Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Young-Ha Lee"

Original Article

Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer: Bong Kyun Kim, Hei Gwon Choi, Jae-Hyung Lee, In Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):37-49.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24082

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8⁺ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8⁺ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in FFPE Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions Using Real-Time PCR
Selma Usluca, Ayfer Bakir, Ata Arikok, Gizem Korkut, Gulsah Yagiz, Murat Alper
Infection and Drug Resistance.2025; Volume 18: 3149. CrossRef

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Case Report

A case of disseminated strongyloidiasis diagnosed by worms in the urinary sediment: Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):238-242.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23124

Abstract
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Strongyloidiasis is a chronic infection caused by the intestinal nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis and is characterized by a diverse spectrum of nonspecific clinical manifestations. This report describe a case of disseminated strongyloidiasis with urination difficulty, generalized weakness, and chronic alcoholism diagnosed through the presence of worms in the urinary sediment. A 53-year-old man was hospitalized for severe abdominal distension and urinary difficulties that started 7–10 days prior. The patient also presented with generalized weakness that had persisted for 3 years, passed loose stools without diarrhea, and complained of dyspnea. In the emergency room, approximately 7 L of urine was collected, in which several free-living female adult and rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis, identified through their morphological characteristics and size measurements, were detected via microscopic examination. Rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis were also found in the patient’s stool. During hospitalization, the patient received treatment for strongyloidiasis, chronic alcoholism, peripheral neurosis, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia, and was subsequently discharged with improved generalized conditions. Overall, this report presents a rare case of disseminated strongyloidiasis in which worms were detected in the urinary sediment of a patient with urination difficulties and generalized weakness combined with chronic alcoholism, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia.

Citations

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Tropical gastrointestinal infections of contemporary public health importance
Carlos Seas, Pedro Legua
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2025; 38(5): 426. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules in the Toxoplasma gondii-infected dendritic cells of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice: Jae-Hyung Lee, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):138-146.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22150

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite which can infect most warm-blooded animals and humans. Among the different mouse models, C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to T. gondii infection compared to BALB/c mice, and this increased susceptibility has been attributed to various factors, including T-cell responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most prominent type of antigen-presenting cells and regulate the host immune response, including the response of T-cells. However, differences in the DC responses of these mouse strains to T. gondii infection have yet to be characterized. In this study, we cultured bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. These cells were infected with T. gondii. The activation of the BMDCs was assessed based on the expression of cell surface markers and cytokines. In the BMDCs of both mouse strains, we detected significant increases in the expression of cell surface T-cell co-stimulatory molecules (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, CD40, CD80, and CD86) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-1β, and IL-10) from 3 h post-T. gondii infection. The expression of MHC II, CD40, CD80, CD86, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, and IL-1β was significantly higher in the T. gondii-infected BMDCs obtained from the C57BL/6 mice than in those from the BALB/c mice. These findings indicate that differences in the activation status of the BMDCs in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice may account for their differential susceptibility to T. gondii.

Citations

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Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer
Bong Kyun Kim, Hei Gwon Choi, Jae-Hyung Lee, In Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 37. CrossRef
Influenza virus-like particles presenting Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 7 protect mice from lethal ME49 challenge
Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Su-In Heo, Fu-Shi Quan
Nanomedicine.2025; 20(18): 2309. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii IST suppresses inflammatory and apoptotic responses by inhibiting STAT1-mediated signaling in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated hepatocytes
Seung-Hwan Seo, Ji-Eun Lee, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 30. CrossRef
Contrasting Disease Progression, Microglia Reactivity, Tolerance, and Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Two Mouse Strains
Daniel G. Diniz, Jhonnathan H. P. de Oliveira, Luma C. F. Guerreiro, Gabriel C. de Menezes, Alexa C. L. de Assis, Tainá Q. Duarte, Izabelly B. D. dos Santos, Flávia D. Maciel, Gabrielly L. da S. Soares, Sanderson C. Araújo, Felipe T. de C. Franco, Ediclei
Biomedicines.2024; 12(7): 1420. CrossRef
Recombinant SAG2A Protein from Toxoplasma gondii Modulates Immune Profile and Induces Metabolic Changes Associated with Reduced Tachyzoite Infection in Peritoneal Exudate Cells from Susceptible C57BL/6 Mice
Thaíse Anne Rocha dos Santos, Mário Cézar de Oliveira, Edson Mario de Andrade Silva, Uener Ribeiro dos Santos, Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira, Ana Luísa Corrêa Soares, Neide Maria Silva, Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes, Jamilly Azevedo Leal-Sena, Jair Pereira
Microorganisms.2024; 12(11): 2366. CrossRef

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Population Dynamics of Intermediate-Host Snails in the White Nile River, Sudan: A Year-Round Observational Descriptive Study: Hassan A. H. A. Ismail, Abed el Aziz A. el R. M. Ahmed, Young-Ha Lee, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Youngjin Kim, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(2):121-129.
Published online April 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.121

Abstract
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We aimed to explore the population dynamics of snail in 3 sites of the White Nile in Sudan. More specifically, we aimed to investigate the annual patterns of snail populations that act as intermediate hosts of schistosomes and monthly snail infection rates and ecological characteristics presumably related to snail populations. We collected snails for 1 year monthly at 3 different shore sites in the vicinity of El Shajara along the White Nile river in Khartoum State, Sudan. In addition, we measured air and water temperatures, water turbidities, vegetation coverages, and water depths and current speeds. Most of the collected snails were Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus truncatus. The population densities of snails and their infection rates varied across survey sites. The collected snails liberated S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercariae as well as Amphistome and Echinostome cercariae. Infected snails were found during March-June. The ecological characteristics found to be associated with the absence of snails population were: high turbidity, deep water, low vegetation coverage (near absence of vegetation), high water temperature, and high current speed. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of the snail population and ecological characteristics in the main basin of the White Nile river.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Seasonal distribution and cercarial shedding of Bulinus spp. snails: Implications for urogenital schistosomiasis control in the Simiyu Region, northwestern Tanzania
Nyanda C. Justine, Humphrey D. Mazigo, Antje Fuss, Bonnie L. Webster, Eveline T. Konje, Klaus Brehm, Andreas Mueller
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 7: 100248. CrossRef
Freshwater snail-borne parasitic diseases in Africa
Papa Mouhamadou Gaye, Souleymane Doucouré, Doudou Sow, Cheikh Sokhna, Stéphane Ranque
Tropical Medicine and Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Abundance, Distribution, and Diversity of Freshwater Snail and Prevalences of Their Infection by Cercaria of Fasciola gigantica and Schistosoma spp at Mayo-Vreck River, Far North Region of Cameroon
Augustin Siama, Serges Eteme Enama, Justin Kalmobe, Samuel Abah, Angele Foutchou, Alexandre Michel Njan Nloga, Pedro P. Chieffi
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Variation in water contact behaviour and risk of Schistosoma mansoni (re)infection among Ugandan school-aged children in an area with persistent high endemicity
Suzan C. M. Trienekens, Christina L. Faust, Fred Besigye, Lucy Pickering, Edridah M. Tukahebwa, Janet Seeley, Poppy H. L. Lamberton
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Life Histories of Intermediate Hosts and Parasites of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the White Nile River, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Abed el Aziz Abed el Rahim Mohamed Ahmed, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(3): 1508. CrossRef
Contrasting epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis among pastoral communities surrounding three Ramsar wetland in Nigeria
O. G. Ajakaye, A. G. Dagona, A. G. Haladu, A. Ombugadu, M. P. Lapang, E. E. Enabulele
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2022; 46(3): 637. CrossRef
Distribution and seasonal abundance of Biomphalaria snails and their infection status with Schistosoma mansoni in and around Lake Tana, northwest Ethiopia
Tamirat Hailegebriel, Endalkachew Nibret, Abaineh Munshea
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan
Yan Jin, Young-Ha Lee, Seungman Cha, In-Uk Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Sung-Tae Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11537. CrossRef

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Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan: Seungman Cha, Sung-Tae Hong, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo Gn Jeong, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mutamad Amin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):421-430.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.421

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate whether mass drug administration (MDA) intervention has an equivalent effect on reducing the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection regardless of the baseline values. A repeated cross-sectional survey was performed targeting students of 12 primary schools in Al Jabalain and El Salam districts of White Nile State, Sudan, at both 1 week before and 8 months after the MDA. Prior to the baseline survey, school-aged children in Al Jabalain had received MDA interventions twice in 4 years, while those in El Salam had not. The baseline prevalence was 9.1% in Al Jabalain and 35.2% in El Salam, which were reduced to 1.8% and 5.5% at 8 months after the MDA, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 80.3% and 84.4%, not significant difference between both districts. However, changes in the geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts were significantly different between both districts. The baseline GMIs were 14.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam, which were reduced to 7.1 and 11.2 EP10 after treatment, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 51.0% and 39.5%. In conclusion, MDA interventions were found to bring about similar relative reduction in prevalence regardless of the baseline value; however, the relative reduction in infection intensity was more salient in the district with a low baseline value for both prevalence and intensity. This clearly points to the importance of repeated MDA interventions in endemic areas, which will eventually contribute to schistosomiasis elimination.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Programmatic Implications for Schistosomiasis Elimination Based on Community-Based Survey in the Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Life.2023; 13(4): 1049. CrossRef
Implications for selecting persistent hot spots of schistosomiasis from community- and school-based surveys in Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(2): 216. CrossRef
Review of Recent Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Diagnostic Challenges in the Field Setting
Sung-Tae Hong
Life.2023; 13(8): 1670. CrossRef
Investigation of Intestinal and Blood Parasites in People Returning to Turkey with a History of Traveling Abroad During the Pandemic
Abdurrahman Ekici, Esra Gürbüz, Ahmet Hakan Ünlü, Rahmi Yıldız, Selahattin Aydemir, Ahmed Galip Halidi, Nuriz Ödemiş, Sinan Karakuş, Şehriban Yürektürk, Mutalip Çiçek, Hasan Yılmaz
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(2): 108. CrossRef
Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan
Yan Jin, Young-Ha Lee, Seungman Cha, In-Uk Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Sung-Tae Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11537. CrossRef
Urinary schistosomiasis and the associated bladder cancer: update
Mohamed S. Zaghloul, Tarek M. Zaghloul, Mai K. Bishr, Brian C. Baumann
Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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The Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway and NADPH Oxidase 4 in Host ROS Manipulation by Toxoplasma gondii: Hei Gwon Choi, Fei-Fei Gao, Wei Zhou, Pu-Reum Sun, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee, Guang-Ho Cha; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):237-247.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.237

