Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 54(1); February 2016

Original Articles

An Improved PCR-RFLP Assay for Detection and Genotyping of Asymptomatic Giardia lamblia Infection in a Resource-Poor Setting: Yoursry Hawash, M. M. Ghonaim, S. S. Al-Shehri; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):1-8.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.1

Abstract
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Laboratory workers, in resource-poor countries, still consider PCR detection of Giardia lamblia more costly and more time-consuming than the classical parasitological techniques. Based on 2 published primers, an in-house one-round touchdown PCR-RFLP assay was developed. The assay was validated with an internal amplification control included in reactions. Performance of the assay was assessed with DNA samples of various purities, 91 control fecal samples with various parasite load, and 472 samples of unknown results. Two cysts per reaction were enough for PCR detection by the assay with exhibited specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of 100% and 93%, respectively. Taking a published small subunit rRNA reference PCR test results (6%; 29/472) as a nominated gold standard, G. lamblia was identified in 5.9% (28/472), 5.2%, (25/472), and 3.6% (17/472) by PCR assay, RIDA^® Quick Giardia antigen detection test (R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany), and iodine-stained smear microscopy, respectively. The percent agreements (kappa values) of 99.7% (0.745), 98.9% (0.900), and 97.7% (0.981) were exhibited between the assay results and that of the reference PCR, immunoassay, and microscopy, respectively. Restriction digestion of the 28 Giardia-positive samples revealed genotype A pattern in 12 and genotype B profile in 16 samples. The PCR assay with the described format and exhibited performance has a great potential to be adopted in basic clinical laboratories as a detection tool for G. lamblia especially in asymptomatic infections. This potential is increased more in particular situations where identification of the parasite genotype represents a major requirement as in epidemiological studies and infection outbreaks.

Citations

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A rapid economical multiplex PCR-RFLP method for molecular detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis clinical isolates
Ajanta Ghosal, Sanjib K. Sardar, Tapas Haldar, Akash Prasad, Koushik Das, Seiki Kobayashi, Yumiko Saito-Nakano, Shanta Dutta, Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Sandipan Ganguly
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2024; 110(4): 116548. CrossRef
Comparison of ELISA, nested PCR and sequencing and a novel qPCR for detection of Giardia isolates from Jordan
Nawal Hijjawi, Rongchang Yang, Ma'mon Hatmal, Yasmeen Yassin, Taghrid Mharib, Rami Mukbel, Sameer Alhaj Mahmoud, Abdel-Ellah Al-Shudifat, Una Ryan
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 185: 23. CrossRef
Methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: From microscopy to nucleic acid based tools in clinical and environmental regimes
Folasade Esther Adeyemo, Gulshan Singh, Poovendhree Reddy, Thor Axel Stenström
Acta Tropica.2018; 184: 15. CrossRef
High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay
Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Mazen Almehmadi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 513. CrossRef

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Tamoxifen Induces Apoptosis of Leishmania major Promastigotes in Vitro: Masoud Doroodgar, Mahdi Delavari, Moein Doroodgar, Ali Abbasi, Ali Akbar Taherian, Abbas Doroodgar; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):9-14.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.9

