Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Tong-Soo Kim"

Original Articles

Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Endemic Vivax Malaria in Inhabitants and Patients in Two Cities of Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2020: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):595-605.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.595

Abstract
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An understanding of the knowledges, attitudes and perceptions of different populations is key for public health policy makers. Here, a survey was performed on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about malaria diagnosis, prevention, control, and treatment. The 407 survey participants included both uninfected inhabitants and patients from 2 cities (Gimpo- and Paju-si) of Northern Gyeonggi-do, known as high-risk areas for vivax malaria. We used community-based study design and non-probability sampling method using the primary data. Association between variables were tested using χ²-tests. In general, the information on malaria reported by the participants in this study was unsystematic and included inaccurate details. The knowledge of malaria symptoms, identified as headache, chills and fever, was high, but the surveyed community lacks knowledge of the specific medications used for malaria treatment, with a large number of respondents having no knowledge of any form of medication. Survey questions with high correct answer rates included questions about easy treatment of malaria in Korea, the high daytime activity of malaria-borne mosquitoes, and the infection risk posed by outdoor activities. However, a large portion of the respondents was unable to provide simple medical and biological information about the disease. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practical behavior of the surveyed community with respect to malaria and the implications reported here could be applicable to other malaria endemic areas in Korea.

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Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):585-593.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.585

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This study was done to provide an analytical overview on the latest malaria infection clusters by evaluating temporal trends during 2010-2019 in Korea. Incheon was the most likely cluster (MLC) for all cases of malaria during the total period. MLCs for P. falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, and clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation were Jeollanam-do, Incheon, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, respectively. Malaria was decreasing in most significant clusters, but Gwangju showed an increase for all cases of malaria, P. vivax and clinically diagnosed cases. Malaria overall, P. falciparum and P. vivax seem to be under control thanks to aggressive health measures. This study might provide a sound scientific basis for future control measures against malaria in Korea.

Citations

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List of occupational diseases among farmers in Korea: a literature review
Hansoo Song, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Ki Soo Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Sang Jin Park, Seong-yong Yoon, Kyeongsoo Kim, Dong-phil Choi, Hye-min Kim, Bounggyun Ju, Kanwoo Youn
Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e2. CrossRef
2024년 수도권역 말라리아 환자 및 군집사례 발생 현황
미정 고, 윤정 서, 현미 김, 경원 황
Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(47): 1867. CrossRef
Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kwang Shik Choi
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatio‐temporal incidence of malaria patients in Incheon Metropolitan City
Jung‐A An, Jeong Hyeon Lee, MyungDeok Kim-Jeon, Sung‐Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 609. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Awareness and Opinions of Inhabitants on Vivax Malaria in Two Endemic Areas, Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung Jong Hong, Sung-Keun Lee, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):513-518.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.513

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The incidence of vivax malaria in Korea was reduced to a low plateau. For successful elimination of vivax malaria, socio-behavioral changes in the communities are essential. This study aimed to figure out awareness of the inhabitants on the vivax malaria endemicity. The 407 participants including vivax malaria patients and uninfected inhabitants in Gimpo- and Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, known as high-risk areas in Korea. We used a community-based study design and non-probability sampling method using primary data. Except for the perception about the public health facilities’ capability to cope with anti-malaria programs, the 2 groups of participants shared the same level of awareness about public promotional and educational measures and opinions for malaria elimination from the community. Thus, our future goals for malaria prevention and elimination are to develop more active and well-organized community-based education and evaluation programs collaborating with the community healthcare authorities and local governments.

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An Epidemiological Analysis of 28 Vivax Malaria Cases in Gimpo-si, Korea, 2020: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Byoung-Hak Jeon, Jeong-Hyun Kim, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):507-512.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.507

Since 1993, vivax malaria has been recognized as a public health burden in Korea. Despite of pan-governmental malaria-control efforts and the dramatic reduction in the burden of this disease over the last 10 years, vivax malaria has not been well controlled and has remained continuously endemic. We focused interviewed and examined the charts of 28 confirmed vivax malaria patients given malarial therapy for whom daily records were kept from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggido of Korea. Various epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria, including the incubation period, medication used, and recurrence, and an evaluation of the parasitic characteristics from the focused interviews of patients from this region are described here. Most of the participants indicated the 3 most common symptoms of malaria (headache, chills and fever). Of the 28 cases, 2 experienced a second attack and there were 17 and 11 cases with short- and long-term incubation periods, respectively, yielding a short-term to long-term ratio of 1.5. Based on the parasitemia stages, most of the participants were tested at 5 to 7 days (11 cases) and 7 to 15 days (11 cases) after initial wave of asexual parasites. In conclusion, public health authorities should consider developing management measures to decrease the time lag for diagnosis and drafting unified and robust guidelines for drug use for malaria and drawing up unified and robust guidelines on the use of medication for malaria. It also suggests that routine monitoring, surveillance, and precise medical surveys in high-risk vivax malaria endemic areas are pivotal to controlling this persistent public disease and finally eliminating it from Korea.

