Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"resistance"

Mini Review

Emerging Plasmodium falciparum K13 gene mutation to artemisinin-based combination therapies and partner drugs among malaria-infected population in sub-Saharan Africa: Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Emmanuel Ojochegbe Mameh, Daniel Oluwatobiloba Balogun, Victoria-Grace Onyekachi Aririguzoh, Paul Akinniyi Akinduti; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):109-122.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24053

Abstract
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The continuous Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 (PfK13) genetic alterations conferring resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies and partner drugs pose a significant threat to effective treatment and control of P. falciparum infection in developing countries. This review evaluates the emergence and epidemiology of the PfK13 mutation associated with artemisinin resistance in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) population. Despite empirical control and artemisinin combination therapy, the PfK13 gene mutation, previously described in Southeast Asia, has been reported in the SSA. Eight of these validated markers, including P553L, M476I, C580Y, A675V, P574L, R561H, R622I, and F446I, were reported among the SSA population. Novel and unvalidated markers, such as P615S, M472I, F434S, A578S, P570L, Y558C, K563R, A569T, I684N, M472I, and C473F spread among the population with low frequency. We provide insight into the emergence and spread of validated and unvalidated PfK13 mutations among the SSA population, which could lead to high artemisinin resistance. Investigating the verified PfK13 mutations will improve prophylactic strategies, prognostic diagnosis and guide effective population-based surveillance for effective P. falciparum malaria control in SSA.

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Emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and rising resistance to first-line artemisinin partner drugs in Malawi
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Feng Lu, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A scoping review of antimalarial drug resistance markers in Kenya (1987–2022): toward a National Surveillance Framework and Data Repository
Kevin Wamae, John Magudha, Emmanuel Asiimwe, Kariuki Kimani, Regina Kandie, Kibor Keitany, Robert W. Snow, L. Isabella Ochola-Oyier
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Imidazolopiperazines as next-generation antimalarial agents: a scoping review of efficacy, mechanisms of action and resistance; prospects for future development
Fatoumata Ousmane Maiga, Laurent Dembele, Mohamed Maiga, Abdoulaye A. Djimde
Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Species identification and pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus in Korea: Susie Cho, Heung Chul Kim, Hoonsik Eom, Jae Rok Lee, Chung Hyun Ko, E-hyun Shin, Won Kyu Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):251-256.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24002

The global resurgence of bed bug infestations, exacerbated by increasing international travel, trade, and insecticide resistance, has significantly impacted Korea. This study identified the bed bug species and performed pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent bed bugs in Korea. Thirty-one regional bed bug samples were collected from 5 administrative regions: Gyeonggi-do (n=14), Seoul (n=13), Busan (n=2), Jeonllanam-do (n=1), and Chungcheongbuk-do (n=1). The samples underwent morphological and molecular identification. Twenty-four regional samples (77.4%) were identified as the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, and the remaining 7 regional samples (22.6%) were identified as the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. The C. hemipterus regional samples carried at least three mutations associated with knockdown resistance (kdr), including 2 super-kdr mutations. The 7 C. lectularius regional samples possessed at least one of the 3 kdr-related mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance. This study confirms that the prevalent bed bug species recently in Korea is C. hemipterus, replacing the previously endemic C. lectularius. Additionally, the rise in bed bug populations with pyrethroid resistance underscores the necessity of introducing alternative insecticides.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Widespread fixation of kdr-associated mutations in temporal samples of Cimex lectularius collected from multi-unit buildings
Jin-Jia Yu, Warren Booth, Changlu Wang
Journal of Pest Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiple mechanisms associated with deltamethrin and imidacloprid resistance in field-collected common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Jin-Jia Yu, Shao-Hung Lee, Chow-Yang Lee, Changlu Wang
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2025; 210: 106357. CrossRef
Global Perspective of Insecticide Resistance in Bed Bugs and Management Options
Chow‐Yang Lee
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular identification and knockdown resistance mutation of bed bugs involved in 2019 outbreak in Cape Coast, Ghana and Munich, Germany
Andreas A. Kudom, Philipp Hanke, Joana Ayettey, Rofela Combey, Ben A. Mensah, Benjamin Anderson, Andreas Wieser
Acta Tropica.2025; 265: 107623. CrossRef
Toxicity of ivermectin to bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus) and risk factors associated with infestation in Kwale County, coastal Kenya
Tobias Odongo, Isaiah Omondi, Caroline Wanjiku, Miguel Okoko, Caroline Kiuru, Mercy Kariuki, Isaac Ringera, Bruno Otieno, Festus Mure, Joanna Furnival-Adams, Almudena Sanz Gutierrez, Rachel Otuko, Nelly Regina Rabinovich, Joseph Mwangangi, Carlos Chaccour
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) infestation and prevalence of insecticide-resistant amino acid substitutions in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Maaya Sasaki
Medical Entomology and Zoology.2025; 76(2): 45. CrossRef
Development of molecular diagnostic protocols for simultaneous identification of common bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and tropical bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus)
Jeong Heum Han, Junhyeong Choi, Susie Cho, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2023–2024년 국내에서 발생한 빈대의 분포 조사
기훈 김, 선란 조, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(45): 1956. CrossRef

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Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 and antifolate-resistant genes in Plasmodium falciparum from Mali and Niger: Mahaman Moustapha Lamine, Rabia Maman, Abdoul Aziz Maiga, Ibrahim Maman Laminou; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):455-462.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23049

Abstract
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Since 2015, countries in the Sahel region have implemented large-scale seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). However, the mass use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine impacts the genetic diversity of malaria parasites and their sensitivity to antimalarials. This study aimed to describe and compare the genetic diversity and SP resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains in Mali and Niger. We collected 400 blood samples in Mali and Niger from children aged 3–59 months suspected of malaria. Of them, 201 tested positive (Niger, 111, 55.2%; Mali, 90, 44.8%). Polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) genetic marker showed 201 allotypes. The frequency of the RO33 allotype was significantly higher in Niger (63.6%) than in Mali (39.3%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of the K1 and MAD20 allotypes between the 2 countries. The multiplicity of infection was 2 allotypes per patient in Mali and one allotype per patient in Niger. The prevalence of strains with the triple mutants Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H and Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps437G was 18.1% and 30.2%, respectively, and 7.7% carried the quadruple mutant Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H/Pfdhps437G. Despite the significant genetic diversity of parasite populations, the level of SP resistance was comparable between Mali and Niger. The frequency of mutations conferring resistance to SP still allows its effective use in intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women and in SMC.

