Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Vaccinia virus expressing MIC8 and AMA1 provides protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infection: Hae-Ji Kang, Yan Jin, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):340-348.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25054

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite capable of causing chronic infection by forming persistent cysts in the brain. Despite its global burden, no approved vaccine exists. Virus-like particle vaccines expressing microneme protein 8 (MIC8) or apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) of T. gondii have previously shown efficacy. In this study, we generated recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) expressing MIC8 and AMA1 and evaluated their efficacy against T. gondii ME49 infection. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with a combination of MIC8 and AMA1 rVVs and challenged orally with T. gondii ME49. Immunization with MIC8+AMA1 rVVs produced a significant increase in T. gondii-specific IgG. Splenocyte analysis revealed robust activation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, as well as expansion of memory B cells. The immunized group exhibited an 89.6% reduction in brain cyst count, with significantly improved survival compared to the control group. These findings demonstrate that combining the antigens MIC8 and AMA1 using a vaccinia virus platform can effectively promote both humoral and cellular immunity, supporting its potential as a vaccine strategy against T. gondii ME49.

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Virus-like particles expressing microneme-associated antigen of Plasmodium berghei confer better protection than those expressing apical membrane antigen 1: Min-Ju Kim, Ki Back Chu, Keon-Woong Yoon, Hae-Ji Kang, Dong-Hun Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):193-204.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24017

Malaria is a global disease affecting a large portion of the world’s population. Although vaccines have recently become available, their efficacies are suboptimal. We generated virus-like particles (VLPs) that expressed either apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) or microneme-associated antigen (MIC) of Plasmodium berghei and compared their efficacy in BALB/c mice. We found that immune sera acquired from AMA1 VLP- or MIC VLP-immunized mice specifically interacted with the antigen of choice and the whole P. berghei lysate antigen, indicating that the antibodies were highly parasite-specific. Both VLP vaccines significantly enhanced germinal center B cell frequencies in the inguinal lymph nodes of mice compared with the control, but only the mice that received MIC VLPs showed significantly enhanced CD4⁺ T cell responses in the blood following P. berghei challenge infection. AMA1 and MIC VLPs significantly suppressed TNF-α and interleukin-10 production but had a negligible effect on interferon-γ. Both VLPs prevented excessive parasitemia buildup in immunized mice, although parasite burden reduction induced by MIC VLPs was slightly more effective than that induced by AMA1. Both VLPs were equally effective at preventing body weight loss. Our findings demonstrated that the MIC VLP was an effective inducer of protection against murine experimental malaria and should be the focus of further development.

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Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus
Keon-Woong Yoon, Jie Mao, Gi-Deok Eom, Su In Heo, Ki Back Chu, Mi Suk Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(6): 600. CrossRef
Protective Efficacy Induced by Virus-like Particles Expressing Dense Granule Protein 5 of Toxoplasma gondii
Su In Heo, Hae-Ji Kang, Jie Mao, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 787. CrossRef
Efficacy of Heterologous Vaccination Using Virus-Like Particles and Vaccinia Virus Containing MIC8 and AMA1 Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii
Hae-Ji Kang, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 862. CrossRef
Ivermectin Identified Using a High-Throughput Screening System Exhibits Anti-Clonorchis sinensis Activity in Rats
Soon-Ok Lee, Hyeryon Lee, Ki Back Chu, Jianhua Li, Sung-Jong Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Joo Hwan No, Fu-Shi Quan
Antibiotics.2025; 14(8): 837. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Recent progress in vaccine development targeting pre-clinical human toxoplasmosis: Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):231-239.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22097

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasitic organism affecting all warm-blooded vertebrates. Due to the unavailability of commercialized human T. gondii vaccine, many studies have been reported investigating the protective efficacy of pre-clinical T. gondii vaccines expressing diverse antigens. Careful antigen selection and implementing multifarious immunization strategies could enhance protection against toxoplasmosis in animal models. Although none of the available vaccines could remove the tissue-dwelling parasites from the host organism, findings from these pre-clinical toxoplasmosis vaccine studies highlighted their developmental potential and provided insights into rational vaccine design. We herein explored the progress of T. gondii vaccine development using DNA, protein subunit, and virus-like particle vaccine platforms. Specifically, we summarized the findings from the pre-clinical toxoplasmosis vaccine studies involving T. gondii challenge infection in mice published in the past 5 years.

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PLGA nanoparticles as an efficient carrier in Toxoplasma GAP45: a more effective vaccine against acute toxoplasmosis than traditional ones
Pan Zhou, YanLi Yu, WeiYu Qi, XiaoJuan Wang, YouLi Yu, JianDong Wang, Li Zhang, ZhengQing Yu, TingLi Liu
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Influenza virus-like particles presenting Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 7 protect mice from lethal ME49 challenge
Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Su-In Heo, Fu-Shi Quan
Nanomedicine.2025; 20(18): 2309. CrossRef
Recombinant TgDDX3X DEAD-box protein confers partial protection in murine models of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis
Shuai Wang, Jinghui Wang, Youke Fan, Haina Zhang, Junru Wu, Tingting Ying, Hangbin Ma, Qiangqiang Wang, Longkang Wang, Yuanfeng Wang, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang, Zhenke Yang
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107780. CrossRef
Vaccinia virus expressing MIC8 and AMA1 provides protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infection
Hae-Ji Kang, Yan Jin, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 340. CrossRef
Evaluation of protective efficacy of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii DDX39 protein vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice
Jinghui Wang, Yuanfeng Wang, Haina Zhang, Hangbin Ma, Qiangqiang Wang, Longkang Wang, Youke Fan, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang, Shuai Wang, Zhenke Yang
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107442. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks in the Republic of Korea: Jun-Gu Kang, Yoon-Kyoung Cho, Young-Sun Jo, Sun-Woo Han, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Jung-Eun Park, Hyesung Jeong, Weon-Hwa Jheong, Joon-Seok Chae; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(1):65-71.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.65

