Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"SEA"

Case Report

Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray cats in Ulsan, Korea: JiHyun Kim, MiRyeng Kim, SeungJin Lee, YoungMin Yun; Received August 31, 2025 Accepted November 11, 2025 Published online December 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25076 [Epub ahead of print]

Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection is an uncommon but clinically significant disease in Korea. A retrospective review of electronic medical records from a secondary referral animal hospital in Ulsan, Korea, identified 2 antigen-positive (1.5%) cases among 130 stray cats tested between 2019 and 2023, while no infections were detected in 298 client-owned cats. As antigen testing may yield false-negative results in cats with male-only infections, the true prevalence is likely underestimated. This report describes the clinical and echocardiographic findings of 2 infected stray cats. Case 1 involved successful long-term management of heartworm-associated respiratory disease, with the cat remaining healthy for 4 years following diagnosis. Case 2 demonstrated persistent evidence of adult heartworms and sudden death after an asymptomatic period of 1 year. Echocardiography in Case 2 revealed multiple hyperechoic double lines within the pulmonary arteries, consistent with intraluminal adult worms. These cases illustrate the diagnostic challenges and variable clinical outcomes of feline heartworm infection, emphasizing the need for increased awareness in Korea.

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Original Article

Preventive interventions and diagnostic testing compliance in the management of tropical infections among patients with sickle cell disease in Tanzania: Felician Paschal Mgasa, Singeun Oh, Avelina Mgasa, Sunjoo Kang, Erasto Mbugi, Ju Yeong Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):147-156.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25018

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Sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic hemoglobin disorder, is a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Tanzania, due to its association with high morbidity and mortality from infections. The disease is the leading cause of complications, emphasizing the urgent need for effective preventive strategies and diagnostic protocols. We evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of infection prevention measures and laboratory diagnostic compliance at Nyamagana District Hospital, emphasizing their effects on patient outcomes and survival rates. This retrospective observational study analyzed the medical records of 157 patients with SCD admitted to Nyamagana District Hospital for infection treatment between January 2022 and 2024. The infection profiles, utilization of preventive interventions (recommended drugs, vaccinations, and chemoprophylaxis), and diagnostic laboratory compliance were assessed. Of the 157 participants, 90.4% had at least one infection during their hospital stay, suggesting the vulnerability of this population to infections. Furthermore, malaria emerged as the most prevalent type of infection (40.1%), which is consistent with its endemic status in Tanzania. Other significant infections included unspecified diarrhea (12.5%) and upper respiratory tract infections (10.8%). Despite the high coverage rates of penicillin V prophylaxis (72%) and pneumococcal vaccination (100%), the utilization of malaria chemoprophylaxis and hydroxyurea was low (only 10.8% and 16.6%, respectively). The diagnostic laboratory test compliance, essential for accurate infection management, was moderate at 63.1%, with significant deficiencies in the blood, urine, and stool cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The administration of hydroxyurea significantly reduced malaria prevalence (P=0.005), fewer vaso-occlusive crises (P<0.001), and severe anemia incidence (P=0.034). Thus, enhancing access to preventive measures and improving diagnostic laboratory compliance are crucial steps for reducing infection-related complications among patients with SCD in Nyamagana.

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Mini Review

Therapeutic potentials of Trichinella spiralis in immune disorders: From allergy to autoimmunity: Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):123-134.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24086

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The incidence of immune system diseases is increasing globally, particularly in developed countries. The hygiene and old friend hypotheses suggest that the decreased incidence of helminth infections in these countries may underlie the rising prevalence of autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. The preventive and therapeutic potential of Trichinella spiralis, a helminthic parasite, has been well demonstrated in animal models of immune dysregulation-mediated diseases. This review comprehensively analyze how T. spiralis modulates immune responses across a spectrum of immune dysregulation. We systematically review the key research findings on the effects of T. spiralis infection on immune-related disease. T. spiralis has shown the ability to regulate host immune responses in autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory disorders, exerting anti-inflammatory effects and restoring immune homeostasis through various immunological pathways. Given its significant immunomodulatory potential, T. spiralis represents a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions against immune-mediated diseases, warranting further molecular investigations and clinical applications.

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Original Articles

Infection status and species diversity of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from canal networks in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand: Phuphitchan Rachprakhon, Watchariya Purivirojkul; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):461-475.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24033

This study aimed to investigate the infection status and species diversity of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from canal networks in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand. The snails were collected from 35 sites during 2 cycles of the wet (July–October) and dry (November–June) seasons in 2018–2019. A total of 29,420 snails representing 24 species/subspecies were examined for cercarial infection using shedding and crushing techniques. We found that 1,275 snails from 12 species/subspecies were infected, resulting in an overall prevalence of 4.3%. Infections were significantly higher (p<0.001) during the wet season (5.9%; 970/16,473) than during the dry season (2.4%; 305/12,947). Morphological identification revealed 37 distinct types within 15 morphotypes, with the armatae morphotype showing the highest infection rate (1.8%) and the greatest cercarial diversity (8 distinct types). This study highlights the health risk posed by the Bithynia siamensis siamensis, which was the second most prevalent (8.5%) and hosted the greatest cercarial diversity (11 morphotypes, 15 distinct types). This subspecies also displayed a wide distribution range (31 localities) with a generally high occurrence frequency in the BMR. This study firstly documents a gymnophallid digenean as a freshwater digenean, presenting evidence of a dichotoma cercarial morphotype from 4 species/subspecies (Filopaludina martensi martensi, F. sumatrensis polygramma, B. siamensis siamensis, and Wattebledia siamensis) with a low infection range (0.1–0.4%). A staggering diversity of cercariae was observed in the BMR canal networks with seasonal fluctuations. The B. siamensis siamensis displayed notable epidemiological importance in the BMR flowing-water networks. This study provides quantitative and qualitative morphological descriptions and measurement guidelines for the dichotoma cercaria in Thailand.

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Latitude and seasons influence the prevalence of Theileria orientalis and affect the hematology of non-grazed dairy cows in Korea: Hector Espiritu, Hee-Woon Lee, Md Shohel Al Faruk, Su-Jeong Jin, Sang-Suk Lee, Yong-Il Cho; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):64-74.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23087

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This pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of regional and seasonal variations on the prevalence of Theileria orientalis and the hematological profile of non-grazed dairy cows in Korea. A total of 365 clinically healthy lactating Holstein Friesian cows from 26 dairy farms in 7 provinces that were categorized into northern, central, and southern regions were sampled during the warm period from July to August and the cold period from October to December. The detection of T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein gene and the hematology non-grazed dairy cows were analyzed using peripheral blood samples. The T. orientalis prevalence was 20.0% (73/365). The prevalence in the southern region was 35.9%, which was significantly higher than that in the central (21.6%) and northern (12.9%) regions (P < 0.05). The prevalence during warm period was higher (43.0%) than that during the cold season (13.5%). The infected cows showed significantly lower erythrocyte counts in the southern region (5.8 ± 0.6 M/µl) and during the warm period (5.8 ± 0.7 M/µl) compared with those in the central and northern regions and during the cold season, which affected the extended RBC parameters, including hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. Our findings revealed the prevalence of T. orientalis in Korea, highlighting its high occurrence during warm periods and in certain geographical regions. Climatic factors could contribute to the health and productivity of cattle, as evidenced by the prevalence of T. orientalis and its negative impact on animals.

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Characterization and identification of novel polymorphisms in the OR51H1 gene associated with resistance/tolerance to natural Theileria infection in Vechur (Bos indicus) and crossbred (B. taurus × B. indicus) cattle in a Theileria-endemic region
K. Kalaiyarasi, Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2025; 60: 101242. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of tick genera Haemaphysalis, Ixodes, and Amblyomma in Korea
Subin Lee, Badriah Alkathiri, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Jiwon Kim, So Youn Youn, Mi-Sun Yoo, Hyang-Sim Lee, Jae-Myung Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Sung Shik Shin, Seung-Hun Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 272. CrossRef

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In vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of methanolic extract of Bidens pilosa and identification of active compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis: Gabriel Enrique Cázares-Jaramillo, Zinnia Judith Molina-Garza, Itza Eloisa Luna-Cruz, Luisa Yolanda Solís-Soto, José Luis Rosales-Encina, Lucio Galaviz-Silva; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):405-417.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23069

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Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, is a significant but neglected tropical public health issue in Latin America due to the diversity of its genotypes and pathogenic profiles. This complexity is compounded by the adverse effects of current treatments, underscoring the need for new therapeutic options that employ medicinal plant extracts without negative side effects. Our research aimed to evaluate the trypanocidal activity of Bidens pilosa fractions against epimastigote and trypomastigote stages of T. cruzi, specifically targeting the Brener and Nuevo León strains—the latter isolated from Triatoma gerstaeckeri in General Terán, Nuevo León, México. We processed the plant’s aerial parts (stems, leaves, and flowers) to obtain a methanolic extract (Bp-mOH) and fractions with varying solvent polarities. These preparations inhibited more than 90% of growth at concentrations as low as 800 μg/ml for both parasite stages. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for the Bp-mOH extract and its fractions were below 500 μg/ml. Tests for cytotoxicity using Artemia salina and Vero cells and hemolytic activity assays for the extract and its fractions yielded negative results. The methanol fraction (BPFC3MOH1) exhibited superior inhibitory activity. Its functional groups, identified as phenols, enols, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and proteins, include compounds such as 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (50.9%), pentadecyl prop-2-enoate (22.1%), and linalool (15.4%). Eight compounds were identified, with a match confirmed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-MS) software through mass spectrometry analysis.