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Preventive interventions and diagnostic testing compliance in the management of tropical infections among patients with sickle cell disease in Tanzania
Felician Paschal Mgasa, Singeun Oh, Avelina Mgasa, Sunjoo Kang, Erasto Mbugi, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 147. CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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3 Web of Science
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Monitoring antimalarial drug-resistance markers in Somalia: Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei, Kesara Na-Bangchang, Phunuch Muhamad, Wanna Chaijaroenkul; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):78-83.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22140

Abstract
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The use of an effective antimalarial drug is the cornerstone of malaria control. However, the development and spread of resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains have placed the global eradication of malaria in serious jeopardy. Molecular marker analysis constitutes the hallmark of the monitoring of Plasmodium drug-resistance. This study included 96 P. falciparum PCR-positive samples from southern Somalia. The P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene had high frequencies of K76T, A220S, Q271E, N326S, and R371I point mutations. The N86Y and Y184F mutant alleles of the P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 gene were present in 84.7 and 62.4% of the isolates, respectively. No mutation was found in the P. falciparum Kelch-13 gene. This study revealed that chloroquine resistance markers are present at high frequencies, while the parasite remains sensitive to artemisinin (ART). The continuous monitoring of ART-resistant markers and in vitro susceptibility testing are strongly recommended to track resistant strains in real time.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Preventive interventions and diagnostic testing compliance in the management of tropical infections among patients with sickle cell disease in Tanzania
Felician Paschal Mgasa, Singeun Oh, Avelina Mgasa, Sunjoo Kang, Erasto Mbugi, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 147. CrossRef
Influence of genetic factors of humans, mosquitoes and parasites, on the evolution of Plasmodium falciparum infections, malaria transmission and genetic control methods: a review of the literature
Seni Nikiema, Issiaka Soulama, Gifty Dufie Ampofo, Moustapha Nikiema, Abdou Azaque Zouré, Salif Sombié, Salam Sawadogo, Nicolas Ouedraogo, Samuel Sindie Sermé, Haffsatou Sawadogo, Raïssa Ily, Guillène Y. N. Tibiri, Djamila O. A. Zouré, Nassandba Julien Ya
BMC Medical Genomics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigating the relationship between Pfkelch13 mutations and response to artemisinin-based treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Stephanie van Wyk, Prabin Dahal, Chistevy Vouvoungui, Dhol S Ayuen, Farhad Shokraneh, Aboubakar Soma, James A Watson, Philippe Guerin, Karen I Barnes
BMJ Open.2025; 15(7): e100251. CrossRef
Understanding the global rise of artemisinin resistance: Insights from over 100,000 Plasmodium falciparum samples
Andrew J Balmer, Nina FD White, Eyyüb S Ünlü, Chiyun Lee, Richard D Pearson, Jacob Almagro-Garcia, Cristina Ariani
eLife.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Plasmodium falciparum Adenosine Triphosphatase-6 Gene (PfATPase6) Mutations in Artemisinin Resistance
Obafemi Yemisi Dorcas, Atokolo Austine
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2025; 19(4): 2575. CrossRef
Emergence of Plasmodium falciparum strains with artemisinin partial resistance in East Africa and the Horn of Africa: is there a need to panic?
Ashenafi Assefa, Abebe A. Fola, Geremew Tasew
Malaria Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria treatment in Metehara, Central-east Ethiopia
Mahelet Tesfaye, Ashenafi Assefa, Henok Hailgiorgis, Bokretsion Gidey, Hussein Mohammed, Getachew Tollera, Geremew Tasew, Gudissa Assefa, Worku Bekele, Hassen Mamo
Malaria Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Update on antimicrobial resistance in Somalia: Current status, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives
Shafie Abdulkadir Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed Dirie, Nur Rashid Ahmed, Abdifetah Ibrahim Omar
Heliyon.2024; 10(20): e39434. CrossRef
Emerging threat of artemisinin partial resistance markers (pfk13 mutations) in Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in multiple geographical locations in high transmission regions of Uganda
Bosco B. Agaba, Jye Travis, David Smith, Simon P. Rugera, Maria G. Zalwango, Jimmy Opigo, Charles Katureebe, Ruth Mpirirwe, Dembo Bakary, Martin Antonio, Beshir Khalid, Joseph Ngonzi, Moses R. Kamya, Pontiano Kaleebu, Peter Piot, Qin Cheng
Malaria Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Geospatial Analysis of Malaria Burden in Kagera Region, Northwestern Tanzania Using Health Facility and Community Survey Data
Daniel A Petro, Nyimvua Shaban, Sijenunu Aaron, Frank Chacky, Samuel Lazaro, Maciej F Boni, Deus S Ishengoma
Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

4,875 View
180 Download
9 Web of Science
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Mini Review

Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):189-225.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.189

Abstract
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The use of albendazole and mebendazole, i.e., benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, in treatment of parasitic infections, as well as cancers, is briefly reviewed. These drugs are known to block the microtubule systems of parasites and mammalian cells leading to inhibition of glucose uptake and transport and finally cell death. Eventually they exhibit ovicidal, larvicidal, and vermicidal effects on parasites, and tumoricidal effects on hosts. Albendazole and mebendazole are most frequently prescribed for treatment of intestinal nematode infections (ascariasis, hookworm infections, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis) and can also be used for intestinal tapeworm infections (taeniases and hymenolepiasis). However, these drugs also exhibit considerable therapeutic effects against tissue nematode/cestode infections (visceral, ocular, neural, and cutaneous larva migrans, anisakiasis, trichinosis, hepatic and intestinal capillariasis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, gongylonemiasis, thelaziasis, dracunculiasis, cerebral and subcutaneous cysticercosis, and echinococcosis). Albendazole is also used for treatment of filarial infections (lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, mansonellosis, and dirofilariasis) alone or in combination with other drugs, such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Albendazole was tried even for treatment of trematode (fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and intestinal fluke infections) and protozoan infections (giardiasis, vaginal trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and microsporidiosis). These drugs are generally safe with few side effects; however, when they are used for prolonged time (>14-28 days) or even only 1 time, liver toxicity and other side reactions may occur. In hookworms, Trichuris trichiura, possibly Ascaris lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Giardia sp., there are emerging issues of drug resistance. It is of particular note that albendazole and mebendazole have been repositioned as promising anti-cancer drugs. These drugs have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo (animals) against liver, lung, ovary, prostate, colorectal, breast, head and neck cancers, and melanoma. Two clinical reports for albendazole and 2 case reports for mebendazole have revealed promising effects of these drugs in human patients having variable types of cancers. However, because of the toxicity of albendazole, for example, neutropenia due to myelosuppression, if high doses are used for a prolonged time, mebendazole is currently more popularly used than albendazole in anti-cancer clinical trials.

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Diego Rodríguez, Elizabeth Gómez, Mauricio Moncada-Basualto, Esteban Rocha-Valderrama, Elena Stashenko, Justo Cobo, Alirio Palma
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10.1016/s1155-1968(23)45969-x

CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs.2000;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

A LAMP-SNP Assay Detecting C580Y Mutation in Pfkelch13 Gene from Clinically Dried Blood Spot Samples: Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):15-22.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.15

Artemisinin resistance (ART) has been confirmed in Greater Mekong Sub-region countries. Currently, C580Y mutation on Pfkelch13 gene is known as the molecular marker for the detection of ART. Rapid and accurate detection of ART in field study is essential to guide malaria containment and elimination interventions. A simple method for collection of malaria-infected blood is to spot the blood on filter paper and is fast and easy for transportation and storage in the field study. This study aims to evaluate LAMP-SNP assay for C580Y mutation detection by introducing an extra mismatched nucleotide at the 3’ end of the FIP primer. The LAMP-SNP assay was performed in a water bath held at a temperature of 56°C for 45 min. LAMP-SNP products were interpreted by both gel-electrophoresis and HNB-visualized changes in color. The method was then tested with 120 P. falciparum DNA from dried blood spot samples. In comparing the LAMP-SNP assay results with those from DNA sequencing of the clinical samples, the 2 results fully agreed to detect C580Y. The sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP-SNP assay showed 100%. There were no cross-reactions with other Plasmodium species and other Pfkelch13 mutations. The LAMP-SNP assay performed in this study was rapid, reliable, and useful in detecting artemisinin resistance in the field study.

