Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"treatment"

Original Articles

An Evaluation of a New Quantitative Point-of Care Diagnostic to Measure Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity: Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Heung Jin Jeon, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Keun Lee, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):281-288.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.281

Abstract
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Malaria continues to be one of the most crucial infectious burdens in endemic areas worldwide, as well as for travelers visiting malaria transmission regions. It has been reported that 8-aminoquinolines are effective against the Plasmodium species, particularly primaquine, for anti-hypnozoite therapy in P. vivax malaria. However, primaquine causes acute hemolytic anemia in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Therefore, G6PD deficiency testing should precede hypnozoite elimination with 8-aminoquinoline. Several point-of-care devices have been developed to detect G6PD deficiency. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a novel, quantitative G6PD diagnostics based on a metagenomic blue fluorescent protein (mBFP). We comparatively evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the G6PD diagnostic modality with standard methods using 120 human whole blood samples. The G6PD deficiency was spectrophotometrically confirmed. The performance of the G6PD quantitative test kit was compared with that of a licensed control medical device, the G6PD strip. The G6PD quantitative test kit had a sensitivity of 95% (95% confidence interval (CI): 89.3-100%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 94.3-100%). This study shows that the novel diagnostic G6PD quantitative test kit could be a cost-effective and time-efficient, and universally mandated screening tool for G6PD deficiency.

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Performance of quantitative point-of-care tests to measure G6PD activity: An individual participant data meta-analysis
Arkasha Sadhewa, Ari Winasti Satyagraha, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Wondimagegn Adissu, Anup Anvikar, Germana Bancone, Praveen K. Bharti, Vinod K. Bhutani, Santasabuj Das, Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid, Mohammad Sharif Hossain, Nitika Nitika, Bernard A. Okech, Ly
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(3): e0012864. CrossRef
Utilization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Test and the Prevalence of Enzyme Deficiency in Korea
Rihwa Choi, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3179. CrossRef

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Trichinella Infection Ameliorated Vincristine-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice: Young Rae Jo, Hwan Tae Park, Hak Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):247-254.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.247

Abstract
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Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in treatment of malignancies. However, VCR has a limitation in use since it commonly causes a painful neuropathy (VCR-induced peripheral neuropathy, VIPN). Inflammatory cytokines secreted by immune cells such as macrophages can exacerbate allodynia and hyperalgesia, because inhibiting the inflammatory response is a treatment target for VIPN. In this study, we investigated whether Trichinella spiralis, a widely studied helminth for its immunomodulatory abilities, can alleviate VCR-induced allodynia. Von Frey test showed that T. spiralis infection improved mechanical allodynia at 10 days after VCR injection. We further observed whether the difference was due to mitigated axon degeneration, but no significant difference between the groups in axonal degeneration in sciatic nerves and intra-epidermal nerve fibers was found. Conversely, we observed that number of infiltrated macrophages was decreased in the sciatic nerves of the T. spiralis infected mice. Moreover, treatment of T. spiralis excretory-secretory products caused peritoneal macrophages to secrete decreased level of IL-1β. This study suggests that T. spiralis can relieve VCR-induced mechanical allodynia by suppressing neuroinflammation and that application of controllable degree of helminth may prove beneficial for VIPN treatment.

Citations

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Therapeutic potentials of Trichinella spiralis in immune disorders: From allergy to autoimmunity
Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 123. CrossRef
Alleviation of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Inducing IDO Expression with Trichinella spiralis Recombinant Protein 43
Xiao Ma, Dongming Liu, Wenhao Yu, Caixia Han, Arif Siddiqui
Journal of Immunology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management
Yunhuan Zhu, Xintong Chen, Hezheng Zheng, Qiman Ma, Keda Chen, Hongyu Li
Journal of Inflammation Research.2024; Volume 17: 11789. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case Report of Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant with Exudative Retinal Detachment for Ocular Toxocariasis Treatment: Youran Cai, Ye Yang, Xin Zhong; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(2):133-137.
Published online April 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.133

Abstract
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Toxocariasis is one of the most common geohelminth infections in several parts of the world. We describe a rare case of ocular toxocariasis with secondary exudative retinal detachment treated with albendazole and an intravitreal dexamethasone implant. A 13-year-old boy with counting finger vision was diagnosed with retinal vasculitis and exudative retinal detachment in his right eye. Fundoscopic examination revealed retinal hemorrhage, retinal vasculitis, and exudative retinal detachment. Serological test using serum and intraocular aqueous humor were positive for anti-Toxocara specific IgG antibodies. He received repeated doses of intravitreal dexamethasone implants combined with oral albendazole. A sequential follow-up optical coherence tomography revealed that the retina was successfully reattached. His visual acuity subsequently improved to 20/400.