Citations

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Fine-Scale Spatial Prediction on the Risk of Plasmodium vivax Infection in the Republic of Korea
Kyung-Duk Min, Yae Jee Baek, Kyungwon Hwang, Na-Ri Shin, So-dam Lee, Hyesu Kan, Joon-Sup Yeom
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Utilization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Test and the Prevalence of Enzyme Deficiency in Korea
Rihwa Choi, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3179. CrossRef
Identification of breeding habitats and kdr mutations in Anopheles spp. in South Korea
Hyelee Hong, Tae-Hui Eom, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Bao Duong Tuan, Hyun Park, Seon-Ju Yeo
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

A Profile of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Variants and Deficiency of Multicultural Families in Korea: Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Joon-Sup Yeom, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Woori Jang, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):447-455.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.447

Abstract
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Vivax malaria incidence in Korea is now decreased and showing a low plateau. Nowadays, vivax malaria in Korea is expected to be successfully eliminated with anti-malaria chemotherapy, primaquine, and vector control. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is associated with potential hemolytic anemia after primaquine administration. This inborn disorder has a pivotal polymorphism with genetic variants and is the most prevalent X-chromosome-linked disorder. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency was previously reported negligible in Korea. As the population of multicultural families pertaining marriage immigrants and their adolescents increases, it is necessary to check G6PD deficiency for them prior to primaquine treatment for vivax malaria. The prevalence of G6PD variants and G6PD deficiency in multicultural families was performed in 7 counties and 2 cities of Jeollanam-do (Province), Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do. A total of 733 blood samples of multicultural family participants were subjected to test the phenotypic and genetic G6PD deficiency status using G6PD enzyme activity quantitation kit and PCR-based G6PD genotyping kit. The G6PD phenotypic deficiency was observed in 7.8% of male adolescent participants and 3.2% of materfamilias population. Based on the PCR-based genotyping, we observed total 35 participants carrying the mutated alleles. It is proposed that primaquine prescription should seriously be considered prior to malaria treatment.

Citations

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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Kachin, Myanmar
Zin Moon, Ja Moon Aung, Dorene VanBik, Hae Soo Yun, Sanghyun Lee, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zau Ring, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 360. CrossRef
Georacial Epidemiological Estimates of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency among Newborns in the United States
Ramesh Vidavalur, Vinod K. Bhutani
American Journal of Perinatology.2024; 41(S 01): e1841. CrossRef
Suboptimal Doses of Antimalarials Relative to Increasing Body Weight and the Risk of Plasmodium vivax Recurrence in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces, 2012–2021
Young Hoon Hwang, Doran Yoon, Suryeong Go, Joon-Sup Yeom, Hong Sang Oh
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Utilization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Test and the Prevalence of Enzyme Deficiency in Korea
Rihwa Choi, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3179. CrossRef
An Evaluation of a New Quantitative Point-of Care Diagnostic to Measure Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity
Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Heung Jin Jeon, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Keun Lee, Ho-Joon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(4): 281. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Seroprevalence of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein Antibody in High-Risk Malaria Areas in Korea: Jinyoung Lee, Kyoung Jin, Seong Kyu Ahn, Sung-Keun Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(4):415-419.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.415

The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium spp. is a diagnostic antigen and useful biomarker for monitoring short-term/seasonal changes to malaria transmission. Using P. vivax CSP antibody ELISA, epidemiological characteristics were analyzed in the residents of Ganghwa, Cheorwon, Paju, and Goseong from 2017 to 2018. In Ganghwa and Cheorwon, 1.6% and 1.2% of residents, respectively, were PvCSP-antibody-positive in 2018, which indicates a decrease of 0.4% in the positive rate compared to 2017. The annual parasite incidence (API) in Ganghwa and Cheorwon was 24.9 and 10.5 in 2017 and 20.3 and 10.7 in 2018, respectively. Although the changes were not significant, the API in Ganghwa decreased slightly by 4.5 in 2018 compared to the previous year. In Paju and Goseong, 3.9% and 2.0% of residents were positive for the PvCSP antibody. The API in Paju was 13.1 in 2017 and 16.0 in 2018, although no malaria patients were reported for the 2 years. Therefore, the results suggest that PvCSP is a useful antigen for confirming initial malaria infection. Additionally, considering that the antibody is relatively transient, it can be employed for sero-epidemiological studies to determine the extent of malaria transmission in the current year.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 791. CrossRef
Mosquirix™ RTS, S/AS01 Vaccine Development, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy
Aroosa Younis Nadeem, Adeeb Shehzad, Salman Ul Islam, Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi, Young Sup Lee
Vaccines.2022; 10(5): 713. CrossRef
Serological responses to a soluble recombinant circumsporozoite protein-VK210 of Plasmodium vivax (rPvCSP-VK210) among Iranian malaria patients
Mehdi Nateghpour, Soudabeh Etemadi, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Hamid Eslami, Mehdi Mohebali, Leila Farivar
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Monitoring Chigger Mites for Orientia tsutsugamushi in Field Small Mammals in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2019-2020: Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Sung Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):319-324.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.319

Incidence of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is steadily increasing. It is a mite-borne disease transmitted by chigger mites. In this study, the chigger mites were collected from field small mammals in Hwaseong-si (city), Gyeonggi-do (province), Korea, 2019 and 2020. The field small mammals captured were 56 Apodemus agrarius (94.9%) and 3 Crocidura lasiura (5.1%). A total of 7,531 chigger mites were collected from the captured small mammals. Using PCR test, 153 chigger mite pools were examined and 17 pools were reported positive for O. tsutsugamushi. The O. tsutsugamushi were identified to 5 strains; Jecheon strain was most prevalent, followed by Boryong strain. The other strains were OI011, Taguchi, and Shimokoshi. Collectively, these results provide essential regional information on mite-borne tsutsugamushi disease in the Hwaseong-si, and further contribute to bring awareness and rapid diagnosis for the tsutsugamushi disease.