Abstract
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Dendritic cell is one of the first innate immune cell to encounter T. gondii after the parasite crosses the host intestinal epithelium. T. gondii requires intact DC as a carrier to infiltrate into host central nervous system (CNS) without being detected or eliminated by host defense system. The mechanism by which T. gondii avoids innate immune defense of host cell, especially in the dendritic cell is unknown. Therefore, we examined the role of host PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation by T. gondii in dendritic cell. T. gondii infection or T. gondii excretory/secretory antigen (TgESA) treatment to the murine dendritic cell line DC2.4 induced AKT phosphorylation, and treatment of PI3K inhibitors effectively suppressed the T. gondii proliferation but had no effect on infection rate or invasion rate. Furthermore, it is found that T. gondii or TgESA can reduce H₂O₂-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as host endogenous ROS via PI3K/AKT pathway activation. While searching for the main source of the ROS, we found that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression was controlled by T. gondii infection or TgESA treatment, which is in correlation with previous observation of the ROS reduction by identical treatments. These findings suggest that the manipulation of the host PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and NOX4 expression is an essential mechanism for the down-regulation of ROS, and therefore, for the survival and the proliferation of T. gondii.

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Small molecule kinase inhibitor altiratinib inhibits brain cyst forming bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(2): e2409001. CrossRef
The role of Nrf2 signaling in parasitic diseases and its therapeutic potential
Mohammadamin Vatankhah, Reza Panahizadeh, Ali Safari, Alireza Ziyabakhsh, Behnam Mohammadi-Ghalehbin, Narges Soozangar, Farhad Jeddi
Heliyon.2024; 10(12): e32459. CrossRef
Brain –cyst-driven genes expression in Toxoplasma Gondii Tehran strain: a parasitic-immunogenicity assessment by dint of RNA-Seq
Marzieh Asadi, Zahra Babaei, Ali Afgar, Mohammad Hossein Banabazi, Naser ZiaAli, Ahmad Daryani, Ehsan Aghajani, Milad Mahdavi, Mohamadreza Attari, Farzaneh Zarrinkar
Veterinary Research Communications.2024; 48(4): 2563. CrossRef
BjussuLAAO-II, an l-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, impairs Toxoplasma gondii infection in human trophoblast cells and villous explants from the third trimester of pregnancy
Thales Alves de Melo Fernandes, Samuel Cota Teixeira, Tássia Rafaela Costa, Alessandra Monteiro Rosini, Guilherme de Souza, Lorena Polloni, Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa, Marcelo José Barbosa Silva, Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro, Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávi
Microbes and Infection.2023; 25(6): 105123. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii inhibits the expression of autophagy-related genes through AKT-dependent inactivation of the transcription factor FOXO3a
Andres Felipe Diez, Louis-Philippe Leroux, Sophie Chagneau, Alexandra Plouffe, Mackenzie Gold, Visnu Chaparro, Maritza Jaramillo, Anita A. Koshy
mBio.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulation of phosphoinositide metabolism in Apicomplexan parasites
Angela Arabiotorre, Vytas A. Bankaitis, Aby Grabon
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FAF1 downregulation by Toxoplasma gondii enables host IRF3 mobilization and promotes parasite growth
Fei‐Fei Gao, Juan‐Hua Quan, In‐Wook Choi, Yeon‐Jae Lee, Seul‐Gi Jang, Jae‐Min Yuk, Young‐Ha Lee, Guang‐Ho Cha
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2021; 25(19): 9460. CrossRef

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4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Restricts the Intracellular Growth of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy in Macrophages: Jina lee, Jae-Won Choi, Hye Young Han, Woo Sik Kim, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Baek Byun, Eui-Hong Byun, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Min Yuk; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(1):7-14.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.7

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects approximately one third of the human popu- lation worldwide. Considering the toxicity and side effects of anti-toxoplasma medications, it is important to develop effec- tive drug alternatives with fewer and less severe off-target effects. In this study, we found that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4- HBA) induced autophagy and the expression of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Interestingly, treatment of BMDMs with 4-HBA significantly reduced the number of macrophages infected with T. gondii and the proliferation of T. gondii in infected cells. This effect was impaired by pretreating the macrophages with 3-methyladenine or wortmannin (selective autophagy inhibitors) or with sirtinol or EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitors). Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 prevented 4-HBA-mediated expres- sion of LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and the colocalization of T. gondii parasitophorous vacuoles with autophagosomes in BMDMs. These data suggest that 4-HBA promotes antiparasitic host responses by activating SIRT1- mediated autophagy, and 4-HBA might be a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

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SIRT1 Promotes Host Protective Immunity against Toxoplasma gondii by Controlling the FoxO-Autophagy Axis via the AMPK and PI3K/AKT Signalling Pathways
Jina Lee, Jinju Kim, Jae-Hyung Lee, Yong Min Choi, Hyeonil Choi, Hwan-Doo Cho, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Byung-Hyun Park, Jae-Min Yuk
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Dipenyleneiodonium Induces Growth Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii through ROS Induction in ARPE-19 Cells: Pu Reum Sun, Fei Fei Gao, Hei Gwon Choi, Wei Zhou, Jae-Min Yuk, Jaeyul Kwon, Young-Ha Lee, Guang-Ho Cha; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):83-92.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.83

Based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory properties of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), we investigated the effects of DPI on host-infected T. gondii proliferation and determined specific concentration that inhibit the intracellular parasite growth but without severe toxic effect on human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. As a result, it is observed that host superoxide, mitochondria superoxide and H2O2 levels can be increased by DPI, significantly, followed by suppression of T. gondii infection and proliferation. The involvement of ROS in anti-parasitic effect of DPI was confirmed by finding that DPI effect on T. gondii can be reversed by ROS scavengers, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbic acid. These results suggest that, in ARPE-19 cell, DPI can enhance host ROS generation to prevent T. gondii growth. Our study showed DPI is capable of suppressing T. gondii growth in host cells while minimizing the un-favorite side-effect to host cell. These results imply that DPI as a promising candidate material for novel drug development that can ameliorate toxoplasmosis based on ROS regulation.

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Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
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MjTX-II, a Lys49-PLA2 from Bothrops moojeni snake venom, restricts Toxoplasma gondii infection via ROS and VEGF regulation
Samuel Cota Teixeira, Thales Alves de Melo Fernandes, Guilherme de Souza, Alessandra Monteiro Rosini, Aryani Felixa Fajardo Martínez, Angelica Oliveira Gomes, Rosiane Nascimento Alves, Daiana Silva Lopes, Maria Vitoria da Silva, Emidio Beraldo-Neto, Patrí
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High-Throughput Repurposing Screen Reveals Compounds with Activity against Toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoites
Taher Uddin, Jing Xia, Yong Fu, Case W. McNamara, Arnab K. Chatterjee, L. David Sibley
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Metabolic changes in Toxoplasma gondii -infected host cells measured by autofluorescence imaging
Gina M. Gallego-López, Emmanuel Contreras Guzman, Danielle E. Desa, Laura J. Knoll, Melissa C. Skala, Anita A. Koshy
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BjussuLAAO-II, an l-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, impairs Toxoplasma gondii infection in human trophoblast cells and villous explants from the third trimester of pregnancy
Thales Alves de Melo Fernandes, Samuel Cota Teixeira, Tássia Rafaela Costa, Alessandra Monteiro Rosini, Guilherme de Souza, Lorena Polloni, Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa, Marcelo José Barbosa Silva, Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro, Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávi
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DNA double-strand breaks in the Toxoplasma gondii-infected cells by the action of reactive oxygen species
Haohan Zhuang, Chaoqun Yao, Xianfeng Zhao, Xueqiu Chen, Yimin Yang, Siyang Huang, Lingtao Pan, Aifang Du, Yi Yang
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Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan: Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):135-144.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.135

Abstract
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There have been some reports on schistosomiasis of school children in Sudan’s Nile River basin area; however, information about the infection status of Schistosoma species and intestinal helminths among village residents of this area is very limited. Urine and stool samples were collected from the 1,138 residents of the Al Hidaib and Khour Ajwal villages of White Nile State, Sudan in 2014. The prevalence of overall schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis was 36.3% and 7.7%, respectively. Egg positive rates were 35.6% for Schistosoma haematobium, 2.6% for S. mansoni, and 1.4% were mixed. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly higher in men (45.6%) than in women (32.0%), in Khou Ajwal villagers (39.4%) than in Al Hidaib villagers (19.2%), and for age groups ≤15 years old (51.5%) than for age groups >15 years old (13.2%). The average number of eggs per 10 ml urine (EP10) of S. haematobium infections was 18.9, with 22.2 eggs in men vs 17.0 in women and 20.4 in Khou Ajwal villagers vs 8.1 in Al Hidaib villagers. In addition to S. mansoni eggs, 4 different species of intestinal helminths were found in the stool, including Hymenolepis nana (6.6%) and H. diminuta (1.0%). Collectively, urinary schistosomiasis is still prevalent among village residents in Sudan’s White Nile River basin and was especially high in men, children ≤15 years, and in the village without a clean water system. H. nana was the most frequently detected intestinal helminths in the 2 villages.