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Inhibitory Activity of Compounds Obtained from Streptomyces Against Trypanosoma cruzi
Jorge Andrés Delgado-Garduño, Lucio Galaviz-Silva, Ma Guadalupe Rojas-Verde, Joel Horacio Elizondo-Luevano, Lidia Baylón-Pacheco, José Luis Rosales-Encina, Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Soto, Zinnia Judith Molina-Garza
Pathogens.2025; 14(7): 638. CrossRef
Nanostructured Polyurethane‐Collagen Hydrogels: Bioactive Crosslinked Networks for Enhanced Wound Healing
María I. León‐Campos, Jesús A. Claudio‐Rizo, Luis E. Cobos‐Puc, Denis A. Cabrera‐Munguía, Anilú Rubio‐Rios, Ernesto Oyervides‐Muñoz, Angélica Velázquez‐Arrellano
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of Anticancer Properties of Argemone mexicana L. and Berberine: A Comparative Study
Joel H. Elizondo-Luevano, Ramiro Quintanilla-Licea, Imelda N. Monroy-García, Miroslava Kačániová, Uziel Castillo-Velázquez, Aldo F. Bazaldúa-Rodríguez, Lourdes M. Garza-Vega, Ángel D. Torres-Hernández, Abelardo Chávez-Montes
Plants.2024; 13(10): 1374. CrossRef
In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Hemolytic and Cytotoxic Effects of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Plant Extracts on Human Erythrocytes and Cell Cultures
Joel H. Elizondo-Luevano, Ramiro Quintanilla-Licea, Sandra L. Castillo-Hernández, Eduardo Sánchez-García, Minerva Bautista-Villarreal, Georgia M. González-Meza, Marcela A. Gloria-Garza, Osvelia E. Rodríguez-Luis, Maciej Ireneusz Kluz, Miroslava Kačániová
Life.2024; 14(9): 1176. CrossRef

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Evaluation of schistosomula lung antigen preparation and soluble egg antigen vaccines on experimental schistosomiasis mansoni: Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hye-Sook Kim, Maysa A. Eraky, Asmaa A. El Kholy, Basma T. Ali, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Rabab E. Omar; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):251-262.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22154

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Schistosomiasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to assess the effect of schistosomula lung antigen preparation (SLAP) and soluble egg antigen (SEA) on a murine schistosomiasis mansoni model. Ninety laboratory-bred male Swiss albino mice were divided into 6 groups. Two doses of the vaccine were given at 2-week intervals. All mice were subcutaneously infected with 80±10 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae 2 weeks after the last vaccination dose. They were sacrificed 7 weeks post-infection. Parasitological and histopathological studies were conducted to assess the effect of inoculated antigens (single or combined). The results showed that the combination of SLAP and SEA (combination group) led to a significant reduction in worm burden (65.56%), and liver and intestine egg count (59% and 60.59%, respectively). The oogram pattern revealed a reduction in immature and mature eggs (15±0.4 and 10±0.8, respectively) and an increased number of dead eggs in the combination group (P<0.001). In terms of histopathological changes, the combination group showed notably small compact fibrocellular egg granuloma and moderate fibrosis in the liver. A high percentage of destroyed ova was observed in the intestine of the combination group. This study demonstrates for the first time the prophylactic effect of combined SLAP and SEA vaccine. The vaccine induced a significant reduction in the parasitological and pathological impacts of schistosomiasis mansoni in hepatic and intestinal tissues, making it a promising vaccine candidate for controlling schistosomiasis.

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The efficacy of cercarial antigen loaded on nanoparticles as a potential vaccine candidate in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice
Dina A. S. Elguindy, Dalia S. Ashour, Sirria M. Elmarhoumy, Dina M. El-Guindy, Howaida I. H. Ismail
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2024; 48(2): 381. CrossRef

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Case Report

Two Cases of Mange Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) Infestation in Long-Tailed Goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) in Republic of Korea: Da Som Park, Jin Choi, Hee-Jong Kim, Jin-Yong Kim, Min-Han Kim, Jin-Young Lee, Jeong Chan Moon, Hee-Bok Park, KyungMin Park, Jun Hee Yun, Yeonsu Oh, Seongjun Choe, Ki-Jeong Na, Jongmin Yoon; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(6):423-427.
Published online December 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.6.423

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The long-tailed goral, Naemorhedus caudatus (Mammalia: Bovidae), is one of the endangered animals in the Republic of Korea (Korea). Sarcoptic mange mites infested in diverse species of mammals, including humans, but no case has been reported in long-tailed gorals. We report 2 cases of mange mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, infestation in long-tailed gorals. Mange mites were sampled in the skin legions of the 2 long-tailed gorals, which were rescued in 2 different regions, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. Our results showed that the ectoparasite was the itch mite that burrowed into skin and caused scabies on the morphological inspection and placed within the phylogenetic relations of the species. The present study confirmed for the first time in Korea that mange mites are pathogenic scabies of long-tailed goral. Closer surveillance of this pathogenic ectoparasite in zoonotic and infectious ecosystems is warranted.

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Sarcoptic Mange in Reintroduced Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in South Korea: Case Histories, Clinical Assessments, Treatments, and Pathological Findings
Sook-Jin Lee, An-Na Lee, Eun-Bin Shin, Min-Sung Kim, Hyoung-Jin Kim, Doo-Hyun Han, Yong-Sik Jo, Jin-Suk Ahn, Seung-Hoon Chea, Chang-Min Jeong, Hee-Yeon Lee, Seong-Geun Bae, Jeong-Jin Yang
Animals.2025; 15(10): 1491. CrossRef
Genetic and Serological Survey of Sarcoptic Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in South Korea
Sanghyun Lee, Garam Kim, So-Jeong Kim, Weon-Hwa Jheong, Dong-Hyuk Jeong
Animals.2024; 14(23): 3490. CrossRef

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Original Article

Treatment with Extracellular Vesicles from Giardia lamblia Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice: Hyun Jung Kim, Young-Ju Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):309-315.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.309

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent illness of the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of IBD traditionally involves the use of aminosalicylic acid and steroids, while these drugs has been associated with untoward effects and refractoriness. The absence of effective treatment regimen against IBD has led to the exploration of new targets. Parasites are promising as an alternative therapy for IBD. Recent studies have highlighted the use of parasite-derived substances, such as excretory secretory products, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and exosomes, for the treatment of IBD. In this report, we examined whether EVs secreted by Giardia lamblia could prevent colitis in a mouse model. G. lamblia EVs (GlEVs) were prepared from in vitro cultures of Giardia trophozoites. Clinical signs, microscopic colon tissue inflammation, and cytokine expression levels were detected to assess the effect of GlEV treatment on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental murine colitis. The administration of GlEVs prior to DSS challenge reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interferon gamma. Our results indicate that GlEV can exert preventive effects and possess therapeutic properties against DSS-induced colitis.

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Role of parasite extracellular vesicles/exosomes in the interaction between hosts and virus-infected flagellate protozoa: Progress and prospects
Lu Li, Xiaocen Wang, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Xin Li, Nan Zhang, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong
Animals and Zoonoses.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microscopic messengers: Extracellular vesicles shaping gastrointestinal health and disease
Zhantao Yu, Kevin A. Swift, Madeline A. Hedges, Arianne L. Theiss, Sarah F. Andres
Physiological Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases – from pathogenesis to future diagnostic tools
Saulo Almeida Menezes, Tiana Tasca
Microbes and Infection.2024; 26(4): 105310. CrossRef
An Improved Method to Enrich Large Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Giardia intestinalis through Differential Centrifugation
Abel Sana, Izadora Volpato Rossi, Bruna Sabatke, Letícia Bassani Bonato, Lia Carolina Soares Medeiros, Marcel Ivan Ramirez
Life.2023; 13(9): 1799. CrossRef
Lipidome of extracellular vesicles from Giardia lamblia
Clarissa Perez Faria, Barbara Ferreira, Ágata Lourenço, Inês Guerra, Tânia Melo, Pedro Domingues, Maria do Rosário Marques Domingues, Maria Teresa Cruz, Maria do Céu Sousa, Maria de Fátima Matos Almeida Henriques de Macedo
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(9): e0291292. CrossRef
Efficacy of extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy in colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies
Jun-Jie Hou, Wei-Wei Li, Xiao-Li Wang, A-Huo Ma, Yue-Hua Qin
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Protozoa-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intercellular Communication with Special Emphasis on Giardia lamblia
Bárbara Ferreira, Ágata Lourenço, Maria do Céu Sousa
Microorganisms.2022; 10(12): 2422. CrossRef

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Case Report

Trichinosis Imitating an Inflammatory Systematic Disease: Maria Kosmidou, Georgios Papamichail, Eleftherios Klouras, Konstantinos Tsamis, Ioannis Sarmas, Iro Rapti, Haralampos Milionis; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):497-499.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.497

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Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Pigs are the most common source of human infection. We describe a case of a 47-year-old woman presented with a wide range of intermittent symptoms including prolonged fever, dry cough, diarrhea, rash, myalgias and arthralgias. The patient was attended by physicians with various medical specialties such as dermatologists, rheumatologists and allergiologists, but they did not establish a certain diagnosis because of the gradual onset of symptoms, raising the suspicion of a systematic disease. After extensive work up, the diagnosis of trichinosis was established with femoral muscle biopsy compatible with inflammatory myopathy of parasitic etiology with trichinosis to be the predominant diagnosis. Despite the significant delay of diagnosis for almost three months, patient was treated successfully with no further complications. Trichinellosis is a food-borne treatable infection. Preventive measures include community education especially in zones where parasite prevalence is increased, improvement of farming and cooking techniques.

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Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of fluvoxamine during the intestinal phase of Trichinella spiralis infection in mice
Wesam M. A. Elgendy, Ahmad A. Othman, Nema A. Soliman, Nivin Baiomy, Dina M. El-Guindy, Dina I. Elgendy
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians
Dimitra S. Mouliou
Diseases.2023; 11(4): 132. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Microbiome of Haemaphysalis longicornis Tick in Korea: Myungjun Kim, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, In-Yong Lee, Dongeun Yong, Bo-Young Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):489-496.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.489

Ticks can transmit pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses to humans and animals. In this study, we investigated the microbiomes of Haemaphysalis longicornis according to sex and life stages. The Shannon index was significantly higher for nymphs than adult ticks. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the microbiome composition of female adult and male adult ticks were different. Notably, Coxiella-like bacterium (AB001519), known as a tick symbiont, was found in all nymphs and female adult ticks, but only one out of 4 male adult ticks had Coxiella-like bacterium (AB001519). In addition, Rickettsia rickettsii, Coxiella burnetii, and Anaplasma bovis were detected in this study.