Citations

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Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Variation in Small Mammal Species Composition and the Occurrence of Parasitic Mites in Two Landscapes in a Scrub Typhus Endemic Region of Western Yunnan Province, China
Yun‐Yan Luo, Jia‐Xiang Yin, Zong‐Ti Shao, Zeng‐Kan Liu, Shou‐Qin Yin, Jiang‐Li Lu, Jin‐Chun Li, Rong Wei, Alan Frederick Geater
Ecology and Evolution.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A review on trombiculiasis: An underreported parasitosis that affects humans and animals, including world distribution, clinical findings, associated pathogens, prophylaxis and identification methods
Isabella Pereira Pesenato, Ricardo Bassini-Silva, Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107420. CrossRef
Habitat Type-Based Assemblage and Distribution Prediction of Small Mammals and Chigger Mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) in Chuncheon City, Republic of Korea
Kiyoon Kim, Jusun Hwang, Kyungmin Kim, Kwangbae Yoon, Daehyun Oh, Yungchul Park
Animals.2024; 14(23): 3433. CrossRef
Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea
Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 263. CrossRef
2022년 쯔쯔가무시증 매개 털진드기 감시 현황
세훈 조, 태규 김, 현우 김, 정원 주, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(46): 1563. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Hard Ticks as Vectors Tested Negative for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Ganghwa-do, Korea during 2019-2020: Kyoung Jin, Yeon-Ja Koh, Seong Kyu Ahn, Joonghee Cho, Junghwan Lim, Jaeyong Song, Jinyoung Lee, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Hyung Wook Kwon, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):281-289.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.281

This study aimed to characterize the seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from April to November 2019 and 2020 on Ganghwa-do, Incheon Metropolitan City, Korea. The ticks were collected at grassland, grave site, copse and mountain road using a collection trap method. The ixodid hard ticks comprising three species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) collected were 6,622 in 2019 and 3,811 in 2020. H. longicornis was the most frequent (97.9% in 2019 and 96.0% in 2020), followed by H. flava (2.0% and 3.0% in 2019 and 2020, respectively) and I. nipponensis (less than 0.1%). Our study demonstrated that seasonal patterns of the tick populations examined for two years were totally unsimilar. The hard ticks tested using RT-qPCR were all negative for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.

Citations

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Hard Ticks as Vectors: The Emerging Threat of Tick-Borne Diseases in India
Nandhini Perumalsamy, Rohit Sharma, Muthukumaravel Subramanian, Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan
Pathogens.2024; 13(7): 556. CrossRef
Development of monoclonal antibody based IgG and IgM ELISA for diagnosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection
Mei Zhang, Yanhua Du, Li Yang, Lin Zhan, Bin Yang, Xueyong Huang, Bianli Xu, Koichi Morita, Fuxun Yu
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases.2022; 26(4): 102386. CrossRef
Seasonal activity of Haemaphysalis longicornis and Haemaphysalis flava (Acari: Ixodida), vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus, and their SFTS virus harboring rates in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea
Hong Geun Kim, Minhyung Jung, Doo-Hyung Lee
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2022; 87(1): 97. CrossRef

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Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea: Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):251-256.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.251

Abstract
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We find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon of Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in the areas in 2019 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SaTScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelihood ratio. Jiseok-ri and Insa-ri were found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Seokmo-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. Yangji-ri and Igil-ri were found to be a cluster in Cheorwon-gun and Madal-ri and Baebong-ri were the cluster in Goseong-gun. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.

Citations

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0286430. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea: Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):9-14.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.9

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence have been rapidly increasing in some parts of Korea. We analyzed prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), in the sera of 552 residents in Ganghwa-gun, 661 ones in Cheorwon-gun, and 305 ones in Goseong-gun, Korea in 2019. IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), glutathione-S-transferase-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. IgG seroprevalence was 28.1% in Ganghwa-gun, 19.5% in Cheorwon-gun and 35.7% in Goseong-gun. Odds ratios comparing Cheorwon vs Ganghwa was 0.63 (P=0.001) and Goesong versus Ganghwa was 1.47 (P=0.01) adjusting age and sex. Goseong had highest seroprevalence among the 3 counties both in crude rates and logistic regression. Although Cheorwon and Goseong are adjacent to the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, seroprevalence rate was much higher in Goseong. Further investigation on other DMZ-closed areas is necessary whether they have high prevalence rates compared to the other areas. T. gondii prevalence in Korea is still persists; proper health policy should be established.

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Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in pigs from various localities in Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 294. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Overall Prevalence and Distribution of Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations in Aedes aegypti from Mandalay Region, Myanmar: Haung Naw, Mya Nilar Chaw Su, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Hojong Jun, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Jinyoung Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):709-714.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.709

Abstract
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Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of mosquitoes confer resistance to insecticides. Although insecticide resistance has been suspected to be widespread in the natural population of Aedes aegypti in Myanmar, only limited information is currently available. The overall prevalence and distribution of kdr mutations was analyzed in Ae. aegypti from Mandalay areas, Myanmar. Sequence analysis of the VGSC in Ae. aegypti from Myanmar revealed amino acid mutations at 13 and 11 positions in domains II and III of VGSC, respectively. High frequencies of S989P (68.6%), V1016G (73.5%), and F1534C (40.1%) were found in domains II and III. T1520I was also found, but the frequency was low (8.1%). The frequency of S989P/V1016G was high (55.0%), and the frequencies of V1016G/F1534C and S989P/V1016G/F1534C were also high at 30.1% and 23.5%, respectively. Novel mutations in domain II (L963Q, M976I, V977A, M994T, L995F, V996M/A, D998N, V999A, N1013D, and F1020S) and domain III (K1514R, Y1523H, V1529A, F1534L, F1537S, V1546A, F1551S, G1581D, and K1584R) were also identified. These results collectively suggest that high frequencies of kdr mutations were identified in Myanmar Ae. aegypti, indicating a high level of insecticide resistance.

