Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"toxoplasmosis"

Mini Review

Possible association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and autism spectrum disorder: Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh, Tooran Nayeri, Samira Dodangeh, Zahra Hosseininejad, Asal Tanzif, Alireza Khalilian, Ahmad Daryani; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):201-214.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24066

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is a neurotropic apicomplexan protozoan estimated to affect approximately 30% of the global population. In this review, we aimed to examine scientific evidence on the potential role of T. gondii infection in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. This review summarizes the current literature exploring the possible association between T. gondii and ASD. Findings indicate that toxoplasmosis may contribute to host alterations, including the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses, production of various cytokines, and changes in neurotransmitter levels (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate), as well as the activation of enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which may influence the pathophysiology of ASD. In conclusion, this review suggests that T. gondii infection could act as a potential risk factor for ASD. However, further intensive studies are necessary to clarify the role of this parasite in the etiology and progression of ASD. This review is anticipated to stimulate further studies aimed at understanding and potentially reducing the burden of neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide.

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Brief Communication

Allyl isothiocyanate exacerbates acute toxoplasmosis through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines: Qiu-Mei Lin, Hong-Bin Long, Jun-Ting He, Zhi-hao Zhang, Ho-Woo Nam, Fu-Shi Quan, Qi Zhong, Xu-Qing Liu, Zhao-Shou Yang; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):476-483.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24054

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Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural product commonly used in food preservation and pharmaceutical applications. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, is prevalent globally while the impact of AITC on toxoplasmosis is unclear. We explored the effect of AITC on acute toxoplasmosis. We infected C57BL/6 mice with T. gondii type I RH strain following AITC administration. On the 4th day after infection, which corresponds to the initial stage of infection, we collected serum for the determination of inflammatory cytokine levels. The mice serum of the AITC-administered group contained significantly lower levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-23 subunit p19, IL-4, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The lifespan of the mice in the AITC-administered group was significantly reduced. In vitro experiments showed that AITC promoted the proliferation of intracellular T. gondii accompanied by the inhibition of IL-4, IL-1β, and IL-6 production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results showed that AITC facilitated T. gondii infection in the early stage by inhibiting the production of several inflammatory cytokines.

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Original Article

Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records: Do-Won Ham, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Hun Shin, Yong Joon Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Seung Mi Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Ho-Sung Lee, Kyung-Won Hwang, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):424-437.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24001

This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with toxoplasmosis in Korea. We collected and analyzed the specific research data of 5,917 patients from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA; 2007–2020) and 533 electronic medical records (EMRs; 2003–2021) of Korean patients. The HIRA data showed that toxoplasmosis is an endemic disease that occurs constantly in Korea, with a large proportion of patients complaining of ocular symptoms. Of the 533 patients for whom EMR data were available, 54.6% were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis; ocular toxoplasmosis (35.7%), congenital toxoplasmosis (4.7%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (4.1%), pulmonary toxoplasmosis (0.4%), and toxoplasma hepatitis (0.6%), in order of frequency. In ocular cases, 54.4% of the patients had diverse ocular pathologies. Toxoplasmosis in Korea is characterized by a high frequency of ocular symptoms, most patients are adults, and 51.8% of patients with seropositivity were positive for IgG, suggesting prior infection. This study highlights that patients with ocular symptoms are included in the major diagnosis group for acquired toxoplasmosis in Korea.

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Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Elevated interleukin-10 levels in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis: Gee-Hyun Kim, Jae Hyuck Kwak, Young-Hoon Park; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):310-316.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22172

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In elderly patients, ocular toxoplasmosis is one of the most common etiologies of uveitis, which should be differentially diagnosed from ocular lymphoma, another common pathology of uveitis in older adults. The high level of interleukin (IL)-10 and an IL-10/IL-6 ratio higher than 1 (>1.0) are helpful parameters to diagnose ocular lymphoma. In this study, we used aqueous humor samples to detect 4 cases of ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with high levels of IL-10 and an IL-10/IL-6 ratio higher than 1. Our results show that ocular toxoplasmosis may be associated with increased cytokine levels in aqueous humor.

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Toxoplasma gondii IST suppresses inflammatory and apoptotic responses by inhibiting STAT1-mediated signaling in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated hepatocytes
Seung-Hwan Seo, Ji-Eun Lee, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 30. CrossRef
Factors related to central nervous system involvement of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma
Joo Young Kim, Jae Jung Kim, Rae Young Kim, Mirinae Kim, Young Gun Park, Young-Hoon Park
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.2024; 262(8): 2421. CrossRef

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Case Report

Delayed Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in a Kidney Transplant Patient: a Case Report: Hosung Myeong, Moowan Park, Ji Eun Kim, Sun Won Park, Sang Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(1):35-38.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.35

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Cerebral toxoplasmosis is often life-threatening in an immunocompromised patient due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Several differential diagnoses could be possible only with preoperative brain images of cerebral toxoplasmosis which show multiple rim-enhancing lesions. Due to the rarity of cerebral toxoplasmosis cases in Korea, the diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. This paper concerns a male patient whose cerebral toxoplasmosis was activated 21 years post kidney transplantation. Brain open biopsy was decided to make an exact diagnosis. Cerebral toxoplasmosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and PCR analyses of the tissue samples. Although cerebral toxoplasmosis was under control with medication, the patient did not recover clinically and died due to sepsis and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding.

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Disseminated toxoplasmosis infection 20 years post kidney transplant
Shaun Chandler, Lana Sundac, Carmel Hawley
BMJ Case Reports.2024; 17(9): e260412. CrossRef
Ciclosporin/mycophenolate mofetil

Reactions Weekly.2022; 1916(1): 146. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea: Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):251-256.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.251

Abstract
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We find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon of Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in the areas in 2019 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SaTScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelihood ratio. Jiseok-ri and Insa-ri were found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Seokmo-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. Yangji-ri and Igil-ri were found to be a cluster in Cheorwon-gun and Madal-ri and Baebong-ri were the cluster in Goseong-gun. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0286430. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea: Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):9-14.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.9

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Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence have been rapidly increasing in some parts of Korea. We analyzed prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), in the sera of 552 residents in Ganghwa-gun, 661 ones in Cheorwon-gun, and 305 ones in Goseong-gun, Korea in 2019. IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), glutathione-S-transferase-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. IgG seroprevalence was 28.1% in Ganghwa-gun, 19.5% in Cheorwon-gun and 35.7% in Goseong-gun. Odds ratios comparing Cheorwon vs Ganghwa was 0.63 (P=0.001) and Goesong versus Ganghwa was 1.47 (P=0.01) adjusting age and sex. Goseong had highest seroprevalence among the 3 counties both in crude rates and logistic regression. Although Cheorwon and Goseong are adjacent to the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, seroprevalence rate was much higher in Goseong. Further investigation on other DMZ-closed areas is necessary whether they have high prevalence rates compared to the other areas. T. gondii prevalence in Korea is still persists; proper health policy should be established.