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Unveiling the Presence of Coxiella-like bacteria in Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks from Punjab, North India: A 16S rRNA metagenomic study
Vikas Sharma, Shriya Goel, Kamlesh Bisht, Taruna Kaura, Salony Verma, Abhishek Mewara, Gagandeep Singh Grover, Manisha Biswal
Veterinary Microbiology.2026; 312: 110783. CrossRef
Microbiome Composition of Haemaphysalis flava in Korea and Diversity Analysis Based on Region, Developmental Stage, and Sex
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan‐Eui Hong, Hyeonjun Shin, Hyeok Lee, Kyoung Won Lee, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Wook‐Gyo Lee, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Jung Han Park, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, S
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of tick-borne pathogens using next-generation sequencing in ticks from wild animals in the Republic of Korea
Hye-Ryung Byun, Mi-Sun Rieu, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Hyun-Young Nam, Seulgi Seo, Chang-Yong Choi, Ki-Jeong Na, Jong-Taek Kim, Soyeon Cho, Bo-Yeon Hwang, Joon-Seok Chae
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef
Microbiome of Invasive Tick Species Haemaphysalis longicornis in North Carolina, USA
Loganathan Ponnusamy, Nicholas Travanty, D. Watson, Steven Seagle, Ross Boyce, Michael Reiskind
Insects.2024; 15(3): 153. CrossRef
Organ-specific bacterial microbiota in the engorged female Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Sisi Li, Chen Yang, Yufan Zhang, Kaili Chen, Xiaoyu Zhang, Jingze Liu, Yankai Zhang
International Journal of Acarology.2024; 50(3): 320. CrossRef
Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiome of two adult tick species and their laboratory-reared offspring shows intra- and inter-species differences
Joshua Kamani, Jonathan Gonçalves-Oliveira, Jerome Nicolas Janssen, Joby Robleto Quesada, Yaarit Nachum-Biala, Shimon Harrus, Ricardo Gutiérrez
Acta Tropica.2024; 257: 107315. CrossRef
Comparative microbiome analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks at the Korea Combat Training Center in 2022
Minsung Kim, Singeun Oh, Myung‐hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Sohyeon Yun, Jun Ho Choi, Moonsoo Yoon, Tai‐Soon Yong, Buddle Lee, Kyung Tae Noh, Quehn Park, Chanhee Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 627. CrossRef
Bacterial microbiota analysis demonstrates that ticks can acquire bacteria from habitat and host blood meal
Si-Si Li, Xiao-Yu Zhang, Xue-Jiao Zhou, Kai-Li Chen, Abolfazl Masoudi, Jing-Ze Liu, Yan-Kai Zhang
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2022; 87(1): 81. CrossRef
Characterization of Haemaphysalis longicornis microbiome collected from different regions of Korean peninsula
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Tae Yun Kim, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, Yeon Soo Han, Hee Il Lee, Yong Seok Lee
Entomological Research.2022; 52(6): 271. CrossRef
The toxicity of the monoterpenes from lemongrass is mitigated by the detoxifying symbiosis of bacteria and fungi in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis
Desmond O. Agwunobi, Min Wang, Zihao Wang, Ruwei Bai, Ruotong Wang, Qiuyu Hu, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2022; 247: 114261. CrossRef

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Surveillance on the Vivax Malaria in Endemic Areas in the Republic of Korea Based on Molecular and Serological Analyses: Seong-Kyun Lee, Fengyue Hu, Egy Rahman Firdaus, Ji-Hoon Park, Jin-Hee Han, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyun-Il Shin, Shin Hyeong Cho, Won Sun Park, Feng Lu, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):609-617.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.609

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax reemerged in 1993. It has been sustained for more than 25 years and become one of the important indigenous parasitic diseases in northern and western parts of the Republic of Korea near the demilitarized zone. In particular, relapse is a significant concern for the control of malaria, as short- and long-term incubation periods vary among those infected in Korea. In this study, the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers was examined among residents of high endemic areas of vivax malaria during nonseasonal transmission of mosquitoes. Blood samples from 3 endemic regions in northwestern Korea were evaluated by microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic testing, and nested PCR to identify asymptomatic patients carrying malaria parasites in the community. However, no positive malaria case among residents of endemic areas was detected. Additionally, serological analysis was carried out to measure antibodies against 3 antigenic recombinant proteins of P. vivax, merozoite surface protein 1-19, circumsporozoite surface protein-VK210, and liver-stage antigen (PvLSA-N), by the protein array method. Interestingly, seropositivity of sera between previous exposure and samples without exposure to malaria was significantly higher using the PvLSA-N antigen than the other antigens, suggesting that PvLSA-N can be used as a serological marker to analyze the degree of exposure for malaria transmission in endemic areas. This indicates a very low asymptomatic carrier prevalence during the nonmalaria season in the endemic areas of Korea.

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A region-structured model for early warning of Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission risk in the Republic of Korea
Boyeon Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Jeehyun Lee, Joon-Sup Yeom
Journal of Infection and Public Health.2025; 18(3): 102665. CrossRef
Development of a Plasmodium vivax malaria model for evaluating the effects of control strategies on the malaria burden in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Hye Seong, Jiyeon Suh, Jun Yong Choi, Jeehyun Lee, Joon-Sup Yeom
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
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Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Haemaphysalis Ticks in Korea: Ju Yeong Kim, You Shine Kwak, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):327-331.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.327

Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular protozoa that can cause neurological disease or death in fetuses and even in immunocompromised human adults. Ticks are recognized as vectors of many microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Recent studies detected T. gondii in various tick species in many countries. In this study, we performed PCR detection of the T. gondii B1 gene from Haemaphysalis ticks collected from vegetation in 4 localities, Wonju, Gunsan, Miryang, and Yangsan, in Korea. We analyzed DNA from 314 ticks (268 Haemaphysalis longicornis and 46 Haemaphysalis flava) and the B1 gene of T. gondii was detected in 13 of these. The detection of T. gondii in ticks differed significantly by region (P=0.021). T. gondii was detected in the following percentages of collected ticks: 3.7% (7 of 189) in Gunsan, 10% (5 of 50) in Wonju, 16.7% (1 of 6) in Yangsan, and 0% (0 of 69) in Miryang. The detection of T. gondii in ticks was not associated with tick species or development stage. This is the first report of T. gondii detection in ticks in Korea. Our results provide important information necessary to understand toxoplasmosis transmission.

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Original Articles

Surveillance of Chigger Mite Vectors for Tsutsugamushi Disease in the Hwaseong Area, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2015: Young Yil Bahk, Hojong Jun, Seo Hye Park, Haneul Jung, Seung Jegal, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Jong Yul Roh, Wook-Gyo Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Kwangsig Joo, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):301-308.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.301

Owing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in the Republic of Korea is steadily increasing and was designated as a legal communicable disease in 1994. The disease is a mite-borne acute febrile disease most commonly contracted from October to December. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by chigger mites living on rodents and investigated their target vector diversity, abundance, and distribution to enable the mapping of hotspots for this disease in 2015. A total of 5 species belonging to 4 genera (109 mites): Leptotrombidium scutellare 60.6%, L. pallidum 28.4% Neotrombicula tamiyai 9.2%, Euschoengastia koreaensis/0.9%), and Neoschoengastia asakawa 0.9% were collected using chigger mite collecting traps mimicking human skin odor and sticky chigger traps from April to November 2015. Chigger mites causing tsutsugamushi disease in wild rodents were also collected in Hwaseong for the zoonotic surveillance of the vector. A total of 77 rodents belonging to 3 genera: Apodemus agrarius (93.5%), Crocidura lasiura (5.2%), and Micromys minutus (1.3%) were collected in April, October, and November 2015. The most common mite was L. pallidum (46.9%), followed by L. scutellare (18.6%), and L. orientale (18.0%). However, any of the chigger mite pools collected from rodent hosts was tested positive for Orientia tsutsugamushi, the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease, in this survey.

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Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study
Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Rodents Orientia tsutsugamushi in China During Two Decades: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan-Chun Wang, Jing-Hao Li, Ya Qin, Si-Yuan Qin, Chao Chen, Xin-Bo Yang, Ning Ma, Ming-Xin Dong, Cong-Cong Lei, Xing Yang, He-Ting Sun, Zhi-Yong Sun, Jing Jiang
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2023; 23(12): 619. CrossRef
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of scrub typhus in northern Fujian, China, from 2015 to 2019
Jin Huang, Kaixiang Deng, Jiawei Chen, Meiquan Zhang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical treatment of patients with scrub typhus-induced liver injury and intracranial infection
HongKui Sun, Li Lei, JianWei Li, Haiming Niu, Jiezhang Yang, MiaoLian Chen
Journal of International Medical Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Monitoring Chigger Mites for Orientia tsutsugamushi in Field Small Mammals in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2019-2020
Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Sung Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 319. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1563. CrossRef
Infestation and Related Ecology of Chigger Mites on the Asian House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) in Yunnan Province, Southwest China
Fan Ding, Wen-Li Jiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Rong Xiang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 377. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 473. CrossRef
Density of Chigger Mites as Tsutsugamushi Vectors Collected from Jinan, Jeollabuk-do
Hyeok Jae Lee, Chul Park
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2020; 52(4): 364. CrossRef

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Descriptions of Two Digenean Trematodes Found from a Chinese Sea Snake, Laticauda semifasciata, in Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Il-Hun Kim, Min-Seop Kim, Hae Rim Lee, Youngjun Kim, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):279-285.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.279

Abstract
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We intended to describe 2 digenean trematodes found from a Chinese sea snake, Laticauda semifasciata, as the new fauna in the Republic of Korea. The snake was caught offshore of Aewol-eup, Jeju-do, in August 2017. Two species of fluke were found in the lung and intestinal tract of the snake in the process of necropsy. They were identified as Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus Coil and Kuntz, 1960 and Harmotrema laticaudae Yamaguti, 1933, respectively based on the morphological characters. Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus showed elongated body with well-developed and elongated male genital system and compact vitelline. And H. laticaudae was characterized by linguiform body with heavily armed cirrus with excretory system. This is the first time both species have been reported and described off the Korean coast. We provide morphological descriptions with some comments on their biology and geographical distribution. In addition, the taxonomic validity of the genus Hydrophitrema Sandars, 1960 was discussed, in terms of morphological descriptions and host ranges. This study provides novel insight into digenean fluke species existing off the coast of Korea.

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Rejection of the concept of hemiurid genus Pulmovermis (Digenea: Hemiuridae) and other taxonomic propositions: new morphological and molecular data regarding Lecithochirium cyanovitellosum (Coil and Kuntz, 1960) Urabe and Sokolov, comb. nov. (formerly Pul
Misako Urabe, Takahide Sasai, Sergey G. Sokolov
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Storm Blas Martin, M.L.I. De Silva, Erandi Pathirana, R.P.V.J. Rajapakse
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Paraharmotrema karinganiense n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Liolopidae) infecting the intestine of serrated hinged terrapin (Pelusios sinuatus), east African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger), and South African helmeted turtle (Pelomedusa galeata) and a phy
Haley R. Dutton, Louis H. DuPreez, Misako Urabe, Stephen A. Bullard
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2022; 17: 43. CrossRef

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Effectiveness of Mass Drug Administration on Neglected Tropical Diseases in Schoolchildren in Zanzibar, Tanzania: Ju Yeong Kim, Seobo Sim, Eun Joo Chung, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Keeseon S. Eom, Khalfan A. Mohammed, Iddi S. Khamis, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):109-119.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.109

Abstract
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Soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma haematobium affect more than 3 billion people globally and mainly occur in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study assessed the overall infection status of a 1716-student cohort of school-children in Zanzibar and applied mass drug administration (MDA) to the cohort from 2007 to 2009. Schools in Pemba, Zanzibar, had a much higher prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections than those in Unguja, and the Chaani, Ghana, and Machui schools of Unguja exhibited high S. haematobium infection rates. The MDA program only partially controlled parasite infections, owing to high rates of re-infection. The infection rate of S. haematobium across all 10 schools, for example, was only reduced by 1.8%, and even this change not significant, even though the S. haematobiuminfection rates of the Chaani and Mzambarauni schools were significantly reduced from 64.4 and 23.4%, respectively, at the first screening, to 7.3 and 2.3% at the last screening. The overall infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was reduced from 36.0% at the first screening to 22.6% at the last screening. However, the infection rates for both Trichuris trichiuraand hookworm were generally unaffected by MDA. In the future, parasite control programs should involve strategically designed MDA schedules and holistic intervention (e.g., sanitation improvement, hygiene behavior changes, and control of intermediated hosts).