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Monitoring insecticide resistance and target-site mutations in field populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China
Baojuan Zeng, Jianghao Ding, Yajuan Xiao, Shilong Wang, Jie Zhong, Yueru Ye, Huiru Zhou, Jing Song, Wenxin Zhao, Shutang Zhou, Huidong Wang, Raul Narciso Guedes
Journal of Economic Entomology.2025; 118(2): 868. CrossRef
Knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutations in Indian Aedes aegypti populations: Lack of recombination among haplotypes bearing V1016G, F1534C, and F1534L kdr alleles
Taranjeet Kaur, Rajababu S. Kushwah, Sabyasachi Pradhan, Manoj K. Das, Madhavinadha P. Kona, Anushrita, Radhika Mittal, David Weetman, Rajnikant Dixit, Om P. Singh, Jean-philippe David
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(6): e0013126. CrossRef
Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti: genetic mechanisms worldwide, and recommendations for effective vector control
Jonathan Rene Hernandez, Patricia Victoria Pietrantonio
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Putative Mutation I873S in the Sodium Channel of Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) Which May Be Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance
Ruibo Gao, Rongcai Lu, Xinyao Qiu, Likui Wang, Kun Zhang, Shaoying Wu
Insects.2023; 14(4): 388. CrossRef
Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Myanmar
Haung Naw, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Joon Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na
Insects.2022; 13(4): 322. CrossRef
Detection of pyrethroid resistance mutations and intron variants in the voltage‐gated sodium channel of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus mosquitoes from Lao People's Democratic Republic
Sebastien Marcombe, Katherine Shimell, Rachel Savage, Edward Howlett, Phonesavanh Luangamath, Somphat Nilaxay, Vacky Vungkyly, Anne Baby, Mathew King, Josie Clarke, Chloe Jeffries, Josna Jojo, Emily Lacey, Farris Bhatty, Dadirayi Mabika, Andrea Dela Cruz,
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2022; 36(4): 424. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Cluster of Parasite Infections by the Spatial Scan Analysis in Korea: Kyoung-Eun Bae, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):603-608.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.603

Abstract
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This study was performed to find out the clusters with high parasite infection risk to discuss the geographical pattern. Clusters were detected using SatScan software, which is a statistical spatial scan program using Kulldorff’s scan statistic. Information on the parasitic infection cases in Korea 2011-2019 were collected from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clusters of Ascaris lumbricoides infection were detected in Jeollabuk-do, and T. trichiura in Ulsan, Busan, and Gyeongsangnam-do. C. sinensis clusters were detected in Ulsan, Daegu, Busan, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. Clusters of intestinal trematodes were detected in Ulsan, Busan, and Gyeongsangnam-do. P. westermani cluster was found in Jeollabuk-do. E. vermicularis clusters were distributed in Gangwon-do, Jeju-do, Daegu, Daejeon, and Gwangju. This clustering information can be referred for surveillance and control on the parasitic infection outbreak in the infection-prone areas.

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Monitoring Culicine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as a Vector of Flavivirus in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, during 2019: Young Yil Bahk, Seo Hye Park, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Sung-Suck Oh, Haneul Jung, Hojong Jun, Kyung-Ae Kim, Jong Myong Park, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Eun-Jeong Choi, Bag-Sou Moon, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):551-558.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.551

The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human diseases. We investigated population of culicine mosquitoes in central region of Korean Peninsula, Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si. Aedes vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected mosquitoes (56.5%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.6%), Anopheles spp. (10.9%), and Culex pipiens complex (5.9%). In rural regions of Hwaseong, Aedes vexans nipponii was the highest population (62.9%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.9%) and Anopheles spp. (12.0%). In another rural region of Incheon (habitat of migratory birds), Culex pipiens complex was the highest population (31.4%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (30.5%), and Aedes vexans vexans (27.5%). Culex pipiens complex was the predominant species in the urban region (84.7%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, pooled up to 30 mosquitoes each, and tested for flaviviral RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR and confirmed by cDNA sequencing. Three of the assayed 2,683 pools (989 pools without Anopheles spp.) were positive for Culex flaviviruses, an insect-specific virus, from Culex pipiens pallens collected at the habitats for migratory birds in Incheon. The maximum likelihood estimation (the estimated number) for Culex pipiens pallens positive for Culex flavivirus was 25. Although viruses responsible for mosquito-borne diseases were not identified, we encourage intensified monitoring and long-term surveillance of both vector and viruses in the interest of global public health.