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Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in pigs from various localities in Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 294. CrossRef

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4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Restricts the Intracellular Growth of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy in Macrophages: Jina lee, Jae-Won Choi, Hye Young Han, Woo Sik Kim, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Baek Byun, Eui-Hong Byun, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Min Yuk; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(1):7-14.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.7

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects approximately one third of the human popu- lation worldwide. Considering the toxicity and side effects of anti-toxoplasma medications, it is important to develop effec- tive drug alternatives with fewer and less severe off-target effects. In this study, we found that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4- HBA) induced autophagy and the expression of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Interestingly, treatment of BMDMs with 4-HBA significantly reduced the number of macrophages infected with T. gondii and the proliferation of T. gondii in infected cells. This effect was impaired by pretreating the macrophages with 3-methyladenine or wortmannin (selective autophagy inhibitors) or with sirtinol or EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitors). Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 prevented 4-HBA-mediated expres- sion of LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and the colocalization of T. gondii parasitophorous vacuoles with autophagosomes in BMDMs. These data suggest that 4-HBA promotes antiparasitic host responses by activating SIRT1- mediated autophagy, and 4-HBA might be a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

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Shan-Shan Zhao, De-Liang Tao, Jin-Ming Chen, Ming-Yi Zhang, Xin Yang, Jun-Ke Song, Qun Liu, Guang-Hui Zhao, Björn F. C. Kafsack
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Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva, Jhones Sousa Ribeiro, Thalita Santos de Moraes de Farias, Leonardo Holanda Travassos
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Kuang-Yao Chen, Chien-Ju Cheng, Yi-Ju Chen, Cheng-Hsun Chiu, Lian-Chen Wang
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Minmin Wu, Obed Cudjoe, Jilong Shen, Ying Chen, Jian Du
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Serologic Tests of IgG and IgM Antibodies and IgG Avidity for Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Bahman Rahimi-Esboei, Mohammad Zarei, Mehdi Mohebali, Hossein Keshavarz Valian, Saeedeh Shojaee, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):147-152.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.147

Abstract
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This prospective study was aimed to detect acute and chronic ocular toxoplasmosis by comparison of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibody levels and IgG avidity test. One hundred and seventeen patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) who referred to the Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran were included in this study. Of the patients, 77 cases were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG, and 8 cases were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM. IgG avidity test revealed 11, 4, and 102 cases were low, intermediate, and high, respectively, and 6.8% and 9.4% of cases were positive for IgM and IgG avidity tests, respectively (P=0.632). Agreement (Kappa value) between paired tests IgG-IgM, IgG-IgG avidity, and IgM-IgG avidity was 0.080, 0.099, and 0.721, respectively (P<0.05). This study showed that conventional serologic tests (IgM and IgG levels) and IgG avidity correlate well each other and can be used to differentiate recent infections from old OT. It seems that reactivated old infections rather than recently acquired infections are majority of Iranian OT patients.

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Serum Concentrations of Th1, Th2 and Treg‐Associated Cytokines in Patients With Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Ovi Sofia, Rahajeng Anugrahing Saldianovitta, I. Nyoman Surya Ari Wahyudi, Loeki Enggar Fitri, Hani Susianti, Seskoati Prayitnaningsih, Hidayat Sujuti
Parasite Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of novel biomarkers for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM detection and the potential application in rapid diagnostic fluorescent tests
Minh-Ngoc Nguyen, Seon-Ju Yeo, Hyun Park
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of IgG avidity in eyes with active Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
Pratik Lakhmawar, Anup Kelgaonkar, Anamika Patel, Ashish Khalsa, Soumyava Basu
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2024; 72(Suppl 4): S601. CrossRef
Efficacy of amniotic fluid, blood and urine samples for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women candidates for amniocentesis using serological and molecular techniques
Rohallah Abedian, Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Shirafkan Kordi, Hadi Shokrollahnia Roshan, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi, Zahra Rahmani, Mahbobeh Montazeri, Mahdi Fakhar
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical and Serological Characteristics of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Nadine Nsiangani Lusambo, Dieudonné Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo, Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi, Janvier Kilangalanga Ngoy, Marie-Thérèse Ngoyi Bambi, Théodore Kadima Mutombo, Guy Kintoki Makela, Lady Ngandowe Nzamokili, Alejandra de-la-Torre
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.2023; 31(7): 1522. CrossRef
The infectious status of patients with optic neuritis of inflammatory and demyelinating etiologies
V. V. Neroev, E. K. Eliseeva, G. I. Krichevskaya, G. A. Davydova, M. N. Zakharova
Russian Ophthalmological Journal.2023; 16(3): 54. CrossRef
Ocular toxoplasmosis, an overview focusing on clinical aspects
Silvia Fabiani, Claudio Caroselli, Martina Menchini, Giovanna Gabbriellini, Marco Falcone, Fabrizio Bruschi
Acta Tropica.2022; 225: 106180. CrossRef
Diagnostic Dilemma and Therapeutic Challenges in Managing an Atypical Presentation of an Ocular Toxoplasmosis Patient With Myasthenia Gravis: Literature Review
Zen Kuang Tham, Pooi Wah Lott, Chye Li Ee, Norlina Ramli, Tajunisah Iqbal
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Utility of blood as the clinical specimen for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis using uracil DNA glycosylase-supplemented loop-mediated isothermal amplification and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays based on REP-529 sequence and B1 gene
Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Shirzad Fallahi, Mohammad Zarei, Bahram Kazemi, Mehdi Mohebali, Saeedeh Shojaee, Parisa Mousavi, Aref Teimouri, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati, Hossein Keshavarz Valian
BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Ocular toxoplasmosis: phenotype differences between toxoplasma IgM positive and IgM negative patients in a large cohort
Sofia Ajamil-Rodanes, Joshua Luis, Rabia Bourkiza, Benedict Girling, Angela Rees, Catherine Cosgrove, Carlos Pavesio, Mark Westcott
British Journal of Ophthalmology.2021; 105(2): 210. CrossRef
Study of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in patients suffering from ophthalmic disorders using serological and molecular methods
Jasem Saki, Elham Eskandari, Mostafa Feghhi
International Ophthalmology.2020; 40(9): 2151. CrossRef
Duffy blood group system and ocular toxoplasmosis
Ana Iara Costa Ferreira, Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos, Fábio Batista Frederico, Cássia Rúbia Bernardo, Gildásio Castelo de Almeida Junior, Rubens Camargo Siqueira, Cristina Silva Meira-Strejevitch, Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola, Luiz Carlos de Mattos
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104430. CrossRef
Genotyping and phylogenic study of Acanthamoeba isolates from human keratitis and swimming pool water samples in Iran
Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Mahdi Fakhar, Reza Saberi, Mohammad Barati, Masoumeh Moslemi, Hadi Hassannia, Yousef Dadimoghadam, Nahid Jalallou
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2020; 11: e00164. CrossRef
Diagnostic significance of C-reactive protein and hematological parameters in acute toxoplasmosis
Vanessa Sandri, Itamar Luís Gonçalves, Gustavo Machado das Neves, Marisa Lucia Romani Paraboni
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(4): 785. CrossRef
Evaluation of RE and B1 Genes as Targets for Detection of Toxoplasma gondii by Nested PCR in Blood Samples of Patients with Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Bahram Kazemi, Mohammad Zarei, Mehdi Mohebali, Hossein Keshavarz Valian, Saeedeh Shojaee, Fatemeh Zahedipour, Shirzad Fallahi, Parisa Mousavi, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati
Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(2): 384. CrossRef

