Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Cryptosporidium"

Brief Communications

Identification of Cryptosporidium from Dairy Cattle in Pahang, Malaysia: Nur Hazirah Hisamuddin, Najat Hashim, Sharmeen Nellisa Soffian, Mohd Hishammfariz Mohd Amin, Ridhwan Abdul Wahab, Mardhiah Mohammad, Muhammad Lokman Md Isa, Afzan Mat Yusof; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):197-200.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.197

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, can cause cryptosporidiosis which is a gastrointestinal disease that can infect humans and livestock. Cattle are the most common livestock that can be infected with this protozoan. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia and to find out the association between the occurrence of infection and 3 different ages of cattle (calves less than 1 year, yearling, and adult cattle). The samples were processed by using formol-ether concentration technique and stained by modified Ziehl Neelsen. The results showed that 15.9% (24/151) of cattle were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium in calves less than 1 year was the highest with the percentage of 20.0% (11/55) followed by yearling and adult cattle, with the percentage occurrence of 15.6 % (7/45) and 11.8% (6/51), respectively. There was no significant association between the occurrence and age of cattle and presence of diarrhea. Good management practices and proper hygiene management must be taken in order to reduce the infection. It is highly important to control the infection since infected cattle may serve as potential reservoirs of the infection to other animals and humans, especially animal handlers.

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Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in central and western Inner Mongolia, China
Ziran Mo, Bin Xu, Jingwei Quan, Qinghan Meng, Xu Jiang, Junyan Li, Jia Wang, Yaping Xuan, Xingyu Ruan, Wenbin Yang, Xiaoping Luo, Wei Hu
BMC Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A preliminary study on the etiology of neonatal calf diarrhea: prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Rotavirus in semi-industrial farms in Bavaria
Mircea Jifcu, Diana Hoffman , Ioan-Cristian Dreghiciu , Alesia Cioacă , Tiana Florea , Anamaria Plesko , Ion Oprescu , Sorin Morariu , Marius Stelian Ilie
Romanian Journal of Veterinary Sciences.2024; 58(1): 164. CrossRef
Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China
Sen Li, Yang Zou, Pei Wang, Ming-Ren Qu, Wen-Bin Zheng, Ping Wang, Xiao-Qing Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(4): 1281. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium Infection Increases the Risk for Chronic Diarrhea Among People Living With HIV in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Wiwien S. Utami, Elsa H. Murhandarwati, Wayan T. Artama, Hari Kusnanto
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2020; 32(1): 8. CrossRef
Molecular detection and epidemiological risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia
D.A. Abdullah, S.D. Ola-Fadunsin, K. Ruviniyia, F.I. Gimba, P. Chandrawathani, Y.A.L. Lim, F.F.A. Jesse, R.S.K. Sharma
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2019; 14: e00035. CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium from dairy cows in Northern Thailand
Tawin Inpankaew, Tawisa Jiyipong, Chainirun Sunanta, Chanya Kengradomkij, Nongnuch Pinyopanuwat, Sathaporn Jittapalapong
Acta Parasitologica.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among Inhabitants of 2 Rural Areas in White Nile State, Sudan: Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):745-747.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.745

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, is found worldwide and is common in areas with low water hygiene. In February 2014, 866 stool samples were collected from the inhabitants of 2 rural areas in White Nile State, Sudan. These stool samples were assessed by performing modified acid-fast staining, followed by examination under a light microscope. The overall positive rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 13.3%. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area having water purification systems and in 14.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area not having water purification systems. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection between men and women (14.7% and 14.1%, respectively). The positive rate of oocysts by age was the highest among inhabitants in their 60s (40.0%). These findings suggest that the use of water purification systems is important for preventing Cryptosporidium infection among inhabitants of these rural areas in Sudan.

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Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence in the general population in Guinea: first large-scale screening study
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Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea under five years admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, Kosti City, Sudan
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh, AbdElhadi M. Agena, Elham Elamin, Mohammed A. Suliman, Mohammed Elmadani, Asmaa B. Omara, Sahar A. Musa
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Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan
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Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Una Ryan
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus gastroenteritis and change of incidence after rotavirus vaccination among children in Raparin Pediatrics Hospital, Erbil, Iraq
Sally S. Azeez, Hadi M. Alsakee
Medical Journal of Indonesia.2017; 26(3): 190. CrossRef

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Detection and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from Wild Rodents and Insectivores in South Korea: Juha Song, C-Yoon Kim, Seo-Na Chang, Tamer Said Abdelkader, Juhee Han, Tae-Hyun Kim, Hanseul Oh, Ji Min Lee, Dong-Su Kim, Jong-Taek Kim, Hong-Shik Oh, Moonsuk Hur, Jae-Hwa Suh, Jae-Hak Park; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):737-743.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.737

Abstract
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In order to examine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in wild rodents and insectivores of South Korea and to assess their potential role as a source of human cryptosporidiosis, a total of 199 wild rodents and insectivore specimens were collected from 10 regions of South Korea and screened for Cryptosporidium infection over a period of 2 years (2012-2013). A nested-PCR amplification of Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene fragment revealed an overall prevalence of 34.2% (68/199). The sequence analysis of 18S rRNA gene locus of Cryptosporidium was performed from the fecal and cecum samples that tested positive by COWP amplification PCR. As a result, we identified 4 species/genotypes; chipmunk genotype I, cervine genotype I, C. muris, and a new genotype which is closely related to the bear genotype. The new genotype isolated from 12 Apodemus agrarius and 2 Apodemus chejuensis was not previously identified as known species or genotype, and therefore, it is supposed to be a novel genotype. In addition, the host spectrum of Cryptosporidium was extended to A. agrarius and Crosidura lasiura, which had not been reported before. In this study, we found that the Korean wild rodents and insectivores were infected with various Cryptosporidium spp. with large intra-genotypic variationa, indicating that they may function as potential reservoirs transmitting zoonotic Cryptosporidium to livestock and humans.

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Taher Azimi, Mohammad Reza Pourmand, Fatemeh Fallah, Abdollah Karimi, Roxana Mansour-Ghanaie, Seyedeh Mahsan Hoseini-Alfatemi, Mehdi Shirdoust, Leila Azimi
Tropical Medicine and Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Katherine García-Livia, Aarón Martín-Alonso, Pilar Foronda
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Šárka Čondlová, Michaela Horčičková, Nikola Havrdová, Bohumil Sak, Lenka Hlásková, Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak, Marta Kicia, John McEvoy, Martin Kváč
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Original Articles

Intestinal Parasitosis in Relation to Anti-Retroviral Therapy, CD4+ T-cell Count and Diarrhea in HIV Patients: Shehla Khalil, Bijay Ranjan Mirdha, Sanjeev Sinha, Ashutosh Panda, Yogita Singh, Anju Joseph, Manorama Deb; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):705-712.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.705

Abstract
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Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the major causes of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive individuals. Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of many opportunistic infections, but parasite-related diarrhea still remains frequent and often underestimated especially in developing countries. The present hospital-based study was conducted to determine the spectrum of intestinal parasitosis in adult HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients with or without diarrhea with the levels of CD4+ T-cell counts. A total of 400 individuals were enrolled and were screened for intestinal parasitosis. Of these study population, 200 were HIV seropositives, and the remaining 200 were HIV uninfected individuals with or without diarrhea. Intestinal parasites were identified by using microscopy as well as PCR assay. A total of 130 (32.5%) out of 400 patients were positive for any kinds of intestinal parasites. The cumulative number of parasite positive patients was 152 due to multiple infections. A significant association of Cryptosporidium (P<0.001) was detected among individuals with CD4+ T-cell counts less than 200 cells/μl.

