Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"scanning electron microscopy"

Original Article

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae) from Striped Field Mice, Apodemus agrarius, in Korea: Hyeon Cheol Kim, Eui Ju Hong, Si Yun Ryu, Jinho Park, Jeong Gon Cho, Do Hyeon Yu, Joon Seok Chae, Kyoung Seong Choi, Bae Keun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):403-411.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.403

Abstract
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Adult ascarid worms from the field mice, Apodemus agrarius, were observed with a light and scanning electron microscope, and molecularly analized with 18S rRNA gene. In the scanning electron microscope, 3 prominent labia were present in the anterior end of male and female worms, but the interlabia and gubernaculum were absent. Scanning electron micrographs showed cervical alae as vestigial organs that looked like a slightly uplifted superficial sewing stitch. Total 6 pairs of post-cloacal papillae were observed on the tail of the male worms. The tail of female worms was blunt and conical shape with a spine-like structure, mucron. The eggs were sub-globular, coated with the albuminous layer and 73 by 82 μm in average size. The superficial pits of T. apodemi egg (mean 8.6×6.7 μm) are obviously bigger than those of Toxocara spp. The partial sequence of 18S rRNA showed the sequence homology of Toxocara canis (99.6%), Toxocara cati (99.4%), Toxascaris leonina (99.4%), and Toxocara vitulorum (99.2%). Conclusively, it was confirmed that ascarid nematodes, Toxocara apodemi, recovered from striped field mice in Korea are taxonomically conspecific relationship with genus Toxocara and genetic divergence from other Toxocara species.

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First molecular characterization and species validation of Toxocara alienata (Rudolphi 1819) (Nematoda: Ascarididae), from a crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus)
Gustavo Macêdo do Carmo, Lorena Gisela Ailán-Choke, Hassan Jerdy, Hermínio Ismael de Araújo-Júnior, Felipe Bisaggio Pereira
Parasitology International.2026; 111: 103160. CrossRef
Parasites in the Digestive Tract of Lion (Panthera leo) at the Safari Park of Gurun Putih Lestari Jantho, Aceh Besar
Fajri Dwitama, Razali Daud, Arman Sayuti, Yudha Fahrimal
Journal of Applied Veterinary Science And Technology.2025; 6(1): 32. CrossRef
Nematocidal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using chicken egg albumin in lung and spleen of Parascaris equorum experimentally infected rats
Sara Bayoumi Ali, Ayman Saber Mohamed, Sohair R. Fahmy, Manal El–Garhy, Mohamed R. Mousa, Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Incidence and Risk Factors of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Beef Cattle of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Vika Ichsania Ninditya, Fitrine Ekawasti, Joko Prastowo, Irkham Widiyono, Wisnu Nurcahyo
World's Veterinary Journal.2024; 14(4): 592. CrossRef
Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae)
Y. Gao, Y. Hu, S. Xu, H. Liang, H. Lin, T. H. Yin, K. Zhao
Journal of Helminthology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Complete Mitogenome of Toxocara vitulorum: Novel In-Sights into the Phylogenetics in Toxocaridae
Yue Xie, Lidan Wang, Yijun Chen, Zhao Wang, Pengchen Zhu, Zun Hu, Xinfeng Han, Zhisheng Wang, Xuan Zhou, Zhicai Zuo
Animals.2022; 12(24): 3546. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Artyfechinostomum malayanum: Metacercariae Encysted in Pila sp. Snails Purchased from Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Muth Sinuon, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):341-345.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.341

Abstract
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The metacercariae of Artyfechinostomum malayanum (Leiper, 1911) Mendheim, 1943 were discovered in Pila sp. snails purchased from a market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. They were isolated from the snails using the artificial digestion technique and were orally fed to 2 hamsters, 1 rat, and 2 mice to obtain the adult flukes. The metacercariae were round, 145-165 μm in diameter, having a cyst wall of 6-10 μm in thickness, a head collar and collar spines, and characteristic features of excretory granules. Adult flukes were recovered in the small intestines of the animals at days 14 and 32 post infection and were morphologically observed using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. They were plump or elongated, ventrally curved, 6.0-8.1×1.6-2.0 mm in size, and characterized by the head collar bearing 43 collar spines, including 5 end group ones on each side, a long cirrus sac extending beyond the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, a submedian ovary, and 2 deeply lobed testes. Eggs in uteri were operculate, ovoid to ellipsoid, and 120-135×68-75 μm in size. In scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent with collar spines looking like horns. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the ventral surface between the head collar and ventral sucker. Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around suckers. By this study, it has been first confirmed that the life cycle of A. malayanum exists in Cambodia.