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Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Mosquito Species and Molecular Detection of Its Associated Hepatitis C Virus in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Tharwat A. Selim, Sanad H. Ragab, Saber A. Riad, Randa I. Eltaly, Shaimaa H. Mohammed, Somia Eissa Sharawi, Naser Ahmed Alkenani, Ruoa Saleh Almahallawi, Hayat S. Al-Rashidi, Mohamed A. M. El-Tabakh
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Molecular detection and identification of Culex flavivirus in mosquito species from Jeju, Republic of Korea
Shilpa Chatterjee, Choon-Mee Kim, Na Ra Yun, Dong-Min Kim, Hyeon Je Song, Kyeoung A Chung
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National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Hak Seon Lee, Sung-Chan Yang, Byung-Eon Noh, Tae-Kyu Kim, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(10): 2085. CrossRef
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea: Seo Hye Park, Hojong Jun, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Sung-Lim Yu, Sung Keun Lee, Jung-Mi Kang, Hyunwoo Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):543-550.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.543

Mosquitoes are globally distributed and important vectors for the transmission of many human diseases. Mosquito control is a difficult task and the cost of preventing mosquito-borne diseases is much lower than that for curing the associated diseases. Thus, chemical control remains the most effective tool for mosquito. Due to the long-term intensive use of insecticides to control mosquito vectors, resistance to most chemical insecticides has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insecticide resistance and target site mutation of L1014 kdr and G119 ace alleles in 5 species/species group of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles spp., Culex pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) obtained from 6 collection sites. For Anopheles spp., the proportion of mosquitoes with mutated alleles in L1014 was 88.4%, homozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 46.7%, and heterozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 41.8%. For the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus species, homozygous resistant genotypes were found in 25.9% and 9.8%, respectively. However, target site mutation of L1014 in the Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus species was not observed. Anopheles spp., Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos, whereas Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus were clearly susceptible. We also found a correlation between the resistance phenotype and the presence of the L1014 kdr and G119 ace mutations only in the Anopheles spp. population. In this study, we suggest that insecticide resistance poses a growing threat and resistance management must be integrated into all mosquito control programs.

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Do Eun Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim, Alec Gerry
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Insecticide resistance mutations of Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hojong Jun, Kwang Shik Choi, Jean-philippe David
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(5): 1854. CrossRef
Distribution and frequency of ace-1 and kdr mutations of Culex pipiens subgroup in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Jihun Ryu, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2024; 249: 107058. CrossRef
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Fatma Bursalı
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Inference of selection pressures that drive insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in Korea
Do Eun Lee, Jeewoo Shin, Young Ho Kim, Kwang Shik Choi, Hyeyeong Choe, Kwang Pum Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2023; 194: 105520. CrossRef
CDC Bottle Bioassays for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes koreicus Collected on US Army Garrisons, Republic of Korea
Craig A. Stoops, Myong Sun Kim, Sanjeev Mahabir, Sung Tae Chong, Stephanie S. Cinkovich, Jennifer B. Carder
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Su Mi Na, Dong Gun Kim
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Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea: Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):493-497.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.493

Abstract
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The purpose of this study is to find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in 2 islands of Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon in Ganghwa-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in 2 islands from 2010 to 2013 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SatScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelyhood ratio. Jiseok-ri was found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Ha-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.

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Surveillance of Chigger Mite Vectors for Tsutsugamushi Disease in the Hwaseong Area, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2015: Young Yil Bahk, Hojong Jun, Seo Hye Park, Haneul Jung, Seung Jegal, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Jong Yul Roh, Wook-Gyo Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Kwangsig Joo, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):301-308.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.301

Owing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in the Republic of Korea is steadily increasing and was designated as a legal communicable disease in 1994. The disease is a mite-borne acute febrile disease most commonly contracted from October to December. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by chigger mites living on rodents and investigated their target vector diversity, abundance, and distribution to enable the mapping of hotspots for this disease in 2015. A total of 5 species belonging to 4 genera (109 mites): Leptotrombidium scutellare 60.6%, L. pallidum 28.4% Neotrombicula tamiyai 9.2%, Euschoengastia koreaensis/0.9%), and Neoschoengastia asakawa 0.9% were collected using chigger mite collecting traps mimicking human skin odor and sticky chigger traps from April to November 2015. Chigger mites causing tsutsugamushi disease in wild rodents were also collected in Hwaseong for the zoonotic surveillance of the vector. A total of 77 rodents belonging to 3 genera: Apodemus agrarius (93.5%), Crocidura lasiura (5.2%), and Micromys minutus (1.3%) were collected in April, October, and November 2015. The most common mite was L. pallidum (46.9%), followed by L. scutellare (18.6%), and L. orientale (18.0%). However, any of the chigger mite pools collected from rodent hosts was tested positive for Orientia tsutsugamushi, the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease, in this survey.

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Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
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Monitoring Chigger Mites for Orientia tsutsugamushi in Field Small Mammals in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2019-2020
Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Sung Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 319. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
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Fan Ding, Wen-Li Jiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Rong Xiang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 377. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 473. CrossRef
Density of Chigger Mites as Tsutsugamushi Vectors Collected from Jinan, Jeollabuk-do
Hyeok Jae Lee, Chul Park
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2020; 52(4): 364. CrossRef

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Diagnostic Performance of Three Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits for Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum: Seo Hye Park, Seung Jegal, Seong Kyu Ahn, Haneul Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Jong Hong, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):147-152.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.147

Abstract
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Malaria is a potent burden on public healthcare worldwide due to requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. Nowadays, prompt diagnosis with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been widely accepted as an effective diagnostic technique in malaria-endemic countries, primarily due to their easy operation, fast output, and straightforward interpretation. The global availability and use of RDTs have gradually grown over recent decades as field-applicable diagnostic tests for the reliable confirmation of malaria infection and proper case management. This study was conducted to evaluate diagnostic performance of 3 commercially available malaria RDT kits : BIOCREDIT^TM Malaria Ag Pf(pLDH), Malaria Ag Pf(pLDH/pHRPII), and Malaria Ag Pf/Pv(pLDH/pLDH) (where pLDH and pHRPII stand for plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase and histidine-rich protein 2, respectively) for the specific detection of Plasmodium falciparum. A total of 1,129 blood samples including 95 blood samples, confirmed as vivax malaria infection by microscopic examinations and a nested-PCR method, were tested for falciparum malaria infection. The overall sensitivity and specificity of Malaria Ag Pf(pLDH/pHRPII), Malaria Ag Pf/Pv(pLDH/pLDH), and Pf(pLDH) for P. falciparum were 99.0% and 100%, 95.8% and 100%, and 100% and 100%, respectively. It is proposed that the 3 RDT kits perform reliable level of diagnostic accuracy of detection for P. falciparum parasites.