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Effects of paediatric schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review
Maryline Vere, Wilma ten Ham-Baloyi, Paula Ezinne Melariri, Raquel Inocencio da Luz
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Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Wolaita zone in Southern Ethiopia: mid-stage evaluation of the Geshiyaro project and progress towards the interruption of transmission
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PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(10): e0009550. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Kudoa ogawai (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) Infection in Cultured Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus: Sang Phil Shin, Chang Nam Jin, Han Chang Sohn, Jehee Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):439-444.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.439

Abstract
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Since Kudoa septempuntata was identified as a causative agent of food poisoning associated with raw olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, interest and concern regarding the parasite have increased. However, there have been no investigations or reports of other Kudoa species infecting the fish (except for K. paralichthys, which infects the brain) in Korea. We found cysts filled with myxospores of Kudoa species in muscles of cultured olive flounder specimens and identified these to the species level. Mature spores were quadrate, measuring 8.7±0.5 μm in length, 9.2±0.4 μm in thickness, and 12.9±0.6 μm in width. The spores containing 4 polar capsules had a length of 2.1±0.2 μm and a width of 1.8±0.3 μm. The partial 18S and 28S rDNA of isolates showed 99-100% similarities with K. ogawai. Using these morphological and molecular analyses, the species was identified as K. ogawai. This study is the first report of K. ogawai infection in cultured olive flounder in Korea.

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Detection of Human Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Antibody with Recombinant Fragmented Ribosomal P Protein: Yeong Hoon Kim, Zhaoshou Yang, Jihoo Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Chom-Kyu Chong, Wagner Maricondi, Ronaldo F. Dias, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):435-437.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.435

Abstract
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Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and is endemic in many Latin American countries. Diagnosis is based on serologic testing and the WHO recommends two or more serological tests for confirmation. Acidic ribosomal P protein of T. cruzi showed strong reactivity against positive sera of patients, and we cloned the protein after fragmenting it to enhance its antigenicity and solubility. Twelve positive sera of Chagas disease patients were reacted with the fragmented ribosomal P protein using western blot. Detection rate and density for each fragment were determined. Fragments F1R1, F1R2, and F2R1 showed 100% rate of detection, and average density scoring of 2.00, 1.67, and 2.42 from a maximum of 3.0, respectively. Therefore, the F2R1 fragment of the ribosomal P protein of T. cruzi could be a promising antigen to use in the diagnosis of Chagas disease in endemic regions with high specificity and sensitivity.

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In vitro diagnostic methods of Chagas disease in the clinical laboratory: a scoping review
Luis C. Ascanio, Savannah Carroll, Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi, Juan David Ramírez
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André Azevedo Reis Teixeira, Luis Rodriguez Carnero, Andréia Kuramoto, Fenny Hui Fen Tang, Carlos Hernique Gomes, Natalia Bueno Pereira, Léa Campos de Oliveira, Regina Garrini, Jhonatas Sirino Monteiro, João Carlos Setubal, Ester Cerdeira Sabino, Renata P
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Original Article

Epidemiologic Trends and Seasonality of Scabies in South Korea, 2010-2017: Jong-Hun Kim, Hae-Kwan Cheong; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):399-404.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.399

Abstract
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Scabies is a parasitic skin infection with intense itching. Scabies infection seriously impairs quality of life, while outbreaks in medical institutions cause financial losses. This study aimed to present the annual and seasonal trend of prevalence of scabies in the national population. Scabies cases were extracted from National Health Insurance Service database and its epidemiologic characteristics were assessed. To analyze the seasonality of scabies occurrence, temperature and humidity were included in the model as weather factors, and the per capita gross national income index was adjusted. The annual prevalence by age group was 0.56-0.69 per 1,000 persons until the age of 40 years and peaked at 3.0-4.1 per 1,000 persons in the age group over 80 years. The number of women diagnosed with scabies has been consistently higher compared to that of men since 2010. Mean number of cases diagnosed as scabies was lowest in spring, approximately 4,000 cases, when the average temperature was less than 5°C at 2 months prior, whereas more than 6,000 scabies cases occurred in autumn when temperatures exceeded 25°C at 2 months prior. This study presents the epidemiological characteristics and seasonality of all cases nationwide over 8 years and will help to establish control policies.

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Yves-Marie Ducrot, Enzo Bruno, Jean-Marc Franco, Loïc Raffray, Samuel Beneteau, Antoine Bertolotti, Michael Marks
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Marija Delaš Aždajić, Iva Bešlić, Ana Gašić, Nikola Ferara, Lovre Pedić, Liborija Lugović-Mihić
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Ewa Rzońca, Arkadiusz Kosowski, Agnieszka Bień, Joanna Gotlib, Arkadiusz Wejnarski, Marta Jarzębowska, Robert Gałązkowski, Patryk Rzońca
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Hiwot Hailu Amare, Bernt Lindtjorn, Uwem Friday Ekpo
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Previous Long-term Care Facility Admission as a Risk Factor for Scabies in a Medical Facility
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Brief Communications

Epizootic Infection by Trypanosoma vivax in Cattle from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil: Matheus de Oliveira Reis, Fernanda Rezende Souza, Adriana Silva Albuquerque, Fernanda Monteiro, Luan Francisco dos Santos Oliveira, Djeison Lutier Raymundo, Flademir Wouters, Ang?lica Terezinha Barth Wouters, Ana Paula Peconick, Mary Suzan Varaschin; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):191-195.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.191

Abstract
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Trypanosomiasis is caused by a pathogenic protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma, being Trypanosoma vivax the most important agent for cattle. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the expansion of T. vivax infection in different mesoregions of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and describe the clinicopathological findings of trypanosomiasis in cattle. The diagnosis was based on visualization of the parasite in blood smears and DNA detection of T. vivax in the blood of live cows and tissues of necropsied animals by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty suspected herds were tested, of which 11 were positive for T. vivax. The most frequent clinical signs were anemia, apathy, drop in milk production, weight loss, reproductive disorders, and nervous signs. Concomitant diseases, such as malignant edema, pneumonia and increased cases of mastitis were associated with T. vivax infection. Three cows were necropsied and the most significant findings were low body condition score, pale mucous and spleen with white pulp hyperplasia. The results demonstrated the expansion of T. vivax infection in Minas Gerais, that PCR-associated blood smears are promising for diagnosis, and that other diseases often occur concomitantly to T. vivax infection in regions with trypanosomiasis in cattle.

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Estelle Mezajou Mewamba, Oumarou Farikou, Rolin Mitterran Ndefo Kamga, Melaine Eugenie Kemta Magang, Christopher Tume, Arnol Auvaker Zébazé Tiofack, Sophie Ravel, Gustave Simo
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Mathematical modelling and control of African animal trypanosomosis with interacting populations in West Africa—Could biting flies be important in main taining the disease endemicity?
Paul Olalekan Odeniran, Akindele Akano Onifade, Ewan Thomas MacLeod, Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola, Simon Alderton, Susan Christina Welburn, Simon Clegg
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Quantification of Immunoglobulin G against Trypanosoma cruzi in Individuals with Chronic Chagas Disease Treated with Nifurtimox and Evaluated in Prolonged Follow-Up: Gabriela Mun?oz, Camilo Vergara, Gabriela Marti?nez, Werner Apt, Ine?s Zulantay; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):39-41.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.39

Abstract
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In the indeterminate chronic period of Chagas disease (ChD) the treatment has not been conclusive, because the serological negativization requires many years. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of nifurtimox (NF) in the treatment of chronic ChD in prolonged follow-up by serological techniques of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG comparing 2 groups of patients, treated and non treated. Mann-Whitney test was performed for ELISA and IFA, with significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). IgG levels were lower in individuals treated compared with untreated patients, indicating chemotherapeutic efficacy in prolonged follow-up.

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Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Identified by Real-Time PCR in Peripheral Blood and Dejections of Triatoma infestans Used in Xenodiagnosis Descriptive Study
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PLOS ONE.2019; 14(8): e0221100. CrossRef
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Werner Apt, Daniela Carrasco, Cristian Fuentealba, Mauricio Canals, Gabriela Muñoz, Miguel Saavedra, Juan-Paul Castillo, Inés Zulantay
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Case Report

Two Imported Cases of Babesiosis with Complication or Co-Infection with Lyme Disease in Republic of Korea: Hea Yoon Kwon, Jae Hyoung Im, Yun-Kyu Park, Areum Durey, Jin-Soo Lee, Ji Hyeon Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):609-613.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.609

Abstract
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Babesiosis, caused by Babesia microti and B. divergens, is transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Symptoms of babesiosis vary from a mild flu-like illness to acute, severe, and sometimes fatal and fulminant disease. In Korea, 7 imported babesiosis cases and 1 endemic case have been reported. We report 2 cases of severe babesiosis initially mistaken as malaria. The first patient was complicated by shock and splenic infarction, the other co-infected with Lyme disease. As the population traveling abroad increases every year, physicians should be aware of babesiosis which mimics malaria, co-infection with other diseases, and its complications.