Abstract
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Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor and currently used for the treatment of breast cancer. The current treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony compounds is not satisfactory. Therefore, in this study, due to its antileishmanial activity, effects of tamoxifen on the growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major Iranian strain were evaluated in vitro. Promastigotes and amastigotes were treated with different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 μg/ml) and time periods (24, 48, and 72 hr) of tamoxifen. After tamoxifen treatment, MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 biphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay) was used to determine the percentage of live parasites and Graph Pad Prism software to calculate IC₅₀. Flow cytometry was applied to investigate the induction of tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in promastigotes. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of tamoxifen on promastigotes was 2.6 μg/ml after 24 hr treatment. Flow cytometry analysis showed that tamoxifen induced early and late apoptosis in Leishmania promastigotes. While after 48 hr in control group the apoptosis was 2.0%, the 50 ?g/L concentration of tamoxifen increased it to 59.7%. Based on the in vitro antileishmanial effect, tamoxifen might be used for leishmaniasis treatment; however, further researches on in vivo effects of tamoxifen in animal models are needed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Therapeutic effect of topical tamoxifen in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major
Parastoo Hassani-Abharian, Seyedamirmehdi Hejazi Dehaghani, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Audrey Odom John
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Compared Antileishmanial Activity of Clomiphene and Tamoxifen
Sergio Sifontes-Rodríguez, Alma Reyna Escalona-Montaño, Ricardo Mondragón Flores, Niurka Mollineda-Diogo, Lianet Monzote Fidalgo, Mónica Edith Mondragón-Castelán, Fedra Alardin-Gutiérrez, Lourdes Araceli López-Enzana, Daniel Andrés Sánchez-Almaraz, Ofelia
Biomedicines.2024; 12(10): 2290. CrossRef
Caryocar coriaceumWittm. fruit extracts asLeishmaniainhibitors:in-vitroandin-silicoapproaches
Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier, Daniela Ribeiro Alves, Selene Maia de Morais, Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti, Manoela Daiele Gonçalves, Taylon Felipe Silva, Eliandro Reis Tavares, Lucy Megumi Yamauchi, Idessania Nazareth Costa, Emmanuel Silva Marinho, Mar
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.2022; 40(17): 8040. CrossRef
Antileishmanial Activity of Tamoxifen by Targeting Sphingolipid Metabolism: A Review
Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie, Haftom Gebregergs Hailu, Muluken Altaye Ayza, Bekalu Amare Tesfaye
Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications.2022; Volume 14: 11. CrossRef
The potential role and apoptotic profile of three medicinal plant extracts on Leishmania tropica by MTT assay, macrophage model and flow cytometry analysis
Mozhde Ilaghi, Iraj Sharifi, Fariba Sharififar, Fatemeh Sharifi, Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee, Zahra Babaei, Manzume Shamsi Meimamandi, Alireza Keyhani, Mehdi Bamorovat
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2021; 12: e00201. CrossRef
Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Leishmania major Treated with HESA-A: An Herbal Marine Compound
Jasem Saki, Khalil Saki, Reza Arjmand
Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Experimental Study
Aakriti Garg, Arti Singh, Anoop Kumar
Future Microbiology.2021; 16(13): 987. CrossRef
Network-Based Approaches Reveal Potential Therapeutic Targets for Host-Directed Antileishmanial Therapy Driving Drug Repurposing
J. Eduardo Martinez-Hernandez, Zaynab Hammoud, Alessandra Mara de Sousa, Frank Kramer, Rubens L. do Monte-Neto, Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho, Alberto J. M. Martin, Tim Downing
Microbiology Spectrum.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Male predominance in reported Visceral Leishmaniasis cases: Nature or nurture? A comparison of population-based with health facility-reported data
Kristien Cloots, Sakib Burza, Paritosh Malaviya, Epco Hasker, Sangeeta Kansal, Guy Mollett, Jaya Chakravarty, Nurpur Roy, Bibek Kumar Lal, Suman Rijal, Shyam Sundar, Marleen Boelaert, Guilherme L. Werneck
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(1): e0007995. CrossRef
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Mechanistic Insights Against Microbial Infections
Aakriti Garg, Balraj Singh, Ruchika Sharma, Arti Singh, Anoop Kumar
Current Molecular Medicine.2020; 20(2): 102. CrossRef
Epidemiology, Associated Factors and Treatment Methods of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on Previous Data from 2013 to 2018 in Ilam, Western Iran
Nasrin Rezaee, Vahid Raissi, Ahmad Rajaeipour, Mehdi Nazari, Muhammad Getso, Ali Taghipour, Omid Raiesi, Asmaa Ibrahim
Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(3): 760. CrossRef
Diethyldithiocarbamate encapsulation reduces toxicity and promotes leishmanicidal effect through apoptosis-like mechanism in promastigote and ROS production by macrophage
João Paulo Assolini, Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier, Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti, Manoela Daiele Gonçalves, Claudia Stoeglehner Sahd, Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto, Paulo Emilio Feuser, Arthur Poester Cordeiro, Sergio Marques Borghi, Waldiceu Apareci
Journal of Drug Targeting.2020; 28(10): 1110. CrossRef
4-nitrochalcone exerts leishmanicidal effect on L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and the 4-nitrochalcone encapsulation in beeswax copaiba oil nanoparticles reduces macrophages cytotoxicity
João Paulo Assolini, Thais Peron da Silva, Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti, Manoela Daiele Gonçalves, Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier, Claudia Stoeglehner Sahd, Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto, Paulo Emilio Feuser, Arthur Poester Cordeiro, Claudia Sayer, Pe
European Journal of Pharmacology.2020; 884: 173392. CrossRef
Repurposing azole antifungals into antileishmanials: Novel 3-triazolylflavanones with promising in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania major
Masoud Keighobadi, Saeed Emami, Mahdi Fakhar, Azar Shokri, Hassan Mirzaei, Saeed Hosseini Teshnizi
Parasitology International.2019; 69: 103. CrossRef
Study of Ethinyl Estradiol Activity Against Promastigotes, Axenic and Macrophage-Dwelling Amastigotes of Leishmania infantum by Using Atomic Force Microscopy and Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium Methods
Farnoush Shadnoush, Reza Arjmand, Fakher Rahim, Jasem Saki
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Repurposing as a strategy for the discovery of new anti-leishmanials: the-state-of-the-art
REBECCA L. CHARLTON, BARTIRA ROSSI-BERGMANN, PAUL W. DENNY, PATRICK G. STEEL
Parasitology.2018; 145(2): 219. CrossRef
Caryocar coriaceum extracts exert leishmanicidal effect acting in promastigote forms by apoptosis-like mechanism and intracellular amastigotes by Nrf2/HO-1/ferritin dependent response and iron depletion
Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier, Daniela Ribeiro Alves, Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla, Selene Maia de Morais, João Paulo Assolini, Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti, Manoela Daiele Gonçalves, Allan Henrique Depieri Cataneo, Danielle Kian, Tiago Bervelieri Ma
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2018; 98: 662. CrossRef
Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis during 2009-2016 in Kashan City, Central Iran
Doroodgar Moein, Doroodgar Masoud, Mahboobi Saeed, Doroodgar Abbas
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(1): 21. CrossRef
Tamoxifen Never Ceases to Amaze: New Findings on Non-Estrogen Receptor Molecular Targets and Mediated Effects
Tatiana Anatolievna Bogush, Boris Borisovich Polezhaev, Ivan Andreevich Mamichev, Elena Alexandrovna Bogush, Boris Evseevich Polotsky, Sergei Alexeevich Tjulandin, Andrey Borisovich Ryabov
Cancer Investigation.2018; 36(4): 211. CrossRef
Cell death mechanisms in Leishmania amazonensis triggered by methylene blue-mediated antiparasitic photodynamic therapy
Débora P. Aureliano, José Angelo Lauletta Lindoso, Sandra Regina de Castro Soares, Cleusa Fumika Hirata Takakura, Thiago Martini Pereira, Martha Simões Ribeiro
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2018; 23: 1. CrossRef
Grandiflorenic acid promotes death of promastigotes via apoptosis-like mechanism and affects amastigotes by increasing total iron bound capacity
Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti, Manoela Daiele Gonçalves, Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier, Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla, João Paulo Assolini, Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto, Priscila Goes Camargo de Carvalho, Ian Lucas Alves Cardoso, Andréa Name Colado
Phytomedicine.2018; 46: 11. CrossRef
In vitro Effects of Ketotifen and Cromolyn Sodium on Promastigote and Amastigotes of Leishmania major
Lima Asgharpour Sarouey, Khadijeh Khanaliha, Parvaneh Rahimi-Moghaddam, Samaneh Khorrami, Mohammad Saaid Dayer, Fatemeh Tabatabaie
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Repurposing Estrogen Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Infectious Disease
Marhiah C. Montoya, Damian J. Krysan, Danielle A. Garsin
mBio.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Library of Seleno-Compounds as Novel Agents against Leishmania Species
Álvaro Martín-Montes, Daniel Plano, Rubén Martín-Escolano, Verónica Alcolea, Marta Díaz, Silvia Pérez-Silanes, Socorro Espuelas, Esther Moreno, Clotilde Marín, Ramón Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Carmen Sanmartín, Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effect of Chaerophyllum Extract on Leishmania major and J774 Cell Line in Vitro
Parisa Ebrahimisadr, Hamidreza Majidiani, Farahnaz Bineshian, Farnoosh Jameie, Ezatollah Ghasemi, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effect of Chaerophyllum Extract on Leishmania major and J774 Cell Line in Vitro
Parisa Ebrahimisadr, Hamidreza Majidiani, Farahnaz Bineshian, Farnoosh Jameie, Ezatollah Ghasemi, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

