Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Anopheles kochi, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles vagus: ITS2-based analysis of highland transboundary populations in the Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia: Derico Hitipeuw, Raisha Nuranindita, Martini Martini, Arif Suryo Prasetyo, Jin-Hee Han, Hojong Jun, Bo Young Jeon, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Rohmadi Rohmadi, Fauzi Muh; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):228-242.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25026

Abstract
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Baseline genetic characterization of malaria vector populations provides critical data for evidence-based surveillance in persistent transmission foci. This pilot study generated preliminary genetic baseline data for Anopheles populations in the Menoreh Hills border region between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia, addressing a key geographic gap in regional vector research. Adult female mosquitoes were collected from 3 houses with reported malaria cases in Ngadirejo Village using standardized entomological methods, including human landing, animal landing, and resting collections. Specimens were morphologically identified and molecularly characterized via ITS2 gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were assessed using maximum likelihood methods, and genetic diversity indices were calculated to examine population structure. A total of 62 specimens representing 3 species were collected exclusively through animal landing collections: Anopheles vagus (48 specimens, 77.4%), Anopheles maculatus (9 specimens, 14.5%), and Anopheles kochi (5 specimens, 8.1%). An. kochi exhibited high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.709) with low nucleotide diversity (π=0.004), while An. maculatus showed lower haplotype diversity (Hd=0.480) and higher nucleotide diversity (π=0.026). Phylogenetic analysis revealed Purworejo specimens clustered with regional populations: An. kochi grouped within Clade I with Indonesian isolates; An. maculatus distributed across multiple clades; An. vagus formed a cohesive unit with other Indonesian populations. The exclusive success of animal landing collections in the Menoreh Hills highlands provides key methodological insights. This study offers essential baseline reference data, validates cost-effective genetic surveillance approaches, and supports future large-scale population connectivity studies across the Menoreh Hills malaria transmission complex.

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Microbiome of Haemaphysalis longicornis Tick in Korea: Myungjun Kim, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, In-Yong Lee, Dongeun Yong, Bo-Young Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):489-496.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.489

Ticks can transmit pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses to humans and animals. In this study, we investigated the microbiomes of Haemaphysalis longicornis according to sex and life stages. The Shannon index was significantly higher for nymphs than adult ticks. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the microbiome composition of female adult and male adult ticks were different. Notably, Coxiella-like bacterium (AB001519), known as a tick symbiont, was found in all nymphs and female adult ticks, but only one out of 4 male adult ticks had Coxiella-like bacterium (AB001519). In addition, Rickettsia rickettsii, Coxiella burnetii, and Anaplasma bovis were detected in this study.