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Christopher Yaw Dumevi, George Boateng Kyei, Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo, James-Paul Kretchy, Irene Ayi, Patrick F. Ayeh-Kumi, Satabdi Datta Choudhury
Journal of Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Urogenital schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in the lake zones of Kankossa and Oued Rawdha, southern Mauritania: The first parasitological and malacological survey
Lemat Nakatt, Papa Mouhamadou Gaye, Mohamed Ouldabdallahi Moukah, Binta Niang, Leonardo Basco, Stephane Ranque, Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Bonnie L. Webster
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
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I. Soumahoro S., P. Kouassi D., D. Zika K., Coulibaly M., D. Kouame A., Yéo S., M. Sokodogo A., A. E. Amani E., S. M. L. Tanoh M., Moumouni A., H. A. Yao G., -E. Ebouat M., Adoubryn K.D, S. Dagnan N.
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Lydia Trippler, Shaali Makame Ame, Jan Hattendorf, Saleh Juma, Salum Abubakar, Said Mohammed Ali, Fatma Kabole, David Rollinson, Stefanie Knopp, Antonio Montresor
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Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Diepreye Victoria Ayabina, Jessica Clark, Helena Bayley, Poppy H. L. Lamberton, Jaspreet Toor, T. Deirdre Hollingsworth, Victor S. Santos
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Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan
Seungman Cha, Sung-Tae Hong, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo Gn Jeong, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mutamad Amin, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 421. CrossRef
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Evaluation of Protective Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine Encoding GRA8 against Acute Toxoplasmosis in a Murine Model: Jia-Qi Chu, Shuai Huang, Wei Ye, Xuan-Yan Fan, Rui Huang, Shi-Cai Ye, Cai-Yuan Yu, Wei-Yun Wu, Yu Zhou, Wei Zhou, Young-Ha Lee, Juan-Hua Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):325-334.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.325

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans. The heavy incidence and severe or lethal damage caused by T. gondii infection clearly indicate a need for the development of an effective vaccine. T. gondii GRA8 is a member of the dense granules protein family and is used as a marker of acute infection. In the present study, we evaluated the protective immunity induced by DNA vaccination based on a recombinant eukaryotic plasmid, pDsRed2-GRA8, against acute toxoplasmosis in mice. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with the pDsRed2-GRA8 plasmid and then challenged by infection with the highly virulent GFP-RH strain of T. gondii. The specific immune responses and protective efficacy against T. gondii of this vaccine were analyzed by measuring cytokine and serum antibody titers, splenocyte proliferation assays, and the survival times of mice after challenge. Our results showed that mice immunized with pDsRed2-GRA8 demonstrated specific humoral and cellular responses, induced higher IgG antibody titers with predominant IgG2a production; increased levels of IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IFN-γ, TNF-α, and splenocyte proliferation; and prolonged survival times compared to those of control mice. The present study showed that DNA immunization with pDsRed2-GRA8 induced humoral and cellular immune responses, and all immunized mice showed greater Th1-type immune responses and longer survival times than those of control mice. These results indicated that T. gondii GRA8 DNA immunization induces a partial protective effect against acute toxoplasmosis.

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Toxoplasma gondii vaccine candidates: a concise review
Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Anwar Fathollahi, Zahra Arab-Mazar, Kobra kohansal, Matin Fathollahi, Adel Spotin, Homayoon Bashiri, Arezoo Bozorgomid
Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -).2023; 192(1): 231. CrossRef
Insight into the current Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine: a review article
Xirui Zhang, Hao Yuan, Yasser S. Mahmmod, Zipeng Yang, Mengpo Zhao, Yining Song, Shengjun Luo, Xiu-Xiang Zhang, Zi-Guo Yuan
Expert Review of Vaccines.2023; 22(1): 66. CrossRef
Co-Immunization with DNA Vaccines Expressing SABP1 and SAG1 Proteins Effectively Enhanced Mice Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Acute Infection
Xiaoyu Sang, Xiang Li, Ran Chen, Ying Feng, Ting He, Xiaohan Zhang, Saeed El-Ashram, Ebtsam Al-Olayan, Na Yang
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Evaluation of anti‐tick efficiency in rabbits induced by DNA vaccines encoding Haemaphysalis longicornis lipocalin homologue
Xiang‐Yuan Fan, Xiao‐Can Xu, Ya‐Xue Wu, Xiao‐Ya Liu, Feng Yang, Yong‐Hong Hu
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Review of DNA Vaccine Approaches Against the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Rosalie C. Warner, Ryan C. Chapman, Brianna N. Davis, Paul H. Davis
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A systematic review on the role of GRA proteins of Toxoplasma gondii in host immunization
Fatemeh Rezaei, Mahdi Sharif, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Sargis Aghayan, Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Samira Dodangeh, Ahmad Daryani
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2019; 165: 105696. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Infections of Intestinal Helminth at Two Species of Field Mice, Apodemus agrarius and A. Peninsulae, in Gangwondo and Chungcheongnam-do, Korea: Jae-Hyung Lee, Shuang Gong, Yung Chul Park, Hyun-Ju Kim, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):301-304.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.301

Abstract
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Rodents are important reservoirs of diseases affecting people and livestock, and are major sources of parasite contamination of agricultural products. We surveyed the infection status of intestinal helminths in 2 species of field mice, Apodemus agrarius and A. peninsulae, captured in the agricultural fields of Gangwon-do and Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. Total 83 mice (57 A. agrarius and 26 A. peninsulae) were collected in 2 surveyed areas, and the intestines of each mouse were opened with scissors, and then intestinal contents were examined with microscope. Total 6 species of intestinal helminth were detected in 61 (73.5%) out of 83 mice examined. Four species of nematode, i.e., Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Aspiculuris tetraptera, Heterakis spp. and ascarid, were found in 40 (48.2%), 14 (16.9%), 11 (13.3%) and 13 (15.7%) mice respectively. One species of cestode, Hymenolepis diminuta and 1 unidentified egg were also detected in the intestines of 14 (16.9%) and 1 (1.2%) mice, respectively. Conclusively, this study identified 5 helminth species in the gastrointestinal tracts of wild rodents captured in some areas in central and northern Korea, and N. brasiliensis was the most prevalent (dominant) species rather than zoonotic ones.

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Metabarcoding of bacteria and parasites in the gut of Apodemus agrarius
Soo Lim Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Myung-hee Yi, Seogwon Lee, Myungjun Kim, Singeun Oh, In-Yong Lee, Bo-Young Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Modulated Gene Expression of Toxoplasma gondii Infected Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Line (ARPE-19) via PI3K/Akt or mTOR Signal Pathway: Wei Zhou, Juan-Hua Quan, Fei-Fei Gao, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Young-Ha Lee, Guang-Ho Cha; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):135-145.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.135

Abstract
PDF

Due to the critical location and physiological activities of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell, it is constantly subjected to contact with various infectious agents and inflammatory mediators. However, little is known about the signaling events in RPE involved in Toxoplasma gondii infection and development. The aim of the study is to screen the host mRNA transcriptional change of 3 inflammation-related gene categories, PI3K/Akt pathway regulatory components, blood vessel development factors and ROS regulators, to prove that PI3K/Akt or mTOR signaling pathway play an essential role in regulating the selected inflammation-related genes. The selected genes include PH domain and leucine- richrepeat protein phosphatases (PHLPP), casein kinase2 (CK2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1). Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we found that T. gondii up-regulates PHLPP2, CK2β, VEGF, GCL, GST, and NQO1 gene expression levels, but down-regulates PHLPP1 and PEDF mRNA transcription levels. PI3K inhibition and mTOR inhibition by specific inhibitors showed that most of these host gene expression patterns were due to activation of PI3K/Akt or mTOR pathways with some exceptional cases. Taken together, our results reveal a new molecular mechanism of these gene expression change dependent on PI3K/Akt or mTOR pathways and highlight more systematical insight of how an intracellular T. gondii can manipulate host genes to avoid host defense.

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Shaian Tavakolian, Zahra Shokati Eshkiki, Abolfazl Akbari, Ebrahim Faghihloo, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian
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MjTX-II, a Lys49-PLA2 from Bothrops moojeni snake venom, restricts Toxoplasma gondii infection via ROS and VEGF regulation
Samuel Cota Teixeira, Thales Alves de Melo Fernandes, Guilherme de Souza, Alessandra Monteiro Rosini, Aryani Felixa Fajardo Martínez, Angelica Oliveira Gomes, Rosiane Nascimento Alves, Daiana Silva Lopes, Maria Vitoria da Silva, Emidio Beraldo-Neto, Patrí
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Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces enhance glycolysis to promote M2 Macrophages through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway
Tao Zhang, Yaogang Zhang, Zihan Yang, Yuan Jiang, Li Sun, Dengliang Huang, Meiyuan Tian, Yinhong Shen, Jun Deng, Jing Hou, Yanyan Ma
Pathogens and Global Health.2023; 117(4): 409. CrossRef
The interplay between toxoplasmosis and host miRNAs: Mechanisms and consequences
Ahmed S. Doghish, Mohamed A. Ali, Mahmoud A. Elrebehy, Hend H. Mohamed, Reda Mansour, Aml Ghanem, Ahmed Hassan, Mohammed S. Elballal, Ola Elazazy, Ahmed E. Elesawy, Sherif S. Abdel Mageed, Yara A. Nassar, Osama A. Mohammed, Ahmed I. Abulsoud
Pathology - Research and Practice.2023; 250: 154790. CrossRef
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor Rapamycin Alleviates 7-Ketocholesterol Induced Inflammatory Responses and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Elevation by Regulating MAPK Pathway in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells
Lin Yang, Peng Yu, Mei Chen, Bo Lei
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2022; 38(2): 189. CrossRef
The host mTOR pathway and parasitic diseases pathogenesis
Sajad Rashidi, Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Zahra Mojtahedi, Reza Shafiei, Amir Savardashtaki, Nasrin Hamidizadeh, Mohammadreza Karimazar, Paul Nguewa, Raúl Manzano-Román
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Upregulation of PEDF Predicts a Poor Prognosis and Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Modulating the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway
Zui Chen, Di Che, Xiaoqiong Gu, Jiamin Lin, Jing Deng, Ping Jiang, Kaixiong Xu, Banglao Xu, Ting Zhang
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Modulation of the mTOR pathway plays a central role in dendritic cell functions after Echinococcus granulosus antigen recognition
Christian Rodriguez Rodrigues, María Celeste Nicolao, Maia Chop, Natalia Plá, Mora Massaro, Julia Loos, Andrea C. Cumino
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Ripasudil alleviated the inflammation of RPE cells by targeting the miR-136-5p/ROCK/NLRP3 pathway
Zhao Gao, Qiang Li, Yunda Zhang, Xiaohong Gao, Haiyan Li, Zhigang Yuan
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Jiannan Liu, Kelaier Yang, Yinshan Jin, Yadong Liu, Yaodong Chen, Xiaohui Zhang, Shiliang Yu, Erlin Song, Song Chen, Jingbo Zhang, Guanhua Jing, Ruihua An
Cell Proliferation.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Dipenyleneiodonium Induces Growth Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii through ROS Induction in ARPE-19 Cells
Pu Reum Sun, Fei Fei Gao, Hei Gwon Choi, Wei Zhou, Jae-Min Yuk, Jaeyul Kwon, Young-Ha Lee, Guang-Ho Cha
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 83. CrossRef
Simultaneous Ribosome Profiling of Human Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii
Michael J. Holmes, Premal Shah, Ronald C. Wek, William J. Sullivan, Ira J. Blader
mSphere.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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IL-12 and IL-23 Production in Toxoplasma gondii- or LPS Treated Jurkat T Cells via PI3K and MAPK Signaling Pathways: Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Byung-Hun Kang, Jae-Su Kim, Jae-Hyung Lee, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):613-622.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.613