10,857 View
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29 Web of Science
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Isolation and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Strains in Ovine Aborted Fetuses in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran: Leila Danehchin, Gholamreza Razmi, Abolghasem Naghibi; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):15-20.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.15

Abstract
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Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease that can cause abortion in humans and animals. The aim of this study was isolation and subsequent genotyping of Toxolasma gondii isolates in ovine aborted fetuses. During 2012-2013, 39 ovine aborted fetuses were collected from sheep flocks in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. The brain samples were screened for detection of the parasite DNA by nested PCR. The positive brain samples were bioassayed in Webster Swiss mice. The serum samples of mice were examined for T. gondii antibodies by IFAT at 6 weeks post inoculation, and T. gondii cysts were searched in brain tissue samples of seropositive mice. The positive samples were genotyped by using a PCR-RLFP method. Subsequently, GRA6 sequences of isolates were analyzed using a phylogenetic method. The results revealed that T. gondii DNA was detected in 54% (20/37, 95% CI 38.4-69.0%) brain samples of ovine aborted fetuses. In bioassay of mice, only 2 samples were virulent and the mice were killed at 30 days post inoculation, while the others were non-virulent to mice. The size of cysts ranged 7-22 ?m. Complete genotyping data for GRA6 locus were observed in 5 of the 20 samples. PCR-RLFP results and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the isolated samples were closely related to type I. For the first time, we could genotype and report T. gondii isolates from ovine aborted fetuses in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. The results indicate that the T. gondii isolates are genetically related to type I, although most of them were non-virulent for mice.

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Unraveling the link: serological and molecular insights into Toxoplasma gondii infection in women with spontaneous abortion history
Narges Arbabi, Nima Firouzeh, Seyed Ghader Azizi, Ahmad Mehravaran, Soudabeh Etemadi, Reza Shafiei, Hadi Mirahmadi
Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Is GRA6 Gene a Suitable Marker for Molecular Typing of Toxoplasma Gondii? A Scoping Systematic Review
Rohallah Abedian, Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Mahdi Fakhar, Zahra Rahmani, Mahbobeh Montazeri, Mostafa Solaymani, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(1): 175. CrossRef
Serological and molecular survey of Toxoplasma Gondii in aborted livestock fetuses from Northeast Iran
Reza Shafiei, Nima Firouzeh, Mohammad Taghi Rahimi
BMC Research Notes.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasmosis diagnostic techniques: Current developed methods and biosensors
Soheila Molaei, Masoomeh Dadkhah, Farzaneh Fathi
Talanta.2023; 252: 123828. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among women with miscarriage and their aborted fetuses in the northwest of Iran
Shiva Zeinali, Shahram Khademvatan, Rasool Jafari, Shabnam Vazifekhah, Elham Yousefi, Tahereh Behroozi-Lak, Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(10): e0283493. CrossRef
Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum as cause of ovine abortion in affected flocks of Urmia, northwest of Iran
A. Khodadadi, F. Malekifard, R. A. Batavani
BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE.2022; 25(2): 308. CrossRef
Molecular and serological detection and of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants of southwest Iran and the potential risks for consumers
Amin Yousefvand, Seyed Ali Mirhosseini, Masoud Ghorbani, Tahereh Mohammadzadeh, Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam, Shirin Mohammadyari
Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety.2021; 16(2): 117. CrossRef
Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the aborted fetuses and ruminants that had an abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ahmad Daryani
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 290: 109370. CrossRef
Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aborted fetuses of goats in Chattogram, Bangladesh
Tanjila Hasan, Abdul Mannan, Delower Hossain, Azizunnesa Rekha, Md. Monir Hossan, Mohammad Abdul Alim, AHM Musleh Uddin
Veterinary World.2021; : 2386. CrossRef
Molecular Diagnosis and Pathological Study of Toxoplasma gondii in Aborted Caprine and Ovine Fetuses in Borderline of Iran–Iraq
Arjang Partoandazanpoor, Zainab Sadeghi-Dehkordi, Loghman Ekradi, Monireh Khordadmehr, Maryam Rassouli, Alireza Sazmand
Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(1): 187. CrossRef
WITHDRAWN: Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: the last decade
J.P. Dubey, F.H.A. Murata, C.K. Cerqueira-Cézar, O.C.H. Kwok, C. Su
Veterinary Parasitology: X.2020; : 100028. CrossRef
Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009–2020
J.P. Dubey, F.H.A. Murata, C.K. Cerqueira-Cézar, O.C.H. Kwok, C. Su
Veterinary Parasitology.2020; 286: 109195. CrossRef
Lack of circulating Toxoplasma gondii DNA in seropositive patients with bipolar or schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
L. Galli, C. Del Grande, L. Rindi, C. Mangia, V. Mangano, E. Schiavi, I. Masci, B. Pinto, L. Kramer, L. Dell'Osso, F. Bruschi
Psychiatry Research.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: Risk factors and economic impact
S. Stelzer, W. Basso, J. Benavides Silván, L.M. Ortega-Mora, P. Maksimov, J. Gethmann, F.J. Conraths, G. Schares
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2019; 15: e00037. CrossRef
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in abortion women by RFLP-PCR in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province
Saleem Khteer Al-Hadraawy, Mohammad Alzeyadi, Ameer Ali Shakir, Arshad noori Al-dujaili
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2019; 1234(1): 012084. CrossRef
Molecular genotyping and serological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in mothers and their spontaneous aborted fetuses in Southwest of Iran
Nasir Arefkhah, Bahman Pourabbas, Qasem Asgari, Abdolali Moshfe, Fataneh Mikaeili, Gordafarin Nikbakht, Bahador Sarkari
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2019; 66: 101342. CrossRef
Serological and molecular detection ofToxoplasma gondiiin sheep and goats in Kashan, Central Iran
Sima Rasti, Nader Marandi, Amir Abdoli, Mahdi Delavari, Seyed Gholam Abbas Mousavi
Journal of Food Safety.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in retail fresh meats in Canada
Asma Iqbal, Nicol Janecko, Frank Pollari, Brent Dixon
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2018; 13: e00031. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii Type I, predominant genotype isolated from sheep in South of Iran
Belal Armand, Kavous Solhjoo, Manoochehr Shabani Kordshooli, Mohammad Hasan Davami, Morteza Pourahmad, Vahideh Orfaee
Veterinary World.2017; 10(4): 386. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) in Hainan province, tropical China
Guan-Yu Hou, Jun-Ming Zhao, Han-Lin Zhou, Guang Rong
Acta Tropica.2016; 162: 103. CrossRef