Citations

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Human toxocariasis
Susana Lopez-Alamillo, Pravallika Padyala, Megan Carey, Megan M. Duffey, Jill E. Weatherhead, Louisa A. Messenger, Bachir Medrouh, Marcelo U. Ferreira
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant (Ozurdex) for Ocular Toxocariasis
Yongwei Zhou, Fangyuan Zhen, Jiahui Wu, Shasha Wang, Xiaoyan Lu, Ge Yang, Zhirou Hu, Fei Chen, Qiuming Li, Shuqian Dong, Akio Oishi
Journal of Ophthalmology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The application of dexamethasone implants in uveitis treatment
Tian Zhang, Zhutao Liu, Na Li
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Case report: Ultrasound biomicroscopy as a guide for the selection of injection sites for dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) for peripheral granulomatous ocular toxocariasis in children
Xin Zhang, Xinzhu Hou, Yan Zhang, Jingjie Liu, Zhiyong Zhang
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

4,710 View
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4 Web of Science
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Brief Communication

Effect of Temperature on the Killing of Opisthorchis viverrini Eggs In Vitro: Parichart Boueroy, Kunyarat Duenngai, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Panupan Sripan, Thidarut Boonmars, Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj, Atchara Artchayasawat, Jiraporn Songsri, Kanpicha Chomphumee, Panaratana Rattanasuwan, Porntip Laummaunwai, Sukhonthip Khueangchiangkhwang, Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):49-53.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.49

Abstract
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Contaminated liver fluke egg in the environment has led to the high prevalence of human opisthorchiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia. To find the effective lessening methods of Opisthorchis viverrini eggs in the contaminated environment, we investigated the temperature conditions for killing of these trematode eggs in vitro. Numerous O. viverrini eggs were obtained in the proximal part of uteri of adult worms from experimental hamsters. Mature eggs with miracidium were allocated by experimental groups (2 control: positive and negative and 4 treatment: 50, 60, 70, and 80°C) with 0.85% saline, and treated by the experimental plan. Eggs in each experimental groups were observed under the confocal microscope after stain with Propidium Iodide (PI) to evaluate the effect of temperatures. Eggs in 70 and 80°C groups were all killed after over 10 min heated. Majority of eggs in 60°C (10, 15, and 30 min heated), 70 and 80°C (5 min heated) groups were inactivated. However in 50°C group, below half of eggs were to be killed in all time lapse (10, 15 and 30 min). In order to prevent O. viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma, direct treatment of sewage by heating at 70 or 80°C at least 10 min is essential. Therefore, treatment of O. viverrini eggs at a high temperature is a potential method for controlling egg contamination in sewage.

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Development of a Dielectric Heating System for Selective Thermal Targeting of Liver Fluke Regions in Cirrhinus microlepis
Supatinee Kornsing, Sirigiet Phunklang, Chanchai Thongsopa, Piyaporn Krachodnok, Nuchanart Santalunai, Samran Santalunai
Applied Sciences.2025; 15(10): 5466. CrossRef
Viability of Trichinella spiralis in traditional sour pork fermentation and its inactivation by microwave heating: Implications for zoonotic risk and food safety
Atchara Artchayasawat, Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj, Sukhonthip Khueangchiangkhwang, Thidarut Boonmars, Parichart Boueroy, Porntip Laummaunwai, Panaratana Rattanasuwan
Veterinary World.2025; : 1660. CrossRef

8,272 View
137 Download
5 Web of Science
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Original Article

Therapeutic Assessment of Primaquine for Radical Cure of Plasmodium vivax Malaria at Primary and Tertiary Care Centres in Southwestern India: Rishikesh Kumar, Vasudeva Guddattu, Kavitha Saravu; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):733-742.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.733

Abstract
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Acquaintance is scanty on primaquine (PQ) efficacy and Plasmodium vivax recurrence in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. We assessed the efficacy of 14 days PQ regimen (0.25 mg/kg/day) to prevent P. vivax recurrence. Microscopically, aparasitemic adults (≥18 years) after acute vivax malaria on day 28 were re-enrolled into 15 months’ long follow-up study. A peripheral blood smear examination was performed with participants at every 1-2 month interval. A nested PCR test was performed to confirm the mono-infection with P. vivax. Of 114 participants, 28 (24.6%) recurred subsequently. The median (IQR) duration of the first recurrence was 3.1 (2.2-5.8) months which ranged from 1.2 to 15.1 months, including initial 28 days. Participants with history of vivax malaria had significantly higher risk of recurrence, with hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of 2.62 (1.24-5.54) (P=0.012). Severity of disease (11.4%, 13/114) was not associated (P=1.00) with recurrence. Of 28 recurrence cases, the nPCR proved that P. vivax mono-infection recurrence rate was at least 72.7% (16/22) at first recurrence. In Udupi district, PQ dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day over 14 days seems inadequate to prevent recurrence in substantial proportion of vivax malaria. Patients with a history of vivax malaria are at high risk of recurrences.