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Colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cLAMP) assay for the genotyping of a thrombophilia genetic risk factor, MTHFR (C677T)
Reham Altwayan, Huseyin Tombuloglu, Moneerah Alsaeed, Abdulrahman Alhusil
Analytical Methods.2025; 17(21): 4432. CrossRef
Advancing artemisinin resistance monitoring using a high sensitivity ddPCR assay for Pfkelch13 mutation detection in Asia
Suttipat Srisutham, Aungkana Saejeng, Nardlada Khantikul, Rungniran Sugaram, Raweewan Sangsri, Arjen M. Dondorp, Nicholas P. J. Day, Mallika Imwong
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Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): A promising tool for rapid, point-of-care diagnosis of parasitic diseases in low-income countries
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A Biotinylated cpFIT-PNA Platform for the Facile Detection of Drug Resistance to Artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum
Odelia Tepper, Daniel H. Appella, Hongchao Zheng, Ron Dzikowski, Eylon Yavin
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Guodong Li, Chung-Nga Ko, Zikang Wang, Feng Chen, Wanhe Wang, Dik-Lung Ma, Chung-Hang Leung
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Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow assay visualization of Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 C580Y mutation for artemisinin resistance detection in clinical samples
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Brief Communication

Overall Prevalence and Distribution of Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations in Aedes aegypti from Mandalay Region, Myanmar: Haung Naw, Mya Nilar Chaw Su, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Hojong Jun, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Jinyoung Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):709-714.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.709

Abstract
PDF

Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of mosquitoes confer resistance to insecticides. Although insecticide resistance has been suspected to be widespread in the natural population of Aedes aegypti in Myanmar, only limited information is currently available. The overall prevalence and distribution of kdr mutations was analyzed in Ae. aegypti from Mandalay areas, Myanmar. Sequence analysis of the VGSC in Ae. aegypti from Myanmar revealed amino acid mutations at 13 and 11 positions in domains II and III of VGSC, respectively. High frequencies of S989P (68.6%), V1016G (73.5%), and F1534C (40.1%) were found in domains II and III. T1520I was also found, but the frequency was low (8.1%). The frequency of S989P/V1016G was high (55.0%), and the frequencies of V1016G/F1534C and S989P/V1016G/F1534C were also high at 30.1% and 23.5%, respectively. Novel mutations in domain II (L963Q, M976I, V977A, M994T, L995F, V996M/A, D998N, V999A, N1013D, and F1020S) and domain III (K1514R, Y1523H, V1529A, F1534L, F1537S, V1546A, F1551S, G1581D, and K1584R) were also identified. These results collectively suggest that high frequencies of kdr mutations were identified in Myanmar Ae. aegypti, indicating a high level of insecticide resistance.

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Monitoring insecticide resistance and target-site mutations in field populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China
Baojuan Zeng, Jianghao Ding, Yajuan Xiao, Shilong Wang, Jie Zhong, Yueru Ye, Huiru Zhou, Jing Song, Wenxin Zhao, Shutang Zhou, Huidong Wang, Raul Narciso Guedes
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Knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutations in Indian Aedes aegypti populations: Lack of recombination among haplotypes bearing V1016G, F1534C, and F1534L kdr alleles
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Ruibo Gao, Rongcai Lu, Xinyao Qiu, Likui Wang, Kun Zhang, Shaoying Wu
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Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Myanmar
Haung Naw, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Joon Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Sebastien Marcombe, Katherine Shimell, Rachel Savage, Edward Howlett, Phonesavanh Luangamath, Somphat Nilaxay, Vacky Vungkyly, Anne Baby, Mathew King, Josie Clarke, Chloe Jeffries, Josna Jojo, Emily Lacey, Farris Bhatty, Dadirayi Mabika, Andrea Dela Cruz,
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2022; 36(4): 424. CrossRef

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Original Article

Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea: Seo Hye Park, Hojong Jun, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Sung-Lim Yu, Sung Keun Lee, Jung-Mi Kang, Hyunwoo Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):543-550.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.543

Mosquitoes are globally distributed and important vectors for the transmission of many human diseases. Mosquito control is a difficult task and the cost of preventing mosquito-borne diseases is much lower than that for curing the associated diseases. Thus, chemical control remains the most effective tool for mosquito. Due to the long-term intensive use of insecticides to control mosquito vectors, resistance to most chemical insecticides has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insecticide resistance and target site mutation of L1014 kdr and G119 ace alleles in 5 species/species group of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles spp., Culex pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) obtained from 6 collection sites. For Anopheles spp., the proportion of mosquitoes with mutated alleles in L1014 was 88.4%, homozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 46.7%, and heterozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 41.8%. For the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus species, homozygous resistant genotypes were found in 25.9% and 9.8%, respectively. However, target site mutation of L1014 in the Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus species was not observed. Anopheles spp., Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos, whereas Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus were clearly susceptible. We also found a correlation between the resistance phenotype and the presence of the L1014 kdr and G119 ace mutations only in the Anopheles spp. population. In this study, we suggest that insecticide resistance poses a growing threat and resistance management must be integrated into all mosquito control programs.

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Do Eun Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim, Alec Gerry
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Insecticide resistance mutations of Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hojong Jun, Kwang Shik Choi, Jean-philippe David
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Nikhil Bharadwaj, Rohit Sharma, Muthukumaravel Subramanian, Gnanasekar Ragini, Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan, Manju Rahi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(5): 1854. CrossRef
Distribution and frequency of ace-1 and kdr mutations of Culex pipiens subgroup in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Jihun Ryu, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2024; 249: 107058. CrossRef
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Fatma Bursalı
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Do Eun Lee, Jeewoo Shin, Young Ho Kim, Kwang Shik Choi, Hyeyeong Choe, Kwang Pum Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2023; 194: 105520. CrossRef
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Brief Communication

Monitoring of Pyrethroid Resistance Allele Frequency in the Common Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) in the Republic of Korea: Susie Cho, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Deok Ho Kwon, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(1):99-102.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.99

Abstract
PDF

Two-point mutations (V419L and L925I) on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are known to confer pyrethroid resistance. To determine the status of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs in Korea, resistance allele frequencies of bed bug strains collected from several US military installations in Korea and Mokpo, Jeollanamdo, from 2009-2019 were monitored using a quantitative sequencing. Most bed bugs were determined to have both of the point mutations except a few specimens, collected in 2009, 2012 and 2014, having only a single point mutation (L925I). No susceptible allele was observed in any of the bed bugs examined, suggesting that pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea has reached a serious level. Large scale monitoring is required to increase our knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea. Based on present study, it is urgent to restrict the use of pyrethroids and to introduce effective alternative insecticides. A nation-wide monitoring program to determine the pyrethroid resistance level in bed bugs and to select alternative insecticides should be implemented.

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Jin-Jia Yu, Warren Booth, Changlu Wang
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Warren Booth
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Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 251. CrossRef
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Cari D. Lewis, Brenna A. Levine, Coby Schal, Edward L. Vargo, Warren Booth
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Xin-Yeng Leong, Chow-Yang Lee, G Veera Singham, Alexander Chong Shu-Chien, Richard Naylor, Alexia Naylor, Dini M Miller, Morgan M Wilson, David G Lilly, Stephen L Doggett, Changlu Wang
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The first recent case ofCimex hemipterus(Hemiptera: Cimicidae) withsuper-kdrmutations in the Republic of Korea
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Journal of Medical Entomology.2023; 60(4): 822. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Molecular Surveillance of Pfkelch13 and Pfmdr1 Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Southern Thailand: Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):369-377.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.369

Abstract
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Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) resistance is widespread throughout the Greater Mekong Subregion. This raises concern over the antimalarial treatment in Thailand since it shares borders with Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar where high ACT failure rates were reported. It is crucial to have information about the spread of ACT resistance for efficient planning and treatment. This study was to identify the molecular markers for antimalarial drug resistance: Pfkelch13 and Pfmdr1 mutations from 5 provinces of southern Thailand, from 2012 to 2017, of which 2 provinces on the Thai- Myanmar border (Chumphon and Ranong), one on Thai-Malaysia border (Yala) and 2 from non-border provinces (Phang Nga and Surat Thani). The results showed that C580Y mutation of Pfkelch13 was found mainly in the province on the Thai-Myanmar border. No mutations in the PfKelch13 gene were found in Surat Thani and Yala. The Pfmdr1 gene isolated from the Thai-Malaysia border was a different pattern from those found in other areas (100% N86Y) whereas wild type strain was present in Phang Nga. Our study indicated that the molecular markers of artemisinin resistance were spread in the provinces bordering along the Thai-Myanmar, and the pattern of Pfmdr1 mutations from the areas along the international border of Thailand differed from those of the non-border provinces. The information of the molecular markers from this study highlighted the recent spread of artemisinin resistant parasites from the endemic area, and the data will be useful for optimizing antimalarial treatment based on regional differences.