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Detection of US and Kobe‐type Babesia microti in ticks collected from small mammals of the Republic of Korea
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Current Status of Trypanosoma grosi and Babesia microti in Small Mammals in the Republic of Korea
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Imported human babesiosis in the Republic of Korea, 2019: two case reports
Hyun Jung Kim, Min Jae Kim, Hyun-Il Shin, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee
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iSeq 100 for metagenomic pathogen screening in ticks
Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Alghurabi Areej Sabri Mahdi, Tai-Soon Yong
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Molecular evidence of zoonotic Babesia species, other than B. microti, in ixodid ticks collected from small mammals in the Republic of Korea
Tae Yun Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Tae‐Kyu Kim, Hee IL Lee, Shin‐Hyeong Cho, Wook‐Gyo Lee, Hyunwoo Kim
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Marta Albertyńska, Hubert Okła, Krzysztof Jasik, Danuta Urbańska-Jasik, Przemysław Pol
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Igor Dumic, Cristian Madrid, Libardo Rueda Prada, Charles W. Nordstrom, Pahnwat Tonya Taweesedt, Poornima Ramanan
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Brief Communication

Survey and Phylogenetic Analysis of Rodents and Important Rodent-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens in Gedu, Bhutan: Yoenten Phuentshok, Kezang Dorji, Tandin Zangpo, Silas A. Davidson, Ratree Takhampunya, Tenzinla Tenzinla, Chencho Dorjee, Roger S. Morris, Peter D. Jolly, Sithar Dorjee, Joanna S. McKenzie; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):521-525.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.521

Abstract
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Rodents are well-known reservoirs and vectors of many emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, but little is known about their role in zoonotic disease transmission in Bhutan. In this study, a cross-sectional investigation of zoonotic disease pathogens in rodents was performed in Chukha district, Bhutan, where a high incidence of scrub typhus and cases of acute undifferentiated febrile illness had been reported in people during the preceding 4-6 months. Twelve rodents were trapped alive using wire-mesh traps. Following euthanasia, liver and kidney tissues were removed and tested using PCR for Orientia tsutsugamushi and other bacterial and rickettsial pathogens causing bartonellosis, borreliosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, leptospirosis, and rickettsiosis. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on all rodent species captured and pathogens detected. Four out of the 12 rodents (33.3%) tested positive by PCR for zoonotic pathogens. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella grahamii, and B. queenslandensis were identified for the first time in Bhutan. Leptospira interrogans was also detected for the first time from rodents in Bhutan. The findings demonstrate the presence of these zoonotic pathogens in rodents in Bhutan, which may pose a risk of disease transmission to humans.

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Serena Bergamo, Giusto Trevisan, Maurizio Ruscio, Serena Bonin
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Roger Morris, Shiyong Wang
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Worldwide meta-analysis on Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in animal reservoirs: Prevalence, distribution and reservoir diversity
Solomon Ngutor Karshima, Musa Isiyaku Ahmed, Kaltume Mamman Mohammed, Victoria Adamu Pam, Habiba Momoh-Abdullateef, Bulus Peter Gwimi
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2023; 38: 100830. CrossRef
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Dorcus C. A. Omoga, David P. Tchouassi, Marietjie Venter, Edwin O. Ogola, Gilbert Rotich, Joseph N. Muthoni, Dickens O. Ondifu, Baldwyn Torto, Sandra Junglen, Rosemary Sang
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Anou Dreyfus, Marie-Thérèse Ruf, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Theresa Zitzl, Nadine Loosli, Nadja Seyhan Bier, Stephanie Hiereth, Sebastian Ulrich, Sven Poppert, Reinhard K. Straubinger, John Stenos, Tshokey Tshokey
Pathogens.2021; 10(3): 308. CrossRef

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Original Article

Hypolobocera guayaquilensis (Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae): A New Crab Intermediate Host of Paragonimus mexicanus in Manab? Province, Ecuador: Manuel Calvopina, Daniel Romero-Alvarez, Melina Rendon, Hidekazu Takagi, Hiromu Sugiyama; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):189-194.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.189

Abstract
PDF

To determine that Paragonimus sp. is actively transmitted in a tropical area of the Pacific region of Ecuador where human cases of pulmonary paragonimiasis have recently been documented, a total of 75 freshwater crabs were collected from 2 different streams in the Pedernales area of Manab? Province, Ecuador. All collected crabs were identified as Hypolobocera guayaquilensis based on morphological characteristics of the male gonopods. The hepatopancreas of each crab was examined by compressing it between 2 glass plates followed by observation under a stereomicroscope. Excysted Paragonimus metacercariae were detected in 39 (52.0%) crabs and their densities varied from 1 to 32 per infected crab. There was a positive relationship between crab size and metacercarial density. Sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene of the Paragonimus metacercariae obtained in this study were identical to those of Paragonimus mexicanus deposited in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database. Thus, the present study is the first to confirm that the crab species H. guayaquilensis is the second intermediate host of P. mexicanus in Manab? Province, Ecuador. Because this crab might be the possible source of human infections in this area, residents should pay attention to improper crab-eating habits related with a neglected parasitic disease, i.e., paragonimiasis.

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Answer to April 2024 Photo Quiz
Alfredo Maldonado-Barrueco, Sol María San José-Villar, Julio García-Rodríguez, Marina Alguacil-Guillén, Álvaro López-Janeiro, Elena Trigo-Esteban, Marta Díaz-Menéndez, Guillermo Ruiz-Carrascoso, Bobbi S. Pritt
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The effect of landscape and human settlement on the genetic differentiation and presence of Paragonimus species in Mesoamerica
Patricia Landaverde-González, Julie Osgood, Carlos A. Montenegro Quiñonez, Vivian Monzón, Antonieta Rodas, Carlota Monroy
International Journal for Parasitology.2022; 52(1): 13. CrossRef
General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
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Liver fluke infections by Amphimerus sp. (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) in definitive and fish intermediate hosts in Manabí province, Ecuador
Daniel Romero-Alvarez, Gabriela Valverde-Muñoz, Manuel Calvopina, Maira Rojas, William Cevallos, Hideo Kumazawa, Hidekazu Takagi, Hiromu Sugiyama, jong-Yil Chai
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(6): e0008286. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Evaluation of Boldine Activity against Intracellular Amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis: Isabel Cristina Salama, Cristina Arrais-Lima, Wagner Welber Arrais-Silva; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):337-340.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.337

Abstract
PDF

Leishmaniasis is a neglected and endemic disease that affects poorest population mainly in developing countries. A lack of adequate and definitive chemotherapeutic agents to fight against this infection has led to the investigation of numerous compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activity of boldine against Leishmania amazonensis murine cell infection. Boldine ((S)-2,9-dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxy-aporphine) is an aporphine alkaloid found abundantly in the leaves/bark of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina), a widely distributed tree native to Chile. The in vitro system consisted of murine macrophage infection with amastigotes of L. amazonensis treated with different concentrations from 50 to 600 μg/ml of boldine for 24 hr. Intracellular parasite destruction was assessed by morphological examination and boldine cytotoxicity to macrophages was tested by the MTT viability assay. When cells were treated with 100 μg/ml of boldine the reduction of parasite infection was 81% compared with untreated cultures cells. Interestingly, boldine-treatment caused a concentration-dependent decrease of macrophage infection that culminated with 96% of reduction when cells were submitted to 600 μg/ml of boldine. Cell cultures exposed to 100 μg/ml of boldine and 300 μg/ml of Glucantime^® during 24 hr showed a significant reduction of 50% in parasitized cells compared with cell cultures exposed just to Glucantime^®. The study showed that treatment with boldine produces a better effect than treatment with the reference antimonial drug, glucantime, in L. amazonensis infected macrophage. Our results suggest that boldine is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

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Boldine: a narrative review of the bioactive compound with versatile biological and pharmacological potential
Deepak Lamba, Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi, Monu Yadav, Sanjaya Kumar YR
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María Carolina Otero, Juan A. Fuentes, Cristian Atala, Sara Cuadros-Orellana, Camila Fuentes, Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
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Original Articles

Subsets of Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Risk of Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Opisthorchis viverrini-Associated Advanced Periductal Fibrosis and Cholangiocarcinoma: Arpa Surapaitoon, Sutas Suttiprapa, Eimorn Mairiang, Narong Khuntikeo, Chawalit Pairojkul, Jeffrey Bethony, Paul J. Brindley, Banchob Sripa; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):295-304.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.295

Abstract
PDF

Opisthorchis viverrini infection induces chronic inflammation, and a minor proportion of infected individuals develop advanced periductal fibrosis (APF) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Inflammatory cytokines and/or their gene polymorphisms may link to these biliary pathologies. We therefore investigated associations among cytokine gene polymorphisms and cytokine production in 510 Thai cases infected with O. viverrini who presented with APF+ or APF-, as established by abdominal ultrasonography as well as in patients diagnosed with CCA. Levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined in culture supernatants after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with O. viverrini excretory-secretory (ES) products. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, LT-α, and TNF-α were significantly increased in CCA patients compared with non-CCA (APF- and APF+) cases. Polymorphisms in genes encoding IL-1β -511C/T, IL-6 -174G/C, IFN-γ +874T/A, LT-α +252A/G, and TNF-α -308G/A were then investigated by using PCR-RFLP or allele specific-PCR (AS-PCR) analyses. In the CCA cases, LT-α +252A/G and TNF-α -308G/A heterozygous and homozygous variants showed significantly higher levels of these cytokines than the wild type. By contrast, levels of cytokines in wild type of IFN-γ +874T/A were significantly higher than the variants in CCA cases. IFN-γ +874T/A polymorphisms were associated with advanced periductal fibrosis, whereas IL-6 -174G/C polymorphisms were associated with CCA. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first demonstration that O. viverrini infected individuals carrying several specific cytokine gene polymorphisms are susceptible to develop fibrosis and CCA.

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Rocio I.R. Macias, Hiroaki Kanzaki, Carmen Berasain, Matias A. Avila, Jose J.G. Marin, Yujin Hoshida
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Nan Wu, Sareh Bayatpour, Phillip B. Hylemon, Sayed O. Aseem, Paul J. Brindley, Huiping Zhou
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Ankitha Sivanand, Durva Talati, Yash Kalariya, Priyansh Patel, Siddharth Kamal Gandhi
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Sailan Xiao, Xiongfeng Pan, Xun Huang, Yamin Liu, Shi Wu Wen, Aizhong Liu
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Chareeporn Akekawatchai, Chada Phuegsilp, Khaimuk Changsri, Thanawan Soimanee, Warisara Sretapunya
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Ilaria Bellini, Daniela Scribano, Meysam Sarshar, Cecilia Ambrosi, Antonella Pizzarelli, Anna Teresa Palamara, Stefano D’Amelio, Serena Cavallero
Pathogens.2022; 11(10): 1214. CrossRef
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Guanwu Wang, Lara Rosaline Heij, Dong Liu, Edgar Dahl, Sven Arke LANG, Tom Florian Ulmer, Tom LUEDDE, Ulf Peter Neumann, Jan Bednarsch
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Supaporn Pumpa, Wansika Phadungsil, Rudi Grams, Pongsakorn Martviset, Toon Ruang-Areerate, Mathirut Mungthin, Amornrat Geadkaew-Krenc
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Factors Associated with Echinococcosis-Induced Perioperative Anaphylactic Shock: Jianrong Ye, Qin Zhang, Yan Xuan, Siyu Chen, Long Ma, Yongqiang Zhang, Hong Zheng; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):769-775.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.769

This retrospective case-control study explored the factors associated with anaphylactic shock during surgery for cystic echinococcosis (CE) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between October 2008 and September 2013. Patients who suffered from anaphylactic shock (n=16) were age-matched 3:1 to patients who did not (n=43). Multivariate analysis suggested that IL-4 levels (odds ratio=1.096; 95% confidence interval=1.015-1.185; P=0.02) and cyst size (odds ratio=3.028, 95% confidence interval=1.259-7.283, P=0.013) were independently associated with CE-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and a cut-off value of 415.7 ng/ml, IL-4 showed an area under the ROC (AUC) of 0.926, sensitivity of 75.0%, and specificity of 97.7%. Using a cut-off value of 7.8 cm, cyst size showed an AUC of 0.828, sensitivity of 81.3%, and specificity of 76.7%. In conclusion, results suggest that levels of IL-4 and cyst size were independently associated with echinococcosis-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. These results could help identifying patients with echinococcosis at risk of anaphylactic shock in whom appropriate prophylaxis could be undertaken.

