program in 2021. The samples were analyzed using microscopy, nested-PCR, and ELISA to detect parasitic infections. Fecal examination revealed that Toxocara cati eggs were present in 26.7% (27/101) of samples, while eggs of Spirometra sp. (2%), Clonorchis sinensis (1%), and Trichuris sp. (1%) were also detected. PCR analysis identified Toxoplasma gondii DNA in 17 (16.8%) fecal samples, while genetic markers of Cryptosporidium felis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were each detected in 4 (4%) samples. Positive rates of IgM and IgG were 21.9% (52/237) and 21.1% (50/237) in serological tests for T. gondii-specific antibodies. This study confirms the widespread presence of zoonotic parasites in stray cats from Gimpo-si, highlighting the potential public health risks associated with these infections. Continuous surveillance and control measures are essential from a One Health perspective to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission.

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in wild oysters and seawater on the southeast coast of South Korea
Hyejoo Shin, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food Microbiology.2026; 134: 104925. CrossRef

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Allyl isothiocyanate exacerbates acute toxoplasmosis through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines: Qiu-Mei Lin, Hong-Bin Long, Jun-Ting He, Zhi-hao Zhang, Ho-Woo Nam, Fu-Shi Quan, Qi Zhong, Xu-Qing Liu, Zhao-Shou Yang; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):476-483.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24054

Abstract
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Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural product commonly used in food preservation and pharmaceutical applications. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, is prevalent globally while the impact of AITC on toxoplasmosis is unclear. We explored the effect of AITC on acute toxoplasmosis. We infected C57BL/6 mice with T. gondii type I RH strain following AITC administration. On the 4th day after infection, which corresponds to the initial stage of infection, we collected serum for the determination of inflammatory cytokine levels. The mice serum of the AITC-administered group contained significantly lower levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-23 subunit p19, IL-4, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The lifespan of the mice in the AITC-administered group was significantly reduced. In vitro experiments showed that AITC promoted the proliferation of intracellular T. gondii accompanied by the inhibition of IL-4, IL-1β, and IL-6 production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results showed that AITC facilitated T. gondii infection in the early stage by inhibiting the production of several inflammatory cytokines.

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Mini Review

Understanding the pathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in association with N. fowleri antigen-1 (Nfa1): Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Stacy E. Walz, Suk-Yul Jung; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):385-398.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24025

Abstract
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Naegleria fowleri, a brain-eating amoeba, thrives in lakes and rivers with aquatic vegetation and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. Most recently, it has become such a serious problem that N. fowleri was detected in tap water in Houston, USA. Several pathogenic factors are considered very important to destroy target cells in the brain. In particular, the food-cup where N. fowleri antigen-1 (Nfa1) is located, is strongly expressed in pseudopodia involved in the movement of N. fowleri, and is involved in phagocytosis by attaching to target cells. In this article, we reviewed the role of the Nfa1 protein and its associated pathogenicity. The nfa1 gene was cloned by cDNA library immunoscreening using infection serum and immune serum. Nfa1 protein is mainly distributed in pseudopodia important to movement and vacuoles. Moreover, heat shock protein 70, cathepsin-like proteare and Nf-actin are also associated with pseudopodia in which Nfa1 is localized. Interestingly, the amount of the nfa1 gene changed as N. fowleri trophozoites transformed into cysts. Polyclonal antiserum against Nfa1 showed a protective effect against cytotoxicity of approximately 19.7%. Nfa1-specific IgA antibodies prevent N. fowleri trophozoites from adhering to the nasal mucosa, delaying invasion. The nfa1-vaccinated mice showed significantly higher levels of Nfa1-specific antibody. The duration of anti-Nfa1 IgG in the vaccinated mice lasted 12 weeks, strongly suggesting that nfa1 is a significant pathogenic gene and that Nfa1 is a pathogenic protein. Several factors related to pseudopodia and locomotion have been linked to Nfa1. A clearer function of N. fowleri targeting nfa1 with other genes might enable target-based inhibition of N. fowleri pathogenicity.

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Computational exploration of natural inhibitors against toxin-associated proteins in Naegleria fowleri Karachi strain
Rabia Faizan, Muhammad Naveed, Inmaculada Bellido Estevez, Nimra Hanif, Arooj Arshad, Tariq Aziz, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Walaa F. Alsanie, Majid Alhomrani
Pathology - Research and Practice.2025; 274: 156184. CrossRef
A review of the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of Naegleria fowleri infection
Ling Dai, Xin-Ru Guo, Xu-Rui Chen, Ming-Hao Ma, Zi-Han Liu, Juan Lai, Jun Lu, Ming Feng, Xi-Xia Liu, Sheng-Hui Yang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Molecular detection of Borrelia theileri in cattle in Korea: Hyeon-Ji Hyung, Yun-Sil Choi, Jinho Park, Kwang-Jun Lee, Jun-Gu Kang; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):151-156.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23105

Abstract
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Bovine borreliosis, caused by Borrelia theileri which is transmitted via hard tick bites, is associated with mild clinical symptoms, such as fever, lethargy, hemoglobinuria, anorexia, and anemia. Borrelia theileri infects various animals, such as cattle, deer, horses, goats, sheep, and wild ruminants, in Africa, Australia, and South America. Notably, no case of B. theileri infection has been reported in Korean cattle to date. In this study, 101 blood samples were collected from a Korean indigenous cattle breed, among which 1.98% tested positive for B. theileri via nested PCR. The obtained sequences exhibited high homology with B. theileri strains identified in other regions. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA confirmed the B. theileri group affiliation; however, flagellin B sequences exhibited divergence, potentially due to regional evolutionary differences. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of B. theileri infection in Korean livestock. Further isolation and nucleotide sequence analyses are necessary to better understand the presence of B. theileri strains in cows in Korea.