Citations

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Advancing artemisinin resistance monitoring using a high sensitivity ddPCR assay for Pfkelch13 mutation detection in Asia
Suttipat Srisutham, Aungkana Saejeng, Nardlada Khantikul, Rungniran Sugaram, Raweewan Sangsri, Arjen M. Dondorp, Nicholas P. J. Day, Mallika Imwong
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Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(9): 223. CrossRef
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Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 112: 105460. CrossRef
Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow assay visualization of Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 C580Y mutation for artemisinin resistance detection in clinical samples
Wannida Sanmoung, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Suwannee Jitueakul, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat, Mallika Imwong
Acta Tropica.2023; 246: 106998. CrossRef
Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency among Malaria Patients in Southern Thailand: 8 Years Retrospective Study
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(1): 15. CrossRef
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A LAMP-SNP Assay Detecting C580Y Mutation in Pfkelch13 Gene from Clinically Dried Blood Spot Samples
Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 15. CrossRef
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Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Immune Correlates of Resistance to Trichinella spiralis Reinfection in Mice: Ki-Back Chu, Sang-Soo Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):637-643.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.637

Abstract
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The immune correlate of host resistance induced by reinfection of Trichinella spiralis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated immune correlates between the resistance and serum IgG antibody level, CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cells, and eosinophil responses induced by T. spiralis reinfection. Mice were primarily infected with 10 or 100 T. spiralis larvae (10 TS, 100 TS), respectively, and after 4 weeks, they were challenge infected with 100 T. spiralis larvae (10-100 TS, 100-100 TS). Upon challenge infections, 10-100 TS mice induced significantly higher levels of T. spiralis-specific total IgG antibody responses in sera and antibody secreting cell responses in spleens compared to 100-100 TS mice, resulting in significantly reduced worm burdens in 10-100 TS mice (60% and 70% reductions for adult and larvae, respectively). Higher levels of eosinophils were found in mice primarily infected with 10 TS compared to those of 100 TS at week 8 upon challenge. CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cells were found to be increased significantly in mice primarily infected with 10 TS. These results indicate that primary infection of 10 larvae of T. spiralis, rather than 100 larvae, induces significant resistance against reinfection which closely correlated with T. spiralis-specific IgG, eosinophil, and CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cell responses.

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Trichinella infectivity and antibody response in experimentally infected pigs
Nan Wang, Xue Bai, Jing Ding, Jiaojiao Lin, Hongfei Zhu, Xuenong Luo, Zhiqiang Fu, Chuangang Zhu, Hong Jia, Mingyuan Liu, Xiaolei Liu
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Ying Xue, Bo Zhang, Hai-Bin Huang, Jun-Yi Li, Tian-Xu Pan, Yue Tang, Chun-Wei Shi, Hong-Liang Chen, Nan Wang, Gui-Lian Yang, Chun-Feng Wang
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Case Report

A Case of Pneumonia Caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii Resistant to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole: Sang Min Lee, Yong Kyun Cho, Yon Mi Sung, Dong Hae Chung, Sung Hwan Jeong, Jeong-Woong Park, Sang Pyo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):321-327.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.321

Abstract
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A 50-year-old male visited the outpatient clinic and complained of fever, poor oral intake, and weight loss. A chest X-ray demonstrated streaky and fibrotic lesions in both lungs, and chest CT revealed multifocal peribronchial patchy ground-glass opacities with septated cystic lesions in both lungs. Cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed lymphocyte-dominant leukocytosis, and further analysis of lymphocyte subsets showed a predominance of cytotoxic T cells and few T helper cells. Video-assisted wedge resection of the left upper lobe was performed, and the histologic examination was indicative of a Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was orally administered for 3 weeks; however, the patient complained of cough, and the pneumonia was aggravated in the follow-up chest X-ray and chest CT. Molecular studies demonstrated mutations at codons 55 and 57 of the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene, which is associated with the resistance to TMP-SMX. Clindamycin-primaquine was subsequently administered for 3 weeks replacing the TMP-SMX. A follow-up chest X-ray showed that the pneumonia was resolving, and the cough was also alleviated. A positive result of HIV immunoassay and elevated titer of HCV RNA indicated HIV infection as an underlying condition. This case highlights the importance of careful monitoring of patients with P. jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) during the course of treatment, and the molecular study of DHPS mutations. Additionally, altering the anti-PCP drug utilized as treatment must be considered when infection with drug-resistant P. jirovecii is suspected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of TMP-SMX-resistant PCP described in Korea.

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Original Articles

Plasmodium vivax Drug Resistance Genes; Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o Polymorphisms in Relation to Chloroquine Sensitivity from a Malaria Endemic Area of Thailand: Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Poonuch Muhamad, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Jiraporn Kuesap, Kesara Na-Bangchang; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):43-49.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.43

Abstract
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The aim of the study was to explore the possible molecular markers of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates in Thailand. A total of 30 P. vivax isolates were collected from a malaria endemic area along the Thai-Myanmar border in Mae Sot district of Thailand. Dried blood spot samples were collected for analysis of Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o polymorphisms. Blood samples (100 μl) were collected by finger-prick for in vitro chloroquine susceptibility testing by schizont maturation inhibition assay. Based on the cut-off IC₅₀ of 100 nM, 19 (63.3%) isolates were classified as chloroquine resistant P. vivax isolates. Seven non-synonymous mutations and 2 synonymous were identified in Pvmdr1 gene. Y976F and F1076L mutations were detected in 7 (23.3%) and 16 isolates (53.3%), respectively. Analysis of Pvcrt-o gene revealed that all isolates were wild-type. Our results suggest that chloroquine resistance gene is now spreading in this area. Monitoring of chloroquine resistant molecular markers provide a useful tool for future control of P. vivax malaria.