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29 Web of Science
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A Novel Polyclonal Antiserum against Toxoplasma gondii Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1: Bin Xiao, Zhenzhan Kuang, Yanli Zhan, Daxiang Chen, Yang Gao, Ming Li, Shuhong Luo, Wenbo Hao; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):21-29.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.21

Abstract
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The sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), which functions in maintaining the ratio of Na⁺ and H⁺ ions, is widely distributed in cell plasma membranes. It plays a prominent role in pH balancing, cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. However, its exact subcellular location and biological functions in Toxoplasma gondii are largely unclear. In this study, we cloned the C-terminal sequence of T. gondii NHE1 (TgNHE1) incorporating the C-terminal peptide of NHE1 (C-NHE1) into the pGEX4T-1 expression plasmid. The peptide sequence was predicted to have good antigenicity based on the information obtained from an immune epitope database. After induction of heterologous gene expression with isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside, the recombinant C-NHE1 protein successfully expressed in a soluble form was purified by glutathione sepharose beads as an immunogen for production of a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. The specificity of this antiserum was confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The antiserum could reduce T. gondii invasion into host cells, indicated by the decreased TgNHE1 expression in T. gondii parasites that were pre-incubated with antiserum in the process of cell entry. Furthermore, the antiserum reduced the virulence of T. gondii parasites to host cells in vitro, possibly by blocking the release of Ca²⁺. In this regard, this antiserum has potential to be a valuable tool for further studies of TgNHE1.

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Identification and Characterization of a Cleavage Site in the Proteolysis of Orf Virus 086 Protein
Xiaoping Wang, Bin Xiao, Jiafeng Zhang, Daxiang Chen, Wei Li, Ming Li, Wenbo Hao, Shuhong Luo
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Afatinib Reduces STAT6 Signaling of Host ARPE-19 Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):31-38.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.31

Abstract
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Specific gene expressions of host cells by spontaneous STAT6 phosphorylation are major strategy for the survival of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii against parasiticidal events through STAT1 phosphorylation by infection provoked IFN-γ. We determined the effects of small molecules of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on the growth of T. gondii and on the relationship with STAT1 and STAT6 phosphorylation in ARPE-19 cells. We counted the number of T. gondii RH tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after treatment with TKIs at 12-hr intervals for 72 hr. The change of STAT6 phosphorylation was assessed via western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Among the tested TKIs, Afatinib (pan ErbB/EGFR inhibitor, 5 ?M) inhibited 98.0% of the growth of T. gondii, which was comparable to pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 96.9% and followed by Erlotinib (ErbB1/EGFR inhibitor, 20 ?M) at 33.8% and Sunitinib (PDGFR or c-Kit inhibitor, 10 ?M) at 21.3%. In the early stage of the infection (2, 4, and 8 hr after T. gondii challenge), Afatinib inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 in western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Both JAK1 and JAK3, the upper hierarchical kinases of cytokine signaling, were strongly phosphorylated at 2 hr and then disappeared entirely after 4 hr. Some TKIs, especially the EGFR inhibitors, might play an important role in the inhibition of intracellular replication of T. gondii through the inhibition of the direct phosphorylation of STAT6 by T. gondii.

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Small molecule kinase inhibitor altiratinib inhibits brain cyst forming bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(2): e2409001. CrossRef
iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Analysis Exposes Molecular Changes in the Small Intestinal Epithelia of Cats after Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Bintao Zhai, Yu-Meng Meng, Shi-Chen Xie, Jun-Jie Peng, Yang Liu, Yanhua Qiu, Lu Wang, Jiyu Zhang, Jun-Jun He
Animals.2023; 13(22): 3537. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef
A Human Proteome Array Approach to Identifying Key Host Proteins Targeted by Toxoplasma Kinase ROP18
Zhaoshou Yang, Yongheng Hou, Taofang Hao, Hee-Sool Rho, Jun Wan, Yizhao Luan, Xin Gao, Jianping Yao, Aihua Pan, Zhi Xie, Jiang Qian, Wanqin Liao, Heng Zhu, Xingwang Zhou
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.2017; 16(3): 469. CrossRef
Adverse Event Profile of Pyrimethamine-Based Therapy in Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review
Ruben R. Ben-Harari, Elizabeth Goodwin, Julio Casoy
Drugs in R&D.2017; 17(4): 523. CrossRef
Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 491. CrossRef