Citations

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Automated reporting of primaquine dose efficacy, tolerability and safety for Plasmodium vivax malaria using a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Peta Edler, Megha Rajasekhar, David J. Price, Ishag Adam, Ghulam Rahim Awab, Bridget E. Barber, Larissa W. Brasil, Nathália N. Chamma-Siqueira, Cindy S. Chu, Liwang Cui, André Daher, Margarete do Socorro M. Gomes, Lilia Gonzalez-Ceron, Matthew J. Grigg, H
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax elimination from India may need therapeutic efficacy studies - Informed shift to Artemisinin-based treatment
Meghavi Kathpalia, Loick P. Kojom Foko, Pragya Rawat, Rini Chaturvedi, Manju Rahi, Amit Sharma
IJID Regions.2025; : 100822. CrossRef
Effectiveness of an Unsupervised Primaquine Regimen for Preventing Plasmodium vivax Malaria Relapses in Northeast Myanmar: A Single-Arm Nonrandomized Observational Study
Pallavi Malla, Zenglei Wang, Awtum Brashear, Zhaoqing Yang, Eugenia Lo, Kevin Baird, Chengqi Wang, Liwang Cui
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2024; 229(5): 1557. CrossRef
Burden and clinical characteristics of recurrent Plasmodium vivax infections, and impact of primaquine for radical cure: a systematic scoping review in India
Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Vineeta Singh
Frontiers in Malaria.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety and efficacy of primaquine in patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria from South Asia: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Reena Verma, Robert J Commons, Apoorv Gupta, Manju Rahi, Nitika, Praveen K Bharti, Kamala Thriemer, Megha Rajasekhar, Sauman Singh-Phulgenda, Bipin Adhikari, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Prakash Ghimire, Wasif A Khan, Rishikesh Kumar, Toby Leslie, Benedikt Ley
BMJ Global Health.2023; 8(12): e012675. CrossRef
Recurrence in Plasmodium vivax malaria: a prospective cohort study with long follow-up from a coastal region in South-West India
Divya Gandrala, Nitin Gupta, Alekhya Lavu, Vishnu Teja Nallapati, Vasudeva Guddattu, Kavitha Saravu
F1000Research.2022; 11: 279. CrossRef
Recurrence in Plasmodium vivax malaria: a prospective cohort study with long follow-up from a coastal region in South-West India
Divya Gandrala, Nitin Gupta, Alekhya Lavu, Vishnu Teja Nallapati, Vasudeva Guddattu, Kavitha Saravu
F1000Research.2022; 11: 279. CrossRef
Population Pharmacokinetics of Primaquine in the Korean Population
Woo-Yul Lee, Dong-Woo Chae, Choon-Ok Kim, Sang-Eun Lee, Yee-Gyung Kwak, Joon-Sup Yeom, Kyung-Soo Park
Pharmaceutics.2021; 13(5): 652. CrossRef
Efficacy of Primaquine in Preventing Short- and Long-Latency Plasmodium vivax Relapses in Nepal
Komal Raj Rijal, Bipin Adhikari, Prakash Ghimire, Megha Raj Banjara, Garib Das Thakur, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Mallika Imwong, Kesinee Chotivanich, Nicholas P J Day, Nicholas J White, Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2019; 220(3): 448. CrossRef
A pilot randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of two 14-day primaquine regimens for the radical cure of vivax malaria in South India
Kavitha Saravu, Chaitanya Tellapragada, Shrivathsa Kulavalli, Wilbin Xavier, Shashikiran Umakanth, Gouthami Brahmarouphu, Navyasree Kola Srinivas, Jagadish Puralae Channabasavaiah, Anzil Bava, Abdul Vahab Saadi, Vasudev Guddattu, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy, Kr
Malaria Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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163 Download
8 Web of Science
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Brief Communications

Gefitinib Inhibits the Growth of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):439-441.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.439

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis with symptoms of congenital neurological and ocular diseases and acquired lymphadenitis, retinochoroiditis, and meningoencephalitis. Small molecules which block the activity of protein kinases were tested in in vitro culture of T. gondii to find new therapeutic drugs of safer and more effective than the combined administration of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine that sometimes provoke lethal Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Among them, Gefitinib and Crizotinib inhibited intracellular growth of T. gondii in HeLa cells by counting the number of T. gondii per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane whereas Sunitinib did not. Gefitinib inhibited the growth of T. gondii in a dose-dependent manner over 5 ?M up to the tolerable concentration of HeLa cells and halted the division of the parasite immediately from the time point of treatment. Gefitinib inhibition suggests that tyrosine kinases of EGFR family or other homologous kinases of the parasite itself may be the target to cause the block of T. gondii growth.