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Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax mdr1 genotypes in isolates from successfully cured patients living in endemic and non-endemic Brazilian areas
Larissa Rodrigues Gomes, Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira, Aline Rosa de Lavigne, Suelen Rezende Félix de Lima, Anielle de Pina-Costa, Patrícia Brasil, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Didier Ménard, Maria de Fatima Ferreira-da-Cruz
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance-1 gene polymorphism in French Guiana
Emilie Faway, Lise Musset, Stéphane Pelleau, Béatrice Volney, Jessica Casteras, Valérie Caro, Didier Menard, Sébastien Briolant, Eric Legrand
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of pvmdr1 and microsatellite genotype in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Republic of Korea military personnel
Dong-Il Chung, Sookwan Jeong, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Hye-Won Yang, Sang-Geon Yeo, Yeonchul Hong, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Malaria Journal.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Overexpression of Ubiquitin and Amino Acid Permease Genes in Association with Antimony Resistance in Leishmania tropica Field Isolates: Elham Kazemi-Rad, Mehdi Mohebali, Mohammad Bagher Khadem-Erfan, Homa Hajjaran, Ramtin Hadighi, Ali Khamesipour, Sassan Rezaie, Mojtaba Saffari, Reza Raoofian, Mansour Heidari; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):413-419.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.413

Abstract
PDF

The mainstay therapy against leishmaniasis is still pentavalent antimonial drugs; however, the rate of antimony resistance is increasing in endemic regions such as Iran. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance to antimonials could be helpful to improve treatment strategies. This study aimed to recognize genes involved in antimony resistance of Leishmania tropica field isolates. Sensitive and resistant L. tropica parasites were isolated from anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and drug susceptibility of parasites to meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) was confirmed using in vitro assay. Then, complementary DNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) approaches were utilized on mRNAs from resistant and sensitive L. tropica isolates. We identified 2 known genes, ubiquitin implicated in protein degradation and amino acid permease (AAP3) involved in arginine uptake. Also, we identified 1 gene encoding hypothetical protein. Real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant upregulation of ubiquitin (2.54-fold), and AAP3 (2.86-fold) (P<0.05) in a resistant isolate compared to a sensitive one. Our results suggest that overexpression of ubiquitin and AAP3 could potentially implicated in natural antimony resistance.

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Comparative transcriptomics of naturally susceptible and resistant Trypanosoma cruzi strains in response to Benznidazole
Carlos Ospina, Tatiana Cáceres, Stivenn Gutiérrez, Luz Helena Patiño, Luis David Sáenz-Pérez, Karen Moreno Medina, Juan Carlos Villar, Juan David Ramírez
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2025; 29: 100623. CrossRef
Leishmania spp. genetic factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis antimony pentavalent drug resistance: a systematic review
Raphaela Lisboa Andrade Nery, Thaline Mabel Sousa Santos, Luana Leandro Gois, Aldina Barral, Ricardo Khouri, Caroline Alves Feitosa, Luciane Amorim Santos
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptomic analysis of benznidazole-resistant and susceptible Trypanosoma cruzi populations
Davi Alvarenga Lima, Leilane Oliveira Gonçalves, João Luís Reis-Cunha, Paul Anderson Souza Guimarães, Jeronimo Conceição Ruiz, Daniel Barbosa Liarte, Silvane Maria Fonseca Murta
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals differential modulation of crucial stage specific proteins during promastigote to amastigote differentiation in Leishmania donovani
Chinmayee Bar Routaray, Vaibhavee Choudhari, Divya Prakash, Rajendra Patil, Surabhi Jagtap, Shakuntala Bai, Mahesh J. Kulkarni, Suresh V. Kuchipudi, Kalpana Pai
Journal of Proteins and Proteomics.2022; 13(1): 17. CrossRef
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Jaime Larraga, Pedro Alcolea, Ana Alonso, Luis Martins, Inmaculada Moreno, Mercedes Domínguez, Vicente Larraga
Vaccines.2022; 10(2): 231. CrossRef
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Samira Salari, Mehdi Bamorovat, Iraj Sharifi, Pooya Ghasemi Nejad Almani
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Elucidation of the Flavor Aspects and Flavor-Associated Genomic Regions in Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) by Metabolomic Analysis and QTL-seq
Ying Wang, Yanwei Li, Xiaohua Wu, Xinyi Wu, Zishan Feng, Jian Wang, Baogen Wang, Zhongfu Lu, Guojing Li
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Effect of the variation in the extracellular concentration of l-arginine in the physiology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and its susceptibility to some antileishmanial drugs
Manuela Giraldo, Yulieth A. Upegui, Jorge L. Higuita-Castro, Luis A. Gonzalez, Sneider Gutierrez, Sergio A. Pulido, Sara M. Robledo
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 242: 108395. CrossRef
HAS 1: A natural product from soil-isolated Streptomyces species with potent activity against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica
Bassel Awada, Maguy Hamie, Rana El Hajj, Ghada Derbaj, Rania Najm, Perla Makhoul, Dima Hajj Ali, Antoine G. Abou Fayad, Hiba El Hajj
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolite Biomarkers of Leishmania Antimony Resistance
Sneider Alexander Gutierrez Guarnizo, Zemfira N. Karamysheva, Elkin Galeano, Carlos E. Muskus
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Voriconazole resistance genes in Aspergillus flavus clinical isolates
F. Zaini, E. Lotfali, A. Fattahi, E. Siddig, S. Farahyar, E. Kouhsari, M. Saffari
Journal de Mycologie Médicale.2020; 30(2): 100953. CrossRef
Comparative transcriptomic analysis of antimony resistant and susceptible Leishmania infantum lines
Juvana Moreira Andrade, Leilane Oliveira Gonçalves, Daniel Barbosa Liarte, Davi Alvarenga Lima, Frederico Gonçalves Guimarães, Daniela de Melo Resende, Ana Maria Murta Santi, Luciana Marcia de Oliveira, João Paulo Linhares Velloso, Renato Guimarães Delfin
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
An overview of leishmanization experience: A successful control measure and a tool to evaluate candidate vaccines
Mehdi Mohebali, Abolhassan Nadim, Ali Khamesipour
Acta Tropica.2019; 200: 105173. CrossRef
Comparison of Cysteine Protease B Gene Expression between Clinical Isolates of Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum
Elham Kazemirad, Hossien Reisi Nafchi, Alireza Latifi, Reza Raoofian, Mehdi Mohebali, Homa Hajjaran
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2019; 7(3): 72. CrossRef
Use of AFLP for the study of eukaryotic pathogens affecting humans
Carlos M. Restrepo, Alejandro Llanes, Ricardo Lleonart
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 63: 360. CrossRef
Expression analysis of viscerotropic leishmaniasis gene in Leishmania species by real-time RT-PCR
Hossein Reisi Nafchi, Elham Kazemi-Rad, Mehdi Mohebali, Reza Raoofian, Niloofar Bavarsad Ahmadpour, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, Homa Hajjaran
Acta Parasitologica.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Expression analysis of activated protein kinase C gene (LACK1) in antimony sensitive and resistant Leishmania tropica clinical isolates using real‐time RT‐PCR
Homa Hajjaran, Elham Kazemi‐Rad, Mehdi Mohebali, Mohammad A. Oshaghi, Mohammad B. Khadem‐Erfan, Elham Hajaliloo, Hossein Reisi Nafchi, Reza Raoofian
International Journal of Dermatology.2016; 55(9): 1020. CrossRef
Visceral Leishmaniasis without Fever in an 11-Month-Old Infant: a Rare Clinical Feature of Kala-azar
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(2): 189. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Drug Resistance-Associated Gene Mutations in Plasmodium vivax in Central China: Feng Lu, Bo Wang, Jun Cao, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Huayun Zhou, Guoding Zhu, Kwonkee Kim, Qi Gao, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):379-384.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.379

Abstract
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Resistance of Plasmodium spp. to anti-malarial drugs is the primary obstacle in the fight against malaria, and molecular markers for the drug resistance have been applied as an adjunct in the surveillance of the resistance. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of mutations in pvmdr1, pvcrt-o, pvdhfr, and pvdhps genes in temperate-zone P. vivax parasites from central China. A total of 26 isolates were selected, including 8 which were previously shown to have a lower susceptibility to chloroquine in vitro. For pvmdr1, pvcrt-o, and pvdhps genes, no resistance-conferring mutations were discovered. However, a highly prevalent (69.2%), single-point mutation (S117N) was found in pvdhfr gene. In addition, tandem repeat polymorphisms existed in pvdhfr and pvdhps genes, which warranted further studies in relation to the parasite resistance to antifolate drugs. The study further suggests that P. vivax populations in central China may still be relatively susceptible to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