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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a zoonotic, tick-borne RNA virus of the genus Bandavirus (Family Phenuiviridae), mainly reported in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea). For the purpose of this study, a total of 3,898 adult and nymphal ticks of species Haemaphysalis longicornis (94.2%), Haemaphysalis flava (5.0%), Ixodes nipponensis (0.8%), and 1 specimen of Ixodes ovatus, were collected from the Deogyusan National Park, Korea, between April 2016 and June 2018. A single-step reverse transcriptase–nested PCR was performed, targeting the S segment of the SFTSV RNA. Total infection rate (IR) of SFTSV in individual ticks was found to be 6.0%. Based on developmental stages, IR was 5.3% in adults and 6.0% in nymphs. The S segment sequences obtained from PCR were divided into 17 haplotypes. All haplotypes were phylogenetically clustered into clades B-2 and B-3, with 92.7% sequences in B-2 and 7.3% in B-3. These observations indicate that the Korean SFTSV strains were closer to the Japanese than the Chinese strains. Further epidemiological studies are necessary to better understand the characteristics of the Korean SFTSV and its transmission cycle in the ecosystem.

Citations

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Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio correlates with poor prognosis and metabolic alterations in Dabie bandavirus infection
Chunxia Guo, Ruixue Li, Xia Wang, Xiulan Peng
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Establishment of a genotyping criteria for Bandavirus dabieense and confirmation of new genotypes
Bingyan Liu, Tengfei He, Changtai Wang, Guomei Xia, Shijun Zhou, Shanshan Sun, Xinlei Chen, Xiaodan Hong, Jie Zhu, Zhenhua Zhang
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular identification of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in deer ked: Implications for disease transmission
Mark Anthony B. Casel, Jeong Ho Choi, Hyunwoo Jang, Seung-gyu Jang, Juryeon Gil, Rare Rollon, So-youn Cheun, Isaac Choi, Eun-ha Kim, Young-Il Kim, Young Ki Choi
One Health.2025; 21: 101107. CrossRef
Alarming implications: severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and its biological vectors in the context of climate change
Ze Chen, Manoj Baranwal, Albert A. Rizvanov, Mohammed Okely, Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative population genetic structure of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Haemaphysalis flava (Acari: Ixodidae) between Nantong, China, and regions along the East Asia-Australasian Flyway
Jing Su, Wei-Bing Zhang, Bin Sun, Xin Zhang, Yun-Peng Zhai, Jian-Ming Yuan
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A new record of Ixodes ovatus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) from the Kingdom of Bhutan
Satoshi Shimano, Shimpei F. Hiruta, Tsukasa Waki, Indra Prasad Acharja, Pema Khandu, Jigme Tshering, Tshering Dorji, Takeo Yamauchi
Journal of the Acarological Society of Japan.2025; 34(1): 11. CrossRef
First Report of Bandavirus dabieense in Bats and Ticks Collected from Bat Habitats
Hye-Ryung Byun, Su-Jin Chae, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Jaehyoung Chong, Chul-Un Chung, Bumseok Kim, Hyesung Jeong, Joon-Seok Chae
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2025; 25(11): 671. CrossRef
Viruses and Ticks: An Integrative Review of Virological Findings in Ticks
Lucas Henrique da Silva e Silva, Fábio Silva da Silva, Daniel Damous Dias, Sâmia Luzia Sena da Silva, Lucia Aline Moura Reis, Hanna Carolina Farias Reis, Bruna Laís Sena do Nascimento, Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto
Arthropoda.2025; 3(4): 16. CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence and Phylogeny of Tick‐Borne Viruses in Meat and Dairy Products in the Republic of Korea
Yeeun Seo, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Zhaoqi Wang, Daseul Yeo, Soontag Jung, Seoyoung Woo, Yuan Zhang, Min Suk Rhee, Changsun Choi, Daniel Diaz
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Vaccine Development for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Dogs
Seok-Chan Park, Da-Eun Jeong, Sun-Woo Han, Joon-Seok Chae, Joo-Yong Lee, Hyun-Sook Kim, Bumseok Kim, Jun-Gu Kang
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(4): 327. CrossRef
Molecular surveillance of zoonotic pathogens from wild rodents in the Republic of Korea
Kyoung-Seong Choi, Sunwoo Hwang, Myung Cheol Kim, Hyung-Chul Cho, Yu-Jin Park, Min-Jeong Ji, Sun-Woo Han, Joon-Seok Chae, Colleen B. Jonsson
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(7): e0012306. CrossRef
Double-Stranded RNA-Based Method for Diagnosing Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia
Jung Wan Park, Jaemin Jeon, Yoosik Kim, Min Hyok Jeon
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(1): 105. CrossRef
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from ticks: a molecular epidemiological study of a patient in the Republic of Korea
Seong Yoon Kim, Choong Won Seo, Hee Il Lee
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2023; 89(2): 305. CrossRef
Coinfection of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Coxiella burnetii in Developmental Stage of Hard Ticks in Subtropical Region of Korea
Jeong Rae Yoo, Sang Taek Heo, Misun Kim, Miyeon Kim, Myeong Jin Kang, Eui Tae Kim, Su Yeon Kang, Keun Hwa Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptome analysis of Haemaphysalis flava female using Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing: de novo assembly, functional annotation and discovery of SSR markers
Min Kyu Sang, Hongray Howrelia Patnaik, Jie Eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan Eui Hong, Yong Tae Kim, Hyeon Jun Shin, Liu Ziwei, Hee Ju Hwang, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Seung-Hwan Park, Sung-Jae Cha, Jung Ho Ko, E. Hyun Shin, Hong Seog Park,
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
SFTSV infection in rodents and their ectoparasitic chiggers
Xiao-Lan Gu, Wen-Qing Su, Chuan-Min Zhou, Li-Zhu Fang, Ke Zhu, Dong-Qiang Ma, Fa-Chun Jiang, Ze-Min Li, Dan Li, Shu-Hui Duan, Qiu-Ming Peng, Rui Wang, Yuan Jiang, Hui-Ju Han, Xue-Jie Yu, Masayuki Saijo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(8): e0010698. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infections using Virus-Like Particles Displaying T. gondii ROP4 Antigen: Min-Ju Kim, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):565-572.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.565

Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infections are typically diagnosed by serological tests. However, serological diagnosis of RH strain-induced toxoplasmosis remains unknown. In order to develop seradiagnosis of above 2 kinds of infections, we generated recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying the T. gondii rhoptry protein 4 (ROP4) and evaluated their potential in T. gondii ME49 or RH strain infection diagnostics. Mice were orally infected with either the tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH) or cysts of T. gondii (ME49) at various dosages, and sera were collected at regular intervals. ELISA-based serological tests were performed to assess IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody responses against ROP4 VLP antigen and tissue lysate antigen (TLA). Compared to TLA, IgG, IgM, and IgA levels to ROP4 VLP antigen were significantly higher in the sera of T. gondii RH-infected mice 1 and 2 week post-infection (PI). T. gondii-specific IgG antibody was detected at 1, 2, 4, and 8 week PI in the T. gondii ME49-infected mice with infection dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the ROP4 VLP antigen was highly sensitive antigens detecting T. gondii RH and ME49 antibodies at an early stage.

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IgM Antibody Detection as a Diagnostic Marker for Acute Toxoplasmosis: Current Status of Studies and Main Limitations
Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
Antibodies.2025; 14(2): 44. CrossRef
Could metformin modulate the outcome of chronic murine toxoplasmosis?
Maha Mohamed Gomaa, Samar Nabil El Achy, Nehal Nassef Hezema
Acta Tropica.2024; 258: 107339. CrossRef
Trend in serological and molecular diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection
Min-ju Kim, Soeun J. Park, Hyunwoo Park
European Journal of Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant AMA1 Virus-like Particle Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Min-Ju Kim, Ki-Back Chu, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Gi-Deok Eom, Keon-Woong Yoon, Su-Hwa Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Young-Ha Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Biomedicines.2022; 10(11): 2812. CrossRef

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Monitoring Culicine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as a Vector of Flavivirus in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, during 2019: Young Yil Bahk, Seo Hye Park, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Sung-Suck Oh, Haneul Jung, Hojong Jun, Kyung-Ae Kim, Jong Myong Park, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Eun-Jeong Choi, Bag-Sou Moon, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):551-558.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.551

The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human diseases. We investigated population of culicine mosquitoes in central region of Korean Peninsula, Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si. Aedes vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected mosquitoes (56.5%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.6%), Anopheles spp. (10.9%), and Culex pipiens complex (5.9%). In rural regions of Hwaseong, Aedes vexans nipponii was the highest population (62.9%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.9%) and Anopheles spp. (12.0%). In another rural region of Incheon (habitat of migratory birds), Culex pipiens complex was the highest population (31.4%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (30.5%), and Aedes vexans vexans (27.5%). Culex pipiens complex was the predominant species in the urban region (84.7%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, pooled up to 30 mosquitoes each, and tested for flaviviral RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR and confirmed by cDNA sequencing. Three of the assayed 2,683 pools (989 pools without Anopheles spp.) were positive for Culex flaviviruses, an insect-specific virus, from Culex pipiens pallens collected at the habitats for migratory birds in Incheon. The maximum likelihood estimation (the estimated number) for Culex pipiens pallens positive for Culex flavivirus was 25. Although viruses responsible for mosquito-borne diseases were not identified, we encourage intensified monitoring and long-term surveillance of both vector and viruses in the interest of global public health.

Citations

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Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Mosquito Species and Molecular Detection of Its Associated Hepatitis C Virus in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Tharwat A. Selim, Sanad H. Ragab, Saber A. Riad, Randa I. Eltaly, Shaimaa H. Mohammed, Somia Eissa Sharawi, Naser Ahmed Alkenani, Ruoa Saleh Almahallawi, Hayat S. Al-Rashidi, Mohamed A. M. El-Tabakh
Insects.2025; 16(4): 433. CrossRef
Leveraging insect-specific viruses to elucidate mosquito population structure and dynamics
Brandon D. Hollingsworth, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Brian P. Lazzaro, Courtney C. Murdock, Helen M. Lazear
PLOS Pathogens.2023; 19(8): e1011588. CrossRef
Molecular detection and identification of Culex flavivirus in mosquito species from Jeju, Republic of Korea
Shilpa Chatterjee, Choon-Mee Kim, Na Ra Yun, Dong-Min Kim, Hyeon Je Song, Kyeoung A Chung
Virology Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Hak Seon Lee, Sung-Chan Yang, Byung-Eon Noh, Tae-Kyu Kim, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(10): 2085. CrossRef
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Four Year Surveillance of the Vector Hard Ticks for SFTS, Ganghwa-do, Republic of Korea: Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Seung Jegal, Hojong Jun, Haneul Jung, Seo Hye Park, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Young Woo Gong, Kwangsig Joo, Mun Ju Kwon, Jong Yul Roh, Wook-Gyo Lee, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):691-698.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.691