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Experimental and clinical tests of FDA-approved kinase inhibitors for the treatment of neurological disorders (update 2024)
Hassan Aliashrafzadeh, Dewey Liu, Samantha De Alba, Imad Akbar, Austin Lui, Jordan Vanleuven, Ryan Martin, Zhang Wang, Da Zhi Liu
Exploration of Drug Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The antimicrobial activity of innate host-directed therapies: A systematic review
Tirosh Shapira, Matthew Christofferson, Yossef Av-Gay
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2024; 63(5): 107138. CrossRef
Impact of Training Data, Ground Truth and Shape Variability in the Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of HeLa Cells Observed with Electron Microscopy
Cefa Karabağ, Mauricio Alberto Ortega-Ruíz, Constantino Carlos Reyes-Aldasoro
Journal of Imaging.2023; 9(3): 59. CrossRef
Role of EtMIC4 EGF-like in regulating the apoptosis of Eimeria tenella host cells via the EGFR pathway
Xue-song Zhang, Yong-juan Zhao, Yu Zhang, Tong Xu, Kai-ling Cui, Bu-ting Duan, Xiao-ling Lv, Li Zhang, Zhi-yong Xu, Rui Bai, Ming-xue Zheng
Poultry Science.2022; 101(10): 102075. CrossRef
FDA-Approved Kinase Inhibitors in Preclinical and Clinical Trials for Neurological Disorders
Austin Lui, Jordan Vanleuven, David Perekopskiy, Dewey Liu, Desiree Xu, Omar Alzayat, Taiseer Elgokhy, Timothy Do, Meghan Gann, Ryan Martin, Da-Zhi Liu
Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(12): 1546. CrossRef
Clearing or subverting the enemy: Role of autophagy in protozoan infections
George Ghartey-Kwansah, Benjamin Aboagye, Frank Adu-Nti, Yeboah Kwaku Opoku, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
Life Sciences.2020; 247: 117453. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef
Autophagy in the control and pathogenesis of parasitic infections
George Ghartey-Kwansah, Frank Adu-Nti, Benjamin Aboagye, Amandus Ankobil, Edward Eyipe Essuman, Yeboah Kwaku Opoku, Samuel Abokyi, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, Johnson Nyarko Boampong
Cell & Bioscience.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Interplay Between Toxoplasma gondii, Autophagy, and Autophagy Proteins
Carlos S. Subauste
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The Interplay of Host Autophagy and Eukaryotic Pathogens
Robert J. Evans, Varadharajan Sundaramurthy, Eva-Maria Frickel
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
A Systematic Review of In vitro and In vivo Activities of Anti-Toxoplasma Drugs and Compounds (2006–2016)
Mahbobeh Montazeri, Mehdi Sharif, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Saeed Mehrzadi, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Ahmad Daryani
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
The Toxoplasma Parasitophorous Vacuole: An Evolving Host–Parasite Frontier
Barbara Clough, Eva-Maria Frickel
Trends in Parasitology.2017; 33(6): 473. CrossRef
Activation of a Neospora caninum EGFR-Like Kinase Facilitates Intracellular Parasite Proliferation
Xiaoxia Jin, Guojiang Li, Xichen Zhang, Pengtao Gong, Yanhui Yu, Jianhua Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 491. CrossRef
Human toxoplasmosis–Searching for novel chemotherapeutics
Magdalena Antczak, Katarzyna Dzitko, Henryka Długońska
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2016; 82: 677. CrossRef
Clinically Available Medicines Demonstrating Anti-Toxoplasma Activity
Andrew J. Neville, Sydney J. Zach, Xiaofang Wang, Joshua J. Larson, Abigail K. Judge, Lisa A. Davis, Jonathan L. Vennerstrom, Paul H. Davis
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2015; 59(12): 7161. CrossRef

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Successful Treatment of Brugia pahangi in Naturally Infected Cats with Ivermectin: Piyanan Taweethavonsawat, Sudchit Chungpivat; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):759-761.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.759

Abstract
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Lymphatic filariasis is a common parasitic disease of cats in tropical regions including Thailand. The
objective
of this study was to determine the efficacy of ivermectin against microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in naturally infected cats. Eight cats naturally infected with B. pahangi were divided into control (untreated) and treated groups. Cats in the latter group were given ivermectin injection at 400 ?g/kg weekly for 2 months. Microfilariae were counted every week until 48 weeks. Microfilaremia was significantly decreased in the treated group 4 weeks after starting the treatment and become zero at week 9 and afterwards. On the other hand, cats in the control group had high microfilaremia throughout the study. It was successful to treat and control B. pahangi infection in naturally infected cats using ivermectin.