Citations

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Unveiling the Presence of Coxiella-like bacteria in Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks from Punjab, North India: A 16S rRNA metagenomic study
Vikas Sharma, Shriya Goel, Kamlesh Bisht, Taruna Kaura, Salony Verma, Abhishek Mewara, Gagandeep Singh Grover, Manisha Biswal
Veterinary Microbiology.2026; 312: 110783. CrossRef
Microbiome Composition of Haemaphysalis flava in Korea and Diversity Analysis Based on Region, Developmental Stage, and Sex
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan‐Eui Hong, Hyeonjun Shin, Hyeok Lee, Kyoung Won Lee, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Wook‐Gyo Lee, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Jung Han Park, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, S
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of tick-borne pathogens using next-generation sequencing in ticks from wild animals in the Republic of Korea
Hye-Ryung Byun, Mi-Sun Rieu, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Hyun-Young Nam, Seulgi Seo, Chang-Yong Choi, Ki-Jeong Na, Jong-Taek Kim, Soyeon Cho, Bo-Yeon Hwang, Joon-Seok Chae
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef
Microbiome of Invasive Tick Species Haemaphysalis longicornis in North Carolina, USA
Loganathan Ponnusamy, Nicholas Travanty, D. Watson, Steven Seagle, Ross Boyce, Michael Reiskind
Insects.2024; 15(3): 153. CrossRef
Organ-specific bacterial microbiota in the engorged female Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Sisi Li, Chen Yang, Yufan Zhang, Kaili Chen, Xiaoyu Zhang, Jingze Liu, Yankai Zhang
International Journal of Acarology.2024; 50(3): 320. CrossRef
Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiome of two adult tick species and their laboratory-reared offspring shows intra- and inter-species differences
Joshua Kamani, Jonathan Gonçalves-Oliveira, Jerome Nicolas Janssen, Joby Robleto Quesada, Yaarit Nachum-Biala, Shimon Harrus, Ricardo Gutiérrez
Acta Tropica.2024; 257: 107315. CrossRef
Comparative microbiome analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks at the Korea Combat Training Center in 2022
Minsung Kim, Singeun Oh, Myung‐hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Sohyeon Yun, Jun Ho Choi, Moonsoo Yoon, Tai‐Soon Yong, Buddle Lee, Kyung Tae Noh, Quehn Park, Chanhee Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 627. CrossRef
Bacterial microbiota analysis demonstrates that ticks can acquire bacteria from habitat and host blood meal
Si-Si Li, Xiao-Yu Zhang, Xue-Jiao Zhou, Kai-Li Chen, Abolfazl Masoudi, Jing-Ze Liu, Yan-Kai Zhang
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2022; 87(1): 81. CrossRef
Characterization of Haemaphysalis longicornis microbiome collected from different regions of Korean peninsula
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Tae Yun Kim, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, Yeon Soo Han, Hee Il Lee, Yong Seok Lee
Entomological Research.2022; 52(6): 271. CrossRef
The toxicity of the monoterpenes from lemongrass is mitigated by the detoxifying symbiosis of bacteria and fungi in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis
Desmond O. Agwunobi, Min Wang, Zihao Wang, Ruwei Bai, Ruotong Wang, Qiuyu Hu, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2022; 247: 114261. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Research Advances of Leptotrombidium scutellare in China: Rong Xiang, Xian-Guo Guo; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):1-8.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.1

Leptotrombidium scutellare is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. It has been found in more than 15 provinces of China. Especially in Yunnan, it was found to be mainly distributed in some mountainous areas with high altitude, low temperature and low precipitation. Rodents and some other small mammals were the most common hosts of L. scutellare. To date, more than 40 host species of L. scutellare have been recorded with very low host specificity, and the main hosts varied in different geographical regions. L. scutellare had a strong resistance against the cold environment, and the temperature and humidity were 2 important factors affecting its growth and development. Among different individuals of their rodent hosts, L. scutellare mites often showed an aggregated distribution pattern, which reflected the interspecific cooperation of the mites. The chromosome karyotype of L. scutellare was 2n=16 and all the 8 pairs of chromosomes were short rod-shaped with metacentric or sub-metacentric types. The isozyme spectrum supported that L. scutellare, L. deliense and L. rubellum were in the same species group. Based on the natural infection, experimental transmission and epidemiological evidence, L. scutellare has been eventually confirmed as the second major vector of scrub typhus in China, which is second only to L. deliense.