Abstract
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The seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was monitored with a collection trap method every April to November during 2015-2018 and with a flagging method every July and August during 2015-2018 in Ganghwa-do (island) of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. This monitoring was performed in a copse, a short grass field, coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest. A total of 17,457 ticks (8,277 larvae, 4,137 nymphs, 3,389 females, and 1,654 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) were collected with collection traps. Of the identified ticks, H. longicornis was the most frequently collected ticks (except larval ticks) (94.26%, 8,653/9,180 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (5.71%, 524/9,180) and Ix. nipponensis (less than 0.04%, 3/9,180). The ticks collected with collecting traps were pooled and assayed for the presence of SFTS virus with negative results. In addition, for monitoring the prevalence of hard ticks, a total of 7,461 ticks (5,529 larvae, 1,272 nymphs, 469 females, and 191 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (H. longicornis, H. flava, and Ix. nipponensis) were collected with flagging method. H. longicornis was the highest collected ticks (except larval ticks) (99.53%, 1,908/1,917 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (1.15%, 22/1,917).

Citations

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Molecular identification of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in deer ked: Implications for disease transmission
Mark Anthony B. Casel, Jeong Ho Choi, Hyunwoo Jang, Seung-gyu Jang, Juryeon Gil, Rare Rollon, So-youn Cheun, Isaac Choi, Eun-ha Kim, Young-Il Kim, Young Ki Choi
One Health.2025; 21: 101107. CrossRef
The Diel Activity Pattern of Haemaphysalis longicornis and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors
Byung-Eon Noh, Gi-hun Kim, Hak Seon Lee, Hyunwoo Kim, Hee-Il Lee
Insects.2024; 15(8): 568. CrossRef
Seasonal dynamics of Haemaphysalis tick species as SFTSV vectors in South Korea
Hyunwoo Jang, Mark Anthony B. Casel, Seung-gyu Jang, Jeong Ho Choi, Juryeon Gil, Rare Rollon, So youn Cheun, Young-Il Kim, Min Suk Song, Young Ki Choi, Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptome analysis of Haemaphysalis flava female using Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing: de novo assembly, functional annotation and discovery of SSR markers
Min Kyu Sang, Hongray Howrelia Patnaik, Jie Eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan Eui Hong, Yong Tae Kim, Hyeon Jun Shin, Liu Ziwei, Hee Ju Hwang, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Seung-Hwan Park, Sung-Jae Cha, Jung Ho Ko, E. Hyun Shin, Hong Seog Park,
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Reference gene selection for normalizing gene expression using quantitative real‐time PCR in Haemaphysalis longicornis
Ye Eun Park, YeongHo Kim, Gyuhyeong Goh, Si Hyeock Lee, Kwang Shik Choi, Young Ho Kim
Entomological Research.2023; 53(1): 29. CrossRef
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from ticks: a molecular epidemiological study of a patient in the Republic of Korea
Seong Yoon Kim, Choong Won Seo, Hee Il Lee
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2023; 89(2): 305. CrossRef
Tick Populations and Molecular Analysis of Anaplasma Species in Ticks from the Republic of Korea
Min-Goo Seo, Haeseung Lee, Badriah Alkathiri, KyuSung Ahn, Seung-Hun Lee, SungShik Shin, Seulgi Bae, Kyoo-Tae Kim, Min Jang, Sang-Kwon Lee, Yun Sang Cho, Kyung-Yeon Eo, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
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병언 노, 현우 김, 정원 주, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(32): 1119. CrossRef
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks in the Republic of Korea
Jun-Gu Kang, Yoon-Kyoung Cho, Young-Sun Jo, Sun-Woo Han, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Jung-Eun Park, Hyesung Jeong, Weon-Hwa Jheong, Joon-Seok Chae
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(1): 65. CrossRef
Molecular Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia Species in Ticks Removed from Humans in the Republic of Korea
Yu-Jung Kim, Ji Ye Seo, Seong Yoon Kim, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2022; 10(6): 1224. CrossRef
Modelling the transmission dynamics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Jiangsu Province, China
Nan Zhang, Xiao-Qing Cheng, Bin Deng, Jia Rui, Luxia Qiu, Zeyu Zhao, Shengnan Lin, Xingchun Liu, Jingwen Xu, Yao Wang, Meng Yang, Yuanzhao Zhu, Jiefeng Huang, Chan Liu, Weikang Liu, Li Luo, Zhuoyang Li, Peihua Li, Tianlong Yang, Zhi-Feng Li, Shu-Yi Liang,
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Dogs in the Republic of Korea
A-Tai Truong, Jinhyeong Noh, Yeojin Park, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Jiyeon Lim, Mi-Sun Yoo, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hyunkyoung Lee, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
Pathogens.2021; 10(5): 613. CrossRef
Seasonal distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) and detection of SFTS virus in Gyeongbuk Province, Republic of Korea, 2018
JaeSeok Lee, KyungHwan Moon, Myeonghwan Kim, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee-II Lee, Jong Kyun Park, Young Ho Kim
Acta Tropica.2021; 221: 106012. CrossRef
Hard Ticks as Vectors Tested Negative for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Ganghwa-do, Korea during 2019-2020
Kyoung Jin, Yeon-Ja Koh, Seong Kyu Ahn, Joonghee Cho, Junghwan Lim, Jaeyong Song, Jinyoung Lee, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Hyung Wook Kwon, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 281. CrossRef
iSeq 100 for metagenomic pathogen screening in ticks
Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Alghurabi Areej Sabri Mahdi, Tai-Soon Yong
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Nationwide Temporal and Geographical Distribution of Tick Populations and Phylogenetic Analysis of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks in Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Tae-Kyu Kim, Bong-Goo Song, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1630. CrossRef
Estimating severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome transmission using machine learning methods in South Korea
Giphil Cho, Seungheon Lee, Hyojung Lee
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Virus-like Particle Vaccine Containing Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 13 Induces Protection against T. gondii ME49 Infection in Mice: Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Su-Hwa Lee, Min-Ju Kim, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):543-547.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.543