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The ribosomal transcription units of five echinostomes and their taxonomic implications for the suborder Echinostomata (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes)
Thanh Hoa Le, Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Dong Van Quyen, Khue Thi Nguyen, Huong Thi Thanh Doan, Weerachai Saijuntha, David Blair
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef
Mitophylogenomics of the zoonotic fluke Echinostoma malayanum confirms it as a member of the genus Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915 and illustrates the complexity of Echinostomatidae systematics
Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Weerachai Saijuntha, Scott P. Lawton, Thanh Hoa Le
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(3): 899. CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1262. CrossRef
Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105210. CrossRef

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Original Article

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on the Cuticle of Moulting Larvae: Xin Zeng, Jie Wei, Juan Wang, Feng Wu, Feng Fung, Xiaoying Wu, Xi Sun, Huanqing Zheng, Zhiyue Lv, Zhongdao Wu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):633-636.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.633

Abstract
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode that needs to develop in different hosts in different larval stages. Freshwater snails, such as Pomacea canaliculata, are the intermediate host, and rats are the definitive host. Periodic shedding of the cuticle (moulting) is an important biological process for the survival and development of the parasite in the intermediate and definitive hosts. However, there are few studies on the cuticle alterations between different stages of this parasite. In this study, we observed the ultrastructural appearance and changes of the cuticle of the 2nd/3rd stage larvae (L2/L3) and the 3rd/4th stage larvae (L3/L4) using a scanning electron microscope. We also first divided L2/L3 into late L2 and early L3. The late L2 lacked alae, but possessed a pull-chain-like fissure. Irregular alignment of spherical particles on the cuticle were noted compared to the L3. Alae appeared in the early L3. The old cuticle turned into a thin film-like structure which adhered to the new cuticle, and spherical particles were seen regularly arranged on the surface of this structure. Regular rectangular cavities were found on the surface of L3/L4. The caudal structure of L3/L4 was much larger than that of L3, but caudal inflation, such as seen in L4, was not observed. These results are the first to reveal the ultrastructural changes of the cuticle of A. cantonensis before and after moulting of L2/L3 and L3/L4.

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Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters
Kathleen Howe, Lisa Kaluna, Alicia Lozano, Bruce Torres Fischer, Yaeko Tagami, Robert McHugh, Susan Jarvi, Matty Knight
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(4): e0209813. CrossRef
The genetic basis of adaptive evolution in parasitic environment from the Angiostrongylus cantonensis genome
Lian Xu, Meng Xu, Xi Sun, Junyang Xu, Xin Zeng, Dai Shan, Dongjuan Yuan, Ping He, Weiming He, Yulan Yang, Shiqi Luo, Jie Wei, Xiaoying Wu, Zhen Liu, Xiaomin Xu, Zhensheng Dong, Langui Song, Beibei Zhang, Zilong Yu, Lifu Wang, Chi Zhang, Xiaodong Fang, Qia
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(11): e0007846. CrossRef
Molluscicidal activity and mechanism of toxicity of a novel salicylanilide ester derivative against Biomphalaria species
Ping He, Weisi Wang, Benjamin Sanogo, Xin Zeng, Xi Sun, Zhiyue Lv, Dongjuan Yuan, Liping Duan, Zhongdao Wu
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen
JOEL BARRATT, DOUGLAS CHAN, INDY SANDARADURA, RICHARD MALIK, DEREK SPIELMAN, ROGAN LEE, DEBORAH MARRIOTT, JOHN HARKNESS, JOHN ELLIS, DAMIEN STARK
Parasitology.2016; 143(9): 1087. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

The Dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as Measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Sang-Hoon Cheon, Seung Ryong Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):243-246.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.243

Abstract
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It is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. In this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old T") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh T") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Although the fresh T had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old T, total length (about 26 ?m), including body length, flagella length, and axostyle length was almost the same in the 2 groups. A striking difference was observed between the axostyles of the 2 groups; the axostyle length of the fresh T (8.2 ?m) was more than twice as long as that of the old T (4.0 ?m). However, in several parasitology textbooks, the length of T. vaginalis is said to vary widely from 7 to 32 ?m, and its undulating membrane is said to extend about half way (53.5%) to the posterior end of the body. On the other hand, in our study, the undulating membrane was observed to extend more than 3/4 of the body length (72.1%) in old T, whereas in fresh T it could not be measured. Taken together, we suggest that T. vaginalis averages 26 (21-32) ?m in total length, with 9.5 (7.4-11.4) ?m of body length and 6.8 (5.3-7.7) ?m of width, and its undulating membrane extending 3/4 of its body length. Therefore, these findings may provide useful information for morphological characteristics of T. vaginalis.