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Isolation and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazilian Dogs: Jamille Rodrigues da Silva, Bianca Mendes Maciel, Luana Karla Nogueira de Santana Souza Santos, F?bio Santos Carvalho, Daniele de Santana Rocha, Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes, George R?go Albuquerque; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):239-246.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.239

Abstract
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Strains of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil are highly genetically diverse compared to strains from North America and Europe. Dogs are epidemiologically important because they act as sentinels for T. gondii infections in humans and are good indicators of environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to isolate and genetically characterize T. gondii strains from tissues of naturally infected Brazilian dogs. For this study, 21 blood samples were collected from dogs at the Zoonosis Control Centers of Ilh?us and Itabuna cities, Bahia, Brazil. The sera were examined for T. gondii antibodies using the indirect hemagglutination test. Brains and hearts of seropositive dogs were bioassayed in mice to isolate and characterize T. gondii parasites by PCR-RFLP using 10 genetic markers (SAG1, newSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, c22-8, c29-2, GRA6, PK1, APICO, and L358). However, T. gondii was isolated from only 4 (57.1%) dogs, designated TgDgBr6, 13, 17, and 21. All strains were virulent, causing clinical changes (rough hair coat, lethargy, and abdominal distention) and the death of all mice within 8-20 days after inoculation. Genetic analysis of these 4 T. gondii isolates revealed 4 distinct genotypes with different clonal lineage combinations (types I, II, and III) and 2 atypical alleles. Using PCR-RFLP with several markers, this study contributes to evaluations of the genetic diversity of strains circulating in Brazil.

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Synanthropic Rodents as Bioindicator of Human Pathogens in a Tourist Area of Brazil
Debora Oliveira Nunes, Hllytchaikra Ferraz Fehlberg, Laurence Oliveira Carneiro, Karenina Melo Miranda Oliveira, Ricardo Siqueira Bovendorp, Cassia Matos Ribeiro, George Rego Albuquerque, Trícia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira, Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
EcoHealth.2025; 22(1): 55. CrossRef
Global geographical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes from dogs: A systematic review
Maryam Hataminejad, Mahbobeh Montazeri, Asal Tanzifi, Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Different Populations of Dogs from Aguascalientes, Mexico
Carlos Cruz-Vázquez, Liliana Maldonado-López, Irene Vitela-Mendoza, Leticia Medina-Esparza, Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino, Isabel de Velasco-Reyes
Acta Parasitologica.2023; 68(3): 683. CrossRef
Cytologic detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the cerebrospinal fluid of a dog and in vitro isolation of a unique mouse-virulent recombinant strain
Waléria Borges-Silva, Mariana M. Rezende-Gondim, Gideão S. Galvão, Daniele S. Rocha, George R. Albuquerque, Luís P. Gondim
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.2021; 33(3): 591. CrossRef
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Runli Li, Yeting Ma, Jin Li, Penglai Zhou, Fuguo Zheng, Qing Liu, Wenwei Gao
Microbial Pathogenesis.2020; 143: 104168. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infections in dogs: 2009-2020
Jitender P. Dubey, Fernando H.A. Murata, Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar, Oliver C.H. Kwok, Yurong Yang, Chunlei Su
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Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Dogs and Cats: An Update
Rafael Calero-Bernal, Solange M. Gennari
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Virulence of atypical Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated in French Guiana in a murine model
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Natasha H. Bowser, Neil E. Anderson
Veterinary Sciences.2018; 5(4): 83. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Chronic Toxoplasmosis Modulates the Induction of Contact Hypersensitivity by TNCB in Mouse Model: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):755-757.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.755

Abstract
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Mouse models of chronic toxoplasmosis and atopic dermatitis (AD) were combined to clarify the effect of opportunistic Toxoplama gondii infection on the development of AD. AD was induced as a chronic contact hypersensitivity (CHS) with repeated challenge of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) on the dorsal skin of mice. TNCB induced skin thickness increases in both normal and toxoplasmic mice. The changing patterns were different from the sigmoidal which saturated at 20 days in normal mice to the convex saturated at 12 days in toxoplasmic mice with the crossing at 18 days. Compared to normal mice, toxoplasmic mice presented CHS more severely in earlier times and then moderately in later times. These data suggest that host immune modification by T. gondii infection enhances CHS in early times of atopic stimulation but soothes the reaction of CHS in later times in mouse model.