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii can infect humans worldwide, causing serious diseases in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. T. gondii rhoptry protein 13 (ROP13) is known as one of the key proteins involved in host cell invasion. In this study, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine expressing T. gondii rhoptry ROP13 and investigated VLPs vaccine efficacy in mice. Mice immunized with ROP13 VLPs vaccine elicited significantly higher levels of T. gondii-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA antibody responses following boost immunization and challenge infection, whereas antibody inductions were insignificant upon prime immunization. Differing immunization routes resulted in differing antibody induction, as intranasal immunization (IN) induced greater antibody responses than intramuscular immunization (IM) after boost and challenge infection. IN immunization induced significantly higher levels of IgG and IgA antibody responses from feces, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), CD4⁺ T, CD8⁺ T cells and germinal center B cell responses in the spleen compared to IM immunization. Compared to IM immunization, IN immunization resulted in significantly reduced cyst counts in the brain as well as lesser body weight loss, which contributed to better protection. All of the mice immunized through either route survived, whereas all na?ve control mice perished. These results indicate that the ROP13 VLPs vaccine could be a potential vaccine candidate against T. gondii infection.

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Protective immunity induced by CpG ODN‐adjuvanted virus‐like particles containing Toxoplasma gondii proteins
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Toxoplasma gondii virus‐like particle vaccination alleviates inflammatory response in the brain upon T gondii infection
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Evaluation of CpG-ODN-Adjuvanted Toxoplasma gondii Virus-Like Particle Vaccine upon One, Two, and Three Immunizations
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Pharmaceutics.2020; 12(10): 989. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Analysis of Five Arboviruses and Culicoides Distribution on Cattle Farms in Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Haerin Rhim, Jae-Ik Han, Jae-Ku Oem, Yeon-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Ki Lee, Chae-Woong Lim, Bumseok Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):477-485.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.477

Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) are transmitted by arthropods such as Culicoides biting midges and cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital malformation in ruminants, apparently leading to economic losses to farmers. To monitor the distribution of Culicoides and to determine their relationship with different environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and altitude of the farms) on 5 cattle farms, Culicoides were collected during summer season (May-September) in 2016 and 2017, and analyzed for identification of species and detection of arboviruses. About 35% of the Culicoides were collected in July and the collection rate increased with increase in temperature and humidity. The higher altitude where the farms were located, the more Culicoides were collected on inside than outside. In antigen test of Culicoides against 5 arboviruses, only Chuzan virus (CHUV) (2.63%) was detected in 2016. The Akabane virus (AKAV), CHUV, Ibaraki virus and Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) had a positive rate of less than 1.8% in 2017. In antigen test of bovine whole blood, AKAV (12.96%) and BEFV (0.96%) were positive in only one of the farms. As a result of serum neutralization test, antibodies against AKAV were generally measured in all the farms. These results suggest that vaccination before the season in which the Culicoides are active is probably best to prevent arbovirus infections.

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Nan Li, Jinxin Meng, Yuwen He, Wenhua Wang, Jinglin Wang
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Jung‐Yong Yeh, Yun Ji Ga
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Nadia Kadjoudj, Azzedine Bounamous, Yacine Kouba, Bilal Dik, Samir Zeroual, Aicha Amira, Haroun Chenchouni
Acta Tropica.2022; 234: 106588. CrossRef
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Wenwen Zheng, Zhongxin Zhao, Li Tian, Lele Liu, Tong Xu, Xianwei Wang, Hongbin He, Xianzhu Xia, Ye Zheng, Yurong Wei, Xuexing Zheng
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2021; 68(3): 1353. CrossRef
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Attraction and Repellent Behaviors of Culicoides Biting Midges toward Cow Dung, Carbon Dioxide, and Essential Oils
Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Bumseok Kim
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Peter Mulvey, Veasna Duong, Sebastien Boyer, Graham Burgess, David T. Williams, Philippe Dussart, Paul F. Horwood
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Jessica E. Stokes, Karin E. Darpel, Simon Gubbins, Simon Carpenter, María del Mar Fernández de Marco, Luis M. Hernández-Triana, Anthony R. Fooks, Nicholas Johnson, Christopher Sanders
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Asia: Recent Status and Research Gaps
Fan Lee
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Virus-Like Particles Expressing Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 18 Induces Better Protection Than Rhoptry Protein 4 against T. gondii Infection: Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Ki-Back Chu, Dong-Hun Lee, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):429-435.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.429

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite responsible for causing toxoplasmosis. Preventive measures for toxoplasmosis are currently lacking and as such, development of novel vaccines are of urgent need. In this study, we generated 2 virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines expressing T. gondii rhoptry protein 4 (ROP4) or rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) using influenza matrix protein (M1) as a core protein. Mice were intranasally immunized with VLPs vaccines and after the last immunization, mice were challenged with ME49 cysts. Protective efficacy was assessed and compared by determining serum antibody responses, body weight changes and the reduction of cyst counts in the brain. ROP18 VLPs-immunized mice induced greater levels of IgG and IgA antibody responses than those immunized with ROP4 VLPs. ROP18 VLPs immunization significantly reduced body weight loss and the number of brain cysts in mice compared to ROP4 VLPs post-challenge. These results indicate that T. gondii ROP18 VLPs elicited better protective efficacy than ROP4 VLPs, providing important insight into vaccine design strategy.