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Distribution and Host Selection of the Chigger Mite Leptotrombidium rupestre, a Potential Vector of Scrub Typhus, in Southwest China
Rong Yu, Xian‐Guo Guo, Yan Lv, Peng‐Wu Yin, Wen‐Yu Song, Pei‐Ying Peng, Ti‐Jun Qian, Rong Xiang, Yan‐Ling Chen, Bei Li
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Distribution and infestation of Leptotrombidium scutellare (a major vector of scrub typhus) on small mammals across five provincial regions of Southwest China
Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Peng-Wu Yin, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian
Veterinary Research Communications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Seasonal dynamics and niches of three vector chigger species at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Lei Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Peng-Wu Yin, Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Wen-Ge Dong, Dao-Chao Jin
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and long-term impact of meteorological, environmental, and socio-economic factors on scrub typhus in China from 2006 to 2018
Jiaojiao Qian, Yifan Wu, Changqiang Zhu, Qiong Chen, Hongliang Chu, Licheng Liu, Chongcai Wang, Yizhe Luo, Na Yue, Wenhao Li, Xiaohong Yang, Jing Yi, Fuqiang Ye, Ji He, Yong Qi, Fei Lu, Chunhui Wang, Weilong Tan
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Masqueraders Around Disaster: Clinical Features of Scrub Typhus in Fukushima, Japan
Masashi Narita, Naota Monma, Kazuki Chiba, Rie Suzuki, Shohei Fujita, Chisho Hoshino, Kiwamu Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Sekikawa, Hiroshi Ikeda, Minoru Inoue, Takuro Shimbo, Seigo Yamamoto, Shuji Ando, Nobuhiro Takada, Hiromi Fujita
Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Distribution and Host-Association of the Vector Chigger Species Leptotrombidium imphalum in Southwest China
Qiao-Yi Liu, Rong Fan, Wen-Yu Song, Pei-Ying Peng, Ya-Fei Zhao, Dao-Chao Jin, Xian-Guo Guo
Insects.2024; 15(7): 504. CrossRef
A systematic review of environmental covariates and methods for spatial or temporal scrub typhus distribution prediction
Qian Wang, Tian Ma, Fang-Yu Ding, Ahyoung Lim, Saho Takaya, Kartika Saraswati, Meng-Meng Hao, Dong Jiang, Li-Qun Fang, Benn Sartorius, Nicholas P.J. Day, Richard J. Maude
Environmental Research.2024; 263: 120067. CrossRef
Potential distribution of Leptotrombidium scutellare in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, China, and its association with mite-borne disease transmission
Wen-Yu Song, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Yi-Yu Yang, Xian-Guo Guo
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Disease vector occurrence and ecological characteristics of chiggers on the chestnut white-bellied rat Niviventer fulvescens in Southwest China between 2001 and 2019
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wen-Ge Dong, Xiao-Bin Huang, Dao-Chao Jin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 272. CrossRef
Infestation and distribution of mites on the Yunnan red-backed vole (Eothenomys miletus) in Yunnan Province of southwest China between 2001 and 2015
Rong Xiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Rong Fan, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Pei-Ying Peng, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian
Biologia.2022; 77(1): 61. CrossRef
Infestation and distribution of chigger mites on Chevrieri's field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri) in Southwest China
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2022; 17: 74. CrossRef
The current and future risk of spread of Leptotrombidium deliense and Leptotrombidium scutellare in mainland China
Tian Ma, Mengmeng Hao, Shuai Chen, Fangyu Ding
Science of The Total Environment.2022; 843: 156986. CrossRef
Infestation of chigger mites on Chinese mole shrew,Anourosorex squamipes, in Southwest China and ecological analysis
Bei Li, Xian-Guo Guo, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Rong Fan, Pei-Ying Peng, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Ti-Jun Qian
Parasite.2022; 29: 39. CrossRef
SFTSV infection in rodents and their ectoparasitic chiggers
Xiao-Lan Gu, Wen-Qing Su, Chuan-Min Zhou, Li-Zhu Fang, Ke Zhu, Dong-Qiang Ma, Fa-Chun Jiang, Ze-Min Li, Dan Li, Shu-Hui Duan, Qiu-Ming Peng, Rui Wang, Yuan Jiang, Hui-Ju Han, Xue-Jie Yu, Masayuki Saijo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(8): e0010698. CrossRef
Analysis on infestation and related ecology of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (Eothenomys miletus) in five provincial regions of Southwest China
Bei Li, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Pei-Ying Peng, Wen-Yu Song, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Zhe Liu, Xin-Hang Liu, Ti-Jun Qian
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2022; 19: 169. CrossRef
Not Only Leptotrombidium spp. an Annotated Checklist of Chigger Mites (Actinotrichida: Trombiculidae) Associated with Bacterial Pathogens
Hanna Moniuszko, Konrad Wojnarowski, Paulina Cholewińska
Pathogens.2022; 11(10): 1084. CrossRef
A dataset of distribution and diversity of blood-sucking mites in China
Fan-Fei Meng, Qiang Xu, Jin-Jin Chen, Yang Ji, Wen-Hui Zhang, Zheng-Wei Fan, Guo-Ping Zhao, Bao-Gui Jiang, Tao-Xing Shi, Li-Qun Fang, Wei Liu
Scientific Data.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Surveillance of Chigger Mite Vectors for Tsutsugamushi Disease in the Hwaseong Area, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2015: Young Yil Bahk, Hojong Jun, Seo Hye Park, Haneul Jung, Seung Jegal, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Jong Yul Roh, Wook-Gyo Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Kwangsig Joo, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):301-308.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.301