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Nationwide Geographical and Temporal Distribution of Tick-Borne Diseases in Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus)
Beoul Kim, Su-Jin Chae, You-Jeong Lee, Haksub Shin, Sunmin Kwak, Hyesung Jeong, Suwoong Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Animals.2025; 15(10): 1499. CrossRef
Circulation of tick-borne pathogens in wildlife of the Republic of Korea
Hye-ryung Byun, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Jun-Gu Kang, Chang-Yong Choi, Ki-Jeong Na, Jong-Taek Kim, Joon-Seok Chae
One Health.2024; 19: 100913. CrossRef

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Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Haemaphysalis Ticks in Korea: Ju Yeong Kim, You Shine Kwak, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):327-331.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.327

Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular protozoa that can cause neurological disease or death in fetuses and even in immunocompromised human adults. Ticks are recognized as vectors of many microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Recent studies detected T. gondii in various tick species in many countries. In this study, we performed PCR detection of the T. gondii B1 gene from Haemaphysalis ticks collected from vegetation in 4 localities, Wonju, Gunsan, Miryang, and Yangsan, in Korea. We analyzed DNA from 314 ticks (268 Haemaphysalis longicornis and 46 Haemaphysalis flava) and the B1 gene of T. gondii was detected in 13 of these. The detection of T. gondii in ticks differed significantly by region (P=0.021). T. gondii was detected in the following percentages of collected ticks: 3.7% (7 of 189) in Gunsan, 10% (5 of 50) in Wonju, 16.7% (1 of 6) in Yangsan, and 0% (0 of 69) in Miryang. The detection of T. gondii in ticks was not associated with tick species or development stage. This is the first report of T. gondii detection in ticks in Korea. Our results provide important information necessary to understand toxoplasmosis transmission.

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A higher infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii in soft ticks infesting domestic hens: A novel report from Pakistan
Bisma Khan, Sidra Batool, Sadia Shahnawaz, Shakir Ullah, Muhammad Naeem, Umme Habiba, Shaheen Akhter, Adil Khan, Furhan Iqbal
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2025; 57: 101147. CrossRef
Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their respective host dogs
Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 66. CrossRef
One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis: Owner and Dog Seropositivity as Spatial Indicators of Risk Areas for Acquired, Gestational and Congenital Transmission
Natacha Sohn-Hausner, Ricardo Guedes Correa, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Evelyn Cristine da Silva, Gustavo Nunes de Moraes, Gabrielle dos Santos Rocha, Helio Langoni, Alexander Welker Biondo
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(7): 143. CrossRef
DNA Barcoding Using 18S rRNA Gene Fragments for Identification of Tick-Borne Protists in Ticks in the Republic of Korea
Badriah Alkathiri, Subin Lee, KyuSung Ahn, So Youn Youn, Mi-Sun Yoo, Hyang-Sim Lee, Yun Sang Cho, Jaeyun Jung, Kwangwon Seo, Soochong Kim, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Xuenan Xuan, Dongmi Kwak, SungShik Shin, Seung-Hun Lee
Pathogens.2024; 13(11): 941. CrossRef
Prevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from forest areas of Northern Poland
Małgorzata Adamska
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2024; 93(4): 907. CrossRef
Detection of Multiple Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens in Haemaphysalis flava Ticks Collected from Hedgehogs in Central China
Li-Zhu Fang, Si-Cong Lei, Zhi-Jian Yan, Xiao Xiao, Jian-Wei Liu, Xiao-Qing Gong, Hao Yu, Xue-Jie Yu
Pathogens.2021; 10(2): 115. CrossRef
Characterization of AV422 from Haemaphysalis flava ticks in vitro
Lei Liu, Hao Tang, De-yong Duan, Jin-bao Liu, Jie Wang, Li-li Feng, Tian-yin Cheng
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2021; 84(4): 809. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Identification and Molecular Analysis of Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting Domestic Animals and Tick-Borne Pathogens at the Tarim Basin of Southern Xinjiang, China: Li Zhao, Jizhou Lv, Fei Li, Kairui Li, Bo He, Luyao Zhang, Xueqing Han, Huiyu Wang, Nicholas Johnson, Xiangmei Lin, Shaoqiang Wu, Yonghong Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(1):37-46.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.37

Abstract
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Livestock husbandry is vital to economy of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. However, there have been few surveys of the distribution of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and tick-borne pathogens affecting domestic animals at these locations. In this study, 3,916 adult ixodid ticks infesting domestic animals were collected from 23 sampling sites during 2012-2016. Ticks were identified to species based on morphology, and the identification was confirmed based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA sequences. Ten tick species belonging to 4 genera were identified, including Rhipicephalus turanicus, Hyalomma anatolicum, Rh. bursa, H. asiaticum asiaticum, and Rh. sanguineus. DNA sequences of Rickettsia spp. (spotted fever group) and Anaplasma spp. were detected in these ticks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed possible existence of undescribed Babesia spp. and Borrelia spp. This study illustrates potential threat to domestic animals and humans from tick-borne pathogens.