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Four Year Surveillance of the Vector Hard Ticks for SFTS, Ganghwa-do, Republic of Korea: Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Seung Jegal, Hojong Jun, Haneul Jung, Seo Hye Park, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Young Woo Gong, Kwangsig Joo, Mun Ju Kwon, Jong Yul Roh, Wook-Gyo Lee, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):691-698.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.691

Abstract
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The seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was monitored with a collection trap method every April to November during 2015-2018 and with a flagging method every July and August during 2015-2018 in Ganghwa-do (island) of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. This monitoring was performed in a copse, a short grass field, coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest. A total of 17,457 ticks (8,277 larvae, 4,137 nymphs, 3,389 females, and 1,654 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) were collected with collection traps. Of the identified ticks, H. longicornis was the most frequently collected ticks (except larval ticks) (94.26%, 8,653/9,180 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (5.71%, 524/9,180) and Ix. nipponensis (less than 0.04%, 3/9,180). The ticks collected with collecting traps were pooled and assayed for the presence of SFTS virus with negative results. In addition, for monitoring the prevalence of hard ticks, a total of 7,461 ticks (5,529 larvae, 1,272 nymphs, 469 females, and 191 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (H. longicornis, H. flava, and Ix. nipponensis) were collected with flagging method. H. longicornis was the highest collected ticks (except larval ticks) (99.53%, 1,908/1,917 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (1.15%, 22/1,917).

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Case Report

Subcapsular Splenic Hemorrhage in Vivax Malaria: Jae Hyoung Im, Moon-Hyun Chung, Areum Durey, Jin-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Hea Yoon Kwon, Ji Hyeon Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):405-409.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.405

Abstract
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In malaria, splenic rupture is a serious complication potentially leading to death. Subcapsular hemorrhage of spleen is thought to be an impending sign of splenic rupture; however, the characteristics of subcapsular hemorrhage are not well known. We report 3 cases of subcapsular hemorrhage of the spleen in vivax malaria, with varying degrees of severity. Case 1 showed subcapsular hemorrhage without splenic rupture, was treated by antimalarial drug without any procedure. The healing process of the patient's spleen was monitored through 6 computed tomography follow-up examinations, over 118 days. Case 2 presented subcapsular hemorrhage with splenic rupture, treated only with an antimalarial drug. Case 3 showed subcapsular hemorrhage with splenic rupture and hypotension, treated using splenic artery embolization. They all recovered from subcapsular hemorrhage without any other complications. These 3 cases reveal the process of subcapsular hemorrhage leading to rupture and a potentially fatal outcome. The treatment plan of subcapsular hemorrhage should be determined carefully considering the vital signs, changes in hemoglobin, and bleeding tendency.

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Brief Communications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among School Children in Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Upper Myanmar: Th? Lam Th?i, Hojong Jun, Seo-Hye Park, H??ng Giang L?, Jinyoung Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jung-Mi Kang, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Woo Nam, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):303-308.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.303

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. In this study, we analyzed seroprevalence of T. gondii among 467 school children living in the rural areas of Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among school children was 23.5%; 22.5% of children were positive for T. gondii IgG, 0.4% of children were positive for T. gondii IgM, and 0.6% of children were positive for both T. gondii IgG and IgM. Geographical factors did not significantly affect the seroprevalence frequency between Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. No significant difference was found between males (22.2%) and females (25.0%). The overall seroprevalence among school children differed by ages (10 years old [13.6%], 11-12 years old [19.8%], 13-14 years old [24.6%], and 15-16 years old [28.0%]), however, the result was not significant. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for T. gondii B1 gene for IgG-positive and IgM-positive blood samples were negative, indicating no direct evidence of active infection. These results collectively suggest that T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar was relatively high. Integrated and improved strategies including reinforced education on toxoplasmosis should be implemented to prevent and control T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar.