Owing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in the Republic of Korea is steadily increasing and was designated as a legal communicable disease in 1994. The disease is a mite-borne acute febrile disease most commonly contracted from October to December. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by chigger mites living on rodents and investigated their target vector diversity, abundance, and distribution to enable the mapping of hotspots for this disease in 2015. A total of 5 species belonging to 4 genera (109 mites): Leptotrombidium scutellare 60.6%, L. pallidum 28.4% Neotrombicula tamiyai 9.2%, Euschoengastia koreaensis/0.9%), and Neoschoengastia asakawa 0.9% were collected using chigger mite collecting traps mimicking human skin odor and sticky chigger traps from April to November 2015. Chigger mites causing tsutsugamushi disease in wild rodents were also collected in Hwaseong for the zoonotic surveillance of the vector. A total of 77 rodents belonging to 3 genera: Apodemus agrarius (93.5%), Crocidura lasiura (5.2%), and Micromys minutus (1.3%) were collected in April, October, and November 2015. The most common mite was L. pallidum (46.9%), followed by L. scutellare (18.6%), and L. orientale (18.0%). However, any of the chigger mite pools collected from rodent hosts was tested positive for Orientia tsutsugamushi, the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease, in this survey.

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Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study
Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Rodents Orientia tsutsugamushi in China During Two Decades: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan-Chun Wang, Jing-Hao Li, Ya Qin, Si-Yuan Qin, Chao Chen, Xin-Bo Yang, Ning Ma, Ming-Xin Dong, Cong-Cong Lei, Xing Yang, He-Ting Sun, Zhi-Yong Sun, Jing Jiang
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2023; 23(12): 619. CrossRef
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of scrub typhus in northern Fujian, China, from 2015 to 2019
Jin Huang, Kaixiang Deng, Jiawei Chen, Meiquan Zhang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical treatment of patients with scrub typhus-induced liver injury and intracranial infection
HongKui Sun, Li Lei, JianWei Li, Haiming Niu, Jiezhang Yang, MiaoLian Chen
Journal of International Medical Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Monitoring Chigger Mites for Orientia tsutsugamushi in Field Small Mammals in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2019-2020
Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Sung Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 319. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1563. CrossRef
Infestation and Related Ecology of Chigger Mites on the Asian House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) in Yunnan Province, Southwest China
Fan Ding, Wen-Li Jiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Rong Xiang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 377. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 473. CrossRef
Density of Chigger Mites as Tsutsugamushi Vectors Collected from Jinan, Jeollabuk-do
Hyeok Jae Lee, Chul Park
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2020; 52(4): 364. CrossRef

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Situation and Predicting the Distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti as Vectors of Leishmaniasis in Ardabil Province, Iran: Ali Khamesipour, Soheila Molaei, Navid Babaei-Pouya, Eslam Moradi-Asl; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):229-236.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.229

Abstract
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Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis.CL caused by L. major and L. tropica is endemic in 17 provinces of Iran. This study was carried out to elucidate situation of CL in Ardabil province and to predict distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of CL in the region. In this cross-sectional study, data on CL patients were collected from local health centers of Ardabil province, Iran during 2006-2018 to establish a geodatabase using ArcGIS10.3. A total of 20 CL cases were selected randomly and skin samples were collected and analyzed by PCR method. MaxEnt 3.3.3 model was used to determine ecologically suitable niches for the main vectors. A total, 309 CL human cases were reported and the highest incidence rate of disease was occurred in Bilasavar (37/100,000) and Germi (35/100,000). A total of 2,794 sand flies were collected during May to October 2018. The environmentally suitable habitats for P. papatasi and P. sergenti were predicted to be present in northern and central areas of Ardabil province. The most variable that contributed ratio in the modeling were Isothermality and slope factors. Ardabil province is possibly an endemic are for CL. The presence of P. papatasi and P. sergenti justifies local transmission while the vectors of CL are existing in the northern and central areas of the province.