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Integrative morpho-molecular delineation of five medically significant tick species: facilitating precision-based vector surveillance
Guangxin Shi, Lianxi Xin, Zhuocheng Li, Wanpeng Ma, Depeng Yang, Caishan Li, Bayin Chahan, Qingyong Guo
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Survey of tick-borne pathogens in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from livestock in the Northern Punjab Province, Pakistan
Mariachiara Ciarma, Sophie Melis, Beatrice Bisaglia, Gherard Batisti Biffignandi, Gull Sanober Sunny, Michela Vumbaca, Sara Epis, Muhammad Arshad, Haroon Ahmed, Davide Sassera, Michele Castelli
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 7: 100275. CrossRef
Effects of Tick Infestation on Milk Yield, Blood Biochemistry, Hematology, and the Overall Health of Dairy Cows
Mona Al-Shammari, Ibrahim O. Alanazi, Mohammad Alzahrani, Samiah Alotaibi, Nora Alkahtani, Almaha Alaqil, Ebtesam Al-Olayan
Pathogens.2025; 14(9): 883. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of livestock-associated ticks and tick-borne bacteria in Xinjiang, northwestern China
Haipeng Tan, Xiaonan Dong, Jiamei Kang, Nan Bu, Yishuai Zhang, Zehao Qi, Zixuan Li, Zilong Zhang, Xuyang Zhang, Huidong Wang, Yulin Ding, Yonghong Liu, Li Zhao
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular investigation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and related strains among sheep flocks from different parts of Türkiye; with a note of phylogenetic analyses of Anaplasma phagocytophilum- like 1
Ufuk Erol, Omer Faruk Sahin, Osman Furkan Urhan, Ahmet Duran Atas, Kursat Altay
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2024; 107: 102154. CrossRef
Genotyping of ticks: first molecular report of Hyalomma asiaticum and molecular detection of tick-borne bacteria in ticks and blood from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Muhammad Kashif Obaid, Shehla Shehla, Guiquan Guan, Muhammad Rashid, Sumaira Shams
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Tick-borne bacterial agents in Hyalomma asiaticum ticks from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Northwest China
Bing Zhang, Niuniu Zhang, Tao Zheng, Miao Lu, Bierk Baoli, Runda Jie, Xiao Wang, Kun Li
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Tick species diversity and potential distribution alternation of dominant ticks under different climate scenarios in Xinjiang, China
Rui Ma, Chunfu Li, Ai Gao, Na Jiang, Jian Li, Wei Hu, Xinyu Feng, Jenifer Coburn
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(4): e0012108. CrossRef
Molecular analysis of Anaplasma ovis, Theileria ovis and Brucella abortus in adult Ornithodoros lahorensis soft ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) isolated from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
Dandan Liu, Jinming Wang, Yutong Liu, Shuiyi Wang, Huiru Zhu, Bingbing Jiang, Yongchang Li, Yang Zhang, Bayin Chahan, Wei Zhang
Journal of Veterinary Research.2024; 68(3): 355. CrossRef
Molecular detection and characterisation of Theileria in hard ticks of small ruminants in Zarrin Dasht County, Southern Iran
Maliheh Norouzi, Mohammad Saaid Dayer, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2023; 9(1): 372. CrossRef
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Central, Eastern, and South-eastern Asia
Mohammad Fereidouni, Dmitry A. Apanaskevich, David B. Pecor, Natalia Yu. Pshenichnaya, Gulzhan N. Abuova, Farida H. Tishkova, Yekaterina Bumburidi, Xiankun Zeng, Jens H. Kuhn, Maryam Keshtkar-Jahromi
Virologica Sinica.2023; 38(2): 171. CrossRef
Detection of Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Anaplasma ovis in Ornithodoros lahorensis from southern Xinjiang, China
Siang Li, Liu Zhang, Peng Zhou, Zheng Li, Haonan Song, Yaping Song, Chuan Li, Wanqi Xiangzheng, Junyuan Wu
Journal of Veterinary Research.2023; 67(1): 79. CrossRef
Detection of Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma ovis in Melophagus ovinus from southern Xinjiang, China
Si‐Ang Li, Liu Zhang, Zheng Li, Hao‐Nan Song, Ze‐Wei Que, Si‐Yu Zhao, Ying‐Ying Li, Yu‐Ling Guo, Jun‐Yuan Wu
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2023; 37(4): 865. CrossRef
Molecular Survey and Spatial Distribution of Rickettsia spp. in Ticks Infesting Free-Ranging Wild Animals in Pakistan (2017–2021)
Abid Ali, Shehla Shehla, Hafsa Zahid, Farman Ullah, Ismail Zeb, Haroon Ahmed, Itabajara da Silva Vaz, Tetsuya Tanaka
Pathogens.2022; 11(2): 162. CrossRef
Molecular Detection of Zoonotic and Veterinary Pathogenic Bacteria in Pet Dogs and Their Parasitizing Ticks in Junggar Basin, North-Western China
Jia Guo, Shengnan Song, Shuzhu Cao, Zhihua Sun, Qiyue Zhou, Xingmei Deng, Tianyi Zhao, Yingjin Chai, Dexin Zhu, Chuangfu Chen, P. I. Baryshnikov, Hugh T. Blair, Zhen Wang, Yuanzhi Wang, Hui Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodid Ticks from Poyang Lake Region, Southeastern China: Wei Qing Zheng, Xue Nan Xuan, Ren Long Fu, Hui Ying Tao, Yang Qing Liu, Xiao Qing Liu, Dong Mei Li, Hong Mei Ma, Hai Ying Chen; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):589-596.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.589