Abstract
PDF

IL-12 and IL-23 are closely related in structure, and have been shown to play crucial roles in regulation of immune responses. However, little is known about the regulation of these cytokines in T cells. Here, we investigated the roles of PI3K and MAPK pathways in IL-12 and IL-23 production in human Jurkat T cells in response to Toxoplasma gondii and LPS. IL-12 and IL-23 production was significantly increased in T cells after stimulation with T. gondii or LPS. T. gondii and LPS increased the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 in T cells from 10 min post-stimulation, and peaked at 30-60 min. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway reduced IL-12 and IL-23 production in T. gondii-infected cells, but increased in LPS-stimulated cells. IL-12 and IL-23 production was significantly reduced by ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK inhibitors in T. gondii- and LPS-stimulated cells, but not in cells treated with a JNK1/2 inhibitor. Collectively, IL-12 and IL-23 production was positively regulated by PI3K and JNK1/2 in T. gondii-infected Jurkat cells, but negatively regulated in LPS-stimulated cells. And ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK positively regulated IL-12 and IL-23 production in Jurkat T cells. These data indicate that T. gondii and LPS induced IL-12 and IL-23 production in Jurkat T cells through the regulation of the PI3K and MAPK pathways; however, the mechanism underlying the stimulation of IL-12 and IL-23 production by T. gondii in Jurkat T cells is different from that of LPS.

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Joyce Gonzales, Rahul S. Patil, Thomas P. Kennedy, Nagavedi S. Umapathy, Rudolf Lucas, Alexander D. Verin
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BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Fasciola hepatica: Infection Status of Freshwater Snails Collected from Gangwon-do (Province), Korea: Jae-Hyung Lee, Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Gab-Man Park, Guang-Ho Cha, Hyun-Ju Kim, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):95-98.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.95

Abstract
PDF

Fasciola hepatica is a trematode that causes zoonosis, mainly in cattle and sheep, and occasionally in humans. Few recent studies have determined the infection status of this fluke in Korea. In August 2015, we collected 402 samples of freshwater snails at Hoenggye-ri (upper stream) and Suha-ri (lower stream) of Song-cheon (stream) in Daegwalnyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun in Gangwon-do (Province) near many large cattle or sheep farms. F. hepatica infection was determined using PCR on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2). Among the 402 samples, F. hepatica 1TS-2 marker was detected in 6 freshwater snails; thus, the overall prevalence in freshwater snails was 1.5%. The prevalence varied between collection areas, ranging from 0.0% at Hoenggye-ri to 2.9% at Suha-ri. However, F. gigantica ITS-2 was not detected in the 6 F. hepatica-positive samples by PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the 6 F. hepatica ITS-2 PCR-positive samples were 99.4% identical to the F. hepatica ITS-2 sequences in GenBank, whereas they were 98.4% similar to F. gigantica ITS-2 sequences. These results indicated that the prevalence of F. hepatica in snail intermediate hosts was 1.5% in Gangwon-do, Korea; however the prevalence varied between collection areas. These results may help us to understand F. hepatica infection status in natural environments.

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Omima Ramadan Abdel‑Fatah, Waleed M. Arafa, Ahmed Anwar Wahba, Khaled Mohamed El‑Dakhly
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Original Article

Production of IL-1β and Inflammasome with Up-Regulated Expressions of NOD-Like Receptor Related Genes in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected THP-1 Macrophages: Jia-Qi Chu, Ge Shi, Yi-Ming Fan, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Young-Ha Lee, Juan-Hua Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):711-717.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.711

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that stimulates production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which are important for innate immunity. NLRs, i.e., nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, play a crucial role as innate immune sensors and form multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes, which mediate caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-IL-1β. To elucidate the role of inflammasome components in T. gondii-infected THP-1 macrophages, we examined inflammasome-related gene expression and mechanisms of inflammasome-regulated cytokine IL-1β secretion. The results revealed a significant upregulation of IL-1β after T. gondii infection. T. gondii infection also upregulated the expression of inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, NLRP8, NLRP13, AIM2, and NAIP, in a time-dependent manner. The infection also upregulated inflammasome adaptor protein ASC and caspase-1 mRNA levels. From this study, we newly found that T. gondii infection regulates NLRC4, NLRP6, NLRP8, NLRP13, AIM2, and neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein (NAIP) gene expressions in THP-1 macrophages and that the role of the inflammasome-related genes may be critical for mediating the innate immune responses to T. gondii infection.

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Asmaa Ibrahim, Nancy O. kamel, Fatma Rageh, Rasha Elgamal, Mohamed A. Sakr, Eman M. Osman, Samar s. Ahmed, Hend A. Yassin, Yasmine N. Kamel, Reham F. Othman, Manar Ezzelarab Ramadan
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Early responses of primary human and bovine monocytes, monocytic THP-1 cells and THP-1 cell-derived macrophages to vital Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites
Dominik Hanke, Zahady D. Velásquez, Kathrin Büttner, Andreas Krueger, Ralf Ross, Andreas Hecker, Sybille Mazurek, Veronika Grau, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla, Katrin Richter, Iván Conejeros
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Pathogens.2023; 12(2): 253. CrossRef
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Aline Cristina Abreu Moreira-Souza, Hayandra Ferreira Nanini, Thuany Prado Rangel, Sthefani Rodrigues Batista da Silva, Beatriz Pêgo Damasceno, Beatriz Elias Ribeiro, Cynthia M. Cascabulho, Fabiano Thompson, Camille Leal, Patrícia Teixeira Santana, Siane
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Cássio Luiz Coutinho Almeida-da-Silva, Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio, Robson Coutinho-Silva, David M. Ojcius
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Toxoplasma gondii profilin induces NLRP3 activation and IL-1β production/secretion in THP-1 cells
Hossein Pazoki, Hamed Mirjalali, Maryam Niyyati, Seyed Javad Seyed Tabaei, Nariman Mosaffa, Shabnam Shahrokh, Hamid Asadzadeh Ahdaei, Andreas Kupz, Mohammad Reza Zali
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Toxoplasma gondii Induces Pyroptosis in Human Placental Trophoblast and Amniotic Cells by Inducing ROS Production and Activation of Cathepsin B and NLRP1/NLRP3/NLRC4/AIM2 Inflammasome
Juan-Hua Quan, Fei Fei Gao, Tian-Zhong Ma, Wei Ye, Xiang Gao, Ming-Zhu Deng, Lan-Lan Yin, In-Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee, Jia-Qi Chu
The American Journal of Pathology.2023; 193(12): 2047. CrossRef
Role of Microgliosis and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy
Fillipe M. de Araújo, Lorena Cuenca-Bermejo, Emiliano Fernández-Villalba, Silvia L. Costa, Victor Diogenes A. Silva, Maria Trinidad Herrero
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.2022; 42(5): 1283. CrossRef
Latent Upregulation of Nlrp3, Nlrc4 and Aim2 Differentiates between Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infection
Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
Immunological Investigations.2022; 51(5): 1127. CrossRef
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Qi Tan, Qing Ai, Yu He, Fang Li, Jialin Yu
Microbial Pathogenesis.2022; 164: 105379. CrossRef
In silico analysis of expression and DNA methylation profiles of NLRP13 inflammasome in tumor cells
Feyzanur Yildirimtepe Caldiran, Caglar Berkel, Koksal Deveci, Ercan Cacan
Human Gene.2022; 33: 201067. CrossRef
The strategies of NLRP3 inflammasome to combat Toxoplasma gondii
Chanjin Yoon, Yu Seong Ham, Woo Jin Gil, Chul-Su Yang
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jia-Qi Chu, Fei Fei Gao, Weiyun Wu, Chunchao Li, Zhaobin Pan, Jinhui Sun, Hao Wang, Cong Huang, Sang Hyuk Lee, Juan-Hua Quan, Young-Ha Lee
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Patrick W. Cervantes, Bruno Martorelli Di Genova, Billy Joel Erazo Flores, Laura J. Knoll, Jeroen P. J. Saeij
Infection and Immunity.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hossein Pazoki, Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi, Hamed Mirjalali, Maryam Niyyati, Nariman Mosaffa, Seyed Javad Seyed Tabaei, Shabnam Shahrokh, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Mohammad Reza Zali
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Treatment of mice with S4B6 IL-2 complex prevents lethal toxoplasmosis via IL-12- and IL-18-dependent interferon-gamma production by non-CD4 immune cells
Andreas Kupz, Saparna Pai, Paul R. Giacomin, Jennifer A. Whan, Robert A. Walker, Pierre-Mehdi Hammoudi, Nicholas C. Smith, Catherine M. Miller
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Yongle Song, Lindong Song, Xiaoting Wan, Bang Shen, Rui Fang, Min Hu, Junlong Zhao, Yanqin Zhou
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Cytosolic Recognition of Microbes and Pathogens: Inflammasomes in Action
Jenni A. Hayward, Anukriti Mathur, Chinh Ngo, Si Ming Man
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among Inhabitants of 2 Rural Areas in White Nile State, Sudan: Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):745-747.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.745

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, is found worldwide and is common in areas with low water hygiene. In February 2014, 866 stool samples were collected from the inhabitants of 2 rural areas in White Nile State, Sudan. These stool samples were assessed by performing modified acid-fast staining, followed by examination under a light microscope. The overall positive rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 13.3%. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area having water purification systems and in 14.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area not having water purification systems. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection between men and women (14.7% and 14.1%, respectively). The positive rate of oocysts by age was the highest among inhabitants in their 60s (40.0%). These findings suggest that the use of water purification systems is important for preventing Cryptosporidium infection among inhabitants of these rural areas in Sudan.