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Association Between Wolbachia Infection and Susceptibility to Deltamethrin Insecticide in Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Amrollah Azarm, Mona Koosha, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Alireza Zahraie-Ramazani, Amir Ahmad Akhavan, Zahra Saeidi, Mehdi Mohebali, Kamal Azam, Hassan Vatandoost, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2024; 24(3): 159. CrossRef
In silico prediction of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes in Leishmania major proteome: Using immunoinformatics
Mohammad Kashif, Mohd Waseem, Naidu Subbarao
Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling.2024; 129: 108759. CrossRef
Cutaneous leishmaniasis situation analysis in the Islamic Republic of Iran in preparation for an elimination plan
Iraj Sharifi, Ahmad Khosravi, Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian, Ehsan Salarkia, Mehdi Bamorovat, Ali Karamoozian, Mahmoud Nekoei Moghadam, Fatemeh Sharifi, Abbas Aghaei Afshar, Setareh Agha Kuchak Afshari, Faranak Gharachorloo, Mohammad Reza Shirzadi, Behzad Ami
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of machine learning algorithms and GIS-based approaches to cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence risk mapping
Negar Shabanpour, Seyed Vahid Razavi-Termeh, Abolghasem Sadeghi-Niaraki, Soo-Mi Choi, Tamer Abuhmed
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.2022; 112: 102854. CrossRef
A systematic review and global analysis of the seasonal activity of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti, the primary vectors of L. tropica
Ahmed Karmaoui, Denis Sereno, Samir El Jaafari, Lhoussain Hajji, Shan Lv
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(12): e0010886. CrossRef
Spatio-temporal analysis and determination of the ecological niche model of Giardia Lamblia (Lambl, 1859) in Ardabil province, northwestern Iran
Hafez Mirzanejad-Asl, Afshin Karimi, Navid Babaei pouya, Eslam Moradi-Asl
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(3): 706. CrossRef
Adjuvant effects of TLR agonist gardiquimod admixed with Leishmania vaccine in mice model of visceral leishmaniasis
Deepak Kumar Goyal, Poonam Keshav, Sukhbir Kaur
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2021; 93: 104947. CrossRef

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Relative Abundance of a Vector of Scrub Typhus, Leptotrombidium sialkotense, in Southern Yunnan Province, China: Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Yun-Ji Zou, Zhi-Hua Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):153-159.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.153

The chigger mite Leptotrombidium sialkotense is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. Before present study, L. sialkotense was found in some parts of Hunan province, China with a narrow geographical distribution. During field investigation 2016-2017, we found L. sialkotense in Jingha, southern Yunnan, China. Of 15 small mammal host species, L. sialkotense were collected from 6 species of the hosts. Rattus brunneusculus was a dominant host of L. sialkotense, from which 98.3% of the mites were collected. The chigger mite showed a relatively high infestation prevalence (P_M=11.7%) and mean abundance (MA=0.5) in comparison with the rest 5 host species. These results reveal a certain host specificity of L. sialkotense to a rat R. brunneusculus. The mite L. sialkotense showed an aggregated distribution on the host (P<0.05). A positive correlation observed between L. sialkotense and the body length of hosts. There was a positive interspecific association between L. sialkotense and 2 other dominant vectors, L. deliense and L. scutellare.

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Abundance and Infestation of Mites on Bower’s White-Toothed Rat (Berylmys bowersi) in Southwest China
Chenxi Liu, Xianguo Guo, Yan Lv, Pengwu Yin, Wenyu Song, Peiying Peng, Rong Xiang, Yanling Chen, Bei Li
Veterinary Sciences.2025; 12(5): 426. CrossRef
Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi From Patients and Small Mammals in Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province, China
Li Chen, Yi‐Chen Kong, Jia‐Wei Tian, Pei‐Yu Han, Song Wu, Chen‐Jie He, Ti‐Lian Ren, Bo Wang, Lian Qin, Yun‐Zhi Zhang
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Seasonal dynamics and niches of three vector chigger species at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Lei Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Peng-Wu Yin, Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Wen-Ge Dong, Dao-Chao Jin
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of meteorological parameters on the scrub typhus incidence in Baoshan City, western Yunnan, China
Yun-Yan Luo, Alan Frederick Geater, Jia-Xiang Yin
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Potential distribution of Leptotrombidium scutellare in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, China, and its association with mite-borne disease transmission
Wen-Yu Song, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Yi-Yu Yang, Xian-Guo Guo
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Disease vector occurrence and ecological characteristics of chiggers on the chestnut white-bellied rat Niviventer fulvescens in Southwest China between 2001 and 2019
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wen-Ge Dong, Xiao-Bin Huang, Dao-Chao Jin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 272. CrossRef
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Mini Reviews