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Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yenesew Mihret Wondmagegn, Abebaw Setegn, Getu Girmay, Muluneh Assefa, Banchayehu Getnet, Tena Cherkos, Wagaw Abebe, Nega Dessie, Adane Derso, Zufan Yiheyis, Adane Adugna, Tadesse Misganaw, Aberham Abere, Mebratu Tamir, Mekuriaw Belayneh, Azanaw Amare, Ag
Acta Tropica.2026; 273: 107947. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Potential Drug Resistance Markers in Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Panama, Mesoamerica
Vanessa Vásquez, Ana María Santamaría, Dianik Moreno, Fergie Ruíz, Chystrie A. Rigg, Luis F. Chaves, José E. Calzada
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 231. CrossRef
Are pvcrt-o and pvmdr1 Gene Mutations Associated with Plasmodium vivax Chloroquine-Resistant Parasites?
Rebecca de Abreu-Fernandes, Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira, Aline Rosa de Lavigne Mello, Lucas Tavares de Queiroz, Jacqueline de Aguiar Barros, Bárbara de Oliveira Baptista, Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira, Rodrigo Medeiros de Souza, Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
Biomedicines.2024; 12(1): 141. CrossRef
Polymorphisms of potential drug resistant molecular markers in Plasmodium vivax from China–Myanmar border during 2008‒2017
Zhensheng Wang, Chunyan Wei, Yunchun Pan, Zhihua Wang, Xin Ji, Qianqian Chen, Lianhui Zhang, Zenglei Wang, Heng Wang
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of pvmrp1 Polymorphisms and Its Contribution to Antimalarial Response
Yi Yin, Gangcheng Chen, Myat Htut Nyunt, Meihua Zhang, Yaobao Liu, Guoding Zhu, Xinlong He, Fang Tian, Jun Cao, Eun-taek Han, Feng Lu
Microorganisms.2022; 10(8): 1482. CrossRef
Assessing the in vitro sensitivity with associated drug resistance polymorphisms in Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates from Delhi, India
Monika Matlani, Amit Kumar, Vineeta Singh
Experimental Parasitology.2021; 220: 108047. CrossRef
Monitoring Plasmodium vivax resistance to antimalarials: Persisting challenges and future directions
Marcelo U. Ferreira, Tais Nobrega de Sousa, Gabriel W. Rangel, Igor C. Johansen, Rodrigo M. Corder, Simone Ladeia-Andrade, José Pedro Gil
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2021; 15: 9. CrossRef
Phylogenetic analysis suggests single and multiple origins of dihydrofolate reductase mutations in Plasmodium vivax
Ayaz Shaukat, Qasim Ali, Lucy Raud, Abdul Wahab, Taj Ali Khan, Imran Rashid, Muhammad Rashid, Mubashir Hussain, Mushtaq A. Saleem, Neil D. Sargison, Umer Chaudhry
Acta Tropica.2021; 215: 105821. CrossRef
Antimalarial Drug Resistance and Implications for the WHO Global Technical Strategy
Matthew M. Ippolito, Kara A. Moser, Jean-Bertin Bukasa Kabuya, Clark Cunningham, Jonathan J. Juliano
Current Epidemiology Reports.2021; 8(2): 46. CrossRef
Polymorphism of Antifolate Drug Resistance in Plasmodium vivax From Local Residents and Migrant Workers Returned From the China-Myanmar Border
Weilin Zeng, Siqi Wang, Shi Feng, Daibin Zhong, Yue Hu, Yao Bai, Yonghua Ruan, Yu Si, Hui Zhao, Qi Yang, Xinxin Li, Xi Chen, Yanmei Zhang, Cuiying Li, Zheng Xiang, Yanrui Wu, Fang Chen, Pincan Su, Benjamin M. Rosenthal, Zhaoqing Yang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Surveillance and Ex Vivo Drug Susceptibilities of Plasmodium vivax Isolates From the China–Myanmar Border
Weilin Zeng, Hui Zhao, Wei Zhao, Qi Yang, Xinxin Li, Xiaosong Li, Mengxi Duan, Xun Wang, Cuiying Li, Zheng Xiang, Xi Chen, Liwang Cui, Zhaoqing Yang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Detection of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Plasmodium vivax from Returned Travellers to NSW, Australia during 2008–2018
Chaturong Noisang, Wieland Meyer, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, John Ellis, Rogan Lee
Pathogens.2020; 9(2): 101. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax drug resistance markers: Genetic polymorphisms and mutation patterns in isolates from Malaysia
Fei-Wen Cheong, Shairah Dzul, Mun-Yik Fong, Yee-Ling Lau, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar
Acta Tropica.2020; 206: 105454. CrossRef
Ex vivo susceptibilities of Plasmodium vivax isolates from the China-Myanmar border to antimalarial drugs and association with polymorphisms in Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o genes
Jiangyan Li, Jie Zhang, Qian Li, Yue Hu, Yonghua Ruan, Zhiyong Tao, Hui Xia, Jichen Qiao, Lingwen Meng, Weilin Zeng, Cuiying Li, Xi He, Luyi Zhao, Faiza A. Siddiqui, Jun Miao, Zhaoqing Yang, Qiang Fang, Liwang Cui, Kamala Thriemer
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(6): e0008255. CrossRef
An unlabelled probe-based real time PCR and modified semi-nested PCR as molecular tools for analysis of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax isolates from Afghanistan
Sayed Hussain Mosawi, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Najibullah Safi, Reza Fotouhi-Ardakani, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Javid Sadraei
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular surveillance for drug resistance markers in Plasmodium vivax isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic infections at the China–Myanmar border
Yan Zhao, Lin Wang, Myat Thu Soe, Pyae Linn Aung, Haichao Wei, Ziling Liu, Tongyu Ma, Yuanyuan Huang, Lynette J. Menezes, Qinghui Wang, Myat Phone Kyaw, Myat Htut Nyunt, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Selective sweep and phylogenetic models for the emergence and spread of pyrimethamine resistance mutations in Plasmodium vivax
Ayaz Shaukat, Qasim Ali, Timothy Connelley, Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan, Mushtaq A. Saleem, Mike Evans, Imran Rashid, Neil D. Sargison, Umer Chaudhry
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2019; 68: 221. CrossRef
Polymorphisms in genes associated with drug resistance of Plasmodium vivax in India
Vamsi Mohan Anantabotla, Hiasindh Ashmi Antony, Subhash Chandra Parija, Nonika Rajkumari, Jyoti R. Kini, Radhakrishna Manipura, Vijaya Lakshmi Nag, R. Gadepalli, Nirupama Chayani, Somi Patro
Parasitology International.2019; 70: 92. CrossRef
Molecular detection of drug resistant malaria in Southern Thailand
Chaturong Noisang, Christiane Prosser, Wieland Meyer, Waenurama Chemoh, John Ellis, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Rogan Lee
Malaria Journal.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Drug resistance genes: pvcrt-o and pvmdr-1 polymorphism in patients from malaria endemic South Western Coastal Region of India
Shiny Joy, Benudhar Mukhi, Susanta K. Ghosh, Rajeshwara N. Achur, D. Channe Gowda, Namita Surolia
Malaria Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Presence of novel triple mutations in the pvdhfr from Plasmodium vivax in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern coastal region of India
Shiny Joy, Susanta K. Ghosh, Rajeshwara N. Achur, D. Channe Gowda, Namita Surolia
Malaria Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The prevalence of molecular markers of drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax from the border regions of Thailand in 2008 and 2014
Kritpaphat Tantiamornkul, Tepanata Pumpaibool, Jittima Piriyapongsa, Richard Culleton, Usa Lek-Uthai
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2018; 8(2): 229. CrossRef
Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax dhfr, dhps, mdr1 and crt-o resistance-associated mutations in the Colombian Amazonian region
Juan Ricardo Cubides, Paola Andrea Camargo-Ayala, Carlos Hernando Niño, Diego Garzón-Ospina, Anggie Ortega-Ortegón, Estefany Ospina-Cantillo, María Fernanda Orduz-Durán, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
Malaria Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Evidence of Drug Resistance in Asymptomatic Malaria Infections, Myanmar, 2015
Myat Htut Nyunt, Thinzar Shein, Ni Ni Zaw, Soe Soe Han, Fauzi Muh, Seong-Kyun Lee, Jin-Hee Han, Kyaw Zin Thant, Eun-Taek Han, Myat Phone Kyaw
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2017; 23(3): 517. CrossRef
Clinical and molecular surveillance of drug resistant vivax malaria in Myanmar (2009–2016)
Myat Htut Nyunt, Jin-Hee Han, Bo Wang, Khin Myo Aye, Kyin Hla Aye, Seong-Kyun Lee, Ye Htut, Myat Phone Kyaw, Kay Thwe Han, Eun-Taek Han
Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Low prevalence of dihydro folate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) quadruple and quintuple mutant alleles associated with SP resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates of West Bengal, India
Sabyasachi Das, Abhijit Banik, Amiya Kumar Hati, Somenath Roy
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Polymorphisms in chloroquine resistance-associated genes in Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia
Lemu Golassa, Berhanu Erko, Frederick N Baliraine, Abraham Aseffa, Göte Swedberg
Malaria Journal.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Amplification of pfmdr1 , pfcrt , pvmdr1 , and K13 Propeller Polymorphisms Associated with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Isolates from the China-Myanmar Bord
Jun Feng, Daili Zhou, Yingxue Lin, Huihui Xiao, He Yan, Zhigui Xia
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2015; 59(5): 2554. CrossRef
Molecular surveillance of pvdhfr, pvdhps, and pvmdr-1 mutations in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Yunnan and Anhui provinces of China
Bo Huang, Shiguang Huang, Xin-zhuan Su, Xinxin Tong, Junping Yan, Hongbin Li, Fangli Lu
Malaria Journal.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and patterns of antifolate and chloroquine drug resistance markers in Plasmodium vivax across Pakistan
Aamer A Khattak, Meera Venkatesan, Lubna Khatoon, Amed Ouattara, Leo J Kenefic, Muhammad F Nadeem, Farida Nighat, Salman A Malik, Christopher V Plowe
Malaria Journal.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
N-TerminalPlasmodium vivaxMerozoite Surface Protein-1, a Potential Subunit for Malaria Vivax Vaccine
Fernanda G. Versiani, Maria E. Almeida, Luis A. Mariuba, Patricia P. Orlandi, Paulo A. Nogueira
Clinical and Developmental Immunology.2013; 2013: 1. CrossRef
In vitro chloroquine resistance for Plasmodium vivax isolates from the Western Brazilian Amazon
Yonne F Chehuan, Monica RF Costa, Jacqueline S Costa, Maria GC Alecrim, Fátima Nogueira, Henrique Silveira, Larissa W Brasil, Gisely C Melo, Wuelton M Monteiro, Marcus VG Lacerda
Malaria Journal.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
High levels of IgG3 anti ICB2-5 in Plasmodium vivax-infected individuals who did not develop symptoms
Fernanda G Versiani, Maria EM Almeida, Gisely C Melo, Francivaldo OL Versiani, Patrícia P Orlandi, Luís André M Mariúba, Leidiane A Soares, Luciana P Souza, Antonio A da Silva Balieiro, Wuelton M Monteiro, Fabio TM Costa, Hernando A del Portillo, Marcus V
Malaria Journal.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of drug resistance associated mutations in Plasmodium vivax against sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in southern Pakistan
Afsheen Raza, Najia K Ghanchi, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Mohammad Asim Beg
Malaria Journal.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Blood Stage of Plasmodium vivax in Central China Is Still Susceptible to Chloroquine Plus Primaquine Combination Therapy
Eun-Taek Han, Yaobao Liu, Feng Lu, Qi Gao, Jun Cao, Guoding Zhu, Huayun Zhou
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2013; 89(1): 184. CrossRef