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Evaluation of a DNA vector plasmid encoding a partial rop18 gene from toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats as a vaccine candidate
Ana Flávia Minutti, João Pedro Sasse, Ana Clécia dos Santos Silva, Thais Agostinho Martins, Valentina Martinez, Beatriz de Souza Lima Nino, Fernando de Souza Rodrigues, Luiz Daniel de Barros, João Luis Garcia
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Applications of virus-like particles in the prevention of protozoan parasite infection
Ki Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan
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Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan
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Orally Administrated Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Displaying ROP4 Induces Protection against Toxoplasma gondii Challenge Infection
Keon-Woong Yoon, Ki-Back Chu, Hae-Ji Kang, Min-Ju Kim, Gi-Deok Eom, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2022; 10(2): 152. CrossRef
Protective immunity induced by CpG ODN‐adjuvanted virus‐like particles containing Toxoplasma gondii proteins
Hae‐Ji Kang, Ki‐Back Chu, Min‐Ju Kim, Su‐Hwa Lee, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Eun‐Kyung Moon, Fu‐Shi Quan
Parasite Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A peptide originated from Toxoplasma gondii microneme 8 displaying serological evidence to differentiate recent from chronic human infection
Silas Silva Santana, Vinícius Fernandes Paiva, Fernando Reis Carvalho, Heber Leão Silva Barros, Tamires Lopes Silva, Patrício Silva Cardoso Barros, Ana Cláudia Arantes Marquez Pajuaba, Geisa Baptista Barros, Reynaldo Dietze, Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo,
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Evaluation of CpG-ODN-Adjuvanted Toxoplasma gondii Virus-Like Particle Vaccine upon One, Two, and Three Immunizations
Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Min-Ju Kim, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Su-Hwa Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan
Pharmaceutics.2020; 12(10): 989. CrossRef
Previous Infection with Plasmodium berghei Confers Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice
Dong-Hun Lee, Ki-Back Chu, Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 93. CrossRef
Influenza Virus-Like Particles Presenting both Toxoplasma gondii ROP4 and ROP13 Enhance Protection against T. gondii Infection
Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Min-Ju Kim, Ki-Back Chu, Dong-Hun Lee, Manika Chopra, Hyo-Jick Choi, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Fu-Shi Quan
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Development of a Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit to Detect IgG/IgM Antibody against Zika Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies to the Envelope and Non-structural Protein 1 of the Virus: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Yanaihara Pinchemel, Francis Reisdo?rfer, Joyce Brito Coelho, Ronaldo Ferreira Dias, Pan Kee Bae, Zuinara Pereira Maia Gusma?o, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):61-70.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.61

Abstract
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We developed a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kit for detecting IgG/IgM antibodies against Zika virus (ZIKV) using monoclonal antibodies to the envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of ZIKV. These proteins were produced using baculovirus expression vector with Sf9 cells. Monoclonal antibodies J2G7 to NS1 and J5E1 to E protein were selected and conjugated with colloidal gold to produce the Zika IgG/IgM RDT kit (Zika RDT). Comparisons with ELISA, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and PCR were done to investigate the analytical sensitivity of Zika RDT, which resulted in 100% identical results. Sensitivity and specificity of Zika RDT in a field test was determined using positive and negative samples from Brazil and Korea. The diagnostic accuracy of Zika RDT was fairly high; sensitivity and specificity for IgG was 99.0 and 99.3%, respectively, while for IgM it was 96.7 and 98.7%, respectively. Cross reaction with dengue virus was evaluated using anti-Dengue Mixed Titer Performance Panel (PVD201), in which the Zika RDT showed cross-reactions with DENV in 16.7% and 5.6% in IgG and IgM, respectively. Cross reactions were not observed with West Nile, yellow fever, and hepatitis C virus infected sera. Zika RDT kit is very simple to use, rapid to assay, and very sensitive, and highly specific. Therefore, it would serve as a choice of method for point-of-care diagnosis and large scale surveys of ZIKV infection under clinical or field conditions worldwide in endemic areas.

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Influenza M1 Virus-Like Particles Consisting of Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 4: Su-Hwa Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Ying Piao, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):143-148.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.143

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infections occur throughout the world, and efforts are needed to develop various vaccine candidates expressing recombinant protein antigens. In this study, influenza matrix protein (M1) virus-like particles (VLPs) consisting of T. gondii rhoptry antigen 4 (ROP4 protein) were generated using baculovirus (rBV) expression system. Recombinant ROP4 protein with influenza M1 were cloned and expressed in rBV. SF9 insect cells were coinfected with recombinant rBVs expressing T. gondii ROP4 and influenza M1. As the results, influenza M1 VLPs showed spherical shapes, and T. gondii ROP4 protein exhibited as spikes on VLP surface under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The M1 VLPs resemble virions in morphology and size. We found that M1 VLPs reacted with antibody from T. gondii-infected mice by western blot and ELISA. This study demonstrated that T. gondii ROP4 protein can be expressed on the surface of influenza M1 VLPs and the M1 VLPs containing T. gondii ROP4 reacted with T. gondii-infected sera, indicating the possibility that M1 VLPs could be used as a coating antigen for diagnostic and/or vaccine candidate against T. gondii infection.