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Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence in the general population in Guinea: first large-scale screening study
Timothé Guilavogui, Nausicaa Gantois, Jérémy Desramaut, Fode Ibrahima Cissé, Salif Cherif Touré, Bakary Luther Kourouma, Cristian Preda, Magali Chabé, Eric Viscogliosi, Gabriela Certad
Parasite.2024; 31: 70. CrossRef
Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea under five years admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, Kosti City, Sudan
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh, AbdElhadi M. Agena, Elham Elamin, Mohammed A. Suliman, Mohammed Elmadani, Asmaa B. Omara, Sahar A. Musa
BMC Infectious Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
First report and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and animals in Khartoum state, Sudan
Kaltoum Yagoub Adam, A. A. Ismail, M. A. Masri, A. A. Gameel
Veterinary World.2019; 12(1): 183. CrossRef
Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan
Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 135. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges
Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Una Ryan
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus gastroenteritis and change of incidence after rotavirus vaccination among children in Raparin Pediatrics Hospital, Erbil, Iraq
Sally S. Azeez, Hadi M. Alsakee
Medical Journal of Indonesia.2017; 26(3): 190. CrossRef

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Monitoring of Fasciola Species Contamination in Water Dropwort by COX1 Mitochondrial and ITS-2 rDNA Sequencing Analysis: In-Wook Choi, Hwang-Yong Kim, Juan-Hua Quan, Jae-Gee Ryu, Rubing Sun, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):641-645.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.641

Abstract
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Fascioliasis, a food-borne trematode zoonosis, is a disease primarily in cattle and sheep and occasionally in humans. Water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica), an aquatic perennial herb, is a common second intermediate host of Fasciola, and the fresh stems and leaves are widely used as a seasoning in the Korean diet. However, no information regarding Fasciola species contamination in water dropwort is available. Here, we collected 500 samples of water dropwort in 3 areas in Korea during February and March 2015, and the water dropwort contamination of Fasciola species was monitored by DNA sequencing analysis of the Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica specific mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2). Among the 500 samples assessed, the presence of F. hepatica cox1 and 1TS-2 markers were detected in 2 samples, and F. hepatica contamination was confirmed by sequencing analysis. The nucleotide sequences of cox1 PCR products from the 2 F. hepatica-contaminated samples were 96.5% identical to the F. hepatica cox1 sequences in GenBank, whereas F. gigantica cox1 sequences were 46.8% similar with the sequence detected from the cox1 positive samples. However, F. gigantica cox1 and ITS-2 markers were not detected by PCR in the 500 samples of water dropwort. Collectively, in this survey of the water dropwort contamination with Fasciola species, very low prevalence of F. hepatica contamination was detected in the samples.

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Isolation and molecular identification of liver fluke cercariae in freshwater snails of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran
Bijan Hosseinpour Aghaei, Nadia Taiefi Nasrabadi, Yaser Pirali Kheirabadi, Seyed Shapoor Reza Shojaei
Molluscan Research.2024; 44(1): 84. CrossRef
Morphological and molecular identification of lymnaeid snail and trematodes cercariae in different water bodies in Perak, Malaysia
Nazir Ahmad Tookhy, Nur Mahiza Md Isa, Rozaihan Mansor, Yasmin Abd Rahaman, Nur Indah Ahmad, Dung Thi Bui, Lokman Hakim Idris, Noor Hazfalinda Hamzah, Norhadila Zulkifli
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(7): 1475. CrossRef
Green vegetable juice as a potential source of human fascioliasis in Korea
Sungim Choi, Sunghee Park, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min Jae Kim
One Health.2022; 15: 100441. CrossRef
Phylogenetic Characteristics of Fasciola hepatica Isolated from a Korean Patient
Mi Jin Jeong, Jae Kyun Park, Hak Sun Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(5): 367. CrossRef
A Descriptive Study of Human Fascioliasis in Qaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran: Its Prevalence and Risk Factors
Lotfollah Davoodi, Azadeh Mizani, Roya Najafi-Vosough, Saeed Hosseini Teshnizi, afsane amouei, Mousa Motavallihaghi, Hamideh Izadyar, Fateme Amuei, Sara Pourhaghighi, Seyed Reza Mirbadie, Eissa Soleymani
Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A Review ofOenanthe javanica(Blume) DC. as Traditional Medicinal Plant and Its Therapeutic Potential
Chuan-li Lu, Xiu-fen Li
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures
S. Mas-Coma, M. D. Bargues, M. A. Valero
Parasitology.2018; 145(13): 1665. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Involvement of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Pathways for TNF-α Production in SiHa Cervical Mucosal Epithelial Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Jung-Bo Yang, Juan-Hua Quan, Ye-Eun Kim, Yun-Ee Rhee, Byung-Hyun Kang, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):371-377.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.371

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis induces proinflammation in cervicovaginal mucosal epithelium. To investigate the signaling pathways in TNF-α production in cervical mucosal epithelium after T. vaginalis infection, the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways were evaluated in T. vaginalis-infected SiHa cells in the presence and absence of specific inhibitors. T. vaginalis increased TNF-α production in SiHa cells, in a parasite burden-dependent and incubation time-dependent manner. In T. vaginalis-infected SiHa cells, AKT, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK were phosphorylated from 1 hr after infection; however, the phosphorylation patterns were different from each other. After pretreatment with inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways, TNF-α production was significantly decreased compared to the control; however, TNF-α reduction patterns were different depending on the type of PI3K/MAPK inhibitors. TNF-α production was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with wortmannin and PD98059, whereas it was increased by SP600125. These data suggested that PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways are important in regulation of TNF-α production in cervical mucosal epithelial SiHa cells. However, activation patterns of each pathway were different from the types of PI3K/MAPK pathways.

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Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati, Ehsan Salarkia, Sonal Yadav, Najmeh Aminizadeh, Sara Jafarzadeh, Manisha Yadav
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Trichomonas vaginalis Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Macrophages Through Activation of MAPK and NF-κB Pathways Partially Mediated by TLR2
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Genetic Diversity of Schistosoma haematobium Eggs Isolated from Human Urine in Sudan: Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Abdoelohab Saed Mohamed, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Jin-Su Lee, Sung-Tae Hong, Tai-Soon Yong, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):271-277.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.271

Abstract
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The genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium remains largely unstudied in comparison to that of Schistosoma mansoni. To characterize the extent of genetic diversity in S. haematobium among its definitive host (humans), we collected S. haematobium eggs from the urine of 73 infected schoolchildren at 5 primary schools in White Nile State, Sudan, and then performed a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker ITS2 by PCR-RFLP analysis. Among 73 S. haematobium egg-positive cases, 13 were selected based on the presence of the S. haematobium satellite markers A4 and B2 in their genomic DNA, and used for RFLP analysis. The 13 samples were subjected to an RFLP analysis of the S. haematobium ITS2 region; however, there was no variation in size among the fragments. Compared to the ITS2 sequences obtained for S. haematobium from Kenya, the nucleotide sequences of the ITS2 regions of S. haematobium from 4 areas in Sudan were consistent with those from Kenya (> 99%). In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that most of the S. haematobium population in Sudan consists of a pan-African S. haematobium genotype; however, we also report the discovery of Kenyan strain inflow into White Nile, Sudan.

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Ishraga Adam Elzain, Abeer Babiker Idris, Abdul Aziz Karim, Nagla Mohamed Ahmed, Salaheldein G. Elzaki, Semih Yılmaz, Mohamed A. Hassan, Hamid Suliman Abdalla
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Lady Charlène Kouna, Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui, Chenis Nick Atiga, Chérone Nancy Mbani Mpega Ntigui, Roméo Karl Imboumy-Limoukou, Jean Claude Biteghe BI Essone, Steede Seinnat Ontoua, Diamella Nancy Moukodoum, Alain Prince Okouga, Jean Bernard Lekana
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Detection of Schistosoma DNA in genital specimens and urine: A comparison between five female African study populations originating from S. haematobium and/or S. mansoni endemic areas
P. Pillay, J.A. Downs, J.M. Changalucha, E.A.T. Brienen, C.E. Ramarokoto, P.D.C. Leutscher, B.J. Vennervald, M. Taylor, E.F. Kjetland, L. Van Lieshout
Acta Tropica.2020; 204: 105363. CrossRef

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Fasciola hepatica in Snails Collected from Water-Dropwort Fields using PCR: Hwang-Yong Kim, In-Wook Choi, Yeon-Rok Kim, Juan-Hua Quan, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Guang-Ho Cha, Sung-Jong Hong, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):645-652.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.645

Abstract
PDF

Fasciola hepatica is a trematode that causes zoonosis mainly in cattle and sheep and occasionally in humans. Fascioliasis has been reported in Korea; however, determining F. hepatica infection in snails has not been done recently. Thus, using PCR, we evaluated the prevalence of F. hepatica infection in snails at 4 large water-dropwort fields. Among 349 examined snails, F. hepatica-specific internal transcribed space 1 (ITS-1) and/or ITS-2 markers were detected in 12 snails and confirmed using sequence analysis. Morphologically, 213 of 349 collected snails were dextral shelled, which is the same aperture as the lymnaeid snail, the vectorial host for F. hepatica. Among the 12 F. hepatica-infected snails, 6 were known first intermediate hosts in Korea (Lymnaea viridis and L. ollula) and the remaining 6 (Lymnaea sp.) were potentially a new first intermediate host in Korea. It has been shown that the overall prevalence of the snails contaminated with F. hepatica in water-dropwort fields was 3.4%; however, the prevalence varied among the fields. This is the first study to estimate the prevalence of F. hepatica infection using the vectorial capacity of the snails in Korea.