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Acta Parasitologica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Asaye Mitiku, Zerihin Solomon, Berhanu Gidisa, Kasie Gebeyhu, Haymanot Tewabe, Demissew Shenkute, Melkayehu Kassa, Addisu Gize
Infection and Drug Resistance.2023; Volume 16: 4227. CrossRef
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Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Captive Non-Human Primates in Qinling Mountains: Shuai-Zhi Du, Guang-Hui Zhao, Jun-Feng Shao, Yan-Qin Fang, Ge-Ru Tian, Long-Xian Zhang, Rong-Jun Wang, Hai-Yan Wang, Meng Qi, San-Ke Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):395-402.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.395

Abstract
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Non-human primates (NHPs) are confirmed as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In this study, 197 fresh fecal samples from 8 NHP species in Qinling Mountains, northwestern China, were collected and examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The results showed that 35 (17.8%) samples were positive for tested parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (3.0%), G. intestinalis (2.0%), and E. bieneusi (12.7%). Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 6 fecal samples of Macaca mulatta, and were identified as C. parvum (n=1) and C. andersoni (n=5). Subtyping analysis showed Cryptosporidium spp. belonged to the C. andersoni MLST subtype (A4, A4, A4, and A1) and C. parvum 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) subtype IId A15G2R1. G. intestinalis assemblage E was detected in 3 M. mulatta and 1 Saimiri sciureus. Intra-variations were observed at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci, with 3, 1, and 2 new subtypes found in respective locus. E. bieneusi was found in Cercopithecus neglectus (25.0%), Papio hamadrayas (16.7%), M. mulatta (16.3%), S. sciureus (10%), and Rhinopithecus roxellana (9.5%), with 5 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes: 2 known genotypes (D and BEB6) and 3 novel genotypes (MH, XH, and BSH). These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in NHPs in Qinling Mountains. This is the first report of C. andersoni in NHPs. The present study provided basic information for control of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in human and animals in this area.

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Brief Communication

Cloning and Iron Transportation of Nucleotide Binding Domain of Cryptosporidium andersoni ATP-Binding Cassette (CaABC) Gene: Ju-Hua Wang, Xiu-Heng Xue, Jie Zhou, Cai-Yun Fan, Qian-Qian Xie, Pan Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):335-339.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.335

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium andersoni ATP-binding cassette (CaABC) is an important membrane protein involved in substrate transport across the membrane. In this research, the nucleotide binding domain (NBD) of CaABC gene was amplified by PCR, and the eukaryotic expression vector of pEGFP-C1-CaNBD was reconstructed. Then, the recombinant plasmid of pEGFP-C1-CaNBD was transformed into the mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to study the iron transportation function of CaABC. The results indicated that NBD region of CaABC gene can significantly elevate the transport efficiency of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and HCO₃^- in IECs (P<0.05). The significance of this study is to find the ATPase inhibitors for NBD region of CaABC gene and to inhibit ATP binding and nutrient transport of CaABC transporter. Thus, C. andersoni will be killed by inhibition of nutrient uptake. This will open up a new way for treatment of cryptosporidiosis.

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Original Article

Internal Amplification Control for a Cryptosporidium Diagnostic PCR: Construction and Clinical Evaluation: Yousry Hawash, M. M. Ghonaim, Ayman S. Al-Hazmi; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):147-154.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.147

Abstract
PDF

Various constituents in clinical specimens, particularly feces, can inhibit the PCR assay and lead to false-negative results. To ensure that negative results of a diagnostic PCR assay are true, it should be properly monitored by an inhibition control. In this study, a cloning vector harboring a modified target DNA sequence (?375 bp) was constructed to be used as a competitive internal amplification control (IAC) for a conventional PCR assay that detects ?550 bp of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene sequence in human feces. Modification of the native PCR target was carried out using a new approach comprising inverse PCR and restriction digestion techniques. IAC was included in the assay, with the estimated optimum concentration of 1 fg per reaction, as duplex PCR. When applied on fecal samples spiked with variable oocysts counts, ?2 oocysts were theoretically enough for detection. When applied on 25 Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples of various infection intensities, both targets were clearly detected with minimal competition noticed in 2-3 samples. Importantly, both the analytical and the diagnostic sensitivities of the PCR assay were not altered with integration of IAC into the reactions. When tried on 180 randomly collected fecal samples, 159 were Cryptosporidium-negatives. Although the native target DNA was absent, the IAC amplicon was obviously detected on gel of all the Cryptosporidium-negative samples. These results imply that running of the diagnostic PCR, inspired with the previously developed DNA extraction protocol and the constructed IAC, represents a useful tool for Cryptosporidium detection in human feces.

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Brief Communication

Cryptosporidium suis Infection in Post-Weaned and Adult Pigs in Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China: Qing Lin, Xing-Ye Wang, Jian-Wen Chen, Ling Ding, Guang-Hui Zhao; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):113-117.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.113

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium spp., ubiquitous enteric parasitic protozoa of vertebrates, recently emerged as an important cause of economic loss and zoonosis. The present study aimed to determine the distribution and species of Cryptosporidium in post-weaned and adult pigs in Shaanxi province, northwestern China. A total of 1,337 fresh fecal samples of post-weaned and adult pigs were collected by sterile disposable gloves from 8 areas of Shaanxi province. The samples were examined by Sheather’s sugar flotation technique and microscopy at×400 magnification for Cryptosporidium infection, and the species in positive samples was further identified by PCR amplification of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. A total of 44 fecal samples were successfully amplified by the nested PCR of the partial SSU rRNA, with overall prevalence of 3.3%. The average prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in each pig farms ranged from 0 to 14.4%. Species identification by sequencing of SSU rRNA gene revealed that 42 (3.1%) samples were Cryptosporidium suis and 2 (0.15%) were Cryptosporidium scrofarum. C. suis had the highest prevalence (7.5%) in growers and the lowest in breeding pigs (0.97%). C. suis was the predominant species in pre-weaned and adult pigs, while C. scrofarum infected pigs older than 3 months only. A season-related difference of C. suis was observed in this study, with the highest prevalence in autumn (5.5%) and the lowest (1.7%) in winter. The present study provided basic information for control of Cryptosporidium infection in pigs and assessment of zoonotic transmission of pigs in Shaanxi province, China.

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Original Articles

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods: Yousry Hawash, Laila Sh. Dorgham, Ayman S. Al-Hazmi, Mohammed S. Al-Ghamdi; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):479-485.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.479

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium diarrhea represents a relevant clinical problem in developing countries. In Al-Taif, a city of Saudi Arabia that lies at an altitude of an around 2 km above the sea level, Cryptosporidium infection seems to be undiagnosed in nearly all clinical laboratories. Furthermore, nothing was published regarding Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in this area. The
objective
s of this research were to (1) determine the Cryptosporidium prevalence among patients with diarrhea and (2) to estimate the performances of 3 different diagnostic methods. Total 180 diarrheal fecal samples, 1 sample per patient, were collected between January and August 2013. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium with modified Zeihl Neelsen (ZN) microscopy, RIDA® Quick lateral flow (LF) immunotest, and a previously published PCR. The Cryptosporidium prevalence rate was 9.4% (17/180), 10% (18/180), and 11.6% (21/180) by microscopy, LF, and PCR test, respectively. Infection was significantly (P=0.004) predominant among children <5 years (22%) followed by children 5-9 years (11.1%). Although infection was higher in males than in females (16.2% males and 8.5% females), the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.11). Compared to PCR, the sensitivity of microscopy and the LF test were 80.9%, 85.7%, respectively. To conclude, high Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea was found in this area especially in children ≤9 years. The PCR test showed the best performance followed by the LF test and ZN staining microscopy. The primary health care providers in Al-Taif need to be aware of and do testing for this protozoon, particularly for children seen with diarrhea.

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Nusrat Jahan Nipa, Nasima Aktar, Hasina M Hira, Farhana Akter, Dilshad Jahan, Salequl Islam, Ayukafangha Etando, Adnan Abdullah, Kona Chowdhury, Rahnuma Ahmad, Ahsanul Haq, Mainul Haque
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DNA Extraction from Protozoan Oocysts/Cysts in Feces for Diagnostic PCR: Yousry Hawash; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):263-271.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.263

Abstract
PDF

PCR detection of intestinal protozoa is often restrained by a poor DNA recovery or by inhibitors present in feces. The need for an extraction protocol that can overcome these obstacles is therefore clear. QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen) was evaluated for its ability to recover DNA from oocysts/cysts directly from feces. Twenty-five Giardia-positive, 15 Cryptosporidium-positive, 15 Entamoeba histolytica-positive, and 45 protozoa-free samples were processed as control by microscopy and immunoassay tests. DNA extracts were amplified using 3 sets of published primers. Following the manufacturer's protocol, the kit showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% towards Giardia and Entamoeba. However, for Cryptosporidium, the sensitivity and specificity were 60% (9/15) and 100%, respectively. A series of optimization experiments involving various steps of the kit's protocol were conducted using Cryptosporidium-positive samples. The best DNA recoveries were gained by raising the lysis temperature to the boiling point for 10 min and the incubation time of the InhibitEX tablet to 5 min. Also, using a pre-cooled ethanol for nucleic acid precipitation and small elution volume (50-100 ?l) were valuable. The sensitivity of the amended protocol to Cryptosporidium was raised to 100%. Cryptosporidium DNA was successfully amplified by either the first or the second primer set. When applied on parasite-free feces spiked with variable oocysts/cysts counts, ? 2 oocysts/cysts were theoretically enough for detection by PCR. To conclude, the Qiagen kit with the amended protocol was proved to be suitable for protozoan DNA extraction directly from feces and support PCR diagnosis.