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Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
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Protective immunity induced by CpG ODN‐adjuvanted virus‐like particles containing Toxoplasma gondii proteins
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Parasite Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infections using Virus-Like Particles Displaying T. gondii ROP4 Antigen
Min-Ju Kim, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan
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Virus-like particle vaccine displaying Toxoplasma gondii apical membrane antigen 1 induces protection against T. gondii ME49 infection in mice
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Toxoplasma gondii virus‐like particle vaccination alleviates inflammatory response in the brain upon T gondii infection
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Previous Infection with Plasmodium berghei Confers Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice
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Virus-Like Particles Expressing Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 18 Induces Better Protection Than Rhoptry Protein 4 against T. gondii Infection
Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Ki-Back Chu, Dong-Hun Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 429. CrossRef

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Differential Protein Expressions in Virus-Infected and Uninfected Trichomonas vaginalis: Ding He, Gong Pengtao, Yang Ju Li Jianhua, Li He Zhang Guocai, Zhang Xichen; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):121-128.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.121

Abstract
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Protozoan viruses may influence the function and pathogenicity of the protozoa. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that could contain a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, T. vaginalis virus (TVV). However, there are few reports on the properties of the virus. To further determine variations in protein expression of T. vaginalis, we detected 2 strains of T. vaginalis; the virus-infected (V⁺) and uninfected (V^-) isolates to examine differentially expressed proteins upon TVV infection. Using a stable isotope N-terminal labeling strategy (iTRAQ) on soluble fractions to analyze proteomes, we identified 293 proteins, of which 50 were altered in V⁺ compared with V^- isolates. The results showed that the expression of 29 proteins was increased, and 21 proteins decreased in V⁺ isolates. These differentially expressed proteins can be classified into 4 categories: ribosomal proteins, metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, and putative uncharacterized proteins. Quantitative PCR was used to detect 4 metabolic processes proteins: glycogen phosphorylase, malate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, which were differentially expressed in V⁺ and V^- isolates. Our findings suggest that mRNA levels of these genes were consistent with protein expression levels. This study was the first which analyzed protein expression variations upon TVV infection. These observations will provide a basis for future studies concerning the possible roles of these proteins in host-parasite interactions.

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ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԱՍ ՎԱԳԻՆԱԼԻՍ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԻ (TVV) ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԿԱՆԱՆՑ ՄԻԶԱՍԵՌԱԿԱՆ ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԻԱԶԻ ՎՐԱ
G.K. Ghardyan
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Microbial Matryoshka: Addressing the Relationship between Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoans and Their RNA Viral Endosymbionts (Family Totiviridae)
Alexandra Ibañez-Escribano, Maria Teresa Gomez-Muñoz, Marta Mateo, Cristina Fonseca-Berzal, Esperanza Gomez-Lucia, Raquel Garcia Perez, Jose M. Alunda, Javier Carrion
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Sandwich enzyme-linked aptamer-based assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis
Christine Aubrey C. Justo, Miriam Jauset-Rubio, Marketa Svobodova, Vasso Skouridou, Piet Cools, Guy Mulinganya, Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano, Windell L. Rivera, Ciara K. O'Sullivan
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Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa
Zhiteng Zhao, Xin Li, Nan Zhang, Jianhua Li, Na Zhao, Mengyao Gao, Xichen Zhang, Xiaocen Wang, Panpan Zhao, Lu Li, Min Sun, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong, Vinayaka R. Prasad
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Cytidine nucleoside analog is an effective antiviral drug against Trichomonasvirus
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Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance
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Brief Communications

Western Blot Detection of Human Anti-Chikungunya Virus Antibody with Recombinant Envelope 2 Protein: Zhaoshou Yang, Jihoo Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ronaldo F. Dias, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):239-241.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.239

Abstract
PDF

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a tropical pathogen, has re-emerged and has massive outbreaks abruptly all over the world. Containing many dominant epitopes, the envelope E2 protein of CHIKV has been explored for the vaccination or diagnosis. In the present study, the antigenicity of a recombinant expressed intrinsically disorder domain (IUD) of E2 was tested for the detection of the antibody against CHIKV through western blot method. The gene of the IUD of E2 was inserted into 2 different vectors and expressed as recombinant GST-E2 and recombinant MBP-E2 fusion protein, respectively. Two kinds of fusion proteins were tested with 30 CHIKV patient sera and 30 normal sera, respectively. Both proteins were detected by 25 patients sera (83.3%) and 1 normal serum (3.3%). This test showed a relatively high sensitivity and very high specificity of the recombinant E2 proteins to be used as diagnostic antigens against CHIKV infection.

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No Detection of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from Ixodid Ticks Collected in Seoul: Heejin Ham, Sukju Jo, Jungim Jang, Sungmin Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):221-224.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.221

Abstract
PDF

Larvae, nymphs, and adult stages of 3 species of ixodid ticks were collected by tick drag methods in Seoul during June-October 2013, and their infection status with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus was examined using RT-PCR. During the period, 732 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 62 Haemaphysalis flava, and 2 Ixodes nipponensis specimens were collected. Among the specimens of H. longicornis, the number of female adults, male adults, nymphs, and larvae were 53, 11, 240, and 446, respectively. Ticks were grouped into 63 pools according to the collection site, species, and developmental stage, and assayed for SFTS virus. None of the pools of ticks were found to be positive for SFTS virus gene.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 691. CrossRef
Distribution of ticks carrying Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) around Jiri walking trails of Jeollanam-do, Korea
Byung Joon Song, Hyun Cheol Lim, Tae Man Ha, Doo Yung Jeon, Soo In Yang, Hyeon Je Song
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Gianne Eduard L. Ulanday, Satoshi Shimada, Ngwe Tun Mya Myat, Takeshi Nabeshima, Kouichi Morita, Daisuke Hayasaka
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Tropical Medicine and Health.2015; 43(3): 159. CrossRef

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Generation and Immunity Testing of a Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing NcSRS2-NcGRA7 Fusion Protein of Bovine Neospora caninum: Li-Jun Jia, Shou-Fa Zhang, Nian-Chao Qian, Xue-Nan Xuan, Long-Zheng Yu, Xue-Mei Zhang, Ming-Ming Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):247-253.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.247