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Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Bovine PBMCs Transformed and Non-transformed by Theileria annulata: Hongxi Zhao, Junlong Liu, Youquan Li, Congshan Yang, Shuaiyang Zhao, Juan Liu, Aihong Liu, Guangyuan Liu, Hong Yin, Guiquan Guan, Jianxun Luo; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):39-46.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.39

Abstract
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Theileria annulata is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite that causes tropical theileriosis, a fatal bovine lymphoproliferative disease. The parasite predominantly invades bovine B lymphocytes and macrophages and induces host cell transformation by a mechanism that is not fully comprehended. Analysis of signaling pathways by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) could be a highly efficient means to understand this transformation mechanism. However, accurate analysis of qPCR data relies on selection of appropriate reference genes for normalization, yet few papers on T. annulata contain evidence of reference gene validation. We therefore used the geNorm and NormFinder programs to evaluate the stability of 5 candidate reference genes; 18S rRNA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ACTB (β-actin), PRKG1 (protein kinase cGMP-dependent, type I) and TATA box binding protein (TBP). The results showed that 18S rRNA was the reference gene most stably expressed in bovine PBMCs transformed and non-transformed with T. annulata, followed by GAPDH and TBP. While 18S rRNA and GAPDH were the best combination, these 2 genes were chosen as references to study signaling pathways involved in the transformation mechanism of T. annulata.

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Animal Models for Echinostoma malayanum Infection: Worm Recovery and Some Pathology: Jiraporn Songsri, Ratchadawan Aukkanimart, Thidarut Boonmars, Panaratana Ratanasuwan, Porntip Laummaunwai, Pranee Sriraj, Panupan Sripan; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):47-53.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.47

Abstract
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Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans, in their adult stage and also parasitize numerous invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts in their larval stages. The purpose of this study was to compare Echinostoma malayanum parasite growth, including worm recovery, body size of adult worms, eggs per worm, eggs per gram of feces, and pathological changes in the small intestine of experimental animals. In this study, 6-8-week-old male hamsters, rats, mice, and gerbils were infected with echinostome metacercariae and then sacrificed at day 60 post-infection. The small intestine and feces of each infected animal were collected and then processed for analysis. The results showed that worm recovery, eggs per worm, and eggs per gram of feces from all infected hamsters were higher compared with infected rats and mice. However, in infected gerbils, no parasites were observed in the small intestine, and there were no parasite eggs in the feces. The volume of eggs per gram of feces and eggs per worm were related to parasite size. The results of histopathological changes in the small intestine of infected groups showed abnormal villi and goblet cells, as evidenced by short villi and an increase in the number and size of goblet cells compared with the normal control group.

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Genotype and Phenotype of Echinococcus granulosus Derived from Wild Sheep (Ovis orientalis) in Iran: Ali Eslami, Behnam Meshgi, Fatemeh Jalousian, Shima Rahmani, Mohammad Ali Salari; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):55-60.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.55

Abstract
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The aim of the present study is to determine the characteristics of genotype and phenotype of Echinococcus granulosus derived from wild sheep and to compare them with the strains of E. granulosus sensu stricto (sheep-dog) and E. granulosus camel strain (camel-dog) in Iran. In Khojir National Park, near Tehran, Iran, a fertile hydatid cyst was recently found in the liver of a dead wild sheep (Ovis orientalis). The number of protoscolices (n=6,000) proved enough for an experimental infection in a dog. The characteristics of large and small hooks of metacestode were statistically determined as the sensu stricto strain but not the camel strain (P=0.5). To determine E. granulosus genotype, 20 adult worms of this type were collected from the infected dog. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase 1 subunit (COX1) of the mitochondrial DNA were amplified from individual adult worm by PCR. Subsequently, the PCR product was sequenced by Sanger method. The lengths of ITS2 and COX1 sequences were 378 and 857 bp, respectively, for all the sequenced samples. The amplified DNA sequences from both ribosomal and mitochondrial genes were highly similar (99% and 98%, respectively) to that of the ovine strain in the GenBank database. The results of the present study indicate that the morpho-molecular features and characteristics of E. granulosus in the Iranian wild sheep are the same as those of the sheep-dog E. granulosus sensu stricto strain.

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Differentiation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species of human origin from Neuquén, Argentina, by multivariate analysis of rostellar hooks morphometry
L.E. Lazzarini, M.F. Debiaggi, L.A. Pianciola, M.L. Mazzeo, S.V. Soriano, N.B. Pierangeli
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Echinococcus species in wildlife
Thomas Romig, Marion Wassermann
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Epidemiology, Molecular, and Phylogenetic Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Cysts in Slaughtered Farm Animals in Al-Jouf Province, Saudi Arabia
Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi
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Echinococcoses in Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan: Old Diseases in the New Millennium
Mehdi Borhani, Saeid Fathi, Enayat Darabi, Fatemeh Jalousian, Sami Simsek, Haroon Ahmed, Harun Kaya Kesik, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Thomas Romig, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Iraj Mobedi
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MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ECHINOCOCCUS SPP. IN HYDATID CYST FLUID COLLECTED FROM HUMAN AND LIVESTOCK IN NORTHERN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA AND GILGIT BALTISTAN
M Abdullah, I Ali, K.S. Haleem, A.U. Rehman, S Qayyum, Z Niaz, S Ahmed, I Khan, M.N.K. Khattak, N Sultana, I Tauseef
The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences.2021; 31(5): 1293. CrossRef
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Fadya Abdullah AlKitani, Senan Baqir, Muhammad Khalid Mansoor, Shumoos AlRiyami, Muhammad Hammad Hussain, Derek Roberts
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N.M. AL-Mutairi, H.A. Taha, A.H. Nigm
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Prevalence and characterization of hydatidosis in Najdi sheep slaughtered in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia
Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Esam Almalki, Saleh Al-Quarishy
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2018; 25(7): 1375. CrossRef