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Filariasis of the breast caused by Brugia pahangi: A concomitant finding with invasive ductal carcinoma
Jerapas Thongpiya, Doonyapat Sa-nguanraksa, Norasate Samarnthai, Patsharaporn T. Sarasombath
Parasitology International.2021; 80: 102203. CrossRef
Comparison of efficacy of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine against naturally infected Brugia malayi microfilaria in dogs
Poojary Vineeta Sadarama, Deepa Chirayath, Usha Narayana Pillai, Bindu Lakshmanan
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2019; 43(4): 554. CrossRef
Therapeutic trial of doxycyclin plus ivermectin for the treatment of Brugia malayi naturally infected cats
Ladawan Khowawisetsut, Patsharaporn T. Sarasombath, Suwich Thammapalo, Sumart Loymek, Therayot Korbarsa, Hathai Nochote, Achinya Phuakrod, Wej Choochote, Sirichit Wongkamchai
Veterinary Parasitology.2017; 245: 42. CrossRef

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88 Download
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Mini Review

Clinical Features and Treatment of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):393-399.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.393

Abstract
PDF

Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the infection with Toxoplasma gondii through congenital or acquired routes. Once the parasite reaches the retina, it proliferates within host cells followed by rupture of the host cells and invasion into neighboring cells to make primary lesions. Sometimes the restricted parasite by the host immunity in the first scar is activated to infect another lesion nearby the scar. Blurred vision is the main complaint of ocular toxoplasmic patients and can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies or parasite DNA. Ocular toxoplasmosis needs therapy with several combinations of drugs to eliminate the parasite and accompanying inflammation; if not treated it sometimes leads to loss of vision. We describe here clinical features and currently available chemotherapy of ocular toxoplasmosis.

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Systematic screening identifies medication and disease factors associated with schizophrenia risk
Ariel Israel, Abraham Weizman, Sarah Israel, Joshua Stokar, Shai Ashkenazi, Shlomo Vinker, Eli Magen, Eugene Merzon
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Sushree Satavasia, Akshay Mishra, Vishal Jadhav, Talluri Ronnie Abhishek, Anup Kelgaonkar, Anamika Patel, Soumyava Basu, Avinash Pathengay
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Alexander Newman, Peter McCluskey
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Toxoplasmosis in patient underwent stem cell transplantation, bone marrow transplantation due to multiple myeloma
Magdalena Bulek, Aleksandra Kopyś-Wócik, Natalie Papachristoforou, Aleksandra Kocjan
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Eunice Jin Hui Goh, Ikhwanuliman Putera, Rina La Distia Nora, Padmamalini Mahendradas, Jyotirmay Biswas, Soon-Phaik Chee, Ilaria Testi, Carlos E Pavesio, Andre Luiz Land Curi, Daniel Vitor Vasconcelos-Santos, Atul Arora, Vishali Gupta, Alejandra de-la-Tor
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.2023; 31(7): 1342. CrossRef
Etiology of Pediatric Uveitis in a Tertiary Pediatric Eye Hospital in Egypt
Eiman Abd El Latif, Rasha Mousa, Mohammed Tawfeeq Mahdi, Ahmed Mahmoud Amin, Mahmoud Mohammed Ahmed Ali, Nour Eldin Abdelhamid, Mohamed Elmoddather, Hassan Shamselden Yousef, Ehab Hafez Gouda Hafez, Sameh Galal Taher Salem, Ashraf Hassan Soliman
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.2023; 31(10): 1978. CrossRef
Interferon-gamma release assay and chest X-ray to classify intraocular tuberculosis among clinically undifferentiated uveitis
Mei Riasanti, Ikhwanuliman Putera, Priscilla Jessica, Muhammad Zakiy Waliyuddin, Faiz Alwan Tagar, Andini Karlina CH, Yulia Aziza, Made Susiyanti, Lukman Edwar, Ratna Sitompul, Rina La Distia Nora
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Brief Communication

Susceptibility of Mice to Trypanosoma evansi Treated with Human Plasma Containing Different Concentrations of Apolipoprotein L-1: Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Vinicius R. Fanfa, Mateus A. Otto, Lucas T. Gressler, Kaio C.S. Tavares, C?cera R. Lazzarotto, Alexandre A. Tonin, Luiz C. Miletti, Marta M.M.F. Duarte, Silvia G. Monteiro; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):427-430.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.427