Epidemiological Characteristics of Re-emerging Vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993-2017): Young Yil Bahk, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jeonga Kim, Kyoung Jin, Yeong Seon Hong, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):531-543.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.531

Abstract
PDF

Historically, Plasmodium vivax malaria has been one of the most highly endemic parasitic diseases in the Korean Peninsula. Until the 1970s, vivax malaria was rarely directly lethal and was controlled through the Korean Government Program administered by the National Malaria Eradication Service in association with the World Health Organization’s Global Malaria Eradication Program. Vivax malaria has re-emerged in 1993 near the Demilitarized Zone between South and North Korea and has since become an endemic infectious disease that now poses a serious public health threat through local transmission in the Republic of Korea. This review presents major lessons learned from past and current malaria research, including epidemiological and biological characteristics of the re-emergent disease, and considers some interesting patterns of diversity. Among other features, this review highlights temporal changes in the genetic make-up of the parasitic population, patient demographic features, and spatial distribution of cases, which all provide insight into the factors contributing to local transmission. The data indicate that vivax malaria in Korea is not expanding expo- nentially. However, continued surveillance is needed to prevent future resurgence.

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Research Progress on Leptotrombidium deliense: Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):313-324.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.313

Abstract
PDF

This article reviews Leptotrombidium deliense, including its discovery and nomenclature, morphological features and identification, life cycle, ecology, relationship with diseases, chromosomes and artificial cultivation. The first record of L. deliense was early in 1922 by Walch. Under the genus Leptotrombidium, there are many sibling species similar to L. deliense, which makes it difficult to differentiate L. deliense from another sibling chigger mites, for example, L. rubellum. The life cycle of the mite (L. deliense) includes 7 stages: egg, deutovum (or prelarva), larva, nymphochrysalis, nymph, imagochrysalis and adult. The mite has a wide geographical distribution with low host specificity, and it often appears in different regions and habitats and on many species of hosts. As a vector species of chigger mite, L. deliense is of great importance in transmitting scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in many parts of the world, especially in tropical regions of Southeast Asia. The seasonal fluctuation of the mite population varies in different geographical regions. The mite has been successfully cultured in the laboratory, facilitating research on its chromosomes, biochemistry and molecular biology.

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Original Article

Molecular Identification of Haemadipsa rjukjuana (Hirudiniformes: Haemadipsidae) in Gageo Island, Korea: Sohyun Won, Bae Keun Park, Baek Jun Kim, Hye Won Kim, Jun Gu Kang, Tae Seo Park, Hong Yul Seo, Ye Eun, Ki Gyoung Kim, Joon Seok Chae; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):169-175.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.169

Abstract
PDF

There are 60 species of blood-feeding land leeches, 50 species belonging to the family Haemadipsidae and 10 species belonging to the family Xerobdellidae. Despite recent papers on the land leeches, their taxonomic identification is not fully understood, especially at a species level. In Korea, there have been no historical records of the terrestrial leeches, but recently an unrecorded blood-feeding land leech was discovered at Gageo-do (Island), Korea. Molecular analysis was used to identify the species of 29 leeches collected from Mt. Dock-Sil in Gageo-do. Conventional PCR was conducted using nuclear 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) genetic marker. The 18S rRNA sequences revealed that the leeches share 99.9% identity with Haemadipsa rjukjuana (inhabiting Taiwan), and the CO1 sequences revealed that the leeches are very close to H. rjukjuana (inhabiting Taiwan). The CO1 sequences were separated into 2 categories, 1 with 94.6% and the other with 94.3% similarity to the H. rjukjuana L00115A (inhabiting Taiwan). This new finding of the land leech is the first record in Korea. In addition, the north range of the distribution of the blood-feeding leech (Hirudiniformes: Haemadipisidae) should be reconsidered including Korea.