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In Vitro Scolicidal Effects of Salvadora persica Root Extract against Protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus: Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Esam Almalki, Lamjed Mansour, Saleh Al-Quarishy; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):61-66.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.61

Abstract
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It has been known that Arak, Salvadora persica, has a number of medicinal properties. We tried to investigate in vitro scolicidal effect of root extracts of this plant against protoscolices from hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices were aseptically collected from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. S. persica root extract was used in 10, 30, and 50 mg/ml concentration for 10, 20, and 30 min. The viability of protoscolices was ascertained by 0.1% eosin staining. Scolicidal activity of S. persica extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml was 36.3%, 50.3%, and 70.8% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. The scolicidal effect of this extract at a concentration of 30 mg/ml was 52.9%, 86.7%, and 100% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. S. persica extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, meanwhile, killed 81.4%, 100%, and 100% of protoscolices after 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. Also, the cytotoxic potential of S. persica was assessed on human liver cells (HepG2) using trypan blue exclusion test. No cytotoxic effect was observed on HepG2 cell line. The present study confirmed for the first time that the ethanolic extract of S. persica has high scolicidal power in vitro. However, in vivo effect of this material remains to be studied for treatment of echinococcosis in humans and herbivorous animals.

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Bois d’arak (bâton d’arak)
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Case Report

Infection of Taenia asiatica in a Bai Person in Dali, China: Li Wang, Xuenong Luo, Junling Hou, Aijiang Guo, Shaohua Zhang, Hailong Li, Xuepeng Cai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):67-70.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.67

Abstract
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We report here a human case of Taenia asiatica infection which was confirmed by genetic analyses in Dali, China. A patient was found to have symptoms of taeniasis with discharge of tapeworm proglottids. By sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, we observed nucleotide sequence identity of 99% with T. asiatica and 96% with T. saginata. Using the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, 99% identity with T. asiatica and 96% identity with T. saginata were found. Our findings suggest that taeniasis of people in Dali, China may be mainly caused by T. asiatica.

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Case Report: Molecular Diagnosis Revealing an Intestinal Infection of a Hybridized Tapeworm (Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica) to Human in Yunnan, China
Kan-Kan Chu, Ye Qiu, Ce-Heng Liao, Zhi You, Zuo-Shun He, Wen Fang, Hong-Ying Li, Peter Daszak, Jun-Jie Hu, Yun-Zhi Zhang, Xing-Yi Ge
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Identification and molecular characterization of exosome-like vesicles derived from the Taenia asiatica adult worm
Panhong Liang, Li Mao, Shaohua Zhang, Xiaola Guo, Guangxue Liu, Lijie Wang, Junling Hou, Yadong Zheng, Xuenong Luo
Acta Tropica.2019; 198: 105036. CrossRef
Porcine cysticercosis (Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica): mapping occurrence and areas potentially at risk in East and Southeast Asia
Uffe Christian Braae, Nguyen Manh Hung, Fadjar Satrija, Virak Khieu, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Arve Lee Willingham
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):71-74.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.71

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoan parasite and commonly infected the lower genital tract in women and men. Iron is a known nutrient for growth of various pathogens, and also reported to be involved in establishment of trichomoniasis. However, the exact mechanism was not clarified. In this study, the author investigated whether the 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis may be involved in pathogenicity of trichomonads. Antibodies against 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis, which was identified as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) by peptide analysis of MALDI-TOF-MS, were prepared in rabbits. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with anti-120 kDa Ab decreased the proliferation and adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (MS74) of T. vaginalis. Subcutaneous tissue abscess in anti-120 kDa Ab-treated T. vaginalis-injected mice was smaller in size than that of untreated T. vaginalis-infected mice. Collectively, the 120 kDa protein expressed by iron may be involved in proliferation, adhesion to host cells, and abscess formation, thereby may influence on the pathogenicity of T. vaginalis.

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Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Won-Myung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):75-80.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.75

Abstract
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This study explored epidemiological trends in trichomoniasis in Daegu, South Korea. Wet mount microscopy, PCR, and multiplex PCR were used to test for Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swab samples obtained from 621 women visiting 2 clinics in Daegu. Of the 621 women tested, microscopy detected T. vaginalis in 4 (0.6%) patients, PCR detected T. vaginalis in 19 (3.0%) patients, and multiplex PCR detected T. vaginalis in 12 (1.9%) patients. Testing via PCR demonstrated high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for T. vaginalis. Among the 19 women who tested positive for T. vaginalis according to PCR, 94.7% (18/19) reported vaginal signs and symptoms. Notably, more than 50% of T. vaginalis infections occurred in females younger than 30 years old, and 58% were unmarried. Multiplex PCR, which simultaneously detects pathogens from various sexually transmitted infections, revealed that 91.7% (11/12) of patients were infected with 2 or more pathogens. Mycoplasma hominis was the most prevalent co-infection pathogen with T. vaginalis, followed by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Our results indicate that PCR and multiplex PCR are the most sensitive tools for T. vaginalis diagnosis, rather than microscopy which has been routinely used to detect T. vaginalis infections in South Korea. Therefore, clinicians should take note of the high prevalence of T. vaginalis infections among adolescent and young women in order to prevent persistent infection and transmission of this disease.