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Breast-Feeding Protects Infantile Diarrhea Caused by Intestinal Protozoan Infections: Ekhlas Hamed Abdel-Hafeez, Usama Salah Belal, Manal Zaki Mohamed Abdellatif, Koji Naoi, Kazumi Norose; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):519-524.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.519

Abstract
PDF

This study investigated the effect of breast-feeding in protection against protozoan infection in infants with persistent diarrhea. Infants were classified into 2 groups; 161 breast-fed infants and the same number of non-breast-fed infants. Microscopic examinations of stool were done for detection of parasites and measuring the intensity of infection. Moreover, serum levels of IgE and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis sp. were demonstrated in infants with persistent diarrhea. The percentage of protozoan infections was significantly lower in breast-fed infants than that in the non-breast-fed infants. The levels of IgE and TNF-α were significantly lower in the breast-fed group than in the non-breast-fed group. There were significant positive associations between the serum levels of IgE and TNF-α and the intensity of parasite infection in the breast-fed group. It is suggested that breast-feeding has an attenuating effect on the rate and intensity of parasite infection.

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Case Report

A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul: Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):461-466.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.461

Abstract
PDF

From May to June 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the Korean Drinking Water Standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. The microbiological parameters included total colony counts, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus, fecal streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, total culturable viruses, and Norovirus. While the tap water samples of the adjacent buildings complied with the Korean Drinking Water Standards for all parameters, fecal bacteria and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the tap water samples of the outbreak apartment complex. It turned out that the agent of the disease was Cryptosporidium parvum. The drinking water was polluted with sewage from a septic tank in the apartment complex. To remove C. parvum oocysts, we conducted physical processes of cleaning the water storage tanks, flushing the indoor pipes, and replacing old pipes with new ones. Finally we restored the clean drinking water to the apartment complex after identification of no oocysts.

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Brief Communication

Cryptosporidium hominis Infection Diagnosed by Real-Time PCR-RFLP: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Kyungjin Kim, Sejoung Yoon, Won-Ja Lee, Woo-Yoon Park, Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):353-355.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.353

Abstract
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There are approximately 20 known species of the genus Cryptosporidium, and among these, 8 infect immunocompetent or immunocompromised humans. C. hominis and C. parvum most commonly infect humans. Differentiating between them is important for evaluating potential sources of infection. We report here the development of a simple and accurate real-time PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to distinguish between C. parvum and C. hominis. Using the CP2 gene as the target, we found that both Cryptosporidium species yielded 224 bp products. In the subsequent RFLP method using TaqI, 2 bands (99 and 125 bp) specific to C. hominis were detected. Using this method, we detected C. hominis infection in 1 of 21 patients with diarrhea, suggesting that this method could facilitate the detection of C. hominis infections.

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Original Article

Opportunistic Parasites among Immunosuppressed Children in Minia District, Egypt: Ekhlas H. Abdel-Hafeez, Azza K. Ahmad, Basma A. Ali, Fadia A. Moslam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):57-62.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.57

Abstract
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A total of 450 stool samples were collected from inpatient and outpatient clinics of Pediatric Department, Minia University Hospital, Minia District, Egypt. Two groups of patients were studied, including 200 immunosuppressed and 250 immunocompetent children. Stool samples were subjected to wet saline and iodine mounts. A concentration technique (formol-ether sedimentation method) was carried out for stool samples diagnosed negative by wet saline and iodine mounts. Samples were stained by 2 different methods; acid fast stain (modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain) and Giemsa stain. Total 188 cases (94%) were diagnosed positive for parasitic infections among immunosuppressed children, whereas 150 cases (60%) were positive in immunocompetent children (P<0.0001). The most common protozoan infection in immunosuppressed group was Cryptosporidium parvum (60.2%), followed by Blastocystis hominis (12.1%), Isospora belli (9.7%), and Cyclospora caytenensis (7.8%). On the other hand, Entamoeba histolytica (24.6%) and Giardia lamblia (17.6%) were more common than other protozoans in immunocompetent children.

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Brief Communication

Comparison of Resistance to γ-Irradiation between Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris Using In Vivo Infection: Sejoung Yoon, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):423-426.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.423

Abstract
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In the genus Cryptosporidium, there are more than 14 species with different sizes and habitats, as well as different hosts. Among these, C. parvum and C. hominis are known to be human pathogens. As C. parvum can survive exposure to harsh environmental conditions, including various disinfectants or high doses of radiation, it is considered to be an important environmental pathogen that may be a threat to human health. However, the resistance of other Cryptosporidium species to various environmental conditions is unknown. In this study, resistance against γ-irradiation was compared between C. parvum and C. muris using in vivo infection in mice. The capability of C. muris to infect mice could be eliminated with 1,000 Gy of γ-irradiation, while C. parvum remained infective in mice after up to 1,000 Gy of γ-irradiation, although the peak number of oocysts per gram of feces decreased to 16% that of non-irradiated oocysts. The difference in radioresistance between these 2 Cryptosporidium species should be investigated by further studies.

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Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii
Julia Finkensieper, Florian Mayerle, Zaida Rentería-Solís, Jasmin Fertey, Gustavo R. Makert, Franziska Lange, Joana Besecke, Simone Schopf, Andre Poremba, Ulla König, Bastian Standfest, Martin Thoma, Arwid Daugschies, Sebastian Ulbert
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Recombinant thioredoxin peroxidase from Cryptosporidium parvum has more powerful antioxidant activity than that from Cryptosporidium muris
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Original Articles

Ultrastructural Changes in Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Gamma Irradiation: Migyo Joung, Sejeong Yun, Mijoung Joung, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):25-31.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.25

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium parvum is known as one of the most highly resistant parasites to gamma irradiation. To morphologically have an insight on the radioresistance of this parasite, ultrastructural changes in C. parvum sporozoites were observed after gamma irradiation using various doses (1, 5, 10, and 25 kGy) following a range of post-irradiation incubation times (10 kGy for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr). The ultrastructures of C. parvum oocysts changed remarkably after a 10-kGy irradiation. Nuclear membrane changes and degranulation of dense granules were observed with high doses over 10 kGy, and morphological changes in micronemes and rhoptries were observed with very high doses over 25 kGy. Oocyst walls were not affected by irradiation, whereas the internal structures of sporozoites degenerated completely 96 hr post-irradiation using a dose of 10 kGy. From this study, morphological evidence of radioresistance of C. parvum has been supplemented.

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Multiplex PCR Detection of Waterborne Intestinal Protozoa: Microsporidia, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium: Seung-Hyun Lee, Migyo Joung, Sejoung Yoon, Kyoungjin Choi, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):297-301.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.297

Abstract
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Recently, emerging waterborne protozoa, such as microsporidia, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium, have become a challenge to human health worldwide. Rapid, simple, and economical detection methods for these major waterborne protozoa in environmental and clinical samples are necessary to control infection and improve public health. In the present study, we developed a multiplex PCR test that is able to detect all these 3 major waterborne protozoa at the same time. Detection limits of the multiplex PCR method ranged from 10¹ to 10² oocysts or spores. The primers for microsporidia or Cryptosporidium used in this study can detect both Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, or both Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. Restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products with BsaBI or BsiEI makes it possible to distinguish the 2 species of microsporidia or Cryptosporidium, respectively. This simple, rapid, and cost-effective multiplex PCR method will be useful for detecting outbreaks or sporadic cases of waterborne protozoa infections.