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Kaori Morishima, Mineaki Aizawa
Ecology and Evolution.2019; 9(9): 5392. CrossRef
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Brief Communication

Expression of Exogenous Human Hepatic Nuclear Factor-1α by a Lentiviral Vector and Its Interactions with Plasmodium falciparum Subtilisin-Like Protease 2: Shunyao Liao, Yunqiang Liu, Bing Zheng, Pyo Yun Cho, Hyun Ok Song, Yun-Seok Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Hyun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):431-436.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.431

Abstract
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The onset, severity, and ultimate outcome of malaria infection are influenced by parasite-expressed virulence factors as well as by individual host responses to these determinants. In both humans and mice, liver injury follows parasite entry, persisting to the erythrocytic stage in the case of infection with the fatal strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Hepatic nuclear factor (HNF)-1α is a master regulator of not only the liver damage and adaptive responses but also diverse metabolic functions. In this study, we analyzed the expression of host HNF-1α in relation to malaria infection and evaluated its interaction with the 5'-untranslated region of subtilisin-like protease 2 (subtilase, Sub2). Recombinant human HNF-1α expressed by a lentiviral vector (LV HNF-1α) was introduced into mice. Interestingly, differences in the activity of the 5'-untranslated region of the Pf-Sub2 promoter were detected in 293T cells, and LV HNF-1α was observed to influence promoter activity, suggesting that host HNF-1α interacts with the Sub2 gene.

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Original Article

Seasonal Prevalence of Mosquitoes, Including Vectors of Brugian Filariasis, in Southern Islands of the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Jong-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):59-64.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.59

Abstract
PDF

A survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of Brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of Jeollanam-do (province), Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do, Korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. Overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. Ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as Aedes togoi), Anopheles (Hyrcanus) group, and Culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all areas. Oc. togoi larvae were most frequently collected at salinity levels <0.5% during June and July, with densities decreasing sharply during the rainy season in August. The most likely explanation for the eradication of filariasis in these areas is suggested to be an aggressive treatment program executed during the 1970s and the 1990s. However, high prevalence of the vector mosquitoes may constitute a potential risk for reemerging of brugian filariasis in these areas.

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Brief Communication

Population Dynamics of Five Anopheles Species of the Hyrcanus Group in Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Kyoung Yong Jeong, Sunjin Un, Jongweon Lee, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Han-Il Ree; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):351-353.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.351

Abstract
PDF

To investigate the population densities of potential malaria vectors, Anopheles species were collected by light traps in malaria endemic areas, Paju and Gimpo, Gyeonggi-do of Korea. Five Anopheles Hyrcanus sibling species (An. sinensis, An. pullus, An. lesteri, An. kleini, and An. belenrae) were identified by PCR. The predominant species, An. pullus was collected during the late spring and mid-summer, while higher population consists of An. sinensis were collected from late summer to early autumn. These 2 species accounted for 92.1% of all Anopheles mosquitoes collected, while the other 3 species accounted for 7.9%. Taking into account of these population densities, late seasonal prevalence, and long-term incubation period (9-13 months) of the Korean Plasmodium vivax strain, An. sinensis s.s is thought to play an important role in the transmission of vivax malaria in the study areas.