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Effect of orally administered exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC on a mouse model of dermatitis induced by repeated exposure to 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene
Yayoi Gotoh, Shiho Suzuki, Midori Amako, Shinichi Kitamura, Toshiya Toda
Journal of Functional Foods.2017; 35: 43. CrossRef

8,903 View
86 Download
1 Web of Science
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Toxoplasmosis in a Pet Peach-Faced Lovebird(Agapornis roseicollis): Madalyn K. Cooper, Jan ?lapeta, Shannon L. Donahoe, David N. Phalen; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):749-753.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.749

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii atypical type II genotype was diagnosed in a pet peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and multilocus DNA typing. The bird presented with severe neurological signs, and hematology was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease. Gross post-mortem examination revealed cerebral hemorrhage, splenomegaly, hepatitis, and thickening of the right ventricular free wall. Histologic sections of the most significant lesions in the brain revealed intralesional protozoan organisms associated with malacia, spongiform changes, and a mild histiocytic response, indicative of diffuse, non-suppurative encephalitis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the causative organisms to be T. gondii. DNA isolated from the brain was used to confirm the presence of T. gondii DNA. Multilocus genotyping based on SAG1, altSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico markers demonstrated the presence of ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #3 and B1 gene as atypical T. gondii type II. The atypical type II strain has been previously documented in Australian wildlife, indicating an environmental transmission route.

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Dolphins share Toxoplasma gondii Type II genotypes with terrestrial animals: Evidence of terrestrial T. gondii contamination in marine environments
Yi-Jou Chen, Heather Fenton, Jane Hall, Karrie Rose, Victor M. Peddemors, Jan Šlapeta
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Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Leila Zaki, Meysam Olfatifar, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Amir KarimiPourSaryazdi, Ali Taghipour, Najla Hamidianfar, Milad Badri, Pikka Jokelainen
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Rachel Baden, Brian Speer, Michael Garner, Vanessa Hernández Urraca, Brenna Fitzgerald
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Epidemiology and isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii strain from macropods
Liulu Yang, Hongjie Ren, Niuping Zhu, Gaohui Mao, Junbao Li, Chunlei Su, Yibao Jiang, Yurong Yang
Heliyon.2023; 9(3): e13960. CrossRef
Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in turkeys, ducks, ratites and other wild birds: 2009–2020
J. P. Dubey, F. H. A. Murata, C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar, O. C. H. Kwok, C. Su
Parasitology.2021; 148(1): 1. CrossRef
Comparison of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats from Australia with latent infection or clinical toxoplasmosis
Anthea Brennan, Shannon L. Donahoe, Julia A. Beatty, Katherine Belov, Scott Lindsay, Katherine A. Briscoe, Jan Šlapeta, Vanessa R. Barrs
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 228: 13. CrossRef

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8 Web of Science
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Original Articles

Seropositivity of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women by ELISA at Minia University Hospital, Egypt: Amany M. Kamal, Azza K. Ahmed, Manal Z. M. Abdellatif, Mohamed Tawfik, Ebtesam E. Hassan; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):605-610.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.605

Abstract
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Toxoplasmosis is considered as an important risk factor for bad obstetric history (BOH) and one of the major causes of congenitally acquired infections. The present study aimed to estimate the seropositivity of T. gondii infection and associated risk factors among the attendees of high risk pregnancy and low risk antenatal care clinic of Minia Maternity and Pediatric University Hospital, Minia, Egypt. The study was carried out from April 2013 to April 2014 through 2 phases, the first phase was case-control study, and the second phase was follow-up with intervention. A total of 120 high risk pregnant and 120 normal pregnant females were submitted to clinical examinations, serological screening for anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA, and an interview questionnaire. Seropositive cases were subjected to spiramycin course treatment. The results showed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in high-risk pregnancy group was 50.8%, which was significantly different from that of normal pregnancy group (P < 0.05). Analysis of seropositive women in relation to BOH showed that abortion was the commonest form of the pregnancy wastage (56.5%). The high prevalence of T. gondii seropositive cases was observed in the age group of 21-30 years. Post-delivery adverse outcome was observed in 80.3% of high-risk pregnancy group compared to 20% of normal pregnancy group. There was a statistically significant relationship between seropositivity and living in rural area, low socioeconomic level, and undercooked meat consumption (P<0.05). Serological screening for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies should be routine tests especially among high-risk pregnant women.

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Detection of toxoplasmosis in aborted women in Alexandria, Egypt using ELISA and PCR
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Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(4): 952. CrossRef
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Eman M. Farahat, Noha A. Hassuna, Adel M. Hammad, Medhat Abdel Fattah, Ahmed S. Khairalla
Canadian Journal of Microbiology.2021; 67(6): 451. CrossRef
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Ali A. Issa, Ali N. Yaseen, Muhammed A. H. Aldabagh
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.2021; 790(1): 012065. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infection and spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Zafar Rasheed, Ali Shariq, Ghaida B AlQefari, Ghayda S Alwahbi, Amal I Aljuaythin, Fidaa S Alsuhaibani, Daliyah F Alotaibi, Shahad S Aljohani, Ruqiah Alghasham, Thamir Alsaeed, Nada A Alharbi, Osamah Al Rugaie, Waleed Al Abdulmonem, Osama F Sharaf
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Abdelbaset E. Abdelbaset, Maha I. Hamed, Mostafa F. N. Abushahba, Mohamed S. Rawy, Amal S. M. Sayed, Jeffrey J. Adamovicz
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Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Afsaneh Amouei, Zahra Hosseininejad, Ahmad Daryani, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
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Eliakimu Paul, Ireen Kiwelu, Blandina Mmbaga, Rebeka Nazareth, Elias Sabuni, Athanasia Maro, Arnold Ndaro, Jo E. B. Halliday, Jaffu Chilongola
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Ruo-Lan Jiang, Ling-Hui Ma, Zhen-Rong Ma, Guangyu Hou, Quan Zhao, Xiang Wu
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Jalel Negero, Moti Yohannes, Kifle Woldemichael, Dechassa Tegegne
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Al Shaimaa M. R. Hamed, Shadia H. Omar, Maha M. A. Basyoni, Abeer S. El Antably, Engy El Khateeb, Abdulla Y. El Kateb
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A New IgG Immunoblot Kit for Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women: Imen Khammari, Fatma Saghrouni, Sami Lakhal, Aida Bouratbine, Moncef Ben Said, Jalel Boukadida; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):493-499.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.493