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A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Supplies during a 10-Year Period (2000-2009) in Seoul: Mok Young Lee, Eun Joo Cho, Jin Hyo Lee, Sun Hee Han, Yong Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):219-224.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.219

Abstract
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This study has been conducted to estimate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water supplies in the Metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea, for 10 years from 2000 to 2009. Water samples were collected quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River and its largest stream and 6 conventional Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) serving drinking water for 10 million people of Seoul. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 22.5% of intake water samples and arithmetic mean was 0.65 oocysts/10 L (range 0-22 oocysts/10 L). Although the annual mean of oocyst number was as low as 0.04-1.90 oocysts/10 L, 3 peaks in 2004 and 2007 were observed and the pollution level was a little higher in winter. The lowest density was observed at Paldang intake and the pollution level increased at Kuui and Jayang intakes. At the end of the largest stream, oocysts were found in 70% of collected samples (mean 5.71 oocysts/10 L) and it seemed that its joining the Han River resulted in the increase at Kuui intake and downstream. Oocyst removal by physical process exceeded 2.0-2.3 log and then all finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Cryptosporidium in each 100 L sample for 10 years. These results suggested that domestic wastewater from the urban region could be a source of Cryptosporidium pollution and separating sewage systems adjacent to the intakes could be meaningful for some intakes having weakness related to parasitological water quality.

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Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
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Cryptosporidium Contamination and Attributed Risks in Yunlong Lake in Xuzhou, China
Yadong Kong, Ping Lu, Tao Yuan, Jinghui Niu, Zhaoji Li, Baisong Yang
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Simultaneous Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora from Raw Vegetables in Korea
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Development of a Diagnostic Kit to Detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia
Hyeng-Il Cheun, Byung-Suk Chung, Da-Won Ma, Bo-La Goo, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Mi-jung Ji, Won-Ja Lee
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Health Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Tap Water in Korea
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Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2013; 39(1): 32. CrossRef
Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
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Shinje Moon, Wooseok Kwak, Sangwon Lee, Won Kim, Jaeyeon Oh, Seung-Ki Youn
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 9. CrossRef

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Infection Status of Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients with Gastrointestinal Protozoa, Bacteria, and Viruses in the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jin-Hee Lee, Yi-Young Lim, Ji-Hye Jeon, Jae-Ran Yu, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee, Seung-Hak Cho, Deog-Yong Lee, Mi-Seon Park, Hye-Sook Jeong, Doo-Sung Chen, Yeong-Mi Ji, Mi-Hwa Kwon; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):113-120.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.113

Abstract
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To understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the Republic of Korea. A total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. The positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. Especially, Cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed-infected with rotavirus among pediatric diarrheal patients (29.5 per 100 C. parvum positive cases), and Entamoeba histolytica was mixed-infected with Clostridium perfringens (10.3 per 100 E. histolytica positive cases) in protozoan-diarrheal patients. Those infected with rotavirus and C. perfringens constituted relatively high proportions among mixed infection cases from January to April. The positivity for rotavirus among viral infection for those aged ≤ 5 years was significantly higher, while C. perfringens among bacterial infection was higher for ≥ 50 years. The information for association of viral and bacterial infections with enteropathogenic protozoa in diarrheal patients may contribute to improvement of care for diarrhea as well as development of control strategies for diarrheal diseases in Korea.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(9): 1573. CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Korea, 2013-2016
Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
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Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources
Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef
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Miguel Romero, R. Cerritos, Cecilia Ximenez
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Soo Kyoung Choi, Youn Hee Lee, Jinhee Lee, Seon Ho Park, Mi Hee Kim, Ok-Ran Shin, Young-Seok Cho
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Hyeng-Il Cheun, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Da-Won Ma, Bo-La Goo, Mun-Su Na, Seung-Ki Youn, Won-Ja Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(2): 89. CrossRef
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Biological and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Five Hydrographical Basins in Northern Portugal: Andr? Almeida, Maria Jo?o Moreira, S?nia Soares, Maria de Lurdes Delgado, Jo?o Figueiredo, Elisabete Silva Magalh?es, Ant?nio Castro, Alexandra Viana Da Costa, Jos? Manuel Correia da Costa; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):105-111.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.105

Abstract
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To understand the situation of water contamination with Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in the northern region of Portugal, we have established a long-term program aimed at pinpointing the sources of surface water and environmental contamination, working with the water-supply industry. Here, we describe the results obtained with raw water samples collected in rivers of the 5 hydrographical basins. A total of 283 samples were analyzed using the Method 1623 EPA, USA. Genetic characterization was performed by PCR and sequencing of genes 18S rRNA of Cryptosporidium spp. and β-giardin of Giardia spp. Infectious stages of the protozoa were detected in 72.8% (206 of 283) of the water samples, with 15.2% (43 of 283) positive for Giardia duodenalis cysts, 9.5% (27 of 283) positive for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, and 48.1% (136 of 283) samples positive for both parasites. The most common zoonotic species found were G. duodenalis assemblages A-I, A-II, B, and E genotypes, and Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium hominis, and Cryptosporidium muris. These results suggest that cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are important public health issues in northern Portugal. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the concentration of environmental stages of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw water samples in the northern region of Portugal.

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Regina Célia Arantes Stancari, Marlene Correia
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Cryptosporidium Oocyst Detection in Water Samples: Floatation Technique Enhanced with Immunofluorescence Is as Effective as Immunomagnetic Separation Method: Khuanchai Koompapong, Chantira Sutthikornchai, Yowalark Sukthana; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):353-357.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.353

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium can cause gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, consequently posing public health problems and economic burden. Effective techniques for detecting contaminated oocysts in water are important to prevent and control the contamination. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method has been widely employed recently due to its efficiency, but, it is costly. Sucrose floatation technique is generally used for separating organisms by using their different specific gravity. It is effective and cheap but time consuming as well as requiring highly skilled personnel. Water turbidity and parasite load in water sample are additional factors affecting to the recovery rate of those 2 methods. We compared the efficiency of IMS and sucrose floatation methods to recover the spiked Cryptosporidium oocysts in various turbidity water samples. Cryptosporidium oocysts concentration at 1, 10¹, 10², and 10³ per 10 ?l were spiked into 3 sets of 10 ml-water turbidity (5, 50, and 500 NTU). The recovery rate of the 2 methods was not different. Oocyst load at the concentration < 10² per 10 ml yielded unreliable results. Water turbidity at 500 NTU decreased the recovery rate of both techniques. The combination of sucrose floatation and immunofluorescense assay techniques (SF-FA) showed higher recovery rate than IMS and immunofluorescense assay (IMS-FA). We used this SF-FA to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia from the river water samples and found 9 and 19 out of 30 (30% and 63.3%) positive, respectively. Our results favored sucrose floatation technique enhanced with immunofluorescense assay for detecting contaminated protozoa in water samples in general laboratories and in the real practical setting.

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Brief Communications

A Survey of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Gastroenteritis Patients during a 3-Year Period (2004-2006) in Gyeonggi-do (Province), South Korea: Jeong-Weon Huh, Su-Gyeong Moon, Young-Hee Lim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):303-305.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.303

Abstract
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The incidence and etiology of parasite-associated gastroenteritis during 2004-2006 in Gyeonggi-do (province), South Korea was determined by means of antigen detection ELISA on 6,071 stool specimens collected from 6 general hospitals. At least 1 parasitic agent was detected in 3.4% (208/6,071) of the stool samples. Among these, Giardia lamblia was the most numerous (152 cases; 2.5%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica (25 cases; 0.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (23 cases; 0.4%), and mixed infections (8 cases; 0.1%). Patients aged 1-5 years had the largest proportion (69.2%; 144/208) of parasite-positive stool specimens. Parasite-mediated gastroenteritis was most common from June to September. The detection rate gradually increased from 2004 to 2006. This study shows that parasite-mediated gastroenteritis may be significant among children in Korea and that parasite infection surveillance should be constantly performed.

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Comparative Sensitivity of PCR Primer Sets for Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee, Woo-Yoon Park; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):293-297.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.293

Abstract
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Improved methods for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental and clinical samples are urgently needed to improve detection of cryptosporidiosis. We compared the sensitivity of 7 PCR primer sets for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Each target gene was amplified by PCR or nested PCR with serially diluted DNA extracted from purified C. parvum oocysts. The target genes included Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP), small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), and random amplified polymorphic DNA. The detection limit of the PCR method ranged from 10³ to 10⁴ oocysts, and the nested PCR method was able to detect 10⁰ to 10² oocysts. A second-round amplification of target genes showed that the nested primer set specific for the COWP gene proved to be the most sensitive one compared to the other primer sets tested in this study and would therefore be useful for the detection of C. parvum.