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Original Articles

Efficiency Evaluation of Nozawa-Style Black Light Trap for Control of Anopheline Mosquitoes: Hee Il Lee, Bo Youl Seo, E-Hyun Shin, Douglas A. Burkett, Jong-Koo Lee, Young Hack Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):159-165.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.159

Abstract
PDF

House-residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets have achieved some success in controlling anthropophilic and endophagic vectors. However, these methods have relatively low efficacy in Korea because Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector, is highly zoophilic and exophilic. So, we focused our vector control efforts within livestock enclosures using ultraviolet black light traps as a mechanical control measure. We found that black light traps captured significantly more mosquitoes at 2 and 2.5 m above the ground (P < 0.05). We also evaluated the effectiveness of trap spacing within the livestock enclosure. In general, traps spaced between 4 and 7 m apart captured mosquitoes more efficiently than those spaced closer together (P > 0.05). Based on these findings, we concluded that each black light trap in the livestock enclosures killed 7,586 female mosquitoes per trap per night during the peak mosquito season (July-August). In May-August 2003, additional concurrent field trials were conducted in Ganghwa county. We got 74.9% reduction (P < 0.05) of An. sinensis in human dwellings and 61.5% reduction (P > 0.05) in the livestock enclosures. The black light trap operation in the livestock enclosures proved to be an effective control method and should be incorporated into existing control strategies in developed countries.

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Manop Saeung, Pairpailin Jhaiaun, Michael J. Bangs, Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
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Pairpailin Jhaiaun, Amonrat Panthawong, Manop Saeung, Anchana Sumarnrote, Monthathip Kongmee, Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
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A Survey of Dung Beetles Infected with Larval Nematodes with Particular Note on Copris lunaris Beetles as a Vector for Gongylonema sp. in Iran: Gholamreza Mowlavi, Elmira Mikaeili, Iraj Mobedi, Eshratbeigom Kia, Lotfali Masoomi, Hassan Vatandoost; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):13-17.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.13

Abstract
PDF

Dung beetles (family Scarabaeidae) are one of the largest families of beetles worldwide. Due to biological behavior of these arthropods, they are considered to play an important role in the life cycle of some helminths. In the present study, dung beetles collected from cattle pastures in rural areas of Ardabil province, north-west of Iran were examined for infection with larval stages of helminths. According to the results, nematodes of 2 genera were identified including Rhabditis and Gongylonema. The more common species was Rhabditis sp. which was found in 9 species of beetles. Out of 15 different species of dung beetles, Copris lunaris was the only scarabaeid to be found naturally infected with the larval stages of Gongylonema sp. Our new findings introduce C. lunaris as a potential biological vector for transmission of Gongylonema sp. to vertebrates in the surveyed region.

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Mini Review

RNA Interference in Infectious Tropical Diseases: Seokyoung Kang, Young S. Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):1-15.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.1

Abstract
PDF

Introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into some cells or organisms results in degradation of its homologous mRNA, a process called RNA interference (RNAi). The dsRNAs are processed into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that subsequently bind to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), causing degradation of target mRNAs. Because of this sequence-specific ability to silence target genes, RNAi has been extensively used to study gene functions and has the potential to control disease pathogens or vectors. With this promise of RNAi to control pathogens and vectors, this paper reviews the current status of RNAi in protozoans, animal parasitic helminths and disease-transmitting vectors, such as insects. Many pathogens and vectors cause severe parasitic diseases in tropical regions and it is difficult to control once the host has been invaded. Intracellularly, RNAi can be highly effective in impeding parasitic development and proliferation within the host. To fully realize its potential as a means to control tropical diseases, appropriate delivery methods for RNAi should be developed, and possible off-target effects should be minimized for specific gene suppression. RNAi can also be utilized to reduce vector competence to interfere with disease transmission, as genes critical for pathogenesis of tropical diseases are knockdowned via RNAi.

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Original Article

Vector competence of Anopheles lesteri Baisas and Hu (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium vivax in Korea: E-Hyun Shin, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):41-44.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.41

Abstract
PDF

Three anopheline mosquitoes in Korea were studied for their abilities as vectors for Plasmodium vivax. The female mosquitoes of Anopheles lesteri, An. pullus and An. sinensis were allowed to suck malaria patient blood until fully fed, and they were then bred for 2 weeks to develop from malaria parasites to sporozoites. The result from the above confirmed the sporozoites in one An. lesteri of one individual and five An. sinensis of six individuals. We also confirmed that An. sinensis was the main vector to transmit malaria and An. lesteri as well as An. sinensis were able to carry Korean malaria parasites. Therefore, we propose that diversified study is needed to manage malaria projects.

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