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In vitro co-culture model of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus crispatus: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis
Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Luisa Trindade dos Santos, Saulo Almeida Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Tiana Tasca
Frontiers in Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis
Suhani B. Bhakta, Jose A. Moran, Frances Mercer
Open Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Neutrophils kill the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis using trogocytosis
Frances Mercer, Shek Hang Ng, Taylor M. Brown, Grace Boatman, Patricia J. Johnson, Fred Hughson
PLOS Biology.2018; 16(2): e2003885. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

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Original Article

Larval Gnathostoma hispidum detected in the red banded odd-tooth snake, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, from China: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):191-198.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.191

Abstract
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A total of 205 larval gnathostomes were collected from 18 (22.5%) of 80 red banded odd-tooth snakes, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, which had been smuggled from China and confiscated at Customs in Busan, Republic of Korea. In order to identify the species, some of the larvae were observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The larvae were 2.18 x 0.29 mm in average size, and had a pair of lips at the anterior end, a muscular esophagus, 2 pairs of cervical sacs, and brownish intestines. The head bulb was characteristically equipped with 4 rows of hooklets; the average number of hooklets in each respective row was 38.6, 40.5, 41.5, and 43.7. In SEM views, the mouth evidenced a pair of lateral lips of equal size in a half-moon shape. Each lip featured a couple of labial papillae and a small amphid located between the 2 papillae. The hooklets on the head bulb had single-pointed, posteriorly-curved tips. The cuticular spines were larger and more densely distributed on the anterior part of the body, and decreased gradually in size and number toward the posterior body. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the larvae were identified as the third stage larvae of Gnathostoma hispidum.

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Shokoofeh Shamsi, Eleanor Steller, Xiaocheng Zhu
Parasitology International.2021; 83: 102333. CrossRef
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Gilang Maulana Putra, Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto, Fedik Abdul Rantam
Journal of Parasite Science.2020; 4(2): 75. CrossRef
Tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides lineatus in Chinese Snakes and Their Adults Recovered from Experimental Animals
Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 531. CrossRef
The Jeju Weasel,Mustela sibilica quelpartis, A New Definitive Host forGnathostoma nipponicumYamaguti, 1941
Ho-Choon Woo, Hong-Shik Oh, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 317. CrossRef
Discovery of LarvalGnathostoma nipponicumin Frogs and Snakes from Jeju-do (Province), Republic of Korea
Ho-Choon Woo, Hong-Shik Oh, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 445. CrossRef
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Roberto Javier Almeyda-Artigas, Miguel Ángel Mosqueda-Cabrera, Edmundo Sánchez-Núñez
Parasitology Research.2010; 106(2): 439. CrossRef
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Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(4): 285. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Tegumental ultrastructure of Echinoparyphium recurvatum according to developmental stages: Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Choon Woo, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(2):67-73.
Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.2.67

Abstract
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The present study was performed to observe tegumental ultrastructure of Echinoparyphium recurvatum according to developmental stages. Worms (1, 3, 5 and 15-day old) were recovered from chicks experimentally infected with metacercariae from Radix auricularia coreana. One-day old worms were elongated and ventrally concave, and covered with peg-like tegumental spines except the adjacent areas of the head crown and excretory pore. Type I sensory papillae were distributed on the lip of the oral sucker, and grouped ciliated papillae were around the oral sucker. Peg-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the anterior surface of the ventral sucker level. The ventral sucker had an aspinous tegument and no sensory papillae. Tegumental spines on the posterior surface of the ventral sucker level were sparsely distributed and disappeared posteriorly. In 3 and 5-day old worms, the tegument around the oral sucker was aspinose and wrinkled concentrically. The ventral sucker had a wrinkled tegument and many bulbous papillae. Type I sensory papillae were distributed between the bulbous papillae. Tegumental spines were spade-shaped with a terminal tip. A total of 45 collar spines including 4 end group ones on both ventral corners was alternately arranged in 2 rows. The 15-day old worms were very stout and their tegumental spines were tongue-shaped without a terminal tip. From the above results, it is confirmed that the surface ultrastructure of E. recurvatum was generally similar to that of other echinostomatid flukes. However, some features, i.e., morphological change of tegumental spines and appearence of sensory papillae on the ventral sucker according to development, and number, shape and arrangement of collar spines, were characteristic, which may be of taxonomic and bioecological significance.

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Jane Huffman, Bernard Fried
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