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Cryptosporidiosis
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Original Article

A Hospital-Based Serological Survey of Cryptosporidiosis in the Republic of Korea: Jong-Kyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Sun Huh, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):219-225.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.219

Abstract
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The seroprevalence of cryptosporidiosis was examined using patients' sera collected from hospitals located in 4 different areas of the Republic of Korea. ELISA was used to measure antibody titers against Cryptosporidium parvum antigens from a total of 2,394 serum samples, which were collected randomly from patients in local hospitals; 1) Chungbuk National University Hospital, 2) Konkuk University Hospital, 3) local hospitals in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do (province), 4) Jeonnam National University Hospital, from 2002 through 2003. Of the 2,394 samples assayed, 34%, 26%, and 56% were positive for C. parvum-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies, respectively. Positive IgG titers were most common in sera from Jeonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, and positive IgM titers were most common in sera from Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do. The seropositivity was positively correlated with age for both the IgG and IgA antibodies but was negatively correlated with age for the IgM antibodies. Western blotting revealed that 92%, 83%, and 77% of sera positive for IgG, IgM, and IgA ELISA reacted with 27-kDa antigens, respectively. These results suggested that infection with Cryptosporidium in hospital patients occurs more commonly than previously reported in the Republic of Korea.

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A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul
Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 461. CrossRef
Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-infected Koreans

Infection & Chemotherapy.2012; 44(3): 93. CrossRef
Serum IgG Responses and Seroconversion Patterns to Cryptosporidium gp15 among Children in a Birth Cohort in South India
Rajiv Sarkar, Sitara Swarna Rao Ajjampur, Jayaprakash Muliyil, Honorine Ward, Elena N. Naumova, Gagandeep Kang
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2012; 19(6): 849. CrossRef
Characterization of the thioredoxin peroxidase from Cryptosporidium parvum
Migyo Joung, Sejoung Yoon, Kyungmi Choi, Joung-Yeon Kim, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
Experimental Parasitology.2011; 129(4): 331. CrossRef
Cryptosporidiosis
Jae-Ran Yu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 187. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera: Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):171-174.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.171

Abstract
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The antigen location of Cryptosporidium parvum, which stimulates antibody formation in humans and animals, was investigated using infected human sera. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that antigenicity-inducing humoral immunity was located at various developmental stages of parasites, including asexual, sexual stages, and oocysts. The amount of antigen-stimulating IgG antibodies was particularly high on the oocyst wall. The sporozoite surface was shown to give stimulation on IgG and IgM antibody formation. Trophozoites implicated the lowest antigenicity to humoral immunity, both IgG and IgM, by showing the least amount of gold labeling. Immunogold labeling also provided clues that antigens were presented to the host-cell cytoplasm via feeder organelles and host-parasite junctions.

Citations

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Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor ofCryptosporidium parvum
J.-M. KANG, H.-L. JU, J.-R. YU, W.-M. SOHN, B.-K. NA
Parasitology.2012; 139(8): 1029. CrossRef

9,813 View
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Original Articles

Quantitative Evaluation of Infectivity Change of Cryptosporidium parvum after Gamma Irradiation: Soo-Ung Lee, Mikyo Joung, Taekyoung Nam, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):7-11.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.7

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium parvum is a well-known waterborne and opportunistic intracellular protozoan parasite that causes diarrheal illness. In this study, we quantitatively investigated reduction of the infectivity of C. parvum after gamma irradiation and repair of the infectivity during incubation time after irradiation. C. parvum oocysts were subjected to gamma irradiation at various doses (1, 5, 10, and 25 kGy), and the in vitro infectivity was measured by real-time PCR every day up to 7 days after irradiation. The in vitro infectivity of C. parvum on human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8) was effectively reduced (> 2 log₁₀) by irradiation at 10 kGy or more. However, in the experiment to find out repair of the infectivity, recovery was not noted until day 7 post-incubation.

Citations

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Ultrastructural Changes inCryptosporidium parvumOocysts by Gamma Irradiation
Migyo Joung, Sejeong Yun, Mijoung Joung, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 25. CrossRef
Effect of Infrared Irradiation of Oocysts on the Pathology of Experimental Cryptosporidiosis in Apparently Normal and Immunosuppressed Mice
Hafidh I. Al-Sadi, Saevan S. Al-Mahm
Research Journal of Biological Sciences.2010; 5(2): 177. CrossRef
Cryptosporidiosis
Jae-Ran Yu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 187. CrossRef
Rejoining of gamma-ray-induced DNA damage in Cryptosporidium parvum measured by the comet assay
Soo-Ung Lee, Mikyo Joung, Taekyoung Nam, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
Experimental Parasitology.2010; 125(3): 230. CrossRef

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Antibody Responses to Cryptosporidium Antigen in HIV-positive Patients in the Republic of Korea: Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai, Yung-Oh Shin, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(2):71-75.
Published online June 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.2.71

Abstract
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The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis has been carried out using coprologic techniques in the Republic of Korea. However, antibody responses to Cryptosporidium have rarely been studied. Serum antibodies from HIV-positive/oocyst-positive Korean patients recognized significantly 31 and 27 kDa antigens, and HIV-negative/oocyst-positive individuals clearly reacted to 15/17 kDa antigens. Compared with oocyst-positive cases, 18.7% and 75.8% of sera from HIV-positive patients reacted to 31 and 27 kDa antigens. Only 11.1% of HIV-negative individuals reacted to 15/17 kDa. Based on these findings, serum antibody responses were different between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals infected with Cryptosporidium, and it is suggested that HIV-positive patients are more frequently exposed to C. parvum compared to HIV-negative individuals.

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Review of Successful Control of Parasitic Infections in Korea
Sung-Tae Hong, Tai-Soon Yong
Infection & Chemotherapy.2020; 52(3): 427. CrossRef
Systemic Antibody Responses to the Immunodominant p23 Antigen and p23 Polymorphisms in Children with Cryptosporidiosis in Bangladesh
Edward T. Ryan, Elena Naumova, Mohammad M. Karim, Anoli J. Borad, Sitara Swarna Rao Ajjampur, Honorine D. Ward, Gagandeep Kang, Joy Moy, Geneve M. Allison, Stephen B. Calderwood, Sabeena Ahmed, Patricia L. Hibberd, Anne V. Kane, Wasif A. Khan, David Wang
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2012; 86(2): 214. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):225-228.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.225

Abstract
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We observed the time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice (3-week-old C57BL/6J females) infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocyst shedding was verified by modified acid-fast staining. The individually collected mouse sera were assessed for C. parvum IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 5 to 25 weeks after infection. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts were shed from day 5 to 51 post-infection (PI). The IgM antibody titers to C. parvum peaked at week 5 PI, whereas the IgG antibody titers achieved maximum levels at week 25 PI. The results revealed that IgM responses to C. parvum infection occurred during the early stage of infection and overlapped with the oocyst shedding period, whereas IgG responses occurred during the late stage and was not correlated with oocyst shedding. Hence, IgM antibody detection may prove helpful for the diagnosis of acute cryptosporidiosis, and IgG antibody detection may prove effective for the detection of past infection and endemicity.

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Anticryptosporidial action mechanisms of Launaea spinosa extracts in Cryptosporidium parvum experimentally infected mice in relation to its UHPLC-MS metabolite profile and biochemometric tools
Mai M. Elghonemy, Mohamed G. Sharaf El-Din, Dina Aboelsoued, Mohamed F. Abdelhameed, Mohamed A. El-Saied, Nagwa I. Toaleb, Mohamed A. Farag, Abdelsamed I. Elshamy, Abdelbaset M. Elgamal, Horacio Bach
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(3): e0317497. CrossRef
Evaluation of a vaccine candidate isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in mice
Dina Aboelsoued, Hend H. A. M. Abdullah, Kadria N. Abdel Megeed, Soad E. Hassan, Nagwa I. Toaleb
Veterinary World.2022; : 2772. CrossRef
Natural killer cell activity irreversibly decreases after Cryptosporidium gastroenteritis in neonatal mice
N. A. Filatova, N. A. Knyazev, S. O. Skarlato, O. V. Anatskaya, A. E. Vinogradov
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and evaluation of the first immunochromatographic test that can detect specific antibodies against Cryptosporidium parvum
Ragab M. Fereig, Hanan H. Abdelbaky, Fumiaki Ihara, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
Acta Tropica.2018; 185: 349. CrossRef
Diagnostic biomarkers in murine Cryptosporidiosis: dose- and age-related infection
Hebat-Allah S. Yousof, Mona M. Khater, Shaimaa H. El-Sayed, Ayman A. El-Badry
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2017; 41(3): 831. CrossRef
Experimental infection with Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA21G1R1 subtype in immunosuppressed mice
Valeria F. Del Coco, María A. Córdoba, Alicia Sidoti, Mónica Santín, Ricardo Drut, Juan A. Basualdo
Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 190(3-4): 411. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Role of murine Peyer's patch lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with Cryptosporidium parvum: Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):175-180.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.175

Abstract
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In order to determine the role of Peyer's patch lymphocytes (PPL) in self-clearing of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in murine models, changes in PPL subsets, their cytokine expression, and in vitro IgG1 and IgA secretions by PPL were observed in primary- and challenge-infected C57BL/6 mice. In primary-infected mice, the percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, sIgA+ B cells, IL-2+ T cells, and IFN-γ+ T cells among the PPL, increased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 10 post-infection (PI). Secretion of IgG1 and IgA in vitro by PPL also increased on day 10 PI. However, all these responses, with the exception of IgG1 and IgA secretions, decreased in challenge-infected mice on day 7 post-challenge (= day 13 PI); their IgG1 and IgA levels were higher (P > 0.05) than those in primary-infected mice. The results suggest that murine PPL play an important role in self-clearing of primary C. parvum infections through proliferation of CD4+, CD8+, IL-2+, and IFN-γ+ T cells, and IgG1 and IgA-secreting B cells. In challenge infections, the role of T cells is reduced whereas that of B cells secreting IgA appeared to be continuously important.