Abstract
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Ticks are the vectors of various pathogens, threatening human health and animal production across the globe. Here, for the first time we detected Ricketssia spp., Borrelia spp. and protozoan in ticks from Poyang Lake region in Ji- angxi Province of eastern China. In 3 habitat categories and on 12 host species, 311 ticks from 11 species were collected. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the predominant species, accounting for 55.63%, followed by Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis flava and Ixodes granulatus. Of the collected ticks, 7.07% were positive for tick-borne pathogens, and H. longicornis and H. flava were found to be co-infected with Ricketssia spp. and protozoan. H. flava was the most detected positive for tick-borne pathogens, whereas H. longicornis had the lowest infection rate, and the difference in infection rates between tick species was significant (χ2=61.24, P<0.001). Furthermore, adult ticks demonstrated remarkably greater infection rate than immature ticks (χ2=10.12, P=0.018), meanwhile ticks on Erinaceidae showed significantly higher positivity than ticks collected on other host species (χ2=108.44, P<0.001). Genetic fragment sequencing and analyses showed at least 4 pathogen species presence in ticks, namely Borrelia yangtzensis, Rickettsia slovaca or Rickettsia raoultii related genospecies, Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis or Hepatozoon felis related genospecies. The finding indicates that the abundant ticks can carry diverse pathogens in Poyang Lake region, and pathogen infection is highly related to species, vertebrate hosts and life stages of ticks.

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Molecular investigation reveals three hemotropic mycoplasmas in cats and three tick species in China
Hongfei Shi, Guoguang Li, Dandan Li, Hongyue Zhai, Shidong Ji, Yun Hu, Long Wang, Lunguang Yao
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Review of ticks of the order Mesostigmata parasitic on reptiles
V. R. Saitov, A. H. Gubeidullina, A. I. Golubev, M. M. Salnikova, L. V. Malutina, N. V. Shakurova, I. R. Nigmetzyanov, A. S. Elovitskaya, G. S. Kashevarov, K. A. Yusupova, A. N. Siben, E. A. Efremova, O. M. Bonina, E. A. Udaltsov
South of Russia: ecology, development.2025; 20(2): 54. CrossRef
Interaction dynamics of Borrelia afzelii and tick-borne encephalitis virus in C3H mice: insights into immune response
Stefania Porcelli, Delphine Le Roux, Aurélie Heckmann, Clémence Galon, Lourdes Mateos-Hernandez, Ladislav Šimo, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Anne-Claire Lagrée, Grégory Karadjian, Pierre Lucien Deshuillers, Sara Moutailler
Peer Community Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pathogenetic identification in ticks and yaks from Zoige County, China
Yang Xiang, Liang He, Liangquan Zhu, Chendong Xiao, Yao Pan, Tianxiang Chen, Wei Zheng, Dongbo Yuan, Lili Hao
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Tick (Acari: Ixodoidea) fauna and zoogeographic division of Jiangxi Province, China
Jun-Hua Tian, Kun Li, Shao-Zai Zhang, Zhong-Ji Xu, Hai-Xia Wu, Hong-Bin Xu, Chao-Liang Lei
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2023; 14(2): 102099. CrossRef
Molecular detection of Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Bartonella in ticks from free-ranging sheep in Gansu Province, China
Xiao-Qian Cao, Xiao-Lan Gu, Li Zhang, Jiao Xu, Hui-ju Han, Xue-jie Yu
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2023; 14(3): 102137. CrossRef
Canine Babesiosis Caused by Large Babesia Species: Global Prevalence and Risk Factors—A Review
Wojciech Zygner, Olga Gójska-Zygner, Justyna Bartosik, Paweł Górski, Justyna Karabowicz, Grzegorz Kotomski, Luke J. Norbury
Animals.2023; 13(16): 2612. CrossRef
Recent Progress on Tick-Borne Animal Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance in China
Weijuan Jia, Si Chen, Shanshan Chi, Yunjiang He, Linzhu Ren, Xueli Wang
Viruses.2022; 14(2): 355. CrossRef
Protein profiling of hemolymph in Haemaphysalis flava ticks
Lei Liu, Fen Yan, Lu Zhang, Zhi-feng Wu, De-yong Duan, Tian-yin Cheng
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection and phylogenetic analysis of tick-borne bacterial and protozoan pathogens in a forest province of eastern China
Haijun Hu, Zhanbin Liu, Renlong Fu, Yangqing Liu, Hongmei Ma, Weiqing Zheng
Acta Tropica.2022; 235: 106634. CrossRef
High prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected from yaks (Bos grunniens) in Shiqu county, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China
Baoshan Lin, Yin Ta, Lili Hao
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Wild Hedgehogs and Their Parasitic Ticks Coinfected with Multiple Tick-Borne Pathogens in Jiangsu Province, Eastern China
Yong Qi, Lele Ai, Changqiang Zhu, Fuqiang Ye, Ruichen Lv, Junhu Wang, Yingqing Mao, Nianhong Lu, Weilong Tan, Biao He
Microbiology Spectrum.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southwestern China
Qian Wang, Wen-Bin Guo, Yu-Sheng Pan, Bao-Gui Jiang, Chun-Hong Du, Teng-Cheng Que, Lin Zhan, Jia-Hong Wu, Ming-Hui Yu, Xiao-Ming Cui, Lin Zhao, Da-Li Xu, Luo-Yuan Xia, Run-Ze Ye, Jie Li, Lian-Feng Li, Wei Wei, Yu-Hao Zhou, Jia-Fu Jiang, Na Jia, Wu-Chun Ca
Journal of Medical Entomology.2021; 58(3): 1363. CrossRef
Detection of Multiple Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens in Haemaphysalis flava Ticks Collected from Hedgehogs in Central China
Li-Zhu Fang, Si-Cong Lei, Zhi-Jian Yan, Xiao Xiao, Jian-Wei Liu, Xiao-Qing Gong, Hao Yu, Xue-Jie Yu
Pathogens.2021; 10(2): 115. CrossRef
Porin Expression Profiles in Haemaphysalis longicornis Infected With Babesia microti
Weiqing Zheng, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Qian Zhang, Kiyoshi Okado, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Hiroshi Suzuki, Haiying Chen, Mingming Liu, Xuenan Xuan
Frontiers in Physiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular detection and genetic characteristics of Babesia gibsoni in dogs in Shaanxi Province, China
Wen-Ping Guo, Guang-Cheng Xie, Dan Li, Meng Su, Rui Jian, Luan-Ying Du
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Haemaphysalis longicornis Genes Differentially Expressed in Response to Babesia microti Infection
Weiqing Zheng, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Shengen Chen, Kiyoshi Okado, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Hiroshi Suzuki, Shu Yang, Mingming Liu, Xuenan Xuan
Pathogens.2020; 9(5): 378. CrossRef
Identification and molecular analysis of Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild boars (Sus scrofa) and tick-borne pathogens at the Meihua mountain of southwestern Fujian, China
Xin Wang, Xiaoshuang Sun, Yankuo Sun, Kexin Chen, Kaiyao Zhang, Weihua Xu, Kewei Fan, Weiming Lin, Tengteng Chen, Xipan Lin, Kaixiong Lin, Hung-chuan Chiu, Cuiqin Huang
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2020; 22: 100492. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens from Ticks Collected from Cattle and Wild Animals in Tanzania in 2012: Tae Yun Kim, You Shine Kwak, Ju Yeong Kim, Sung-Hyun Nam, In-Yong Lee, Simon Mduma, Julius Keyyu, Robert Fyumagwa, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):305-308.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.305