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Emmanuel O. Babafemi, Benny P. Cherian, Khalid Rahman, Gilbert M. Mogoko, Oluwatoyin O. Abiola
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The prevalence ofTrichomonas vaginalisinfection among the female population of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zeinab Moghadamizad, Javad Yazdizadeh Khalili, Meysam Olfatifar, Milad Badri, Sasan Khazaei
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N.E. Portnyagina, A.K. Kvardakova, V.V. Pakhomova, E.G. Gubanova, N.V. Deeva, I.G. Sergeeva
Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology.2024; 23(4): 377. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis: comparison of primers for implementation as an in-house PCR in rural Vellore, South India
Nagarajan L. Surya, Thangamani Suji, Santhosh Rani, Irene Dorathy, Shantidani Minz, Rani Diana Sahni
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Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Samaneh Sedghi, Yalda Badalzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Manouchehr Shirani, Sareh Sami Jahromi, Aref Teimouri, Mahmoud Agholi, Qasem Asgari
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Vildan Turan Faraşat, İbrahim Cüneyt Balcıoğlu, Pınar Solmaz Hasdemir, Ertaç Gümüş
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(3): 167. CrossRef
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Lauren Hernández-Buelvas, Milena Camargo, Ricardo Sánchez, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(2): 187. CrossRef
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Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Northeastern China: Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Jing Jiang, Ya-Nan Cai, Chun-Feng Wang, Peng Xu, Gui-Lian Yang, Quan Zhao; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):81-85.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.81

Abstract
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A study of 426 rabbits from 3 cities in Jilin province (Changchun City and Jilin City) and Liaoning province (Shenyang City) was conducted between May and June 2015. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in rabbits was 0.94% (4/426), with 0% (0/116), 1.72% (3/174), and 0.74% (1/136) in Jilin, Changchun, and Shenyang City, respectively. Only 3 farms (farm 1 and farm 3 in Changchun City, farm 8 in Shenyang City) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi. Moreover, rabbits of more than 6 months (1.72%) had the highest E. bieneusi prevalence, followed by rabbits of 4-6 months (1.26%), 2-3 months (0.58%), and less than 1 month (0%). Analysis of ITS gene of E. bieneusi suggested that all 4 E. bieneusi isolates were genotype D, and were classified as group 1a. The present results first demonstrated the existence of zoonotic E. bieneusi in domestic rabbits in China. Effective control measures should be implemented to prevent E. bieneusi infection in domestic rabbits, other animals, and humans.

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Xuehan Liu, Shouyang Du, Xuefeng Yang, Xiaojing Xia, Zhixing An, Meng Qi
Veterinary Research Communications.2021; 45(4): 453. CrossRef
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Lei Deng, Yijun Chai, Leiqiong Xiang, Wuyou Wang, Ziyao Zhou, Haifeng Liu, Zhijun Zhong, Hualin Fu, Guangneng Peng
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Yan Zhang, Anson V. Koehler, Tao Wang, Shane R. Haydon, Robin B. Gasser
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Meng Qi, Junqiang Li, Aiyun Zhao, Zhaohui Cui, Zilin Wei, Bo Jing, Longxian Zhang
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Sha-Sha Wang, Rong-Jun Wang, Xian-Cheng Fan, Ting-Li Liu, Long-Xian Zhang, Guang-Hui Zhao
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Jian-Gang Ma, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Jun-Ling Hou, Yang Zou, Gui-Xue Hu, Xing-Quan Zhu, Dong-Hui Zhou
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Parasite.2016; 23: 52. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. in Ticks Collected from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus): Jun-Gu Kang, Sungjin Ko, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Yong-Sun Jo, Kyoung-Seong Choi, Do-Hyeon Yu, Bae-Keun Park, Jinho Park, Joon-Seok Chae; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):87-91.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.87

Abstract
PDF

Deer serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. In the Republic of Korea, the population of Korean water deer (KWD, Hydropotes inermis argyropus) has greatly increased from 1982 to 2011, in part, as a result of reforestation programs established following the Korean War when much of the land was barren of trees. Eighty seven Haemaphysalis flava, 228 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 8 Ixodes nipponensis, and 40 Ixodes persulcatus (21 larvae, 114 nymphs, and 228 adults) were collected from 27 out of 70 KWD. A total of 89/363 ticks (266 pools, 24.5% minimum infection rate) and 5 (1.4%) fed ticks were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum using nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA and groEL genes, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 88/89 (98.9%) of positive samples for A. phagocytophilum corresponded to previously described gene sequences from KWD spleen tissues. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 20/363 (5.5%) of the ticks were positive for A. bovis and were identical to previously reported sequences. Using the ITS specific nested PCR, 11/363 (3.0%) of the ticks were positive for Bartonella spp. This is the first report of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. detected in ticks collected from KWD, suggesting that ticks are vectors of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. between reservoir hosts in natural surroundings.

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Jihyang Jung, Yo Shimizu, Kenji Omasa, Sungsu Kim, Sangdon Lee
Animal Cells and Systems.2016; 20(4): 218. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients in Eastern China: Guoqiang Shen, Xiaoming Wang, Hui Sun, Yaying Gao; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):93-96.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.93

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasmosis, a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, occurs throughout the world. Human T. gondii infection is asymptomatic in 80% of the population; however, the infection is life-threatening and causes substantial neurologic damage in immunocompromised patients such as HIV-infected persons. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in subjects infected with HIV/AIDS in eastern China. Our findings showed 9.7% prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibody in HIV/AIDS patients, which was higher than in intravenous drug users (2.2%) and healthy controls (4.7%), while no significant difference was observed in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody among all participants (P>0.05). Among all HIV/AIDS patients, 15 men (7.7%) and 10 women (15.9%) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody; however, no significant difference was detected in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody between males and females. The frequency of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody was 8.0%, 13.2%, 5.5%, and 0% in patients with normal immune function (CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte count ≥500 cells/ml), immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥200 and <500 cells/ml), severely immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥50 and <200 cells/ml), and advanced AIDS patients, respectively (cell count <50 cells/ml), while only 3 immunocompromised patients were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibody. The results indicate a high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in HIV/AIDS patients in eastern China, and a preventive therapy for toxoplasmosis may be given to HIV/AIDS patients based on CD4⁺ T lymphocyte count.