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Miguel L. Grilo, L?dia Gomes, Peter Wohlsein, Lu?s Madeira de Carvalho, Ursula Siebert, Kristina Lehnert
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.2018; 49(4): 1002. CrossRef
Ischemic stroke damages the intestinal mucosa and induces alteration of the intestinal lymphocytes and CCL19 mRNA in rats
Yaning Liu, Shijian Luo, Li Kou, Chaogang Tang, Ruxun Huang, Zhong Pei, Zhendong Li
Neuroscience Letters.2017; 658: 165. CrossRef
Dynamics of gut mucosal and systemic Th1/Th2 cytokine responses in interferon-gamma and interleukin-12p40 knock out mice during primary and challenge Cryptosporidium parvum infection
Tesfaye Sisay Tessema, Bettina Schwamb, Matthias Lochner, Irmgard Förster, Vera Jakobi, Franz Petry
Immunobiology.2009; 214(6): 454. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran: Mohammad Mirzaei; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):133-137.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.133

Abstract
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For evaluation of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran, fecal specimens from diarrheic (n = 129) and non-diarrheic humans (n = 271) were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: younger than 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection in all 400 samples was 10.8%, but the prevalence (25.6%) in diarrheic humans was higher than that (3.7%) in non-diarrheic humans. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in the feces of 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% of different age groups, respectively. The intensity of oocysts was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones. There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in diarrheic humans in Iran.

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Brief Communications

A survey of cryptosporidiosis among 2,541 residents of 25 coastal islands in Jeollanam-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Jae-Hwan Park, Hyo-Jin Kim, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):367-372.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.367

Abstract
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In order to determine the distribution and prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis on western and southern coastal islands of Jeollanam-do (Province), fecal samples were collected from 2,541 people residing on 25 islands, 13 in the western coasts and 12 in the southern coasts, during July and August 2000. Fecal smears were prepared following formalin-ether sedimentation of the samples and stained by a modified acid-fast procedure. The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was determined by light microscopy. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 38 specimens (1.5%). The oocyst positive rate varied (0-6.0%) according to island; the highest was detected on Oenarodo (6.0%), followed by Naenarodo (5.6%) and Nakwoldo (5.4%). The majority (35 persons, 94.6%) of Cryptosporidium-infected individuals were older than 50 years of age. Men (22/1,159; 1.9%) were infected at a higher rate than women (16/1,382; 1.2%). The results of the present survey indicate that human Cryptosporidium infections (due to Cryptosporidium hominis and/or C. parvum) are maintained at a relatively low prevalence on coastal islands of Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.

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Intestinal protozoan infections and echinococcosis in the inhabitants of Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia (2003): Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Il Kim, Choijamts Gotov, Radnaabazar Janchiv, Jeong-Sun Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):171-174.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.171

Abstract
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The status of intestinal parasitic infections and seroprevalence of cystic echinococcosis in the inhabitants in Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia, was observed with stool and serum samples from 165 and 683 residents from August 9 to August 15, 2003. A total of 10 inhabitants (6.1%) were found to be infected with protozoan cysts or oocysts by stool examinations; 7, 1 and 2 cases with Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. A total of 62 people (9.1%) revealed significantly high levels of specific antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The surveyed areas are rural areas and the sanitized tab water is not available. There is a possibility of endemic transmission of water-borne protozoan diseases in these areas. The clinical echinococcosis is needed to be searched from the seropositive inhabitants.

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Original Article

Genotype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. prevalent in a rural village in Hwasun-gun, Republic of Korea: Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):27-33.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.27

Abstract
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Two species of Cryptosporidium are known to infect man; C. hominis which shows anthroponotic transmission between humans, and C. parvum which shows zoonotic transmission between animals or between animals and man. In this study, we focused on identifying genotypes of Cryptosporidium prevalent among inhabitants and domestic animals (cattle and goats), to elucidate transmittal routes in a known endemic area in Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. The existence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was confirmed using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Human infections were found in 7 (25.9%) of 27 people examined. Cattle cryptosporidiosis cases constituted 7 (41.2%) of 17 examined, and goat cases 3 (42.9%) of 7 examined. Species characterizations were performed on the small subunit of the rRNA gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. Most of the human isolates were mixtures of C. hominis and C. parvum genotypes and similar PCR-RFLP patterns were observed in cattle and goat isolates. However, sequence analyses identified only C. hominis in all isolates examined. The natural infection of cattle and goats with C. hominis is a new and unique finding in the present study. It is suggested that human cryptosporidiosis in the studied area is caused by mixtures of C. hominis and C. parvum oocysts originating from both inhabitants and domestic animals.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in non-HIV patients in Jeollanam-do, Korea: Jong-Kyu Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(3):111-114.
Published online September 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.111

Abstract
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The present study investigated the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium parvum as a cause of diarrhea. We examined 942 stools of unidentified reasons occurring in patients in whom no immunosuppression had been detected. We examined the stools for Cryptosporidium parvum via modified acid-fast staining. The clinical records of all of the positive patients were then analyzed. Nine (1%) of the stools among the 942 diarrheal patients were positive for C. parvum. The positive rate in the males was 1.1% (6/522) and the positive rate of the females was 0.7% (3/420). Age distribution revealed that the highest positive rates were in patients in their sixties, with a positive rate of 2.5% (4/158). In the clinical tests, levels of c-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and neutrophil proportions were normally increased in the peripheral blood, whereas the lymphocyte proportion exhibited a tendency towards decrease. The pathological findings were compatible with an inflammatory reaction in the host.

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Original Article

Parasitic infections in HIV-infected patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital during the period 1995-2003: Sang-Mee Guk, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Myoung-Don Oh, Kang-Won Choe, Jae-Lip Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(1):1-5.
Published online March 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.1

Abstract
PDF

The prevalence of parasitic infections was investigated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (n = 105) who visited Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, during the period from 1995 to 2003. Fecal samples were collected from 67 patients for intestinal parasite examinations, and sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 60 patients for examination of Pneumocystis carinii. Both samples were obtained from 22 patients. Thirty-three (31.4%) of the 105 were found to have parasitic infections; Cryptosporidium parvum (10.5%; 7/67), Isospora belli (7.5%; 5/67), Clonorchis sinensis (3.0%; 2/67), Giardia lamblia (1.5%; 1/67), Gymnophalloides seoi (1.5%; 1/67), and Pneumocystis carinii (28.3%; 17/60). The hospital records of the 11 intestinal parasite-infected patients showed that all suffered from diarrhea. This study shows that parasitic infections are important clinical complications in HIV-infected patients in the Republic of Korea.

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Brief Communications

Genotype and animal infectivity of a human isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Republic of Korea: Sang-Mee Guk, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Hwan Park, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(2):85-89.
Published online June 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.85

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were isolated from a child suffering from acute gastroenteritis and successfully passaged in a calf and mice (designated hereafter SNU-H1) in the Republic of Korea; its molecular genotype has been analyzed. The GAG microsatellite region was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with a 238 base pair product, which is commonly displayed in C. parvum. The isolate was shown to be a mixture of the genotypes 1 (anthroponotic) and 2 (zoonotic). To study its infectivity in animals, 2 calves and 3 strains of mice were infected with the SNU-H1; in these animals, the propagation of both genotypes was successful. In immunosuppressed (ImSP) BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice the number of oocysts decreased after day 10 post-infection (PI); but in ImSP ICR mice, they remained constant until day 27 PI. The results show that both the C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2 can be propagated in calves and ImSP mice.