Abstract
PDF

The determination of the accurate immune status of pregnant women is crucial in order to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. Equivocal results with conventional serological techniques are not uncommon when IgG titers are close to the cut-off value of the test, so that a confirmatory technique is needed. For this purpose, we developed a homemade immunoblot (IB) using soluble extract of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and assessed it by testing 154 positive, 100 negative, and 123 equivocal sera obtained from pregnant women. In order to select the more valuable bands in terms of sensitivity and specificity, we used the Youden Index (YI). The highest YIs were those given by the 32, 36, 98, 21, and 33 bands. The simultaneous presence on the same blot of at least 3 bands showed a much higher YI (0.964) and was adapted as the positivity criterion. The analysis of results showed that our homemade IB correlated well with the commercial LDBIO Toxo II IgG® kit recently recommended as a confirmatory test (96.7% of concordance).

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis: Advances and Challenges
Priscila Silva Franco, Ana Carolina Morais Oliveira Scussel, Rafaela José Silva, Thadia Evelyn Araújo, Henrique Tomaz Gonzaga, Camila Ferreira Marcon, Joaquim Pedro Brito-de-Sousa, Angélica Lemos Debs Diniz, Marina Carvalho Paschoini, Bellisa Freitas Barb
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2024; 2024: 1. CrossRef
Trend in serological and molecular diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection
Min-ju Kim, Soeun J. Park, Hyunwoo Park
European Journal of Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic Accuracy of LDBIO-Toxo II IgG and IgM Western Blot in Suspected Seroconversion in Pregnancy: A Multicentre Study
Valeria Meroni, Francesca Genco, Luigia Scudeller, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Coralie L’Ollivier, Luc Paris, Hervé Pelloux
Pathogens.2022; 11(6): 665. CrossRef
Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: evaluation of the commercial test recomLine Toxoplasma IgG immunoblot (Mikrogen) based on recombinant antigens
Vincent Jean-Pierre, Julien Miozzo, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Cécile Garnaud, Marie Gladys Robert, Hervé Pelloux, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
Parasite.2022; 29: 52. CrossRef
A longitudinal study of Toxoplasma gondii seroconversion on four large Danish sow farms
Abbey Olsen, Lis Alban, Matthew Denwood, Hans Houe, Tina Birk Jensen, Henrik Vedel Nielsen
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 295: 109460. CrossRef
Performance of seven commercial automated assays for the detection of low levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG in French immunocompromised patients
Tiphaine Douet, Catherine Armengol, Elena Charpentier, Pamela Chauvin, Sophie Cassaing, Xavier Iriart, Antoine Berry, Judith Fillaux
Parasite.2019; 26: 51. CrossRef
Performance of Zika Assays in the Context of Toxoplasma gondii, Parvovirus B19, Rubella Virus, and Cytomegalovirus (TORCH) Diagnostic Assays
Bettie Voordouw, Barry Rockx, Thomas Jaenisch, Pieter Fraaij, Philippe Mayaud, Ann Vossen, Marion Koopmans
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Semiquantitative Dot Blot with the GRA8 antigen to differentiate the stages of toxoplasmosis infection
Juan Gabriel Costa, María Julia Vilariño
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2018; 149: 9. CrossRef
Knowledge and Practices of Toxoplasmosis among Clinical Laboratory Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study in Durango, Mexico
Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Luis Sánchez-Anguiano, Luis Berumen-Segovia, Jesús Hernández-Tinoco, Yazmin Rico-Almochantaf, Alfredo Cisneros-Camacho, Jorge Cisneros-Martínez
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2017; 14(11): 1413. CrossRef
Sensing parasites: Proteomic and advanced bio-detection alternatives
Carlos Sánchez-Ovejero, Fernando Benito-Lopez, Paula Díez, Adriano Casulli, Mar Siles-Lucas, Manuel Fuentes, Raúl Manzano-Román
Journal of Proteomics.2016; 136: 145. CrossRef
The impact of lowering the cut-off value on the sensitivity of the Platelia Elisa IgG (Bio-Rad) test for toxoplasmosis diagnosis
Oussama Mouri, Eric Kendjo, Feriel Touafek, Arnaud Fekkar, Ousmane Konte, Sebastien Imbert, Régis Courtin, Dominique Mazier, Luc Paris
Parasite.2015; 22: 22. CrossRef

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IgG Avidity Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in High Risk Females of Reproductive Age Group in India: Naushaba Siddiqui, Fatima Shujatullah, Haris M. Khan, Tamkin Rabbani, Parvez A. Khan; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):487-491.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.487

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that is distributed worldwide. Recently, several tests for avidity of Toxoplasma IgG antibodies have been introduced to help discriminate between recently acquired and distant infections. The study was conducted in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, India from February 2011 to September 2012. Serum specimens were subjected to Toxoplasma IgM ELISA and IgG avidity ELISA test. Out of 48 patients with abortions, 17 (35.4%) were positive for IgM ELISA, and 8 (16.6%) had low IgG avidity antibodies. Out of 48 patients with other obstetric problems, 23 (47.9%) were positive for IgM ELISA, and 17 (35.4%) had low IgG avidity antibodies. Combining both groups on avidity test, only 25 of 40 (62.5%) IgM-positive women had low-avidity IgG antibodies suggesting a recent T. gondii infection in these women. More importantly, 15 (37.5%) of the IgM-positive women had high-avidity antibodies suggesting that the infection was acquired before gestation The relation of IgM seropositivity with the following risk factors was not found to be statistically significant; contact with cats (0.13), non-vegetarian food habits (0.05), and low socio-economic status (0.49). While, for IgG avidity ELISA, only contact with cats (0.01) was significantly associated with seropositivity. All other risk factors have P-values of >0.05 (not significant). IgG avidity test when used in combination with IgM test was a valuable assay for diagnosis of ongoing or recently acquired T. gondii infection in India.