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Serological Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi among Horses in Korea: Seung-Hun Lee, Sun-Hee Yun, Eunsang Choi, Yong-Soo Park, Sang-Eun Lee, Gil-Jae Cho, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):97-101.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.97

Abstract
PDF

Lyme disease is a tick-borne zoonotic infectious disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. The present study assessed the infection status of B. burgdorferi among horses reared in Korea using ELISA and PCR. Between 2009 and 2013, blood samples were collected from 727 horses throughout Korea. Data for each animal including age, gender, breed, and region of sample collection were used for epidemiological analysis. Overall, 38 (5.2%; true prevalence: 5.5%) of 727 horses were seropositive by ELISA. There were statistically significant differences according to breed and region (P<0.001) whose differences might be attributed to the ecology of vector ticks and climate conditions. Using 2 nested PCR, none of the samples tested positive for B. burgdorferi. Thus, a positive ELISA result can indicate only that the tested horse was previously exposed to B. burgdorferi, with no certainty over the time of exposure. Since global warming is likely to increase the abundance of ticks in Korea, continuous monitoring of tick-borne diseases in Korean horses is needed.

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Hyun-Ji Seo, A-Tai Truong, Keun-Ho Kim, Ji-Yeon Lim, Subin Min, Heung-Chul Kim, Mi-Sun Yoo, Soon-Seek Yoon, Terry A. Klein, Yun Sang Cho
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Seong Yoon Kim, Tae-Kyu Kim, Tae Yun Kim, Hee Il Lee
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 319. CrossRef
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Seung-Hun Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Paul John L. Geraldino, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
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Ömer Demir, Oktay Keskin
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Effects of Disinfectants on Larval Development of Ascaris suum Eggs: Ki-Seok Oh, Geon-Tae Kim, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):103-107.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.103

Abstract
PDF

The
objective
of this study was to evaluate the effects of several different commercial disinfectants on the embryogenic development of Ascaris suum eggs. A 1-ml aliquot of each disinfectant was mixed with approximately 40,000 decorticated or intact A. suum eggs in sterile tubes. After each treatment time (at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min), disinfectants were washed away, and egg suspensions were incubated at 25˚C in distilled water for development of larvae inside. At 3 weeks of incubation after exposure, ethanol, methanol, and chlorohexidin treatments did not affect the larval development of A. suum eggs, regardless of their concentration and treatment time. Among disinfectants tested in this study, 3% cresol, 0.2% sodium hypochlorite and 0.02% sodium hypochlorite delayed but not inactivated the embryonation of decorticated eggs at 3 weeks of incubation, because at 6 weeks of incubation, undeveloped eggs completed embryonation regardless of exposure time, except for 10% povidone iodine. When the albumin layer of A. suum eggs remained intact, however, even the 10% povidone iodine solution took at least 5 min to reasonably inactivate most eggs, but never completely kill them with even 60 min of exposure. This study demonstrated that the treatment of A. suum eggs with many commercially available disinfectants does not affect the embryonation. Although some disinfectants may delay or stop the embryonation of A. suum eggs, they can hardly kill them completely.

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Molecular Description of Macroorchis spinulosus (Digenea: Nanophyetidae) Based on ITS1 Sequences: Eun Jeong Won, Deok-Gyu Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Jae Kim, Yong Woon Yun, Jong-Yil Chai, Dong Wook Ryang; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):109-112.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.109

Abstract
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We performed a molecular genetic study on the sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA (ITS1 region) gene in 4-day-old adult worms of Macroorchis spinulosus recovered in mice experimentally infected with metacercariae from crayfish in Jeollanam-do Province, Korea. The metacercariae were round, 180 μm in average diameter, encysted with 2 layers of thick walls, but the stylet on the oral sucker was not clearly seen. The adult flukes were oval shape, and 760-820 μm long and 320-450 μm wide, with anterolateral location of 2 large testes. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS1 sequences of 6 M. spinulosus samples showed their distinguished position from other trematode species in GenBank. The most closely resembled group was Paragonimus spp. which also take crayfish or crabs as the second intermediate host. The present study is the first molecular characterization of M. spinulosus and provided a basis for further phylogenetic studies to compare with other trematode fauna in Korea.

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Environmental Contamination by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Eggs in Relation to Slaughterhouses in Urban and Rural Areas in Tunisia: Raja Cha?bane-Banaoues, Myriam Oudni-M’rad, Selim M’rad, Habib Mezhoud, Hamouda Babba; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):113-118.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.113

Abstract
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Hydatidosis has become a real concern for health care institutions and animal rearers in Tunisia. The Tunisian endemicity is aggravated by the growing number of dogs and the difficulty of getting rid of contaminated viscera because of the lack of equipment in most slaughterhouses. Therefore, microscopic and molecular tools were applied to evaluate the role of slaughterhouses in canine infection and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) egg dissemination. Exposure risk to E. granulosus s. l. eggs in urban and rural areas was explored in order to implant preventive and adapted control strategies. Microscopic examinations detected taeniid eggs in 152 amongst 553 fecal samples. The copro-PCR demonstrated that 138 of 152 taeniid samples analyzed were positive for E. granulosus s. l. DNA. PCR-RFLP demonstrated that all isolated samples belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.). An important environmental contamination index (25.0%) by E. granulosus s. l. eggs was demonstrated. The average contamination index from the regions around slaughterhouses (23.3%; 95% CI: 17.7-28.9%) was in the same range as detected in areas located far from slaughterhouses (26.0%, 95% CI: 21.3-30.8%). Echinococcosis endemic areas were extended in both rural (29.9%, 95% CI: 24.8-34.9%) and urban locations (18.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-22.9%). The pathogen dissemination is related neither to the presence/absence of slaughterhouses nor to the location in urban or rural areas, but is probably influenced by human activities (home slaughtering) and behavior towards the infected viscera.

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