Abstract
PDF

Neospora caninum is the etiologic agent of bovine neosporosis, which affects the reproductive performance of cattle worldwide. The transmembrane protein, NcSRS2, and dense-granule protein, NcGRA7, were identified as protective antigens based on their ability to induce significant protective immune responses in murine neosporosis models. In the current study, NcSRS2 and NcGRA7 genes were spliced by overlap-extension PCR in a recombinant adenovirus termed Ad5-NcSRS2-NcGRA 7, expressing the NcSRS2-NcGRA7 gene, and the efficacy was evaluated in mice. The results showed that the titer of the recombinant adenovirus was 10⁹TCID₅₀/ml. Three weeks post-boost immunization (w.p.b.i.), the IgG antibody titer in sera was as high as 1:4,096. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were significantly different from the control group (P<0.01). This research established a solid foundation for the development of a recombinant adenovirus vaccine against bovine N. caninum.

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Parasitology.2016; 143(3): 245. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Infection Status of Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients with Gastrointestinal Protozoa, Bacteria, and Viruses in the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jin-Hee Lee, Yi-Young Lim, Ji-Hye Jeon, Jae-Ran Yu, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee, Seung-Hak Cho, Deog-Yong Lee, Mi-Seon Park, Hye-Sook Jeong, Doo-Sung Chen, Yeong-Mi Ji, Mi-Hwa Kwon; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):113-120.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.113

Abstract
PDF

To understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the Republic of Korea. A total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. The positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. Especially, Cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed-infected with rotavirus among pediatric diarrheal patients (29.5 per 100 C. parvum positive cases), and Entamoeba histolytica was mixed-infected with Clostridium perfringens (10.3 per 100 E. histolytica positive cases) in protozoan-diarrheal patients. Those infected with rotavirus and C. perfringens constituted relatively high proportions among mixed infection cases from January to April. The positivity for rotavirus among viral infection for those aged ≤ 5 years was significantly higher, while C. perfringens among bacterial infection was higher for ≥ 50 years. The information for association of viral and bacterial infections with enteropathogenic protozoa in diarrheal patients may contribute to improvement of care for diarrhea as well as development of control strategies for diarrheal diseases in Korea.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(9): 1573. CrossRef
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Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(5): 531. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Veterinary Research.2014; 54(4): 257. CrossRef
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Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(2): 89. CrossRef
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Mok-Young Lee, Sang-Jung Park, Eun-Joo Cho, Su-Jeong Park, Sun-Hee Han, Oh-Sang Kwon
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Double-stranded RNA virus in Korean Isolate IH-2 of Trichomonas vaginalis: Jong Wook Kim, Pyung-Rim Chung, Myung-Ki Hwang, Eun Young Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):87-94.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.87

Abstract
PDF

In this study, we describe Korean isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis infected with double-stranded (ds) RNA virus (TVV). One T. vaginalis isolate infected with TVV IH-2 evidenced weak pathogenicity in the mouse assay coupled with the persistent presence of a dsRNA, thereby indicating a hypovirulence effect of dsRNA in T. vaginalis. Cloning and sequence analysis results revealed that the genomic dsRNA of TVV IH-2 was 4,647 bp in length and evidenced a sequence identity of 80% with the previously-described TVV 1-1 and 1-5, but only a 42% identity with TVV 2-1 and 3 isolates. It harbored 2 overlapping open reading frames of the putative capsid protein and dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). As previously observed in the TVV isolates 1-1 and 1-5, a conserved ribosomal slippage heptamer (CCUUUUU) and its surrounding sequence context within the consensus 14-nt overlap implied the gene expression of a capsid protein-RdRp fusion protein, occurring as the result of a potential ribosomal frameshift event. The phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showed that the Korean TVV IH-2 isolate formed a compact group with TVV 1-1 and 1-5 isolates, which was divergent from TVV 2-1, 3 and other viral isolates classified as members of the Giardiavirus genus.

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ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԱՍ ՎԱԳԻՆԱԼԻՍ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԻ (TVV) ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԿԱՆԱՆՑ ՄԻԶԱՍԵՌԱԿԱՆ ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԻԱԶԻ ՎՐԱ
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Expression of major piroplasm protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti (Korean isolate) and its immunogenicity in guinea pigs: Seung-Won Kang, Chang-Hee Kweon, Eun-Jin Choi, Yong-Dhuk Yoon; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):277-283.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.277

Abstract
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To investigate the development of a subunit vaccine against theileriosis in cattle, the DNA fragments encoding piroplasm surface protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti of a Korean isolate were expressed in baculoviruses. The expressed p33 was characterized by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and western blotting analysis. The expression of p33 was mainly detected on the surface of infected Sf21 cells by IFA. The immunoblotting analysis revealed the presence of a same molecular weight protein band of p33. The antigenicity of expressed polypeptide was further examined through the inoculation of a guinea pig. The sera of guinea pigs immunized with p33 expressed cell lysate showed similar fluorescent antibody patterns and reacted with the same molecular weight protein of T. sergenti in immunoblotting analysis, thus indicating that this protein can be a promising candidate for a subunit vaccine in the future.

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Adjuvant effect of bovine heat shock protein 70 on piroplasm surface protein, p33, of Theileria sergenti
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Seung Won Kang, Hyang Sim Lee, Yingtian Xu, Cheng Lu, Shoufa Zhang, Vishvanath Nene
Biologicals.2009; 37(5): 282. CrossRef
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THEILERIA SERGENTI USING LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SOUTH KOREA
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Jong Man Kim, Hwan Jang, Sang Gi Paik
Journal of Parasitology.2005; 91(1): 164. CrossRef