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of mice to Trypanosoma evansi treated with human plasma containing different concentrations of apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1). For this experiment, a strain of T. evansi and human plasma (plasmas 1, 2, and 3) from 3 adult males clinically healthy were used. In vivo test used 50 mice divided in 5 groups (A to E) with 10 animals in each group. Animals of groups B to E were infected, and then treated with 0.2 ml of human plasma in the following outline: negative control (A), positive control (B), treatment with plasma 1 (C), treatment with plasma 2 (D), and treatment with plasma 3 (E). Mice treated with human plasma showed an increase in longevity of 40.9±0.3 (C), 20±9.0 (D) and 35.6±9.3 (E) days compared to the control group (B) which was 4.3±0.5 days. The number of surviving mice and free of the parasite (blood smear and PCR negative) at the end of the experiment was 90%, 0%, and 60% for groups C, D, and E, respectively. The quantification of APOL1 was performed due to the large difference in the treatments that differed in the source plasma. In plasmas 1, 2, and 3 was detected the concentration of 194, 99, and 115 mg/dl of APOL1, respectively. However, we believe that this difference in the treatment efficiency is related to the level of APOL1 in plasmas.

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The effect of normal human serum on the mouse trypanosome Trypanosoma musculi in vitro and in vivo
Xuan Zhang, Xiao-Kun Hong, Su-Jin Li, De-Hua Lai, Geoff Hide, Zhao-Rong Lun, Yan-Zi Wen
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 184: 115. CrossRef
Pre-treatment with curcumin modulates acetylcholinesterase activity and proinflammatory cytokines in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi
Patrícia Wolkmer, Cássia B. da Silva, Francine C. Paim, Marta M.M.F. Duarte, Verônica Castro, Heloisa E. Palma, Raqueli T. França, Diandra V. Felin, Lucas C. Siqueira, Sonia T.A. Lopes, Maria Rosa C. Schetinger, Silvia G. Monteiro, Cinthia M. Mazzanti
Parasitology International.2013; 62(2): 144. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Use and Effects of Malaria Control Measures in Pregnancy in Lagos, Nigeria: Michael Efunshile, A. O. J. Amoo, Grace B. Akintunde, Oluwole D. Ojelekan, Wolfgang K?nig, Brigitte K?nig; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):365-371.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.365

Abstract
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In Nigeria, malaria causes up to 11% of maternal mortality. Our main aim was to find out the most common mosquito control measures employed by the pregnant women in Lagos and their effects on malaria infection. The study was carried out over a period of 6 months during which trained interviewers administered questionnaires to 400 pregnant women. The prevalence of malaria was 8.4%. There was no significant association between the prevalence of malaria and age, level of education, or occupation of the participants. Pregnant women in the age range 26-30 had the mean parasite density (409.9±196.80). Insecticide spray (32.8%), mosquito coil (27.5%), and insecticide-treated nets (ITN) (15.5%) were the major mosquito control measures employed by the participants while the prevalence of infection among them were 2.3%, 6.2%, and 3.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Only 18.3% of the women had taken more than one dose of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), while another 11.8% had taken a single dose. The infection rate among them was 4.1% and 6.4%, respectively. Malaria prevalence was highest among those who had not received any dose of IPT (10%). This study showed that the use of ITN and IPT among the pregnant women were still unacceptably low. It also showed that the use of insecticide spray which was the most common malaria control measure adopted by the participants was effective despite the fact that it is not a National Malaria Control Policy. We recommend that a sustained integrated mosquito management and public education should be strengthened in Nigeria.

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Dorcas Oluwakemi Aremu, Antipov Maxim, Stephen Olaide Aremu, Damilola Esther Aremu, Yakubu Daniel Terhemen, Samuel Olusegun Itodo, Abdillahi Abdi Barkhadle
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Patterns of Management of Malaria in Pregnancy among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Facilities at Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Ogungbesan J.O., Ogungbesan O.F., Okafor N.A., Maitanmi J.O., Akinsanmi O.P.
International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacology.2022; 2(2): 13. CrossRef
UTILIZATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MALARIA PREVENTION METHODS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN TERTIARY HOSPITAL SITUATED IN RURAL COMMUNITY OF EKITI STATE, NIGERIA
Azeez Oyemomi Ibrahim, Tosin Anthony Agbesanwa, Olabode Muftau Shabi, Kayode Ebenezer Ariyibi, Ayodele Kamal Alabi, Oluwatosin Adejumoke Omonijo
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.2021; : 6. CrossRef
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Rachel Omagha, Emmanuel Taiwo Idowu, Chibuisi Gideon Alimba, Adetoro Olubunmi Otubanjo, Adeniyi Kazeem Adeneye
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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John Ahenkorah, Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo, Mercy A. Nuamah, Bethel Kwansa–Bentum, Hanson G. Nuamah, Bismarck Hottor, Emmanuel Korankye, Magdalene Torto, Michael Ntumy, Fredrick K. Addai
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Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology.2012; 2012: 1. CrossRef