Abstract
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This study was aimed to disclose the prevalence rate of tick-borne pathogens from ticks collected from cattle and wild animals in Tanzania in 2012. Ticks were collected from slaughtered cattle and dead wild animals from November 5 to December 23, 2012 and identified. PCR for detecting Anaplasmataceae, Piroplamidae, Rickettsiaceae, Borrelia spp., and Coxiella spp. were done. Among those tested, Rickettsiaceae, Piroplasmidae, and Anaplasmataceae, were detected in ticks from the 2 regions. Rickettsiaceae represented the major tick-borne pathogens of the 2 regions. Ticks from animals in Maswa were associated with a higher pathogen detection rate compared to that in ticks from Iringa. In addition, a higher pathogen detection rate was observed in ticks infesting cattle than in ticks infesting wild animals. All examined ticks of the genus Amblyomma were infected with diverse pathogens. Ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma were infected with 1 or 2 pathogens. Collectively, this study provides important information regarding differences in pathogen status among various regions, hosts, and tick species in Tanzania. Results in this study will affect the programs to prevent tick-borne diseases (TBD) of humans and livestock in Tanzania.

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Tick Diversity and Distribution of Pathogen in Ticks Collected from Wild Animals and Vegetation in Africa
Roland Eric Yessinou, Aldric Koumassou, Haruna Baba Galadima, Hospice Nanoukon-Ahigan, Souaïbou Farougou, Martin Pfeffer
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Original Articles

High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay: Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Mazen Almehmadi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):513-521.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.513

Abstract
PDF

Infectious diarrhea is endemic in most developing countries. We aimed to investigate the protozoan, viral, and bacterial causes of acute diarrhea in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional prospective 1-year study was conducted on 163 diarrheal patients of various ages. Stool samples were collected, 1 per patient, and tested for 3 protozoa, 3 viruses, and 9 bacteria with the Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. Overall, 53.4% (87/163) of samples were positives (20.8% protozoa, 19.6% viruses, 2.8% bacteria, and 9.8% mixed). Rotavirus (19.6%), Giardia duodenalis (16.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (8.5%) were the mostly detected pathogens. Adenovirus 40/41 (4.2%), Salmonella (3%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (3%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.4%) were also detected. Norovirus GI/II, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B were not detected in any patients. All pathogens were involved in coinfections except E. histolytica. Giardia (5.5%) and rotavirus (3%) were the most commonly detected in co-infections. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (2.4%), Campylobacter spp. (2.4%), E. coli 0157 (1.8%), and Shigella spp. (1.2%) were detected in patients only as co-infections. Infections were more in children 0-4 years, less in adults <40 years, and least >40 years, with statistically significant differences in risk across age groups observed with rotavirus (P<0.001), Giardia (P=0.006), and Cryptosporidium (P=0.036) infections. Lastly, infections were not significantly more in the spring. This report demonstrates the high burden of various enteropathogens in the setting. Further studies are needed to define the impact of these findings on the clinical course of the disease.

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Hematological Changes Associated with Theileria orientalis Infection in Korean Indigenous Cattle: Suhee Kim, Do-Hyeon Yu, Sung-Woo Kang, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Kyoung-Seong Choi, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bae-Keun Park, Joon-Seok Chae, Jinho Park; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):481-489.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.481