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Ergin Erginöz, Sefa Ergün, Emre Tunç, Salih Pekmezci
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The regulatory role of differential microRNA expressions on cellular inflammatory factors IL‐6 and IL‐10 in Echinococcus granulosus‐induced anaphylaxis
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Mini Review

Prehistoric Pathoecology as Represented by Parasites of a Mummy from the Perua?u Valley, Brazil: Karl J Reinhard, Adauto Ara?jo; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):585-590.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.585

Abstract
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Paleopathologists have begun exploring the pathoecology of parasitic diseases in relation to diet and environment. We are summarizing the parasitological findings from a mummy in the site of Lapa do Boquete, a Brazilian cave in the state of Minas Gerais. These findings in context of the archaeology of the site provided insights into the pathoecology of disease transmission in cave and rockshelter environments. We are presenting a description of the site followed by the evidence of hookworm, intestinal fluke, and Trypanosoma infection with resulting Chagas disease in the mummy discovered in the cave. These findings are used to reconstruct the transmission ecology of the site.

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Maria Olegovna Filimonova, Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko
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Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Role in Remote Signaling and Inflammation in Trypanosoma cruzi-Triggered Disease
Luíza Dantas-Pereira, Rubem Menna-Barreto, Joseli Lannes-Vieira
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Ancient Echinostome Eggs Discovered in Archaeological Strata Specimens from a Baekje Capital Ruins of South Korea
Min Seo, Sang-Yuck Shim, Hwa Young Lee, Yongjun Kim, Jong Ha Hong, Ji Eun Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Dong Hoon Shin
Journal of Parasitology.2020; 106(1): 184. CrossRef
Paleoparasitology and pathoecology in Russia: Investigations and perspectives
Sergey Slepchenko, Karl Reinhard
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Reestablishing rigor in archaeological parasitology
Karl Reinhard
International Journal of Paleopathology.2017; 19: 124. CrossRef
A Case of Ectopic Paragonimiasis in a 17th Century Korean Mummy
D. H. Shin, Y.-S. Kim, D. S. Yoo, M. J. Kim, C. S. Oh, J. H. Hong, E. Lee, J. Y. Chai, M. Seo
Journal of Parasitology.2017; 103(4): 399. CrossRef

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Original Article

Seroepidemiological Survey of Zoonotic Diseases in Small Mammals with PCR Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers, Gwangju, Korea: Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Sun Hee Kim, Sun Ju Cho, Yi Deun Ha, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Hyun Jae Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Jah Pyus, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Il Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):307-313.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.307

Abstract
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Serosurveillance for zoonotic diseases in small mammals and detection of chiggers, the vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi, were conducted from September 2014 to August 2015 in Gwangju Metropolitan Area. Apodemus agrarius was the most commonly collected small mammals (158; 91.8%), followed by Myodes regulus (8; 4.6%), and Crocidura lasiura (6; 3.5%). The highest seroprevalence of small mammals for O. tsutsugamushi (41; 26.3%) was followed by hantaviruses (24; 15.4%), Rickettsia spp. (22; 14.1%), and Leptospira (2; 1.3%). A total of 3,194 chiggers were collected from small mammals, and 1,236 of 3,194 chiggers were identified with 7 species of 3 genera: Leptotrombidium scutellare was the most commonly collected species (585; 47.3%), followed by L. orientale (422; 34.1%), Euchoengastia koreaensis (99; 8.0%), L. palpale (58; 4.7%), L. pallidum (36; 2.9%), Neotrombicula gardellai (28; 2.3%), and L. zetum (8; 0.6%). L. scutellare was the predominant species. Three of 1,236 chigger mites were positive for O. tsutsugamushi by PCR. As a result of phylogenetic analysis, the O. tsutsugamushi strain of chigger mites had sequence homology of 90.1-98.2% with Boryong. This study provides baseline data on the distribution of zoonotic diseases and potential vectors for the development of prevention strategies of vector borne diseases in Gwangju metropolitan area.

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A Novel Strain of Orientia tsutsugamushi Detected from Chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) on Wild Rodents
Hak Seon Lee, Seong Yoon Kim, Hee Il Lee
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Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
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First Report on the Molecular Detection and Characterization of Rickettsia felis in Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) Mites in Malaysia
Hiryahafira Mohamad Tahir, Faraliana Che Lah Ernieenor, Suhaili Zainal Abidin, Vishalani Vishnu Narainasamy, Mariana Ahamad
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Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Novel Trombiculid Mite Species in Northern Tamil Nadu, India: Use of Targeting the Multicopy traD Gene
John Antony Jude Prakash, Kannan Kamarasu, P Philip Samuel, Renu Govindarajan, Punitha Govindasamy, Liji Anna Johnson, P Ramalingam, J Nirmalson, K C Seran, Kevin Macaluso
Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(2): 693. CrossRef
Emerging hantavirus infection in wild rodents captured in suburbs of Gwangju Metropolitan City, South Korea
Mi hee Seo, Choon-Mee Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Na Ra Yun, Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Wen-Ping Guo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(6): e0010526. CrossRef
Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers and Small Mammals in Laos
Ivo Elliott, Rawadee Kumlert, Neeranuch Thangnimitchok, Stuart D. Blacksell, Ampai Tanganuchitcharnchai, Daniel H. Paris, Paul N. Newton, Serge Morand
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2022; 22(10): 505. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1563. CrossRef
First report of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto detection in a commune genospecies in Apodemus agrarius in Gwangju, South Korea
Choon Mee Kim, So Young Park, Dong-Min Kim, Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee
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Molecular Epidemiology of an Orientia tsutsugamushi Gene Encoding a 56-kDa Type-Specific Antigen in Chiggers, Small Mammals, and Patients from the Southwest Region of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Sun Hee Kim, Duck Woong Park, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Mi Hee Seo, Hyeon Je Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Choon-Mee Kim, Byong Chul Gill, Hang Jin Jeong, Jeong Min Lee, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Keun Chung
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 98(2): 616. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sea Eels (Astroconger myriaster) from the South Sea, Republic of Korea: Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Lim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):349-353.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.349

Abstract
PDF

Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis berlandi (=A. simplex sp. C), and Anisakis typica are the 4 major species of Anisakis type I larvae. In the Republic of Korea (Korea), A. pegreffii, A. berlandi, and A. typica larvae in fish hosts has seldom been documented. In this study, molecular analysis was performed on Anisakis larvae from the sea eels (Astroconger myriaster), the major source of human anisakiasis in Korea, collected from Tongyeong City, a southern coastal area of Korea. All 20 sea eels examined were infected with Anisakis type I larvae (160 larvae; 8 per fish). Their species were analyzed using PCR-RFLP patterns and nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8 subunit gene, and ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 2 (cox2). Most (86.8%; 112/129) of the Anisakis type I larvae were A. pegreffii, and 7.8% (10/129) were A. typica. The remaining 5.4% (7/129) was not identified. Thus, A. pegreffii is the major species of anisakid larvae in sea eels of the southern coast of Korea.

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Diana Nonković, Vanja Tešić, Vida Šimat, Svjetlana Karabuva, Alan Medić, Jerko Hrabar
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Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of H. aduncum via the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Platform
Xiaoming Wang, Xiang Chen, Ting Xu, Xingsheng Jin, Junfang Jiang, Feng Guan
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Genetic analyses of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Jong Yoon Jeon, Kyunglee Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Han Chan Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Hang Lee, Sung Bin Lee, Sang Wha Kim, Se Chang Park, Seongjun Choe, Heejeong Youn
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Qing Liu, Qi Wang, Jing Jiang, Jun-Yang Ma, Xing-Quan Zhu, Qing-Long Gong
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Demographic history and population genetic structure of Anisakis pegreffii in the cutlassfish Trichiurus japonicus along the coast of mainland China and Taiwan
Fang Ding, Sui Gu, Mu-Rong Yi, Yun-Rong Yan, Wei-Kuang Wang, Kwong-Chung Tung
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Hoang Van Hien, Bui Thi Dung, Ha Duy Ngo, Pham Ngoc Doanh
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Comparison of risk factors between human intestinal and gastric Anisakiasis
Kazuki Yamamoto, Osamu Takahashi, Daiki Kobayashi
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Juan C. Ángeles-Hernández, Fabian R. Gómez-de Anda, Nydia E. Reyes-Rodríguez, Vicente Vega-Sánchez, Patricia B. García-Reyna, Rafael G. Campos-Montiel, Norma L. Calderón-Apodaca, Celene Salgado-Miranda, Andrea P. Zepeda-Velázquez
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Hyunsu Kim, Kyung-Wan Baek, Mi-Kyung Park, Kyung-Yoon Jeon, Eun-Ji Ko, Hee-Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock
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Hyemi Song, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Sun Huh, Jong-Yil Chai
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Anisakid Larvae from Anchovies in the South Coast of Korea
Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jeonggyu Lee, Laddawan Patarwut, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 699. CrossRef
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Amirah Amir, Romano Ngui, Yee-Ling Lau, Wan Hafiz Wan Ismail, Rohela Mahmud, Kum T. Wong, Jaxinthe S. K. Ong, Yvonne A. L. Lim
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2016; 95(2): 410. CrossRef

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Original Article

Seasonal Abundance of Deer and Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Northern Part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea: Sang Jae Suh, Heung Chul Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Myung Soon Kim, Terry A, Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):307-314.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.307

Abstract
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The seasonal abundance of horse and deer flies (family Tabanidae) was analyzed using Mosquito Magnet^® traps at 5 sites located near/in the demilitarized zone, northern Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea from late April to early October for 4 consecutive years (2010-2013). A total of 2,999 horse and deer flies (tabanids) belonging to 5 genera and 20 species were collected. Chrysops mlokosiewiczi (90.9%) was the most frequently collected, followed by Haematopota koryoensis (4.8%) and C. suavis (1.0%). The remaining 17 species comprised only of 3.3% of all species collected. C. mlokosiewiczi demonstrated bimodal peak populations during mid-June and early August, while H. koryoensis demonstrated a unimodal peak during mid-July. Overall numbers of tabanids collected were influenced by the previous year’s winter temperatures and precipitation. Population abundance was influenced by habitat with most of tabanids collected from habitats near forested areas, followed by rice paddies, and a beef farm.