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A Ten-year Survey of Giardia Cysts in Drinking Water Supplies of Seoul, the Republic of Korea: Mok-Young Lee, Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Hyo Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Yong-Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):9-15.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.9

Abstract
PDF

To understand the distribution of Giardia cysts in drinking water supplies in Seoul, Korea, we collected water samples quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River, its largest stream and 6 conventional water treatment plants (WTPs) serving drinking water, from 2000 to 2009. Giardia cysts in each of 10 L water were confirmed in 35.0% of intake water samples and the arithmetic mean was 1.65 cysts/10 L (range 0-35 cysts/10 L). The lowest cyst density was observed at Paldang and Kangbuk intakes, and the pollution level was higher at 4 intakes downstream. It seemed that these 4 intakes were under influence of Wangsuk stream at the end of which cysts were found in all samples with the mean of 140 cysts/10 L. The annual mean number of cysts was 0.21-4.21 cysts/10 L, and the cyst level at the second half of the 10 years was about 1/5 of that at first half on average. The cysts were more frequently found in winter, and their mean density was 3.74 cysts/10 L in winter and 0.80-1.08 cysts/10 L in other seasons. All finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Giardia in each of 100 L sample for 10 years and cyst removal by physical process was average 2.9-log. It was concluded that conventional water treatment at 6 WTPs of Seoul appears to remove the cysts effectively under the present level of their source water. Domestic wastewater from the urban region could be an important source of Giardia pollution in the river.

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Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 146. CrossRef

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A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Supplies during a 10-Year Period (2000-2009) in Seoul: Mok Young Lee, Eun Joo Cho, Jin Hyo Lee, Sun Hee Han, Yong Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):219-224.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.219

Abstract
PDF

This study has been conducted to estimate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water supplies in the Metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea, for 10 years from 2000 to 2009. Water samples were collected quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River and its largest stream and 6 conventional Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) serving drinking water for 10 million people of Seoul. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 22.5% of intake water samples and arithmetic mean was 0.65 oocysts/10 L (range 0-22 oocysts/10 L). Although the annual mean of oocyst number was as low as 0.04-1.90 oocysts/10 L, 3 peaks in 2004 and 2007 were observed and the pollution level was a little higher in winter. The lowest density was observed at Paldang intake and the pollution level increased at Kuui and Jayang intakes. At the end of the largest stream, oocysts were found in 70% of collected samples (mean 5.71 oocysts/10 L) and it seemed that its joining the Han River resulted in the increase at Kuui intake and downstream. Oocyst removal by physical process exceeded 2.0-2.3 log and then all finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Cryptosporidium in each 100 L sample for 10 years. These results suggested that domestic wastewater from the urban region could be a source of Cryptosporidium pollution and separating sewage systems adjacent to the intakes could be meaningful for some intakes having weakness related to parasitological water quality.

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Case Report

A Human Case of Hymenolepis diminuta in a Child from Eastern Sicily: Ildebrando Patamia, Elisa Cappello, Donato Castellano-Chiodo, Filippo Greco, Luciano Nigro, Bruno Cacopardo; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):167-169.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.167

Abstract
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We report a case of Hymenolepis diminuta infection in a 2-year-old child living in a suburban area of Catania, Italy. This case was initially referred to us as Dipylidium caninum infection, which was not cured after being treated twice with mebendazole. However, by analyzing the clinical presentation and stool samples we arrived to the diagnosis of H. diminuta infection. The case presented with atypical allergic manifestations which had never been reported as clinical features of symptomatic H. diminuta infection; remittent fever with abdominal pain, diffuse cutaneous itching, transient thoracic rash, and arthromyalgias. The patient was treated with a 7-day cycle of oral niclosamide, which proved to be safe and effective. This case report emphasizes that a correct parasitological diagnosis requires adequate district laboratories and trained personnel. In addition, we recommend the importance of reporting all H. diminuta infection cases, in order to improve knowledge on epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment protocols.