Tick-borne pathogens can cause serious problems in grazing cattle. However, little information is available on tick-mediated diseases in cattle grazing on mountains. Thus, this study aimed to understand the potential problems related to tick-borne diseases in grazing cattle through the investigation of prevalent tick-transmitted infections, and their associated hematological changes, in terms of season and grazing type in Korean indigenous cattle (=Hanwoo). Hanwoo cattle from 3 regions of the Republic of Korea (=Korea) were either maintained indoors or placed on grassy mountains from spring to fall of 2014 and 2015. Cattle that grazed in mountainous areas showed a greater prevalence of tick-borne infections with an increased Theileria orientalis infection rate (54.7%) compared to that in non-grazing cattle (16.3%) (P<0.001). Accordingly, the red blood cell (RBC) count and hematocrit (HCT) values of grazing cattle were significantly lower than those of non-grazing cattle throughout the season (P<0.05). Moreover, RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), and HCT of T. orientalis-positive group were significantly lower than those of T. orientalis-negative group (P<0.05). T. orientalis is a widespread tick-borne pathogen in Korea. Grazing of cattle in mountainous areas is closely associated with an increase in T. orientalis infection (RR=3.4, P<0.001), and with consequent decreases in RBC count and HCT. Thus, these findings suggest that the Hanwoo cattle in mountainous areas of Korea are at a high risk of infection by T. orientalis, which can lead to hematological alterations. This study highlights the necessity of preventive strategies that target T. orientalis infection.

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Brief Communications

Serological and Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Babesia microti in the Blood of Rescued Wild Animals in Gangwon-do (Province), Korea: Sung-Hee Hong, Hee-Jong Kim, Young-Il Jeong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Jong-Tak Kim, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):207-212.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.207

Abstract
PDF

Infections of Toxoplasma gondii and Babesia microti are reported in many wild animals worldwide, but information on their incidence and molecular detection in Korean wild fields is limited. In this study, the prevalence of T. gondii and B. microti infection in blood samples of 5 animal species (37 Chinese water deer, 23 raccoon dogs, 6 roe deer, 1 wild boar, and 3 Eurasian badgers) was examined during 2008-2009 in Gangwon-do (Province), the Republic of Korea (=Korea) by using serological and molecular tests. The overall seropositivity of T. gondii was 8.6% (6/70); 10.8% in Chinese water deer, 4.3% in raccoon dogs, and 16.7% in roe deer. PCR revealed only 1 case of T. gondii infection in Chinese water deer, and phylogenic analysis showed that the positive isolate was practically identical to the highly pathogenetic strain type I. In B. microti PCR, the positive rate was 5.7% (4/70), including 2 Chinese water deer and 2 Eurasian badgers. Phylogenetic analysis results of 18S rRNA and the β-tubulin gene showed that all positive isolates were US-type B. microti. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. microti detected in Chinese water deer and Eurasian badger from Korea. These results indicate a potentially high prevalence of T. gondii and B. microti in wild animals of Gangwon-do, Korea. Furthermore, Chinese water deer might act as a reservoir for parasite infections of domestic animals.

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Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens in the Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) from Jeonbuk Province, Korea: Giyong Seong, Yu-Jung Han, Sung-Suck Oh, Joon-Seok Chae, Do-Hyeon Yu, Jinho Park, Bae-Keun Park, Jae-Gyu Yoo, Kyoung-Seong Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):653-659.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.653

Abstract
PDF

The
objective
of this study was to investigate the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Pathogens were identified using PCR which included Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Theileria. Rickettsia was not detected, whereas Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Theileria infections were detected in 4, 2, and 8 animals, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen was Theileria. Of the 8 Theileria-positive animals, 2 were mixed-infected with 3 pathogens (Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Theileria) and another 2 animals showed mixed-infection with 2 pathogens (Anaplasma and Theileria). Sequencing analysis was used to verify the PCR results. The pathogens found in this study were identified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Theileria sp. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying these 3 pathogens in the Korean water deer. Our results suggest that the Korean water deer may serve as a major reservoir for these tick-borne pathogens, leading to spread of tick-borne diseases to domestic animals, livestock, and humans. Further studies are needed to investigate their roles in this respect.

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Original Articles

Pathogenicity of Five Strains of Toxoplasma gondii from Different Animals to Chickens: Shuai Wang, Guang-Wei Zhao, Wang Wang, Zhen-Chao Zhang, Bo Shen, I. A. Hassan, Qing Xie, Ruo-Feng Yan, Xiao-Kai Song, Li-Xin Xu, Xiang-Rui Li; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):155-162.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.155

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a broad range of intermediate hosts. Chickens as important food-producing animals can also serve as intermediate hosts. To date, experimental studies on the pathogenicity of T. gondii in broiler chickens were rarely reported. The
objective
of the present study was to compare the pathogenicity of 5 different T. gondii strains (RH, CN, JS, CAT2, and CAT3) from various host species origin in 10-day-old chickens. Each group of chickens was infected intraperitoneally with 5×10⁸, 1×10⁸, 1×10⁷, and 1×10⁶ tachyzoites of the 5 strains, respectively. The negative control group was mockly inoculated with PBS alone. After infection, clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures of all the chickens were checked daily. Dead chickens during acute phage of the infection were checked for T. gondii tachyzoites by microscope, while living cases were checked for T. gondii infection at day 53 post-inoculation (PI) by PCR method. Histopathological sections were used to observe the pathological changes in the dead chickens and the living animals at day 53 PI. No significant differences were found in survival periods, histopathological findings, and clinical symptoms among the chickens infected with the RH, CN, CAT2, and CAT3 strains. Histopathological findings and clinical symptoms of the JS (chicken origin) group were similar to the others. However, average survival times of infected chickens of the JS group inoculated with 5×10⁸ and 1×10⁸ tachyzoites were 30.0 and 188.4 hr, respectively, significantly shorter than those of the other 4 mammalian isolates. Chickens exposed to 10⁸ of T. gondii tachyzoites and higher showed acute signs of toxoplasmosis, and the lesions were relatively more severe than those exposed to lower doses. The results indicated that the pathogenicity of JS strain was comparatively stronger to the chicken, and the pathogenicity was dose-dependent.