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Mamata Thapa, Tulsi Ram Gompo, Tatsuki Sugi, Masahito Asada, Hiroaki Arima, Kishor Pandey
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Afshin Azimi, Mahdi Parsaei, Eissa Soleymani, Elham Mehranzadeh, Amir Hossein Maghsood
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Narges Kalantari, Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee, Zahra Moulana, Mohammad Chehrazi, Salman Ghaffari
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 158: 105070. CrossRef
The global seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women who had spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Afsaneh Amouei, Zahra Hosseininejad, Ahmad Daryani, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(3): e0008103. CrossRef
Analysis Concentration of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> on Anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM Antibody Levels, and the Outcomes of Pregnancy in Mice Balb/c
Tigor Peniel Simanjuntak, Mochammad Hatta, Robert H. Sirait, Marni Br Karo, Lenny Irmawaty Sirait, Tetty Rina Aritonang, Syahrul Rauf, Ressy Dwiyanti
Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.2017; 07(03): 281. CrossRef
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Naglaa F.A. Imam, Esra'a A.A. Azzam, Ahmed A. Attia
Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences.2016; 11(3): 255. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Gefitinib Inhibits the Growth of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):439-441.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.439

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis with symptoms of congenital neurological and ocular diseases and acquired lymphadenitis, retinochoroiditis, and meningoencephalitis. Small molecules which block the activity of protein kinases were tested in in vitro culture of T. gondii to find new therapeutic drugs of safer and more effective than the combined administration of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine that sometimes provoke lethal Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Among them, Gefitinib and Crizotinib inhibited intracellular growth of T. gondii in HeLa cells by counting the number of T. gondii per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane whereas Sunitinib did not. Gefitinib inhibited the growth of T. gondii in a dose-dependent manner over 5 ?M up to the tolerable concentration of HeLa cells and halted the division of the parasite immediately from the time point of treatment. Gefitinib inhibition suggests that tyrosine kinases of EGFR family or other homologous kinases of the parasite itself may be the target to cause the block of T. gondii growth.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Khadijeh Khanaliha, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Bahram Kazemi, Bahador Shahriari, Mojgan Bandehpour, Zarin Sharifniya; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):137-142.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.137

Abstract
PDF

Serologic tests are widely accepted for diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii but purification and standardization of antigen needs to be improved. Recently, surface tachyzoite and bradyzoite antigens have become more attractive for this purpose. In this study, diagnostic usefulness of 3 recombinant antigens (SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3) were evaluated, and their efficacy was compared with the available commercial ELISA. The recombinant plasmids were transformed to JM109 strain of Escherichia coli, and the recombinants were expressed and purified. Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 antigens were evaluated using different groups of sera in an ELISA system, and the results were compared to those of a commercial IgG and IgM ELISA kit. The sensitivity and specificity of recombinant surface antigens for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG in comparison with commercially available ELISA were as follows: SAG1 (93.6% and 92.9%), SAG2 (100.0% and 89.4%), and SAG3 (95.4% and 91.2%), respectively. A high degree of agreement (96.9%) was observed between recombinant SAG2 and commercial ELISA in terms of detecting IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. P22 had the best performance in detecting anti-Toxoplasma IgM in comparison with the other 2 recombinant antigens. Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 could all be used for diagnosis of IgG-specific antibodies against T. gondii.

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Brief Communication

IgG Western Blot for Confirmatory Diagnosis of Equivocal Cases of Toxoplasmosis by EIA-IgG and Fluorescent Antibody Test: Imen Khammari, Fatma Saghrouni, Alia Yaacoub, Sondoss Gaied Meksi, Hinda Ach, Lamia Garma, Akila Fathallah, Moncef Ben Sa?d; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):485-488.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.485

Abstract
PDF

The performance values of available techniques used in serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis are satisfactory but they raise problems of equivocal and discordant results for very low IgG titers. Recently marketed, LDBio-Toxo II IgG Western blot (IB) showed an excellent correlation with the dye test. We estimated the proportion of equivocal and discordant results between the enzyme immunoassay Platelia Toxo IgG (EIA-IgG) and fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and assessed the usefulness of the IB as a confirmatory test. Out of 2,136 sera collected from pregnant women, 1,644 (77.0%) tested unequivocally positive and 407 (19.0%) were negative in both EIA-IgG and FAT. The remaining 85 (4%) sera showed equivocal or discordant results. Among them, 73 (85.9%) were positive and 12 (14.1%) were negative in IB. Forty-one (89.1%) equivocal sera in EIA-IgG and 46 (86.8%) equivocal sera in FAT were positive in IB. Reducing the cut-off values of both screening techniques improved significantly their sensitivity in detecting very low IgG titers at the expense of their specificity. In conclusion, equivocal results in routine-used techniques and their discordance in determination of the immune status in pregnancy women were not uncommon. IB test appeard to be highly useful in these situations as a confirmatory technique.

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Original Article

Influence of Toxoplasma gondii Acute Infection on Cholinesterase Activities of Wistar Rats: Alexandre Alberto Tonin, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva, Maria Luiza Thorstenberg, L?via Gelain Castilhos, Raqueli Teresinha Fran?a, Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal, Marta Maria Medeiros Frescura Duarte, Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel, Mario Luiz de La Rue, Sonia Terezinha dos Anjos Lopes; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):421-426.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.421

Abstract
PDF

Several studies have shown the mechanisms and importance of immune responses against Toxoplasma gondii infection and the notable role of cholinesterases in inflammatory reactions. However, the association between those factors has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in blood and lymphocytes and the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in serum of rats experimentally infected with T. gondii during the acute phase of infection. For that, an in vivo study was performed with evaluations of AChE and BChE activities on days 5 and 10 post-infection (PI). The activity of AChE in blood was increased on day 5 PI, while in lymphocytes its activity was enhanced on days 5 and 10 PI (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between groups regarding to the activity of BChE in serum. A positive (P<0.01) correlation was observed between AChE activity and number of lymphocytes. The role of AChE as an inflammatory marker is well known in different pathologies; thus, our results lead to the hypothesis that AChE has an important role in modulation of early immune responses against T. gondii infection.