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Brief Communications

Infestation status of head louse and treatment with lindane shampoo in children of primary school and kindergarten in Chinju-shi, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea: Yong Chan Ha, Jung Min Heo, Hyung Joon Kim, Gi Moon Go, Sang Jeong Lee, Song Hoan Jeong, Seung In Ahn, Min Cheol Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Hyee Young Song, Jeong Woon Park, Byung Sung Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(1):41-43.
Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.1.41

Abstract
PDF

The infestation status of head louse among children attending primary schools and kindergartens in Chinju-shi, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea, was investigated between June and July 1999. Out of 2,288 children examined, 3.9% of boys (48/1,242) and 23.5% of girls (246/1,046) were infested with nits or adult/nymphs of lice. The effectiveness of lindane shampoo (1% gamma benzene hexachloride solution) was evaluated after one or two time applications to all the children infested. The negative conversion rate of pediculosis was 93.5%. Effective control measures are needed to control and prevent such ectoparasite infestation amongst children.

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Sophie Mac-Mary, Rafat Messikh, Adeline Jeudy, Thomas Lihoreau, Jean-Marie Sainthillier, Bernard Gabard, Catherine Schneider, Philippe Auderset, Philippe Humbert
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Hilliary E Hodgdon, Kyong Sup Yoon, Domenic J Previte, Hyo Jeong Kim, Gamal E Aboelghar, Si Hyeock Lee, J Marshall Clark
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Jeong-Min Oh, In Yong Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Min Seo, Sol-Ah Park, Seung Hyun Lee, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Myeong Heon Shin, Ki-Soo Pai, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
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Arezki Izri
Revue Française des Laboratoires.2001; 2001(338): 37. CrossRef

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Towards developing a diagnostic regimen for the treatment follow-up of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: Peter A. Mbati, Kazuko Hirumi, Noboru Inoue, Nanituma H. Situakibanza, Hiroyuki Hirumi; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):289-292.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.289

Abstract
PDF

BALB/c mice infected with a high virulent strain of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense IL3707 were treated intraperitoneally (ip) with either Melarsoprol (Mel-B) or PSG(+) buffer as controls. The mice were subsequently monitored regularly for parasites by direct microscopic examination of their tail blood or buffy coat and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mel-B was found to be an effective drug for treatment against T.b. gambiense because at the end of the first treatment schedule, all treated mice were negative for parasites even by PCR, while all the control animals were positive. Three of the five Mel-B treated mice, while parasitologically negative, were PCR positive between 53 and 80 days post infection (DPI), indicating that they still harbored an infection. All treated mice were subsequently negative for parasites even by PCR at 88 DPI. A combination of conventional microscopic examination and PCR offers a good prediction of cure following treatment of trypanosomosis.

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Original Articles

Long-lasting sonographic and histopathological findings in cured clonorchiasis of rabbits: Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Seung Kwon Kim, Eung Yeop Kim, Mejeong Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):77-83.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.77

Abstract
PDF

To ascertain residual sonographic and histopathological findings of clonorchiasis after treatment, the present study evaluated sonographic findings in rabbits which were infected with 500 metacercariae of C. sinensis every 6 months for 18 months after treatment with praziquantel. The sonographic findings were analyzed in terms of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and periductal echogenicity, and histopathological findings were observed after the last sonographic examination. Compared with the sonographic findings before treatment, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts became mild to some degree in four of the seven cases and increased periductal echogenicity resolved in four of them. The histopathological specimens after 18 months showed that periductal inflammation has almost resolved but moderate dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts and mucosal hyperplasia persisted. The periductal fibrosis minimally resolved. The long-lasting sonographic findings in cured clonorchiasis make sonography less specific.

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Control of clonorchiasis by repeated praziquantel treatment and low diagnostic efficacy of sonography: Sung-Tae Hong, Kisung Yoon, Mejeong Lee, Min Seo, Min-Ho Choi, Jung Suk Sim, Byung Ihn Choi, Chong Ku Yun, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):249-254.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.249

Abstract
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In Korea, Clonorchis sinensis infection is still highly prevalent because case detection in the field is difficult and the detected cases used to be incompletely cured due to treatment failure. The present study tried to control clonorchiasis in an endemic village by repeated treatments with praziquantel every 6 months and to evaluate sonography as a diagnostic measure. By stool examinations, the egg positive rate in the endemic village was 22.7%, but it decreased to 19.6% at 6 months, 15.1% at 12 months. 12.2% at 18 months, 6.3% at 24 months, 11.4% at 30 months, and 6.3% at 42 months after the beginning of repeated praziquantel administration. The sonography showed 61 (49.6%) positive cases of 123 screened residents: among egg-positives the sonography positive rate was 52.2% and among egg-negatives it was still 49%. The rate among cured cases was 64.3% after 6 months, 50.0% after 12 months, 50.0% after 18 months, and 66.7% after 24 months. In a non-endemic village, 64 residents were found egg-negative by fecal examination, but 20 (31.3%) of them were positive by sonography. The present findings indicate that control of clonorchiasis in an endemic village by repeated praziquantel treatment for 42 months is still insufficient and sonography is of little value for diagnosis of clonorchiasis.

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