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A pre-existing Toxoplasma gondii infection exacerbates the pathophysiological response and extent of brain damage after traumatic brain injury in mice
Tamara L. Baker, David K. Wright, Alessandro D. Uboldi, Christopher J. Tonkin, Anh Vo, Trevor Wilson, Stuart J. McDonald, Richelle Mychasiuk, Bridgette D. Semple, Mujun Sun, Sandy R. Shultz
Journal of Neuroinflammation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among slaughterhouse workers in Yangon Region, Myanmar: A cross-sectional study
Nay Hein Sint, Ye Minn Htun, Tun Tun Win, Aye Sandar Mon, Thant Zaw Lwin, Lwin Oo Maung, Pyae Sone Win, Kaung Myat Naing, Thet Paing Zaw, Pyae Hpone Naing, Sai Nyan Lin Tun, Aung Aye Kyaw, Kyaw Wunna, Khine Khine Su, Kyaw Myo Tun, Atef Oreiby
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(4): e0284352. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii in lactating animals: potential risk to milk consuming population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S. Khan, K. Rafiq, M. N. Khabir, M. B. Khan, S. N. Khan, A. Khattak, S. Attaullah
Brazilian Journal of Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats and Its Zoonotic Potential for Public Health Significance
Mian Abdul Hafeez, Muntazir Mehdi, Faiza Aslam, Kamran Ashraf, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Abdur Rauf Khalid, Adeel Sattar, Syeda Fakhra Waheed, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Omar Obaid Alharbi, Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir, Umer Chaudhry, Mashal M. Almutairi
Pathogens.2022; 11(4): 437. CrossRef
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Bahman Maleki, Nayebali Ahmadi, Meysam Olfatifar, Mohammad Gorgipour, Ali Taghipour, Amir Abdoli, Ali Khorshidi, Masoud Foroutan, Aliyar Mirzapour
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2021; 115(5): 471. CrossRef
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Jun Cai, Zhijin Sheng, Yu Jin, Yinan Du, Xinlei Yan, Yong Yao, Musa Hassan
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in household cats in Myanmar and molecular identification of parasites using feline faecal oocysts
Saw Bawm, Aye Zar Phyu, Hla Myet Chel, Lat Lat Htun, Ryo Nakao, Ken Katakura
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2020; 20: e00094. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among reproductive-aged women in Myanmar and evaluation of luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay
Khin Myo Aye, Eiji Nagayasu, Myat Htut Nyunt, Ni Ni Zaw, Kyaw Zin Thant, Myat Phone Kyaw, Haruhiko Maruyama
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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An Evaluation of Active Case Detection in Malaria Control Program in Kiyuni Parish of Kyankwanzi District, Uganda: Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Woo-Joo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Working Groups in ChildFund Korea , Uganda; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):625-632.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.625

Abstract
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Malaria remains one of the leading health burdens in the developing world, especially in several sub-Saharan Africa countries; and Uganda has some of the highest recorded measures of malaria transmission intensity in the world. It is evident that the prevalence of malaria infection, the incidence of disease, and mortality from severe malaria remain very high in Uganda. Although the recent stable political and economic situation in the last few decades in Uganda supported for a fairly good appreciation of malaria control, the declines in infection, morbidity, and mortality are not sufficient to interrupt transmission and this country is among the top 4 countries with cases of malaria, especially among children under 5 years of age. In fact, Uganda, which is endemic in over 95% of the country, is a representative of challenges facing malaria control in Africa. In this study, we evaluated an active case detection program in 6 randomly selected villages, Uganda. This program covered a potential target population of 5,017 individuals. Our team screened 12,257 samples of malaria by active case detection, every 4 months, from February 2015 to January 2017 in the 6 villages (a total of 6 times). This study assessed the perceptions and practices on malaria control in Kiyuni Parish of Kyankwanzi district, Uganda. Our study presents that the incidence of malaria is sustained high despite efforts to scale-up and improve the use of LLINs and access to ACDs, based on the average incidence confirmed by RDTs.

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The impact of mass screening and treatment interventions on malaria incidence and prevalence: a retrospective analysis of a malaria elimination programme in eastern Myanmar, and systematic review and meta-analysis
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Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy.2020; 18: 100339. CrossRef

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Mini Reviews

Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Causing Epidemic Malaria in the Republic of Korea: Young Yil Bahk, Jeonga Kim, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):545-552.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.545

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax is more challenging to control and eliminate than P. falciparum due to its more asymptomatic infections with low parasite densities making diagnosis more difficult, in addition to its unique biological characteristics. The potential re-introduction of incidence cases, either through borders or via human migrations, is another major hurdle to sustained control and elimination. The Republic of Korea has experienced re-emergence of vivax malaria in 1993 but is one of the 32 malaria-eliminating countries to-date. Despite achieving successful nationwide control and elimination of vivax malaria, the evolutionary characteristics of vivax malaria isolates in the Republic of Korea have not been fully understood. In this review, we present an overview of the genetic variability of such isolates to increase understanding of the epidemiology, diversity, and dynamics of vivax populations in the Republic of Korea.

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Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai–Myanmar Border during the Period of 2006–2016
Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Kesara Na-Bangchang
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Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination
Yuling Li, Yubing Hu, Yan Zhao, Qinghui Wang, Huguette Gaelle Ngassa Mbenda, Veerayuth Kittichai, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Lynette Menezes, Xiaoming Liu, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Epidemiological Characteristics of Re-emerging Vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993-2017): Young Yil Bahk, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jeonga Kim, Kyoung Jin, Yeong Seon Hong, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):531-543.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.531

Abstract
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Historically, Plasmodium vivax malaria has been one of the most highly endemic parasitic diseases in the Korean Peninsula. Until the 1970s, vivax malaria was rarely directly lethal and was controlled through the Korean Government Program administered by the National Malaria Eradication Service in association with the World Health Organization’s Global Malaria Eradication Program. Vivax malaria has re-emerged in 1993 near the Demilitarized Zone between South and North Korea and has since become an endemic infectious disease that now poses a serious public health threat through local transmission in the Republic of Korea. This review presents major lessons learned from past and current malaria research, including epidemiological and biological characteristics of the re-emergent disease, and considers some interesting patterns of diversity. Among other features, this review highlights temporal changes in the genetic make-up of the parasitic population, patient demographic features, and spatial distribution of cases, which all provide insight into the factors contributing to local transmission. The data indicate that vivax malaria in Korea is not expanding expo- nentially. However, continued surveillance is needed to prevent future resurgence.