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Comparative Analysis of Pathogenic Organisms in Cockroaches from Different Community Settings in Edo State, Nigeria: Clement Isaac, Philip Ogbeide Orue, Mercy Itohan Iyamu, Joy Imuetiyan Ehiaghe, Osesojie Isaac; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):177-181.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.177

Abstract
PDF

Cockroaches are abundant in Nigeria and are seen to harbour an array of pathogens. Environmental and sanitary conditions associated with demographic/socio-economic settings of an area could contribute to the prevalence of disease pathogens in cockroaches. A total of 246 cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in urban (Benin, n=91), semi-urban (Ekpoma, n=75) and rural (Emuhi, n=70) settings in Edo State, Nigeria were collected within and around households. The external body surfaces and alimentary canal of these cockroaches were screened for bacterial, fungal, and parasitological infections. Bacillus sp. and Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria in cockroaches. However, Enterococcus faecalis could not be isolated in cockroaches trapped from Ekpoma and Emuhi. Aspergillus niger was the most prevalent fungus in Benin and Ekpoma, while Mucor sp. was predominant in Emuhi. Parasitological investigations revealed the preponderance of Ascaris lumbricoides in Benin and Emuhi, while Trichuris trichura was the most predominant in Ekpoma. The prevalence and burden of infection in cockroaches is likely to be a reflection of the sanitary conditions of these areas. Also, cockroaches in these areas making incursions in homes may increase the risk of human infections with these disease agents.

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Genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba isolates from ocean sediments: Hua Liu, Young-Ran Ha, Sung-Tae Lee, Yean-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):117-125.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.117

Abstract
PDF

Genetic diversity of 18 Acanthamoeba isolates from ocean sediments was evaluated by comparing mitochondrial (mt) DNA RFLP, 18S rDNA sequences and by examining their cytopathic effects on human corneal epithelial cells versus reference strains. All isolates belonged to morphologic group II. Total of 16 restriction phenotypes of mtDNA from 18 isolates demonstrated the genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba in ocean sediments. Phylogenetic analysis using 18s rDNA sequences revealed that the 18 isolates were distinct from morphological groups I and III. Fifteen isolates showed close relatedness with 17 clinical isolates and A. castellanii Castellani and formed a lineage equivalent to T4 genotype of Byers' group. Two reference strains from ocean sediment, A. hatchetti BH-2 and A. griffini S-7 clustered unequivocally with these 15 isolates. Diversity among isolates was also evident from their cytopathic effects on human corneal cells. This is the first time describing Acanthamoeba diversity in ocean sediments in Korea.

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Mini Reviews

Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the Republic of Korea: Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):101-116.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.101

Abstract
PDF

Vaginal trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common sexually transmitted disease. More than 170 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. In the Republic of Korea, 10.4% of women complaining of vaginal symptoms and signs were found to be infected with T. vaginalis. However, despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection has not been clearly characterized although neutrophil infiltration is considered to be primarily responsible for the cytologic changes associated with this infection. We hypothesized that trichomonads in the vagina sometime after an acute infection secrete proteins like excretory-secretory product that have a chemotactic effect on neutrophils, and that these neutrophils are further stimulated by T. vaginalis to produce chemokines like IL-8 and GRO-α, which further promote neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis. Thus, neutrophil accumulation is believed to maintain or aggravate inflammation. However, enhanced neutrophil apoptosis induced by live T. vaginalis could contribute to resolution of inflammation. Macrophages may constitute an important component of host defense against T. vaginalis infection. For example, mouse macrophages alone and those activated by lymphokines or nitric oxide are known to be involved in the extracellular killing of T. vaginalis. In the host, T. vaginalis uses a capping phenomenon to cleave host immunoglobulins with proteinases and thus escape from host immune responses. Recently, we developed a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650), and found that the method enables the detection of T. vaginalis at concentrations as low as 1 cell per PCR mixture.

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Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea: Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(3):93-119.
Published online September 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.3.93

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba and Naegleria are widely distributed in fresh water, soil and dust throughout the world, and cause meningoencephalitis or keratoconjunctivitis in humans and other mammals. Korean isolates, namely, Naegleria sp. YM-1 and Acanthamoeba sp. YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, YM-6 and YM-7, were collected from sewage, water puddles, a storage reservoir, the gills of a fresh water fish, and by corneal washing. These isolates were categorized into three groups based on the mortalities of infected mice namely, highly virulent (YM-4), moderately virulent (YM-2, YM-5 and YM-7) and nonpathogenic (YM-3). In addition, a new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Korean isolate YM-4. The morphologic characters of its cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Based on experimentally infected mouse mortality, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. Moreover, an anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal antibody reacted only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of a 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster based on phylogenic distances. Thus Acanthamoeba YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned Acanthamoeba sohi. Up to the year 2002 in Korea, two clinical cases were found to be infected with Acanthamoeba spp. These patients died of meningoencephalitis. In addition, one case of Acanthamoeba pneumonia with an immunodeficient status was reported and Acanthamoeba was detected in several cases of chronic relapsing corneal ulcer, chronic conjunctivitis, and keratitis.

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Original Articles

Acanthamoeba sohi, n. sp., a pathogenic Korean isolate YM-4 from a freshwater fish: Kyung-il Im, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):181-188.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.181

Abstract
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A new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Acanthamoeba sp. YM-4 (Korean isolate YM-4). The trophozoites were 11.0-23.0 ?m in length and had hyaline filamentous projections. Cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Acanthamoeba YM-4 can survive at 40℃, and its generation time was 19.6 hr, which was longer than that of A. culbertsoni. In terms of the in vitro cytotoxicity of lysates, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was weaker than A. culbertsoni, but stronger than A. polyphaga. On the basis of the mortality of experimentally infected mice, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was found to be highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. An anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal antibody, McAY7, was found to react only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster on the basis of phylogenetic distances. Thus the Acanthamoeba Korean isolate YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned as Acanthamoeba sohi.