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Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):45-47.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.45

Abstract
PDF

To investigate the infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum, 589 fecal samples were collected from pigs raised at farm in Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do. Of the 589 pig fecal samples, 62 (10.5%) were positive for C. parvum. The area showing the highest positive rate was Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (14.0%), and the lowest (0%) Salmi-myon, Chungcheongbuk-do. The positive rate of C. parvum in Judok-eup increased from 12.7% in the winter to 22.1% in the summer. The results of this study suggest that the pigs may be a source of human C. parvum infection.

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Original Articles

In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line: Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):27-34.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.27

Abstract
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We investigated the optimal culture conditions for Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line by determining the effects of medium pH and of selected supplements on the development of C. muris. The optimum pH of the culture medium required for the development of C. muris was determined to be 6.6. The number of parasites significantly increased during cultivation for 72 hr (p < 0.05) at this level. On the other hand, numbers decreased linearly after 24 hr of incubation at pH 7.5. When cultured in different concentrations of serum, C. muris in media containing 5% FBS induced 4-7 times more parasites than in 1% or 10% serum. Of the six medium supplements examined, only 1 mM pyruvate enhanced the number of C. muris in vitro. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed the developmental stages of C. muris in the cytoplasm of the cells, not in an extracytoplasmic location. The growth of C. muris in AGS cells provides a means of investigating its biological characteristics and of testing its response to therapeutic agents. However, a more optimized culture system is needed for the recovery of oocysts on a large scale in vitro.

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Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the villagers and domestic animals in several rural areas of Korea: Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Kyu Lee, Min Seo, Seok-Il Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sun Huh, Hae-Yeon Choi, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):1-6.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.1

Abstract
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The present study was undertaken to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium parvum in the villagers and the reservoir hosts in several rural areas in Korea. A total 5,262 fecal samples were collected from the inhabitants residing at Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do between the dates of September, 2001 to June, 2002. In addition, 1,453 fecal samples were collected from livestock reared in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do and Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do. All the fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined by light microscopy after modified acid-fast staining. The overall positive rate of human cryptosporidiosis was 3.3%. Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do showed a 8.2% positive rate and appeared as the highest endemic area among the surveyed areas. Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do showed a 0.4% positive rate and was the lowest endemic area. The positive rate of livestock infection in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do was 94%, which was more than ten times higher than that of Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (9.3%). From these results, it was revealed that cryptosporidiosis was an endemic disease in some rural areas of Korea, and the livestock could be an important source of human infection.

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Viability of preserved Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts: Chan-Gu Surl, Se-Min Kim, Hyeon-Cheol Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):197-201.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.197

Abstract
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The present study was undertaken to determine the viability and infectivity of oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi that had been stored from 1 to 40 months at 4℃ preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Oocysts of C. baileyi were purified from the feces of experimentally infected chickens using discontinuous sucrose gradients. Subsequently, the purified oocysts were suspended in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution at a concentration of 1 × 10⁷ organism/ml, and their viabilities were assessed by nucleic acid staining, histologic examination, and infectivity to 2-day-old chickens. All chickens inoculated with oocysts that had been stored for 1-18 months developed patent infections, while chickens infected with older oocysts remained uninfected. Between 5.8% and 82.2% of the oocysts, stored at 4℃ in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution, were found to be viable, as determined by nucleic acid staining. Parasite colonization in the bursa of Fabricius was detected in the microvillus border of bursal epithelium. The finding that C. baileyi oocysts remain infective to chickens for at least 18 months offers important time-saving advantages to investigators who frequently require large numbers of oocysts.

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Multicenter Comparative Study of Six Cryptosporidium parvum DNA Extraction Protocols Including Mechanical Pretreatment from Stool Samples
Nicolas Valeix, Damien Costa, Louise Basmaciyan, Stéphane Valot, Anne Vincent, Romy Razakandrainibe, Florence Robert-Gangneux, Céline Nourrisson, Bruno Pereira, Emilie Fréalle, Philippe Poirier, Loic Favennec, Frederic Dalle
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A chicken embryo model for the maintenance and amplification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts
Nikola Holubová, Bohumil Sak, Tereza Schulzová, Roman Konečný, Michael Rost, Lenka Tůmová, John McEvoy, Martin Kváč
European Journal of Protistology.2020; 75: 125718. CrossRef
Effects of different inoculation routes on the parasitic sites of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection in chickens
Lin Yuan, Wenchao Yan, Tianqi Wang, Weifeng Qian, Ke Ding, Longxian Zhang, Lifang Han, Xiaodong Shao
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Zinc PVA versus potassium dichromate for preservation of microsporidian spores of human origin
Hend Aly El-Taweel, Mona Mohammed Tolba, Hayam Abdelmonem Sadaka, Lobna Abdelaziz El-Zawawy, Mervat Mostafa Osman
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Brief Communications

Specific bovine antibody response against a new recombinant Cryptosporidium parvum antigen containing 4 zinc-finger motifs: Dirk C. De Graaf, Hans De Coninck, Franz Petry, Ilka B. Eeckhout, Johan E. Peeters; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):59-64.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.59

Abstract
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A Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite and oocyst λgt11 cDNA library was screened with a hyperimmune rabbit serum that was developed against insoluble fragments of ultrasonicated oocysts. A clone named Cp22.4.1 encoding a protein of 231 amino acids with 4 zinc-finger domains characterized by a Cys-X2-Cys-X4-His-X4-Cys motif was isolated and characterized. There was a complete match between the sequencing data of the coding region of Cp22.4.1 and the corresponding gene at chromosomal level. Cloning in a pBAD-TOPO-TA expression vector permitted to evaluate the antigenicity of the recombinant His-tagged antigen. This antigen was recognized by 2 out of 5 sera from Cryptosporidium immune calves and not by sera from parasite naive animals.

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Evaluation of Recombinant Oocyst Protein CP41 for Detection of Cryptosporidium- Specific Antibodies
Sonia A. Kjos, Mark Jenkins, Pablo C. Okhuysen, Cynthia L. Chappell
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2005; 12(2): 268. CrossRef

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An epidemiological survey on Cryptosporidium parvum infection of inhabitants in Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do: Min Seo, Sun Huh, Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):201-203.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.201

Abstract
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The present study was undertaken to know the infection status of Cryptosporidium parvum among the residents of Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do in 1993. Total 461 fecal samples were collected from the inhabitants residing in Chorwon-gun during the period of August 12 to September 14, 1993. Fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined after modified acid fast staining. Of the 461 fecal samples, 9 (1.9%) were positive for C. parvum oocysts. The positive cases were limited to thirties (4) patients, forties (3), and sixties (2), and no oocyst was detected in other age groups. The oocyst positive rate for male was 1.4% and that of female was 2.6%.

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Sun Huh
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(6): 745. CrossRef
A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul
Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 461. CrossRef
Health Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Tap Water in Korea
Mok-Young Lee, Sang-Jung Park, Eun-Joo Cho, Su-Jeong Park, Sun-Hee Han, Oh-Sang Kwon
Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2013; 39(1): 32. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of the First Water-Borne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Seoul, Korea
Shinje Moon, Wooseok Kwak, Sangwon Lee, Won Kim, Jaeyeon Oh, Seung-Ki Youn
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(7): 983. CrossRef
Cryptosporidiosis
Jae-Ran Yu
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Review of Zoonotic Parasites in Medical and Veterinary Fields in the Republic of Korea
Heejeong Youn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S133. CrossRef
Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera
Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(2): 171. CrossRef
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Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai, Yung-Oh Shin, Min Seo
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Mohammad Mirzaei
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Genotypic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Oocysts Isolated from Healthy People in Three Different Counties of Korea
Hyeng-il CHEUN, Taek-kyeun CHOI, Gyung-tae CHUNG, Shin-hyeong CHO, Young-hee LEE, Isao KIMATA, Tong-soo KIM
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2007; 69(10): 1099. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(4): 367. CrossRef
Genotype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. prevalent in a rural village in Hwasun-gun, Republic of Korea
Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(1): 27. CrossRef
Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum
Jae-Ran Yu, Min Seo
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Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Kyu Lee, Min Seo, Seok-Il Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sun Huh, Hae-Yeon Choi, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 1. CrossRef

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Original Article

The effect of microfilament inhibitor on the Cryptosporidium infection in vitro: Jae-Ran Yu, Sung-Don Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):257-261.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.257

Abstract
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This study was focused on the effects of microfilament inhibitor, Cytochalasin D (CD) on the invasiveness of sporozoites of Cryptosporidium spp. into the host cells. MDCK and AGS cell lines were used as host cells for C. parvum and C. muris, respectively. When MDCK cells were pretreated with CD for 1 hr before inoculation of the sporozoites, C. parvum infection was significantly inhibited when compared to the control cells. These inhibitory effects of CD on the rate of infection were dose-dependent. In addition, C. muris infection was hampered when AGS cell lines were pretreated with CD. However, the capability of invasiveness of the sporozoites into the host cells was not greatly influenced by the pretreatment of sporozoites with CD before infection. These results suggest that microfilaments of host cells, rather than parasites, play an important role for the invasion of Cryptosporidium spp.