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Rachita Shety, Manaswini Dehuri, Mitraranjan Panda, Bijayendranath Mohanty
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science.2022; 42(1): 983. CrossRef
Seasonal surveillance of deer and horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae), Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea
Kwang Shik Choi, Heung Chul Kim, Sung Tae Chong, Myung Soon Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hyo-Sung Kim, Sang Jae Suh
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology.2020; 23(2): 315. CrossRef
Transfluthrin Spatial Repellent on US Military Camouflage Netting Reduces Tabanids in a Warm-Temperate Environment
S. C. Britch, D. L. Kline, K. J. Linthicum, J. Urban, E. Dickstein, R. L. Aldridge, F. V. Golden
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.2020; 36(3): 212. CrossRef
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Tanasak Changbunjong, Poonyapat Sedwisi, Thekhawet Weluwanarak, Eakanan Nitiyamatawat, Rattana Sariwongchan, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology.2018; 21(1): 134. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis by PCR in Men Attending a Primary Care Urology Clinic in South Korea: Jun-Hyeok Seo, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Yu-Ran Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Eun Sang Yoo, Won Kee Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):551-555.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.551

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis, a causative agent of trichomoniasis, may trigger symptomatic or asymptomatic nongonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis in men. Despite the availability of highly sensitive diagnostic tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests, including PCR, few prospective studies present data on male T. vaginalis infection in South Korea. In the present study, the prevalence of T. vaginalis and associated clinical conditions were evaluated in 201 male patients from a primary care urology clinic in South Korea. The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in our cohort was 4% (8/201) by PCR. T. vaginalis infection was common in men older than 40 years (median age, 52 years). Among the 8 Trichomonas-positive patients, 87.5% (7/8) had prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 25.0% (2/8) and 12.5% (1/8) were coinfected with Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, respectively. Our results suggest that T. vaginalis infection is not rare in men attending primary care urology clinics in South Korea, especially in those older than 40 years, in whom it may explain the presence of prostatic disease. The possibility of T. vaginalis infection should be routinely considered in older male patients with prostatic diseases in South Korea.

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Seyed Ali Hosseini, Mohammad Matini, Maryam Bahmanzadeh, Reza Aslani, Faeze Foroughi-Parvar
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Systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence and infection risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis
Wenjie Tian, Yuhua Li, Yani Zhang, Yiming Zhang, Yiran Qin, Yalin Han, Dongxian Li, Shuai Wang, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang
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Medicine.2023; 102(37): e34585. CrossRef
Prevalence and Genotype of Trichomonas vaginalis among Men in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
Zhenchao Zhang, Yuhui Sang, Pucheng Wu, Yujia Shang, Lesong Li, Yujuan Duan, Linfei Zhao, Minghui Gao, Lihua Guo, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei, Jianbing Mu
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Urogenital Trichomonas vaginalis infection in males: a case report and retrospective analysis of a 10‐year period in a tertiary hospital
Miguel Alpalhão, Luís Marques‐Lito, Paulo Filipe, João Borges‐Costa
International Journal of Dermatology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis among couples in Al-Hamza city-Iraq.
Musafer H. Al-Ardi
Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology.2021; 13(1): 26. CrossRef
Comparison of Seropositivity to Trichomonas vaginalis between Men with Prostatic Tumor and Normal Men
Jung-Hyun Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Kyu-Shik Kim, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sung-Yul Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 21. CrossRef
Comparison of Two PCR Assays for Trichomonas vaginalis
Chang-Suk Noh, Sang-Su Kim, Sung-Yul Park, Hong-Sang Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 27. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea
Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Won-Myung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(1): 75. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

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Parasitic Diseases as the Cause of Death of Prisoners of War during the Korean War (1950-1953): Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):335-337.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.335

Abstract
PDF

To determine the cause of death of prisoners of war during the Korean War (1950-1953), death certificates or medical records were analyzed. Out of 7,614 deaths, 5,013 (65.8%) were due to infectious diseases. Although dysentery and tuberculosis were the most common infectious diseases, parasitic diseases had caused 14 deaths: paragonimiasis in 5, malaria in 3, amoebiasis in 2, intestinal parasitosis in 2, ascariasis in 1, and schistosomiasis in 1. These results showed that paragonimiasis, malaria, and amoebiasis were the most fatal parasitic diseases during the early 1950s in the Korean Peninsula. Since schistosomiasis is not endemic to Korea, it is likely that the infected private soldier moved from China or Japan to Korea.

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Jong-Yil Chai
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Original Articles

Seasonal Distribution of Ticks in Four Habitats near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Sung Tae Chong, Heung Chul Kim, In-Yong Lee, Thomas M. Kollars, Alfredo R. Sancho, William J. Sames, Joon-Seok Chae, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):319-325.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.319

Abstract
PDF

This study describes the seasonal distribution of larvae, nymph, and adult life stages for 3 species of ixodid ticks collected by tick drag and sweep methods from various habitats in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Grasses less than 0.5 m in height, including herbaceous and crawling vegetation, and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forests with abundant leaf/needle litter were surveyed at United States (US) and ROK operated military training sites and privately owned lands near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004 and 2005. Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann adults and nymphs were more frequently collected from April-August, while those of Haemaphysalis flava Neumann and Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka and Saito were collected more frequently from April-July and again during October. H. longicornis was the most frequently collected tick in grass habitats (98.9%), while H. flava was more frequently collected in deciduous (60.2%) and conifer (57.4%) forest habitats. While more H. flava (54.1%) were collected in mixed forest habitats than H. longicornis (35.2%), the differences were not significant. I. nipponensis was more frequently collected from conifer (mean 8.8) compared to deciduous (3.2) and mixed (2.4) forests.

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Hyun-Ji Seo, Byung-Chan Jin, Keun-Ho Kim, Mi-Sun Yoo, Kwang-Won Seong, Seong-Jin Jeong, Bang-Hun Hyun, Yun Sang Cho
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The Route of Leishmania tropica Infection Determines Disease Outcome and Protection against Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice: Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Ghader Khalili, Firoozeh Abrishami, Ali Najafy, Vahid Khaze; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):69-74.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.69

Abstract
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Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. Routes of infection have been reported to be an important variable for some species of Leishmania parasites. The role of this variable is not clear for L. tropica infection. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of route of L. tropica infection on the disease outcome and immunologic parameters in BALB/c mice. Two routes were used; subcutaneous in the footpad and intradermal in the ear. Mice were challenged by Leishmani major, after establishment of the L. tropica infection, to evaluate the level of protective immunity. Immune responses were assayed at week 1 and week 4 after challenge. The subcutaneous route in the footpad in comparison to the intradermal route in the ear induced significantly more protective immunity against L. major challenge, including higher delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, more rapid lesion resolution, lower parasite loads, and lower levels of IL-10. Our data showed that the route of infection in BALB/c model of L. tropica infection is an important variable and should be considered in developing an appropriate experimental model for L. tropica infections.

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Mebrahtu G. Tedla, Musammat F. Nahar, Alison L. Every, Jean-Pierre Y. Scheerlinck
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Interleukin-4 Responsive Dendritic Cells Are Dispensable to Host Resistance Against Leishmania mexicana Infection
Bernard Ong’ondo Osero, Zama Cele, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Rebeng A. Maine, Mumin Ozturk, Manfred B. Lutz, Frank Brombacher, Ramona Hurdayal
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Natalia Muñoz-Durango, Alexander Gómez, Natalia García-Valencia, Miguel Roldán, Marcela Ochoa, David E. Bautista-Erazo, José R. Ramírez-Pineda
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The outcome of arginase activity inhibition in BALB/c mice hosting Leishmania tropica
Shima Nahidi, Elham Gholami, Yasaman Taslimi, Sima Habibzadeh, Negar Seyed, Elaheh Davarpanah, Alireza Ghanadan, Sima Rafati, Tahereh Taheri
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K. K. G. D. U. L. KARIYAWASAM, A. SELVAPANDIYAN, H. V. Y. D. SIRIWARDANA, A. DUBE, P. KARUNANAYAKE, S. A. S. C. SENANAYAKE, R. DEY, S. GANNAVARAM, H. L. NAKHASI, N. D. KARUNAWEERA
Parasitology.2018; 145(4): 443. CrossRef
Vaccination with whole-cell killed or recombinant leishmanial protein and toll-like receptor agonists against Leishmania tropica in BALB/c mice
Mosayeb Rostamian, Fariborz Bahrami, Hamid M. Niknam, Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(9): e0204491. CrossRef
Route of Infection Affects Pathogenicity of Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice
Ehsan Sarreshteh, Mosayeb Rostamian, Mahsa Tat Asadi, Firoozeh Abrishami, Ali Najafi, Maryam Abolghazi, Hamid Mahmoudzadeh Niknam
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases .2017; 5(1): 26. CrossRef
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V. T. Martins, D. P. Lage, M. C. Duarte, L. E. Costa, M. A. Chávez‐Fumagalli, B. M. Roatt, D. Menezes‐Souza, C. A. P. Tavares, E. A. F. Coelho
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Coinjection with TLR2 Agonist Pam3CSK4 Reduces the Pathology of Leishmanization in Mice
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Site-Dependent Recruitment of Inflammatory Cells Determines the Effective Dose of Leishmania major
Flavia L. Ribeiro-Gomes, Eric Henrique Roma, Matheus B. H. Carneiro, Nicole A. Doria, David L. Sacks, Nathan C. Peters, J. A. Appleton
Infection and Immunity.2014; 82(7): 2713. CrossRef

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Larval Anisakid Infections in Marine Fish from Three Sea Areas of the Republic of Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Ok-Hee Park, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):295-299.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.295

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to determine the infection status of anisakid larvae in marine fish collected from 3 sea areas of the Republic of Korea. Total 86 marine fish (8 species) collected from the East Sea (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do), 171 fish (10 species) from the South Sea (Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do), and 92 fish (7 species) from the Yellow Sea (Incheon Metropolitan City) were examined by both naked eyes and artificial digestion method. Among the total of 349 fish examined, 213 (61.0%) were infected with 8 species of anisakid larvae, i.e., Anisakis simplex, 6 types of Contracaecum spp., and Raphidascaris sp., and the mean larval density was 13.8 per infected fish. Anisakid larvae were detected in 45 fish (52.3%) from the East Sea, 131 fish (76.6%) from the South Sea, and 37 fish (40.2%) from the Yellow Sea. The average numbers of larvae detected were 4.0, 16.6, and 15.9, respectively. Anisakis simplex larvae were detected in 149 fish (42.7%), and the mean larval density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were found in 26 fish (30.2%) collected from the East Sea, 96 fish (56.1%) from the South Sea, and 27 fish (29.3%) from the Yellow Sea. The average numbers of larvae detected were 2.9, 10.3, and 10.5, respectively. Conclusively, the present study suggests that the infection rate and density of anisakid larvae are more or less higher in the fish from the South Sea than those from the East Sea or the Yellow Sea.