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Distribution and Fasciola infection rates of Lymnaea snails and cattle in high-salinity areas of Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Dang Thi LOAN, Lam Thanh NGUYEN, Tran Ngoc BICH, Nguyen Thuy Y VI, Yasunobu MATSUMOTO
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2025; 87(3): 291. CrossRef
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Trichomonas vaginalis Metalloproteinase Induces mTOR Cleavage of SiHa Cells: Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Jung-Bo Yang, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Sook Ryu, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):595-603.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.595

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis secretes a number of proteases which are suspected to be the cause of pathogenesis; however, little is understood how they manipulate host cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. We detected various types of metalloproteinases including GP63 protein from T. vaginalis trophozoites, and T. vaginalis GP63 metalloproteinase was confirmed by sequencing and western blot. When SiHa cells were stimulated with live T. vaginalis, T. vaginalis excretory-secretory products (ESP) or T. vaginalis lysate, live T. vaginalis and T. vaginalis ESP induced the mTOR cleavage in both time- and parasite load-dependent manner, but T. vaginalis lysate did not. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with a metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1,10-phenanthroline, completely disappeared the mTOR cleavage in SiHa cells. Collectively, T. vaginalis metallopeptidase induces host cell mTOR cleavage, which may be related to survival of the parasite.

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VPS32, a member of the ESCRT complex, modulates adherence to host cells in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis by affecting biogenesis and cargo sorting of released extracellular vesicles
Nehuén Salas, Veronica M. Coceres, Tuanne dos Santos Melo, Antonio Pereira-Neves, Vanina G. Maguire, Tania M. Rodriguez, Bruna Sabatke, Marcel I. Ramirez, Jihui Sha, James A. Wohlschlegel, Natalia de Miguel
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Clonorchiasis among Residents of Riverside Areas in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Do-Soon Park, Sung-Jin Na, Shin Hyeong Cho, Kyung Ja June, Young-Chae Cho, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):391-397.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.391

Abstract
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We evaluated the status of Clonorchis sinensis infection and potential risk factors among residents of riverside areas (Geumgang) in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do (Province), Korea. From January to February 2010, a total of 349 (171 males, 178 females) stool samples were collected and examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. Also, village residents were interviewed using questionnaires to obtain information about C. sinensis infection-related risk factors. Overall egg-positive rate of C. sinensis was 13.2%. Egg-positive rates were significantly higher in males, farmers, and residents who had lived there more than 20 years, and in residents who had eaten raw freshwater fish than in opposite groups, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between age groups, education levels, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, health status, past history of infection, and experience of clonorchiasis medication and examination. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for clonorchiasis. On univariate analysis, the odds ratios for males, farmers, those who had lived there more than 20 years, and who had eaten raw freshwater fish were 2.41, 4.44, 3.16, and 4.88 times higher than those of the opposites, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of residents who had eaten raw freshwater fish was 3.2-fold higher than that of those who had not. These results indicate that residents living in Muju-gun, along the Geum River, Korea, have relatively high C. sinensis egg-positive rates, and the habit of eating raw freshwater fish was the major factor for the maintenance of clonorchiasis.

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Brief Communication

Effects of Some Pesticides on Development of Ascaris suum Eggs: Yong-Man Yu, Jin-Won Kim, Won-Seok Na, Young-Nam Youn, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):111-115.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.111

Abstract
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To evaluate the effects of pesticides to parasite eggs, Ascaris suum eggs were incubated with 5 different pesticides (1:1,500-1:2,000 dilutions of 2% emamectin benzoate, 5% spinetoram, 5% indoxacarb, 1% deltamethrin, and 5% flufenoxuron; all v/v) at 20℃ for 6 weeks, and microscopically evaluated the egg survival and development on a weekly basis. The survival rate of A. suum eggs incubated in normal saline (control eggs) was 90±3% at 6 weeks. However, the survival rates of eggs treated with pesticides were 75-85% at this time, thus significantly lower than the control value. Larval development in control eggs commenced at 3 weeks, and 73±3% of eggs had internal larvae at 6 weeks. Larvae were evident in pesticide-treated eggs at 3-4 weeks, and the proportions of eggs carrying larvae at 6 weeks (36±3%-54±3%) were significantly lower than that of the control group. Thus, pesticides tested at levels similar to those used in agricultural practices exhibited low-level ovicidal activity and delayed embryogenesis of A. suum eggs, although some differences were evident among the tested pesticides.

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Original Articles

Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii Suppresses Host Cell Autophagy: Youn-Jin Lee, Hyun-Ouk Song, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):279-287.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.279

Abstract
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Autophagy is a process of cytoplasmic degradation of endogenous proteins and organelles. Although its primary role is protective, it can also contribute to cell death. Recently, autophagy was found to play a role in the activation of host defense against intracellular pathogens. The aims of our study was to investigate whether host cell autophagy influences Toxoplasma gondii proliferation and whether autophagy inhibitors modulate cell survival. HeLa cells were infected with T. gondii with and without rapamycin treatment to induce autophagy. Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that cell death was extensive at 36-48 hr after infection in cells treated with T. gondii with or without rapamycin. The autophagic markers, LC3 II and Beclin 1, were strongly expressed at 18-24 hr after exposure as shown by Western blotting and RT-PCR. However, the subsequent T. gondii proliferation suppressed autophagy at 36 hr post-infection. Pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), down-regulated LC3 II and Beclin 1. The latter was also down-regulated by calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor. Monodansyl cadaverine (MDC) staining detected numerous autophagic vacuoles (AVs) at 18 hr post-infection. Ultrastructural observations showed T. gondii proliferation in parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) coinciding with a decline in the numbers of AVs by 18 hr. FACS analysis failed to confirm the presence of cell apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii and rapamycin. We concluded that T. gondii proliferation may inhibit host cell autophagy and has an impact on cell survival.

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Ao Cheng, Huanan Zhang, Baike Chen, Shengyao Zheng, Hongyi Wang, Yijia Shi, Siyao You, Ming Li, Liping Jiang
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Myrislignan Induces Redox Imbalance and Activates Autophagy in Toxoplasma gondii
Jili Zhang, Jia Chen, Kun Lv, Bing Li, Biqing Yan, Lei Gai, Chaolu Shi, Xinnian Wang, Hongfei Si, Jiyu Zhang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Restricts the Intracellular Growth of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy in Macrophages
Jina lee, Jae-Won Choi, Hye Young Han, Woo Sik Kim, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Baek Byun, Eui-Hong Byun, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Min Yuk
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The Nrf2 pathway is required for intracellular replication ofToxoplasma gondiiin activated macrophages
Yu Pang, Zhaoxia Zhang, Yuntong Chen, Shinuo Cao, Xiuqin Yang, Honglin Jia
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Thaís Rigueti Brasil, Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima, Alexandre Morrot, Andrea Cristina Vetö Arnholdt
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Autophagy activated by Toxoplasma gondii infection in turn facilitates Toxoplasma gondii proliferation
Dongmei Gao, Jing Zhang, Jun Zhao, He Wen, Jiwen Pan, Shouzhu Zhang, Yong Fang, Xiuyi Li, Yu Cai, Xuelong Wang, Shiping Wang
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Korean Journal of Plant Resources.2014; 27(5): 415. CrossRef

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Kinetics of IL-23 and IL-12 Secretion in Response to Toxoplasma gondii Antigens from THP-1 Monocytic Cells: Juan-Hua Quan, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, In-Wook Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):85-92.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.85

Abstract
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IL-23 and IL-12 are structurally similar and critical for the generation of efficient cellular immune responses. Toxoplasma gondii induces a strong cell-mediated immune response. However, little is known about IL-23 secretion profiles in T. gondii-infected immune cells in connection with IL-12. We compared the patterns of IL-23 and IL-12 production by THP-1 human monocytic cells in response to stimulation with live or heat-killed T. gondii tachyzoites, or with equivalent quantities of either T. gondii excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) or soluble tachyzoite antigen (STAg). IL-23 and IL-12 were significantly increased from 6 hr after stimulation with T. gondii antigens, and their secretions were increased with parasite dose-dependent manner. IL-23 concentrations were significantly higher than those of IL-12 at the same multiplicity of infection. IL-23 secretion induced by live parasites was significantly higher than that by heat-killed parasites, ESP, or STAg, whereas IL-12 secretion by live parasite was similar to those of ESP or STAg. However, the lowest levels of both cytokines were at stimulation with heat-killed parasites. These data indicate that IL-23 secretion patterns by stimulation with various kinds of T. gondii antigens at THP-1 monocytic cells are similar to those of IL-12, even though the levels of IL-23 induction were significantly higher than those of IL-12. The detailed kinetics induced by each T. gondii antigen were different from each other.

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Juan-Hua Quan, Jia-Qi Chu, Jaeyul Kwon, In-Wook Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Min Yuk, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Young-Ha Lee, Salvatore V Pizzo
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Brief Communication

Quantitative Evaluation of Viability- and Apoptosis-Related Genes in Ascaris suum Eggs under Different Culture-Temperature Conditions: Yong-Man Yu, You-Hang Cho, Young-Nam Youn, Juan Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):243-247.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.243

Abstract
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Ascaris suum eggs are inactivated by composting conditions; however, it is difficult to find functional changes in heat-treated A. suum eggs. Here, unembryonated A. suum eggs were incubated at 20℃, 50℃, and 70℃ in vitro, and the gene expression levels related to viability, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (IF4E), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), and to apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) and cell death protein 6 (CDP6), were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. No prominent morphological alterations were noted in the eggs at 20℃ until day 10. In contrast, the eggs developed rapidly, and embryonated eggs and hatched larvae began to die, starting on day 2 at 50℃ and day 1 at 70℃. At 20℃, IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was significantly increased from days 2-4; however, AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was not changed significantly. IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was markedly decreased from day 2 at 50℃ and 70℃, whereas AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was significantly increased. The expressions of HSP70 and HSP90 were detected for 9-10 days at 20℃, for 3-5 days at 50℃, and for 2 days at 70℃. Taken together, incremental heat increases were associated with the rapid development of A. suum eggs, decreased expression of genes related to viability, and earlier expression of apoptosis-related genes, and finally these changes of viability- and apoptosis-related genes of A. suum eggs were associated with survival of the eggs under temperature stress.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(1): 111. CrossRef

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Original Article

Gene Expression Profiles in Genetically Different Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: ALDH1A2, BEX2, EGR2, CCL3 and PLAU: Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Juan-Hua Quan, Zhou Wei, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee, Chang-June Song; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):7-13.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.7

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii can modulate host cell gene expression; however, determining gene expression levels in intermediate hosts after T. gondii infection is not known much. We selected 5 genes (ALDH1A2, BEX2, CCL3, EGR2 and PLAU) and compared the mRNA expression levels in the spleen, liver, lung and small intestine of genetically different mice infected with T. gondii. ALDH1A2 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were markedly increased at day 1-4 postinfection (PI) and then decreased, and its expressions in the spleen and lung were significantly higher in C57BL/6 mice than those of BALB/c mice. BEX2 and CCR3 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased from day 7 PI and peaked at day 15-30 PI (P<0.05), especially high in the spleen liver or small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. EGR2 and PLAU mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased after infection, especially high in the spleen and liver. However, their expression patterns were varied depending on the tissue and mouse strain. Taken together, T. gondii-susceptible C57BL/6 mice expressed higher levels of these 5 genes than did T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice, particularly in the spleen and liver. And ALDH1A2 and PLAU expressions were increased acutely, whereas BEX2, CCL3 and EGR2 expressions were increased lately. Thus, these demonstrate that host genetic factors exert a strong impact on the expression of these 5 genes and their expression patterns were varied depending on the gene or tissue.