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Marzieh Ezzaty Mirhashemi, Farzad Noubary, Susan Chapman-Bonofiglio, Saul Tzipori, Gordon S. Huggins, Giovanni Widmer
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Annunziata Giangaspero, Federica Berrilli, Olga Brandonisio
Parasitology Research.2007; 101(5): 1169. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium parvum regulation of human epithelial cell gene expression
Mingqi Deng, Cheryl A Lancto, Mitchell S Abrahamsen
International Journal for Parasitology.2004; 34(1): 73. CrossRef
In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line
Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 27. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Verification of immunosuppression in chicks caused by Cryptosporidium baileyi infection using Brucella abortus strain 1119-3: Jae Ku Rhee, Hong Ji Yang, Hyeon Cheol Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):281-284.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.281

Abstract
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Humoral immune response of young chicks to Brucella abortus strain 1119-3 inoculation was monitored to verify the degree of immunosuppression caused by infection with Cryptosporidium baileyi. Young chicks (2-day-old) were orally inoculated each with 2 × 10⁶ oocysts of C. baileyi, and then injected intramuscularly with 0.3 ml B. abortus strain 1119-3 containing 1 × 10⁹ living organisms on day 14 postinoculation (PI). Serum samples were tested by plate agglutination test on day 17 PI onwards at an interval of 3-6 days over a period of 36 days. Infected chicks with the coccidium showed significantly lower antibody titers than those of uninfected controls (P < 0.05). These findings document that C. baileyi infection in early life stage may predispose chicks easily to other potential poultry diseases.

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R Hurtado, NJ Parsons, TA Gous, Sv der Spuy, R Klusener, N Stander, E van Wilpe, RET Vanstreels
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Alex Akira Nakamura, Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles
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H. Abbassi, F. Coudert, G. Dambrine, Y. Chérel, M. Naciri
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Original Articles

Distribution of actin and tropomyosin in Cryptosporidium muris: Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):227-234.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.227

Abstract
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Actin and tropomyosin of Cryptosporidium muris were localized by immunogold labeling. Two kinds of antibodies for actin labeling were used. The polyclonal antibody to skeletal muscle (chicken back muscle) actin was labeled on the pellicle and cytoplasmic vacuoles of parasites. The feeder organelle has showed a small amount of polyclonal actin antibody labeling as well. Whereas the monoclonal antibody to smooth muscle (chicken gizzard muscle) actin was chiefly labeled on the filamentous cytoplasm of parasites. The apical portion of host gastric epithelial cell cytoplasm was also labeled by smooth muscle actin together. The polyclonal antibody to tropomyosin was much more labeled at C. muris than host cells, so it could be easily identified even with low magnification (×2,000). The tropomyosin was observed along the pellicle, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and around the nucleus also. The skeletal muscle type actin seems to play a role in various cellular functions with tropomyosin in C. muris; on the other hand, the smooth muscle type actin was located mainly on the filamentous cytoplasm and supported the parasites' firm attachment to host cells. Tropomyosin on the pellicle was thought to be able to stimulate the host as a major antigen through continuous shedding out by the escape of sporozoites or merozoites from their mother cells.

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Kunihiko Yasuda, Mayumi Takahashi, Nozomu Mori, Linda Bendall
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Labeling surface epitopes to identify Cryptosporidium life stages using a scanning electron microscopy-based immunogold approach
Hanna Edwards, R.C. Andrew Thompson, Wan H. Koh, Peta L. Clode
Molecular and Cellular Probes.2012; 26(1): 21. CrossRef
Accumulation of tropomyosin isoform 5 at the infection sites of host cells during Cryptosporidium invasion
Steven P. O’Hara, Jim Jung-Ching Lin
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A novel Cryptosporidium parvum antigen, CP2, preferentially associates with membranous structures
Steven P. O’Hara, Jae-Ran Yu, Jim Jung-Ching Lin
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The effect of microfilament inhibitor on the Cryptosporidium infection in vitro
Jae-Ran Yu, Sung-Don Choi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(4): 257. CrossRef

7,964 View
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Infection kinetics and developmental biology of Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) in Korean native kids and Corriedale lambs: Jae Ku Rhee, Hyeon Cheol Kim, Gil Soo Eun; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):171-181.
Published online September 30, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.171

Abstract
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A total of nine Korean native kids and two Corriedale lambs, 1-20 days old, were each inoculated per os with a single dose of 2 × 10⁷ oocysts of Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) originated from mice to elucidate the kinetics and developmental stages of the coccidium in small ruminants. Irrespective of host's age, the prepatent period for both animals ranged from 19 to 35 days (28.1 days, on the average) and the patent period 16-85 days (47.8 days), and the total oocyst outputs showed enormous differences. Infection with greater numbers of oocyst outputs was not ordinarily established by transmission experiments. Oocysts discharged from the kids retained their infectivity by the mouse titration method. The immunogenicity of the coccidium and oocyst reproduction were proven by challenge infection and administration of prednisolone acetate, respectively. All the developmental stages of the coccidium in parasitophorous vacuoles were found by transmission electron microscopy in the pits of the gastric glands of a kid inoculated with oocysts and then necropsied on day 44 postinoculation. It indicated the full course of the host-parasite relationship in kids and lambs as well as mice.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1999; 37(1): 33. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Immunosuppressive effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis in chicks: Jae Ku Rhee, Hong Ji Yang, Sim Yong Yook, Hyeon Cheol Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):203-206.
Published online September 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.203

Abstract
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Two-day-old commercial chicks were inoculated orally with 2 × 10⁶ oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi and vaccinated with 10^3.5 EID₅₀/head of a commercially available avian infectious bronchitis (IB) live virus vaccine at 4 and 14 days following inoculation. Chicks infected with C. baileyi were shown to have an immunosuppressive effect on IB virus. It is concluded that infection with the protozoon in early life may increase their susceptibility to IB.

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avian infectious bronchitis
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Abdelfattah H. Eladl, Hamed R. Hamed, Mostafa R. Khalil
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J K Rhee, H J Yang, H C Kim
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Original Article

Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Drinking Water Samples in the North of Portugal: Almeida, Andre , Moreira, Maria Joao , Soares, Sonia , Delgado, Maria de Lurdes , Figueiredo, Joao , Silva, Elisabete , Castro, Antonio , Cosa, Jose Manuel Correida Da; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):43-48.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.43

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium and Giardia are 2 protozoan parasites responsible for waterborne diseases outbreaks worldwide. In order to assess the prevalence of these protozoans in drinking water samples in the northern part of Portugal and the risk of human infection, we have established a long term program aiming at pinpointing the sources of surface water, drinking water, and environmental contamination, working with the water-supply industry. Total 43 sources of drinking water samples were selected, and a total of 167 samples were analyzed using the Method 1623. Sensitivity assays regarding the genetic characterization by PCR and sequencing of the genes, 18S SSU rRNA, for Cryptosporidium spp. and beta,-giardin for G. duodenalis were set in the laboratory. According to the defined criteria, molecular analysis was performed over 4 samples. Environmental stages of the protozoa were detected in 25.7% (43 out of 167) of the water samples, 8.4% (14 out of 167) with cysts of Giardia, 10.2% (17 out of 167) with oocysts of Cryptosporidium and 7.2% (12 out of 167) for both species. The mean concentrations were 0.1-12.7 oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. per 10 L and 0.1-108.3 cysts of Giardia duodenalis per 10 L. Our results suggest that the efficiency in drinking water plants must be ameliorated in their efficiency in reducing the levels of contamination. We suggest the implementation of systematic monitoring programs for both protozoa. To authors' knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the concentration of environmental stages of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water samples in the northern part of Portugal.

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