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M.H. Lashari, M Bibi, U Farooq, F Afzal, A Ali, M Safdar, M.S. Akhtar, A.A. Farooq, S Masood, M Ayaz, M.I. Khan
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Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated with resveratrol for the treatment of toxoplasmosis in mice: Influence on the activity of enzymes involved in brain neurotransmission
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Mini Review

Clinical Features and Treatment of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):393-399.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.393

Abstract
PDF

Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the infection with Toxoplasma gondii through congenital or acquired routes. Once the parasite reaches the retina, it proliferates within host cells followed by rupture of the host cells and invasion into neighboring cells to make primary lesions. Sometimes the restricted parasite by the host immunity in the first scar is activated to infect another lesion nearby the scar. Blurred vision is the main complaint of ocular toxoplasmic patients and can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies or parasite DNA. Ocular toxoplasmosis needs therapy with several combinations of drugs to eliminate the parasite and accompanying inflammation; if not treated it sometimes leads to loss of vision. We describe here clinical features and currently available chemotherapy of ocular toxoplasmosis.

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Brief Communication

Detection of Ocular Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Chronic Irregular Recurrent Uveitis by PCR: Sang-Eun Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Seong-Ho Lee, Young-Il Jeong, Su Jin Lim, Oh Woong Kwon, Sun Hyun Kim, Young Sung You, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):229-231.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.229

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite resulting in human infections and one of the infectious pathogens leading to uveitis and retinochoroiditis. The present study was performed to assess T. gondii infection in 20 ocular patients with chronic irregular recurrent uveitis (20 aqueous humor and 20 peripheral blood samples) using PCR. All samples were analyzed by nested PCR targeting a specific B1 gene of T. gondii. The PCR-positive rate was 25% (5/20), including 5% (1) in blood samples, 25% (5) in aqueous humor samples, and 5% (1) in both sample types. A molecular screening test for T. gondii infection in ocular patients with common clinical findings of an unclear retinal margin and an inflammatory membrane over the retina, as seen by fundus examination, may be helpful for early diagnosis and treatment.

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Case Report

Clinical Features of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Korean Patients: Young-Hoon Park, Jae-Hyung Han, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):167-171.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.167

Abstract
PDF

We report here the records of 10 consecutive Korean patients (10 eyes) with ocular toxoplasmosis which showed the typical clinical manifestations with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii specific IgG antibodies by micro-ELISA between 2006 and 2010. Nine patients were males and 1 was female; their age was 50.5±13.8 years. The most common accompanying signs were vitritis (100%), anterior uveitis (70%), and scattered white deposit (80%). Pre-existing retinochoroidal scar was found in 1 (10%) patient. All patients received antiparasitic chemotherapy and systemic corticosteroid treatment, which resolved the presenting attack and recovered the visual acuity better than initial one in 9 patients and worse in 1. Optic atrophy, cataract, and retinal neovascularization were observed during the follow-up period and recurrence was detected in 3 eyes (30%) 6 to 20 months after the initial attack. In Korea, although rarely detected and reported, ocular toxoplasmosis needs more attention in clinical field of retinal diseases.

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Brief Communications

A Serological Study on Toxoplasma gondii Infection Among People in South of Tehran, Iran: Abdoreza Salahi-Moghaddam, Abbas Hafizi; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):61-63.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.61

Abstract
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Although Toxoplasma gondii infection generally shows subclinical courses in adults, it may have severe pathologic effects on the fetus. For a survey of toxoplasmosis in Shahr-e-Rey area, south of Tehran, Iran, we conducted a serological study on 1,187 general populations using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. In this cross sectional study, cases were selected randomly by a local primary health care (PHC) system. Blood samples were collected in microcapillary tubes and sera were examined by IFA after centrifugation. It has been shown that 68.3% of cases in all age groups had IFA titer of 1 : 10 and higher, which we consider as positive cases, and the rate for 1 : 400 or over was 30.2%. There was meaningful correlation between anti-Toxoplasma antibody titers and age, sex, and occupation of subjected people (P < 0.05%). The incidence was higher in females and highest in the children age group (10-14 years old). The present study demonstrates high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection among the people in south of Tehran, Iran.

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The Relationship of Latent Toxoplasmosis and Cigarette Smoking: Seroprevalence, Risk Factor, and Case-Control Study in Fars Province, Southern Iran
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Seroepidemiology and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among children age ranged from 1 to 14 years referred to medical diagnostic laboratories in Southeast Iran
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Seroepidemiological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii immunity among the general population in southwest of Iran
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Evaluation of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Hemodialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Sari, Iran
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Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma infection in blood donors in Jahrom District, Southern Iran
Mohammad Hassan Davami, Morteza Pourahmad, Rasoul Baharlou, Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi, Abbass Ahmadi Vasmejani, Kavous Solhjoo, Hamid Reza Fallah, Mohsen Kalantari
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the Iranian general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ahmad Daryani, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mohsen Aarabi, Azadeh Mizani, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Azar Shokri, Mohammad-Taghi Rahimi, Mehdi Sharif
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H. Bellali, H. Pelloux, I. Villena, H. Fricker-Hidalgo, Y. Le Strat, V. Goulet
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Pregnant Women in Northeast Iran
Jalal Babaie, Samira Amiri, Ehsan Mostafavi, Nayereh Hassan, Peyman Lotfi, Ahmad Reza Esmaeili Rastaghi, Majid Golkar
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Clinical manifestation and prognosis of active ocular toxoplasmosis in Iran
Farzan Kianersi, Afsaneh Naderi Beni, Zahra Naderi Beni
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Immunological Status Against Toxoplasma gondii in Non-Cat Owners from an Endemic Region of Mexico
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Evaluation of the Korean Isolate-1 Tachyzoite Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Eun-Hee Shin, Dong-Hee Kim, Aifen Lin, Jo-Woon-Yi Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):45-48.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.45

Abstract
PDF

To evaluate the usefulness of the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, antigen profiles of KI-1 tachyzoites were analyzed in comparison with RH tachyzoites by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. ELISA was performed on latex agglutination (LA)-positive and negative serum samples using KI-1 and RH antigens. Immunoblotting of the KI-1 antigen showed multiple antigen bands with molecular sizes of 22-105 kDa. Among them, 1 and 6 common bands were noted against a KI-1-infected and a RH-infected human serum, respectively, which represented differences in antigenic profiles between KI-1 and RH tachyzoites. However, all 9 LA-positive human sera were found positive by ELISA, and all 12 LA-negative sera were negative by ELISA; the correlation between the ELISA titers and LA titers was high (r = 0.749). Our results suggest that tachyzoites of KI-1 may be useful for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis.