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Brief Communication

Intestinal Parasite Infections in Pigs and Beef Cattle in Rural Areas of Chungcheongnam-do, Korea: Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Hyung-Kyu Jeon, Yong-Man Yu, Changhee Do, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):347-349.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.347

Abstract
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The present study was performed to investigate the infection status of intestinal parasites in pigs and beef cattle in rural areas of Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. From November 2009 to April 2010, a total of 241 fecal samples of pigs and beef cattle (136 and 105, respectively) were examined by direct smear and centrifugal sedimentation methods. The overall positive rates of intestinal parasites among pigs and beef cattle were 73.5% and 4.8%, respectively, and the double-infection rate was 10.3% in pigs. Of 136 specimens from pigs, Balantidium coli, Ascaris suum, and Entamoeba spp. infections were found in 88 (64.7%), 24 (17.6%), and 5 cases (3.7%), respectively. Of 105 beef cattle, Entamoeba spp. infections were detected in 5 cases (4.8%). From these results, it is shown that pigs raised on rural farms in Chungcheongnam-do had a high B. coli infection rate and a moderate A. suum infection rate. These results demonstrate that environmentally resistant cysts or eggs could be widespread on the farms examined, and thus an effective hygienic management system is needed to prevent them from serving as the source of infection for human beings.

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Original Article

Proteomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 Tachyzoites: Si-Hwan Choi, Tae Yun Kim, Sung Goo Park, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):195-201.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.195

Abstract
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We studied on the proteomic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 tachyzoites which were originally isolated from a Korean patient, and compared with those of the well-known virulent RH strain using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry, and quantitative real-time PCR. Two-dimensional separation of the total proteins isolated from KI-1 tachyzoites revealed up to 150 spots, of which 121 were consistent with those of RH tachyzoites. Of the remaining 29 spots, 14 showed greater than 5-fold difference in density between the KI-1 and RH tachyzoites at a pH of 5.0-8.0. Among the 14 spots, 5 from the KI-1 isolate and 7 from the RH strain were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and database searches. The spots from the KI-1 tachyzoites were dense granule proteins (GRA 2, 3, 6, and 7), hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGRPTase), and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRTase). The spots from the RH strain were surface antigen 1 (SAG 1), L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), actin, chorismate synthase, peroximal catalase, hexokinase, bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHTR-TS), and nucleoside-triphosphatases (NTPases). Quantitative real-time PCR supported our mass spectrometric results by showing the elevated expression of the genes encoding GRA 2, 3, and 6 and UPRTase in the KI-1 tachyzoites and those encoding GRA 7, SAG 1, NTPase, and chorismate synthase in the RH tachyzoites. These observations demonstrate that the protein compositions of KI-1 and RH tachyzoites are similar but differential protein expression is involved in virulence.

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Brief Communication

Antigenemia and Specific IgM and IgG Antibody Responses in Rabbits Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Juan Hua Quan, Hassan Ahmed Hassan, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):409-412.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.409

Abstract
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In this experiment, the correlation between antigenemia and specific antibody responses in Toxoplasma gondii-infected rabbits was assessed. We injected 1,000 T. gondii tachyzoites (RH) subcutaneously into 5 rabbits. Parasitemia, circulating antigens, and IgM and IgG antibody titers in blood were tested by ELISA and immunoblot. For detection of parasitemia, mice were injected with blood from rabbits infected with T. gondii and mice died between days 2 and 10 post-infection (PI). Circulating antigens were detected early on day 2 PI, and the titers increased from day 4 PI and peaked on day 12 PI. Anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody titers increased on day 6 PI and peaked on days 14-16 PI. IgG was detected from day 10 PI, and the titers increased continuously during the experiment. The antigenic protein patterns differed during the infection period, and the number of bands increased with ongoing infection by the immunoblot analysis. These result indicated that Toxoplasma circulating antigens during acute toxoplasmosis are closely related to the presence of parasites in blood. Also, the circulating antigen levels were closely correlated with IgM titers, but not with IgG titers. Therefore, co-detection of circulating antigens with IgM antibodies may improve the reliability of the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis.

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Original Article

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Characteristics of Seropositive Patients in General Hospitals in Daejeon, Korea: Dae-Whan Shin, Dong-Yeub Cha, Quan Juan Hua, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):125-130.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.125

Abstract
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To figure out the epidemiological status and relevance with other diseases in toxoplasmosis, we checked serum IgG antibody titers of 1,265 patients and medical records of seropositive patients. Seropositive rates were 6.6% by latex agglutination test (LAT) and 6.7% by ELISA. No significant differences were detected between sexes and age groups. The peak seroprevalence was detected in the 40-49-year-old age group. According to clinical department, Toxoplasma-positive rates were high in patients in psychiatry, ophthalmology, health management, emergency medicine, and thoracic surgery. Major coincidental diseases in seropositive cases were malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, chronic hepatitis B, chronic renal diseases, schizophrenia, and acute lymphadenitis, in the order of frequency. In particular, some patients with chronic hepatitis B and malignant neoplasms had high antibody titers. These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a general hospital-based study was similar to that in a community-based study, and T. gondii seropositivity may be associated with neoplasms, diabetes, and other chronic infections.

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Brief Communication

Genotyping of a Korean isolate of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP and microsatellite analysis: Juan-Hua Quan, Tae Yun Kim, In-Uk Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(2):105-108.
Published online June 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.2.105

Abstract
PDF

Although the Korean isolate KI-1 of Toxoplasma gondii has been considered to be a virulent type I lineage because of its virulent clinical manifestations, its genotype is unclear. In the present study, genotyping of the KI-1 was performed by multilocus PCR-RFLP and microsatellite sequencing. For 9 genetic markers (c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, and Apico), the KI-1 and RH strains exhibited typical PCR-RFLP patterns identical to the type I strains. DNA sequencing of tandem repeats in 5 microsatellite markers (B17, B18, TUB2, W35, and TgM-A) of the KI-1 also revealed patterns characteristic of the type I. These results provide strong genetic evidence that KI-1 is a type I lineage of T. gondii.

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Original Articles

Cytokine and antibody responses of reactivated murine toxoplasmosis upon administration of dexamethasone: Ki-Man Kang, In-Uk Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):209-219.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.209

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to result in life-threatening encephalitis in immunocompromised patients after reactivation of dormant parasites. In order to obtain information on immune responses related to this phenomenon, BALB/c mice were infected with 25 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, then, treated orally with dexamethasone (Toxo/Dexa-treated group) in order to reactivate the chronic toxoplasmosis. None of the T. gondii-infected mice died during the experimental periods, whereas the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice evidenced a significant attenuation of survival periods. Toxoplasma-specific IgG2a, IgA and IgM titers in sera were significantly depressed in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice; however, the IgG1 sera titers were similar to those seen in the Toxoplasma-infected mice. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were significantly reduced 2 weeks after dexamethasone treatment. IFN-γ and IL-10 production levels in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were depressed significantly, whereas IL-4 production was increased temporarily. The expression levels of the Toxoplasma-specific P30 and B1 genes were found to have been increased in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice in comparison with the Toxoplasma-infected mice. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that reactivation of murine toxoplasmosis as the result of dexamethasone treatment induced a depression in Th1 immune responses, whereas Th2 immune responses were not significantly influenced.

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Clinical and Developmental Immunology.2009; 2009: 1. CrossRef
Idiopatyczne nadciśnienie śródczaszkowe, guz rzekomy czaszki oraz aseptyczne zapalenie opon mogą być spowodowane reaktywacją latentnej toksoplazmozy mózgowej
Józef Prandota
Pediatria Polska.2009; 84(5): 453. CrossRef
THE IMPORTANCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN DISEASES PRESENTING WITH HEADACHES. HEADACHES AND ASEPTIC MENINGITIS MAY BE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE JARISCH-HERXHEIMER REACTION
JOSEPH PRANDOTA
International Journal of Neuroscience.2009; 119(12): 2144. CrossRef
Antiallergic Effects of Lactobacillus pentosus Strain S-PT84 Mediated by Modulation of Th1/Th2 Immunobalance and Induction of IL-10 Production
Yuji Nonaka, Takayuki Izumo, Fumi Izumi, Toshihiro Maekawa, Hiroshi Shibata, Aoi Nakano, Atsuko Kishi, Kaoru Akatani, Yoshinobu Kiso
International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.2008; 145(3): 249. CrossRef
Recurrent Headache as the Main Symptom of Acquired Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Nonhuman Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Subjects With no Lymphadenopathy
Joseph Prandota
American Journal of Therapeutics.2007; 14(1): 63. CrossRef

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Influence of calcium ion on host cell invasion and intracellular replication by Toxoplasma gondii: Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Kyoung-Hwan Joo, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):185-193.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.185

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of Ca²⁺ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and Ca²⁺ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the Ca²⁺ channel blockers, bepridiland verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular Ca²⁺ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.