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Comparison of Resistance to γ-Irradiation between Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris Using In Vivo Infection: Sejoung Yoon, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):423-426.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.423

Abstract
PDF

In the genus Cryptosporidium, there are more than 14 species with different sizes and habitats, as well as different hosts. Among these, C. parvum and C. hominis are known to be human pathogens. As C. parvum can survive exposure to harsh environmental conditions, including various disinfectants or high doses of radiation, it is considered to be an important environmental pathogen that may be a threat to human health. However, the resistance of other Cryptosporidium species to various environmental conditions is unknown. In this study, resistance against γ-irradiation was compared between C. parvum and C. muris using in vivo infection in mice. The capability of C. muris to infect mice could be eliminated with 1,000 Gy of γ-irradiation, while C. parvum remained infective in mice after up to 1,000 Gy of γ-irradiation, although the peak number of oocysts per gram of feces decreased to 16% that of non-irradiated oocysts. The difference in radioresistance between these 2 Cryptosporidium species should be investigated by further studies.

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Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii
Julia Finkensieper, Florian Mayerle, Zaida Rentería-Solís, Jasmin Fertey, Gustavo R. Makert, Franziska Lange, Joana Besecke, Simone Schopf, Andre Poremba, Ulla König, Bastian Standfest, Martin Thoma, Arwid Daugschies, Sebastian Ulbert
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(8): 1819. CrossRef
Recombinant thioredoxin peroxidase from Cryptosporidium parvum has more powerful antioxidant activity than that from Cryptosporidium muris
Sejoung Yoon, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 131(3): 333. CrossRef

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Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses: Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):303-308.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.303

Abstract
PDF

This study investigated whether elevated host immune capacity can inhibit T. gondii infection. For this purpose, we used silk protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons as a natural supplement to augment immune capacity. After silk protein administration to BALB/c mice for 6 weeks, ratios of T lymphocytes (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) and splenocyte proliferative capacities in response to Con A or T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) were increased. Of various cytokines, which regulate immune systems, Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12, were obviously increased in splenocyte primary cell cultures. Furthermore, the survival of T. gondii (RH strain)-infected mice increased from 2 days to 5 or more days. In a state of immunosuppression induced by methylprednisolone acetate, silk protein-administered mice were resistant to reduction in T-lymphocyte (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) numbers and the splenocyte proliferative capacity induced by Con A or TLA with a statistical significance. Taken together, our results suggest that silk protein augments immune capacity in mice and the increased cellular immunity by silk protein administration increases host protection against acute T. gondii infection.