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Sunmin Kim, Jong Yoon Jeon, Kyunglee Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Han Chan Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Hang Lee, Sung Bin Lee, Sang Wha Kim, Se Chang Park, Seongjun Choe, Heejeong Youn
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Heung Up Kim
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Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sea Eels (Astroconger myriaster) from the South Sea, Republic of Korea
Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Lim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
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Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(5): 469. CrossRef

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Seasonal Abundance of Biting Midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Collected at Cowsheds in the Southern Part of the Republic of Korea: Heung Chul Kim, Glenn A. Bellis, Myung-Soon Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Dong-Kyu Lee, Jee-Yong Park, Jung-Yong Yeh, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):127-131.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.127

Abstract
PDF

Black light traps were used to measure the seasonal and geographical distribution of Culicoides spp. (biting midges or no-see-ums) at 9 cowsheds in the southern half of the Republic of Korea (ROK) from June through October 2010. A total of 25,242 Culicoides females (24,852; 98.5%) and males (390; 1.5%) comprising of 9 species were collected. The most commonly collected species was Culicoides punctatus (73.0%) followed by C. arakawae (25.7%), while the remaining 7 species accounted for <1.0% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The mean number of Culicoides spp. collected per trap night (Trap Index [TI]) was highest for C. punctatus (409.3), followed by C. arakawae (144.2), C. tainanus (4.1), C. oxystoma (1.2), C. circumscriptus (0.7), C. homotomus (0.6), C. erairai (0.4), C. kibunensis (0.3), and C. nipponensis (0.04). Peak TIs were observed for C. punctatus (1,188.7) and C. arakawae (539.0) during July and August, respectively. C. punctatus and C. arakawae have been implicated in the transmission of arboviruses and other pathogens of veterinary importance that adversely impact on animal and bird husbandry.

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Molecular Identification and Real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for Rapid Detection of Thelohanellus kitauei, a Myxozoan Parasite Causing Intestinal Giant Cystic Disease in the Israel Carp: Jung Soo Seo, Eun Ji Jeon, Moo Sang Kim, Sung Ho Woo, Jin Do Kim, Sung Hee Jung, Myoung Ae Park, Bo Young Jee, Jin Woo Kim, Yi-Cheong Kim, Eun Hye Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):103-111.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.103

Abstract
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Intestinal giant-cystic disease (IGCD) of the Israel carp (Cyprinus carpio nudus) has been recognized as one of the most serious diseases afflicting inland farmed fish in the Republic of Korea, and Thelohanellus kitauei has been identified as the causative agent of the disease. Until now, studies concerning IGCD caused by T. kitauei in the Israel carp have been limited to morphological and histopathological examinations. However, these types of diagnostic examinations are relatively time-consuming, and the infection frequently cannot be detected in its early stages. In this study, we cloned the full-length 18S rRNA gene of T. kitauei isolated from diseased Israel carps, and carried out molecular identification by comparing the sequence with those of other myxosporeans. Moreover, conventional PCR and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) using oligonucleotide primers for the amplification of 18S rRNA gene fragment were established for further use as methods for rapid diagnosis of IGCD. Our results demonstrated that both the conventional PCR and real-time quantitative PCR systems applied herein are effective for rapid detection of T. kitauei spores in fish tissues and environmental water.

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Parasitic Helminth Cystatin Inhibits DSS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation Via IL-10⁺F4/80⁺ Macrophage Recruitment: Sung Won Jang, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Soon Cheol Ahn, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):245-254.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.245

Abstract
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Many immune down-regulatory molecules have been isolated from parasites, including cystatin (cystain protease inhibitor). In a previous study, we isolated and characterized Type I cystatin (CsStefin-1) of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. To investigate whether the CsStefin-1 might be a new host immune modulator, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and treated them with recombinant CsStefin-1 (rCsStefin-1). The disease activity index (DAI) increased in DSS only-treated mice. In contrast, the DAI value was significantly reduced in rCsStefin-1-treated mice than DSS only-treated mice. In addition, the colon length of DSS only-treated mice was shorter than that of rCsStefin-1 treated mice. The secretion levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were significantly increased by DSS treatment, but the level of TNF-α in MLNs was significantly decreased by rCsStefin-1 treatment. IL-10 production in both spleen and MLNs was significantly increased, and IL-10⁺F4/80⁺ macrophage cells were significantly increased in the spleen and MLNs of rCsStefin-1 treated mice after DSS treatment. In conclusion, rCsStefin-1 could reduce the intestinal inflammation occurring after DSS treatment, these effects might be related with recruitment of IL-10 secreting macrophages.

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Anisakis simplex Larvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea: Seon Hee Choi, Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):39-44.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39

Abstract
PDF

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

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Brief Communication

Evaluation of Two ELISA and Two Indirect Hemagglutination Tests for Serodiagnosis of Pulmonary Hydatid Disease: Fatma Nur Eris, Ciler Akisu, Umit Aksoy; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):427-429.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.427

Abstract
PDF

To establish a definite diagnosis for pulmonary hydatid disease, combination of radiology and serology is useful. In this study, 19 preoperative sera from patients with surgically confirmed pulmonary hydatidosis, 40 sera from patients with other parasitosis and pulmonary diseases, and 20 sera from healthy donors were evaluated using 4 different serological tests, i.e., the commercial ELISA (ELISA-kit) test, the ELISA (ELISA-lab) test prepared in our laboratory, the commercial indirect hemagglutination assay kit (IHA-kit) test, and the IHA test using sensitized sheep red blood cells with tannic acid (IHA-TA). The ELISA-kit was the most sensitive (84.2%) and the most specific test (100.0%). The ELISA-kit also demonstrated the highest positive (100.0%) and negative (95.2%) predictive values. The sensitivity of the ELISA-lab test, that we prepared, was found to be 73.6%, whereas the IHA-kit test and the IHA-TA test were found to be 73.6% and 68.4%, respectively. The specificity of these tests was 96.6%, 98.3%, and 83.3%, respectively. When all 4 tests were assessed together, it was found that the sensitivity had risen to 94.7%. When the ELISA-kit was assessed with the IHA-kit and IHA-TA together, it was found that the sensitivity was 89.5% and 84.2%, respectively. Likewise, the combination of the ELISA-lab and IHA-kit or IHA-TA allowed us to achieve a sensitivity of 84.2% in cases of pulmonary echinococcosis. In conclusion, the diagnosis would be imminent if least 2 tests were applied together.

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Original Articles

Reemerging vivax malaria: changing patterns of annual incidence and control programs in the Republic of Korea: Eun-Taek Han, Duk-Hyoung Lee, Ki-Dong Park, Won-Seok Seok, Young-Soo Kim, Takafumi Tsuboi, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):285-294.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.285

Abstract
PDF

Changing patterns of the reemerging Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) during the period 1993 to 2005 are briefly analyzed with emphasis on the control measures used and the effects of meteorological and entomological factors. Data were obtained from the Communicable Diseases Monthly Reports published by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and webpages of World Health Organization and United Nations. Meteorological data of Kangwon-do (Province) were obtained from local weather stations. After its first reemergence in 1993, the prevalence of malaria increased exponentially, peaking in 2000, and then decreased. In total, 21,419 cases were reported between 1993 and 2005 in South Korea. In North Korea, a total of 916,225 cases were reported between 1999 and 2004. The occurrence of malaria in high risk areas of South Korea was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the mosquito population but not with temperature and rainfall. Control programs, including early case detection and treatment, mass chemoprophylaxis of soldiers, and international financial aids to North Korea for malaria control have been instituted. The situation of the reemerging vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea is remarkably improving during the recent years, at least in part, due to the control activities undertaken in South and North Korea.

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Expressed sequence tags analysis of Blattella germanica: Hyang Suk Chung, Tai Hyun Yu, Bong Jin Kim, Sun Mi Kim, Joo Yeong Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Mee Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(4):149-156.
Published online December 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.4.149

Abstract
PDF

Four hundred and sixty five randomly selected clones from a cDNA library of Blattella germanica were partially sequenced and searched using BLAST as a means of analyzing the transcribed sequences of its genome. A total of 363 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from 465 clones after editing and trimming the vector and ambiguous sequences. About 42% (154/363) of these clones showed significant homology with other data base registered genes. These new B. germanica genes constituted a broad range of transcripts distributed among ribosomal proteins, energy metabolism, allergens, proteases, protease inhibitors, enzymes, translation, cell signaling pathways, and proteins of unknown function. Eighty clones were not well-matched by database searches, and these represent new B. germanica-specific ESTs. Some genes which drew our attention are discussed. The information obtained increases our understanding of the B. germanica genome.

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Persistent infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Byeong-Kirl Baek, In-Soo Whang, M. Khyrul Islam, Byeong-Soo Kim, Ibulaimu Kakoma; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):181-186.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.181

Abstract
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To examine the fate of Strongyloides venezuelensis, Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguicalatus) were orally infected with 1,000 L₃ larvae per animal. Altogether, 50 gerbils divided into 5 groups of 10 each were monitored for a period of 570 days to document the kinetics of faecal egg output, adults worm population, morphological development, fecundity, and hematological changes including peripheral blood eosinophilia. This study chronicled a life long parasitism of S. venezuelensis in the gerbil host, and showed that S. venezuelensis infection was quite stable throughout the course of infection and the worms maintained their normal development as evidenced by their body dimension. A progressive loss of body condition of the infected gerbils was observed as the level of infection advanced. However, no detectable pathological changes were observed in the gastrointestinal tract. The present findings indicate that an immunocompetent host, such as the Mongolian gerbil, can serve as a life long carrier model of S. venezuelensis if the worms are not expelled within 570 days after infection.

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