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Resistance toToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Korean pregnant women: Kyoung-Ju Song, Jong-Chul Shin, Ho-Joon Shin, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):69-71.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.69

Abstract
PDF

This study was performed in order to evaluate the sero-epidemiological status of toxoplasmosis in pregnant Korean women. Among 5,175 sera and 750 amniotic fluid samples obtained from pregnant women, 41 serum samples (0.79%) and 10 (1.33%) amniotic fluid samples tested positive for IgG antibodies by ELISA. Fifty one cases showing a score more than 0.25 on ELISA were tested for PCR reaction against the SAG1 gene. Only one case of the 51 ELISA positive cases exhibited a positive reaction on all tests. This case had a history of acute nephropyelitis during early pregnancy, but fortunately, had delivered a phenotypically healthy baby. In this study, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be comparatively low, consistent with previous reports from Korea. However our trials, performed with a variety of diagnostic tools, were considered to be useful for the precise diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

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Original Articles

Molecular cloning of ribosomal P protein in Toxoplasma gondii and the availability to detect antibody against recombinant protein in toxoplasmosis patients: Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(2):89-96.
Published online June 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.2.89

Abstract
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Among the panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Toxoplasma gondii, mAb of Tg621 (Tg621) clone blotted 38 kDa protein which localized in the cytoplasm of tachyzoites by immunofluorescence microscopy. The protein was not released into the parasitophorous vacuole during or after invasion. The cDNA fragment encoding the protein was obtained by screening a T. gondii cDNA expression library with Tg621. The full length cDNA sequence was completed with 5'-RACE as 1,592 bp, which contained open reading frame of 942 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of Tg621 consisted of a polypeptide of 313 amino acids, with significant homology to ribosomal P proteins (RPP) of other organisms especially high to those of apicomplexan species. The expressed and purified TgRPP was assayed in western blot with the sera of toxoplasmosis patients and normal sera, which resulted in the 74.0% of positive reactions in toxoplasmosis patients whereas 8.3% in normal group. Therefore, the antibody formation against TgRPP in toxoplasmosis patients was regarded as specific for T. gondii infection and suggested a potential autoantibody.

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Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea: Young-Ha Lee, Hyung-Jun Noh, Ok-Sun Hwang, Sang-Keol Lee, Dae-Whan Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):251-256.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.251

Abstract
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There have been some reports about the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody among Koreans, and most of all data were taken from patients visiting hospitals. However, the epidemiological data of the community-based study in Korea are rare. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the inhabitants of the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea. A total of 1,109 serum samples (499 males, 610 females) were examined for the IgG antibodies by ELISA. To set up the cut-off point for ELISA, we used a commercial latex agglutination (LA) kit. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA against LA test were 89.5%, and 98.6% respectively. Among 1,109 sera, 6.9% showed seropositivity by ELISA. The positive rates of males and females were 6.0% and 7.2%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between sexes. Comparing the age groups, the highest seropositive rate showed in the seventies or higher, and their rates had a tendency to increase with age (0.05 < p < 0.3). These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in rural inhabitants is similar to previous reports in Korea; however we need further investigation to clarify the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the general population.

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Sequential analysis of cell differentials and IFN-γ production of splenocytes from mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Young-Ha Lee, Dae-Whan Shin, Lloyd H. Kasper; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(2):85-90.
Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.2.85

Abstract
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To assess the relationship between the changes of cellular components and the production of Th1 cytokine in the immune tissue, inbred C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with 40 cysts of 76K strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The sequential change of cell differentials and IFN-γ production of splenocytes were analyzed by Diff-Quik stain and RT-PCR. There were no significant proportional changes of cellular components of splenocytes until day 4 postinfection (PI) as compared to those of day 0, and the relative percentage of macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils increased significantly (p<0.01) thereafter. The expression of IFN-γ mRNA of CD3^- cells was observed from day 1 PI at a low level. However, IFN-γ production of CD3⁺ cells increased significantly from day 4 PI (p<0.01) which progressively increased thereafter. These findings provide the relative percentages of granulocytes and macrophages were increased in conjunction with increase of total number of splenocytes after oral infection with T. gondii in the susceptible murine hosts, and lymphocytes were the major cellular components and the important source of IFN-γ.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2002; 40(3): 119. CrossRef

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Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers in sera of children admitted to the Seoul National University Children's Hospital: Jina Kook, Hong-Jin Lee, Beyong Il Kim, Chong-Ku Yun, Sang-Mee Guk, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):27-32.
Published online March 20, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.27

Abstract
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A total of 542 children under 10 years of age, admitted to the Seoul National University Children's Hospital, was examined for antibody titers of Toxoplasma gondii using indirect latex agglutination (ILA) test. Among them, 7.7% showed positive titers higher than 1:32, without significant difference between males (7.3%) and females (8.5%). The seropositive rate increased with age although the statistical significance was negligible (0.05<P<0.1). By residential areas, the prevalence appeared higher among children from southern provinces (Kyongsang-do and Cholla-do) than those from other areas, but the statistical significance was also very low (0.05<P<0.1). When the seropositive cases were analyzed by coincidental diseases, the prevalence was significantly higher in patients with congenital diseases than in patients with non-congenital diseases (P<0.05). The results showed that the seropositive rate of toxoplasmosis in children examined was not high compared with other endemic countries. Some correlations are suggested between toxoplasmosis and congenital anomalies in Korea.

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