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Lucio Ayres Caldas, Sergio Henrique Seabra, Márcia Attias, Wanderley de Souza
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THE IMPORTANCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN DISEASES PRESENTING WITH HEADACHES. HEADACHES AND ASEPTIC MENINGITIS MAY BE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE JARISCH-HERXHEIMER REACTION
JOSEPH PRANDOTA
International Journal of Neuroscience.2009; 119(12): 2144. CrossRef
Idiopatyczne nadciśnienie śródczaszkowe, guz rzekomy czaszki oraz aseptyczne zapalenie opon mogą być spowodowane reaktywacją latentnej toksoplazmozy mózgowej
Józef Prandota
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Characterization of a New Gene <italic>wx2</italic> in <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>
Xiang Wu, Qiong Zhang, Kui Tan, Ronghua Xie, Jiubo Fan, Hengping Shu, Shiping Wang
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Effects of iNOS inhibitor on IFN-γ production and apoptosis of splenocytes in genetically different strains of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Ki-Man Kang, Gye-Sung Lee, Jae-Ho Lee, In-Wook Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):175-183.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.175

Abstract
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To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in IFN-γ production and apoptosis of splenocytes in genetically different strains of mice with toxoplasmosis, BALB/c (a toxoplasmosis resistant strain) and C57BL/6 (a toxoplasmosis susceptible strain) mice were infected with Toxoplasma gondii cysts orally and subsequently injected intraperitoneally with aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor (AG; 35 mg/kg per mouse daily for 14 days). When BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were infected with T. gondii without AG treatment, number of brain cysts, NO and IFN-γ production by splenocytes, and percentages of apoptotic splenocytes were increased compared to uninfected control mice without AG treatment. AG treatment increased the number of brain cysts, and reduced NO and IFN-γ production in T. gondii-infected C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, in T. gondii-infected BABL/c mice, the number of brain cysts, and NO and IFN-γ production of splenocytes was not altered by treatment with AG. However, the percentages of apoptotic splenocytes in T. gondii-infected BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were not affected by AG treatment. These results suggest that NO modulates IFN-γ production in T. gondii-infected C57BL/6 mice, and that NO is involved in mediating a protective response in toxoplasmosis susceptible, but not resistant, mice strain during acute infection.

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Effect of spiramycin versus aminoguanidine and their combined use in experimental toxoplasmosis
Marwa Omar, Beessa E. Abaza, Esraa Mousa, Shereen M. Ibrahim, Hayam E. Rashed, Tahani I. Farag
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Recombinant TgHSP70 Immunization Protects against Toxoplasma gondii Brain Cyst Formation by Enhancing Inducible Nitric Oxide Expression
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Y. NISHIKAWA, O. KAWASE, O. VIELEMEYER, H. SUZUKI, K. A. JOINER, X. XUAN, H. NAGASAWA
Parasite Immunology.2007; 29(7): 375. CrossRef

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T cell phenotype and intracellular IFN-γ production in peritoneal exudate cells and gut intraepithelial lymphocytes during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice: Young-Ha Lee, Dae-Whan Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):119-129.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.119

Abstract
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Although there are many reports on the splenic (systemic) T cell response after Toxoplasma gondii infection, little information is available regarding the local T cell responses of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and gut intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) following peroral infection with bradyzoites. Mice were infected with 40 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, and then sacrificed at days 0, 1, 4, 7 and 10 postinfection (PI). The cellular composition and T cell responses of PEC and IEL were analyzed. The total number of PEC and IEL per mouse increased after infection, but the ratio of increase was higher in IEL. Lymphocytes were the major component of both PEC and IEL. The relative percentages of PEC macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils increased significantly at day 1 and 4 PI, whereas those of IEL did not change significantly. The percentage of PEC NK1.1 and γδ T cells peaked at day 4 PI (p < 0.0001), and CD4 and CD8α T cells increased continuously after infection. The percentages of IEL CD8α and γδ T cells decreased slightly at first, and then increased. CD4 and NK1.1 T cells of IEL did not change significantly after infection. IFN-γ-producing PEC NK1.1 T cells increased significantly from day 1 PI, but the other T cell subsets produced IFN-γ abundantly thereafter. The proportion of IEL IFN-γ-producing CD8α and γδ T cells increased significantly after infection, while IEL NK1.1 T cells had similar IFN-γ production patterns. Taken together, CD4 T cells were the major phenotype and the important IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets in PEC after oral infection with T. gondii, whereas CD8α T cells had these roles in IEL. These results suggest that PEC and IEL comprise different cell differentials and T cell responses, and according to infection route these factors may contribute to the different cellular immune responses.

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C. L. Wilhelm, F. Yarovinsky
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Alexandra Correia, Pedro Ferreirinha, Amanda A Costa, Joana Dias, Joana Melo, Rita Costa, Adília Ribeiro, Augusto Faustino, Luzia Teixeira, António Rocha, Manuel Vilanova
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Charlotte E. Egan, Jane E. Dalton, Elizabeth M. Andrew, Judith E. Smith, Marc-Jan Gubbels, Boris Striepen, Simon R. Carding
The Journal of Immunology.2005; 175(12): 8191. CrossRef

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Epidemiological study of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum-gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (County), Korea: Gye-Sung Lee, In-Sung Cho, Young-Ha Lee, Hyung-Jun Noh, Dae-Whan Shin, Sok-Goo Lee, Tae-Yong Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):9-16.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.9

Abstract
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The endemic status of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum-gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (County) in Korea was examined. From February to December 2000, stools of total 1,081 inhabitants living in 5 villages were examined. Each stool specimen was examined by both the cellophane thick smear method and the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Egg-positive cases were further analyzed by Stoll's egg-counting technique, and praziquantel was administered to positive cases. The egg-positive rates for Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus species were 9.3% and 5.5%, respectively, and the double infection rate was 3.5%. The numbers of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. were 918±1,463 and 711±947, respectively. The egg-positive rates for C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in the riverside area were 14.2% and 8.4%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the inland area (3.2% and 1.7%, respectively). The egg-positive rates of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in males (16.7% and 10.0%) were significantly higher than those of females (3.5% and 1.8%). However, there were no significant differences of EPG values between localities and sexes. The prevalence of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in this survey was significantly lower than that in the previous reports. However, there is still a high prevalence of infection with C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in this region, especially in the riverside area.

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Effects of specific monoclonal antibodies to dense granular proteins on the invasion of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo: Dong Yeob Cha, In Kwan Song, Gye Sung Lee, Ok-Sun Hwang, Hyung-Jun Noh, Seung-Dong Yeo, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(3):233-240.
Published online September 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.233

Abstract
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Although some reports have been published on the protective effect of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii surface membrane proteins, few address the inhibitory activity of antibodies to dense granular proteins (GRA proteins). Therefore, we performed a series of experiments to evaluate the inhibitory effects of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to GRA proteins (GRA2, 28 kDa; GRA6, 32 kDa) and surface membrane protein (SAG1, 30 kDa) on the invasion of T. gondii tachyzoites. Passive immunization of mice with one of three mAbs following challenge with a lethal dose of tachyzoites significantly increased survival compared with results for mice treated with control ascites. The survival times of mice challenged with tachyzoites pretreated with anti-GRA6 or anti-SAG1 mAb were significantly increased. Mice that received tachyzoites pretreated with both mAb and complement had longer survival times than those that received tachyzoites pretreated with mAb alone. Invasion of tachyzoites into fibroblasts and macrophages was significantly inhibited in the anti-GRA2, anti-GRA6 or anti-SAG1 mAb pretreated group. Pretreatment with mAb and complement inhibited invasion of tachyzoites in both fibroblasts and macrophages. These results suggest that specific antibodies to dense-granule molecules may be useful for controlling infection with T. gondii.

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Different kinetics of humoral response against individual antigens in the ovine model of Toxoplasma gondii infection and its pathological association
Paula Formigo, Ignacio Gual, Germán J. Cantón, Luisa F. Mendoza Morales, Emiliano Sosa, Agustina Soto Cabrera, Valeria Scioli, Claudia Morsella, Valeria A. Sander, Dadin P. Moore, Sergio O. Angel, Lucía M. Campero, Marina Clemente
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea: Young-Ha Lee, Hyung-Jun Noh, Ok-Sun Hwang, Sang-Keol Lee, Dae-Whan Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):251-256.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.251

Abstract
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There have been some reports about the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody among Koreans, and most of all data were taken from patients visiting hospitals. However, the epidemiological data of the community-based study in Korea are rare. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the inhabitants of the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea. A total of 1,109 serum samples (499 males, 610 females) were examined for the IgG antibodies by ELISA. To set up the cut-off point for ELISA, we used a commercial latex agglutination (LA) kit. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA against LA test were 89.5%, and 98.6% respectively. Among 1,109 sera, 6.9% showed seropositivity by ELISA. The positive rates of males and females were 6.0% and 7.2%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between sexes. Comparing the age groups, the highest seropositive rate showed in the seventies or higher, and their rates had a tendency to increase with age (0.05 < p < 0.3). These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in rural inhabitants is similar to previous reports in Korea; however we need further investigation to clarify the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the general population.

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Sequential analysis of cell differentials and IFN-γ production of splenocytes from mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Young-Ha Lee, Dae-Whan Shin, Lloyd H. Kasper; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(2):85-90.
Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.2.85

Abstract
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To assess the relationship between the changes of cellular components and the production of Th1 cytokine in the immune tissue, inbred C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with 40 cysts of 76K strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The sequential change of cell differentials and IFN-γ production of splenocytes were analyzed by Diff-Quik stain and RT-PCR. There were no significant proportional changes of cellular components of splenocytes until day 4 postinfection (PI) as compared to those of day 0, and the relative percentage of macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils increased significantly (p<0.01) thereafter. The expression of IFN-γ mRNA of CD3^- cells was observed from day 1 PI at a low level. However, IFN-γ production of CD3⁺ cells increased significantly from day 4 PI (p<0.01) which progressively increased thereafter. These findings provide the relative percentages of granulocytes and macrophages were increased in conjunction with increase of total number of splenocytes after oral infection with T. gondii in the susceptible murine hosts, and lymphocytes were the major cellular components and the important source of IFN-γ.

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