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Oral Toxicity and Hypotensive Influence of Sericin-Derived Oligopeptides (SDOs) from Yellow Silk Cocoons of Bombyx mori in Rodent Studies
Chainarong Tocharus, Virakboth Prum, Manote Sutheerawattananonda
Foods.2024; 13(21): 3505. CrossRef
Low dose administration of mature silkworm powder induces gastric mucosal defense factors in ethanol-induced gastric injury rat model
Da-Young Lee, Moon-Young Song, Kyung-Sook Hong, Sun-Mi Yun, Young-Min Han, Eun-Hee Kim
Food Science and Biotechnology.2023; 32(11): 1551. CrossRef
Dietary administration of silk microparticles improves the epidermal and dermal regeneration after a skin wounding in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)
Nora Albaladejo-Riad, Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz, M. Ángeles Esteban
Fish & Shellfish Immunology.2022; 124: 92. CrossRef
The effect of silk peptide on immune system, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Jin-Taek Hwang, Jung Min Cho, In Hye Jeong, Jeong-yong Lee, Ki-Chan Ha, Hyang-Im Baek, Hye Jeong Yang, Min Jung Kim, Jong Ho Lee
Journal of Functional Foods.2019; 55: 275. CrossRef
Silk peptide treatment potentiates natural killer cell activity in vitro and induces natural killer cell maturation and activation in mouse splenocytes
Sun-Hee Jang, Mi-Sun Oh, Hyang-Im Baek, Ki-Chan Ha, Jeong-Yong Lee, Yong-Suk Jang
Pharmaceutical Biology.2019; 57(1): 369. CrossRef
Oral Administration of Silk Peptide Enhances the Maturation and Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells
Sun-Hee Jang, Mi-Sun Oh, Hyang-Im Baek, Ki-Chan Ha, Jeong-Yong Lee, Yong-Suk Jang
Immune Network.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Biomaterials-Based Vaccination Strategies for the Induction of CD8+T Cell Responses
Charles B. Chesson, Shaunte Ekpo-Otu, Janice J. Endsley, Jai S. Rudra
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering.2017; 3(2): 126. CrossRef
STAT6 Expression and IL-13 Production in Association with Goblet Cell Hyperplasia and Worm Expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from C57BL/6 Mice
Jin-Joo Lee, Donghee Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Min-Ki Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 589. CrossRef

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Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Status in the Republic of Korea Following Reemergence: Jae-Won Park, Gyo Jun, Joon-Sup Yeom; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S39.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S39

Abstract
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The annual incidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria that reemerged in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993 increased annually, reaching 4,142 cases in 2000, decreased to 864 cases in 2004, and once again increased to reach more than 2,000 cases by 2007. Early after reemergence, more than two-thirds of the total annual cases were reported among military personnel. However, subsequently, the proportion of civilian cases increased consistently, reaching over 60% in 2006. P. vivax malaria has mainly occurred in the areas adjacent to the Demilitarized Zone, which strongly suggests that malaria situation in ROK has been directly influenced by infected mosquitoes originating from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Besides the direct influence from DPRK, local transmission within ROK was also likely. P. vivax malaria in ROK exhibited a typical unstable pattern with a unimodal peak from June through September. Chemoprophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and primaquine, which was expanded from approximately 16,000 soldiers in 1997 to 200,000 soldiers in 2005, contributed to the reduction in number of cases among military personnel. However, the efficacy of the mass chemoprophylaxis has been hampered by poor compliance. Since 2000, many prophylactic failure cases due to resistance to the HCQ prophylactic regimen have been reported and 2 cases of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant P. vivax were reported, representing the first-known cases of CQ-resistant P. vivax from a temperate region of Asia. Continuous surveillance and monitoring are warranted to prevent further expansion of CQ-resistant P. vivax in ROK.

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Brief Communication

Susceptibility of experimental animals to reinfection with Clonorchis sinensis: Woon-Mok Sohn, Hongman Zhang, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):163-166.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.163

Abstract
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The present study observed the resistance to reinfection with Clonorchis sinensis in various experimental animals including mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs, as well as rats and hamsters. The resistance rates to reinfection in rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs were 79.7%, 58.0%, -12.6%, 54.8%, 62.6%, and 6.0%, respectively. Worms recovered from reinfected rats and mice were immature, and significantly smaller than those from the primarily infected (P < 0.01), whereas those from other animals were fully matured to adults. These findings indicate that the protective response against reinfection with C. sinensis is prominent in rats and mice, and that they may be a good animal model to investigate the mechanism of resistance to reinfection with C. sinensis.

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Original Articles

Development of resistance to reinfection by Clonorchis sinensis in rats: Byung-Suk Chung, Hongman Zhang, Min-Ho Choi, Deogkyu Jeon, Shunyu Li, Mejeong Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):19-26.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.19

Abstract
PDF

We investigated the induction of resistance to Clonorchis sinensis infection by prior infection in rat and hamster models. Animals were challenged with C. sinensis metacercariae, then treated with praziquantel and reinfected. Worm recovery rate in reinfected animals was used to estimate resistance to reinfection. The determined resistance rates to reinfection in rats and hamsters were 97.7% and 10.3%, respectively. In rats, cure from the primary infection of C. sinensis increased resistant to reinfection, and the greatert the worm burden and the longer the duration of primary infection, the higher was the resistance rate. For primary infection doses of 10, 40 and 100 metacercariae per rat, the resistance rates were 87.4%, 93.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The resistance rates in rats after 2 or 8-week primary infection were 78.7% and 95.3%, respectively. All worms recovered from reinfected rats were immature. When cured rats were administered with methylprednisolone, resistance to reinfection became impaired. These findings indicate that rats develop a high degree of resistance to reinfection by C. sinensis after cure. The growths and maturations of reinfected worms were also impaired.

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Susceptibility of experimental animals to reinfection with Clonorchis sinensis
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Partial cross-resistance between Strongyloides venezuelensis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats: Byeong-Kirl Baek, M. Khyrul Islam, Jin-Ho Kim, John-Wha Lee, Jin Hur; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):101-107.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.101

Abstract
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Rats were immunized through an initial infection with 1,000 filariform larvae (L₃) of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and after complete expulsion of worms they were challenged with 1,000 L₃ of Strongyloides venezuelensis to investigate whether cross-resistance developed against a heterologous parasite. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-immunized rats developed a partial cross-resistance against S. venezuelensis migrating larvae (MSL₃) in the lungs and adult worms in the small intestine. The population of MSL₃ in the lungs were significantly lower (P<0.05) in immunized rats (22.0 ± 7.4) compared with controls (105.0 ± 27.6). The populations of adult worms, egg output and fecundity were initially decreased but from day 14 post-challenge they did not show any significant difference between immunized and control rats. However, the length of worm in immunized rat was revealed as retardation. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was significantly decreased (P<0.05) on day 7 post-challenge and then gradually increased, which peaked on day 42 post-challenge when most of the worms were expelled. These results suggest that peripheral blood eosinophilia is strongly involved in the worm establishment and expulsion mechanisms.

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Age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) infection in golden hamsters and mice: Jae Ku Rhee, Wang Su So, Hyeon Cheol Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):33-37.
Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.33

Abstract
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An age-dependent aspect of resistance to Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) infection was monitored in Syrian golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, at 1-, 5- and 10-week of age and in ICR mice, Mus musculus, at 3-, 12-, and 15-week of age orally inoculated with a single dose of 2×10⁶ oocysts, respectively. The prepatent periods for both animals were similar, independent of age, but the patency was significantly longer in younger hamsters (P<0.001) and a long tendency in younger mice. Hamsters infected at 1-week of age excreted about 10 times higher oocysts than those at 5- and 10-week of age. However, the total oocyst output was similar among mice of different ages. There was a good correlation between the length of the patency and the total oocyst output in hamsters (R=0.9646), but not in mice (R=0.4561). The immunogenicity of the parasite to homologous challenge infections was very strong in hamsters and relatively strong in mice. These results indicate that acquired resistance to C. muris infection is age-related and the innate resistance is independent of age of hamsters, and that both innate and acquired resistance, on the contrary, are irrespective of age of mice.

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