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Genetic analyses of Acanthamoeba isolates from contact lens storage cases of students in Seoul, Korea: Hak-Sun Yu, Kyung-Hee Choi, Hyo-Kyung Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):161-170.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.161

Abstract
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We conducted both the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA RFLP analyses for a genetic characterization of Acanthamoeba isolates from contact lens storage cases of students in Seoul, Korea. Twenty-three strains of Acanthamoeba from the American Type Culture Collection and twelve clinical isolates from Korean patients were used as reference strains. Thirty-nine isolates from contact lens storage cases were classified into seven types (KA/LS1, KA/LS2, KA/LS4, KA/LS5, KA/LS7, KA/LS18, KA/LS31). Four types (KA/LS1, KA/LS2, KA/LS5, KA/LS18) including 33 isolates were regarded as A. castellanii complex by riboprints. KA/LS1 type was the most predominant (51.3%) in the present survey area, followed by KA/LS2 (20.9%), and KA/LS5 (7.7%) types. Amoebae of KA/LS1 type had the same mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns as KA/E2 and KA/E12 strains, clinical isolates from Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS2 type had the identical mtDNA RFLP patterns with A. castellanii Ma strain, a corneal isolate from an American patient as amoebae of KA/LS5 type, with KA/E3 and KA/E8 strains from other Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS18 type had identical patterns with JAC/E1, an ocular isolate from a Japanese patient. Three types, which remain unidentified at species level, were not corresponded with any clinical isolate in their mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns. Out of 39 isolates analyzed in this study, mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns of 33 isolates (84.6%) were identical to already known clinical isolates, and therefore, they may be regarded as potentially keratopathogenic. These results suggest that contact lens wearers in Seoul should pay more attention to hygienic maintenance of contact lens storage cases for the prevention of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

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Pathogenicity of Korean isolates of Acanthamoeba by observing the experimental infection and zymodemes of five isoenzymes: Kyung-Il Im, Ho-Joon Shin, Dong Whan Seo, Soung-Hoo Jeon, Tae-Eun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):85-92.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.85

Abstract
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To determine the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated in Korea and to develop a isoenzymatic maker, the mortality rate of infected mice, in vitro cytotoxicity against target cells and isoenzyme band patterns were observed. Five isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. (YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, and YM-7) were used in this study as well as three reference Acanthamoeba spp. (A. culbertsoni, A. hatchetti, and A. royreba). According to the mortality rate of infected mice, Korean isolates could be categorized into three groups: high virulent (YM-4), low virulent (YM-2, YM-5, YM-7) and the nonpathogenic group (YM-3). In addition, the virulence of Acanthamoeba spp. was enhanced by brain passage in mice. In the cytotoxicity assay against chinese hamster ovary cells, especially, the cytotoxicity of brain-passaged amoebae was relatively higher than the long-term cultivated ones. The zymodeme patterns of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), hexokinase (HK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and malic enzyme (ME) of Acanthamoeba spp. were different among each isolate, and also between long-term cultured amoebae and brain passaged ones. In spites of the polymorphic zymodemes, a slow band of G6PD and HK, and an intermediate band of MDH were only observed in pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp., which should be used as isoenzymatic makers.

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Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea
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Acanthamoeba sohi, n. sp., a pathogenic Korean isolate YM-4 from a freshwater fish
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Biological and biochemical modulation of Trichomonas vaginalis KT9 isolate after shifting of culture medium from TPS-1 into TYM: Jae-Sook Ryu, Ryung Choi, So-Young Park, Hyun Park, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):255-260.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.255

Abstract
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To evaluate the biological and biochemical characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis KT9 isolate, the growth and size of trichomonads, pathogenicity in mouse, protein profiles and proteinase activity were examined after shifting the medium from TPS-1 into TYM. Generation time of trichomonads in TYM medium was 4.5 hr in comparison to TPS-1 with 7.1 hr. Size of trichomonads cultured in TPS-1 medium (8.5 ± 0.9 × 6.0 ± 0.9 ?m) was significantly smaller than those in TYM medium (10.9 ± 1.4 × 8.2 ± 0.9 ?m). Trichomonads cultured in TYM medium produced subcutaneous abscess in 9 out of 10 mice, whereas those in TPS-1 medium produced abscesses in 2 out of 10 mice. In SDS-PAGE, trichomonad lysates from both media showed ten common bands. However, trichomonads in TYM medium showed additional bands of 136 kDa, 116 kDa and 40 kDa in comparison to those in TPS-1 with 100 kDa. By immunoblot with T. vaginalis-immunized rabbit sera, T. vaginalis cultivated in both TYM and TPS-1 media showed 5 common bands, and unique bands of 116 kDa, 105 kDa, and 86 kDa were observed in trichomonads in TYM while a 140 kDa band in those in TPS-1. In gelatin SDS-PAGE, trichomonads in TYM degraded gelatin stronger than those in TPS-1. Also protease activity of trichomonads in TYM was significantly higher than that of trichomonads in TPS-1 using Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-Nan as a substrate. According to the results, it is assumed that the shift from TPS-1 into TYM medium for cultivation of T. vaginalis might modulate the biological and biochemical properties of T. vaginalis in vitro.

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