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Original Articles

Comparative Assessment of Diagnostic Performances of Two Commercial Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits for Detection of Plasmodium spp. in Ugandan Patients with Malaria: Young Yil Bahk, Seo Hye Park, Woojoo Lee, Kyoung Jin, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):447-452.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.447

Abstract
PDF

Prompt diagnosis of malaria cases with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been widely adopted as an effective malaria diagnostic tool in many malaria endemic countries, primarily due to their easy operation, fast result output, and straightforward interpretation. However, there has been controversy about the diagnostic accuracy of RDTs. This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the 2 commercially available malaria RDT kits, RapiGEN Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (pLDH/pLDH) and Asan EasyTestTM Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (HRP-2/pLDH) for their abilities to detect Plasmodium species in blood samples collected from Ugandan patients with malaria. To evaluate the diagnostic performances of these 2 RDT kits, 229 blood samples were tested for malaria infection by microscopic examination and a species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction. The detection sensitivities for P. falciparum of Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (pLDH/pLDH) and Asan EasyTestTM Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (HRP-2/pLDH) were 87.83% and 89.57%, respectively. The specificities of the 2 RDTs were 100% for P. falciparum and mixed P. falciparum/P. vivax infections. These results suggest that the 2 RDT kits showed reasonable levels of diagnostic performances for detection of the malaria parasites from Ugandan patients. However, neither kit could effectively detect P. falciparum infections with low parasitaemia (<500 parasites/μl).

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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef

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Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets: Won Gi Yoo, Sun-Min Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Ji-Yun Lee, Fuhong Dai, Ho Choon Woo, Ho-Woo Nam, Tae Im Kim, Jeong-Hee Han, Dongmi Kwak, Yun Sang Cho, Seung-Won Kang, Tong-Soo Kim, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chunren Wang, Heejeong Youn, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):437-446.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.437

Abstract
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To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pork on the market in Korea, an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tissue fluid (CAU-tf-ELISA) was developed using a soluble extract of T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites. As the standard positive controls, the piglets were experimentally infected with T. gondii: Group A (1,000 cysts-containing bradyzoites), Group B (500 cysts-containing bradyzoites) and Group C (1.0×103 or 1.0×104 tachyzoites). The CAU-tf-ELISA demonstrated infection intensity-dependent positivity toward tissue fluids with average cut-off value 0.15: 100% for Group A, 93.8% for Group B and 40.6% for Group C. When tissue-specific cut-off values 0.066-0.199 were applied, CAU-tf-ELISA showed 96.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive and 90.0% negative predictive values. When compared with the same tissue fluids, performance of CAU-tf-ELISA was better than that of a commercial ELISA kit. Of the 583 Korea domestic pork samples tested, anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected from 9.1% of whole samples and 37.9% from skirt meat highest among pork parts. In the 386 imported frozen pork samples, 1.8% (skirt meat and shoulder blade) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies. In Korea, prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in the pork on retail markets appeared high, suggesting that regulations on pig farming and facilities are necessary to supply safe pork on the tables.

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Mini Review

Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Young Yil Bahk, Eun-Hee Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):401-408.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.401

Abstract
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Korea is successfully controlled intestinal parasitic infections owing to economic development and high health consciousness. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases (formerly the Division of Malaria and Parasitology) is in the Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It has been the governmental agency responsible for controlling and leading scientific research on parasitic diseases. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases has conducted and funded basic research and disseminated the research results to various medical fields, ultimately promoting public health in Korea. Among the noteworthy achievements of this division are the national surveillance of healthcare-associated parasitic infections, prevention and control for parasitic infections, and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from Korea. On a broader scale, the division’s research programs and academic supports were influential in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases through public policies and laws. In this review, we summarize the past and present role of the Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases in Korea.

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Original Article

Survey on Intestinal Helminthic Infection Status of Students in Two Counties, Hadong-gun and Goseong-gun, Korea: Young Yil Bahk, Yun-Kyu Park, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):335-339.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.335

Abstract
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This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among students from Goseonggun, Gangwon-do and Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do as typical low and high endemic counties. From May to July 2017, a total of 2,033 fecal samples were collected at 27 elementary, 10 junior high, and 8 high schools from 2 counties and examined by the Kato-Katz technique for egg-positive surveys (Collection rate: 37.02% [2,033/5,492]). Of the participants examined, 13 (0.64%) were found to harbor eggs of 3 parasitic species, Trichuris trichiura, Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus yokogawai. Based on the regional distribution, the egg-positive rate in Goseong-gun was 0% (0/550) and that in Hadong-gun was 0.88% (13/1,483). The positive rates for C. sinensis, M. yokogawai, and T. trichiura in Hadonggun were 0.20% (3/1,483), 0.61% (9/1,483), and 0.07% (1/1,483), respectively. The present survey showed that the prevalence of parasitic infection among students is currently very low even in remote, previously endemic areas, and the present status of parasitic diseases can be summarized as some transmission of fish/food-borne trematodes. Thus, it is necessary to carefully, continuously monitor the trematode infection status, particularly of C. sinensis and M. yokogawai.

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The spatial-temporal risk profiling of Clonorchis sinensis infection over 50 years implies the effectiveness of control programs in South Korea: a geostatistical modeling study
Hai-Yan Xiao, Jong-Yil Chai, Yue-Yi Fang, Ying-Si Lai
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Global prevalence of 4 neglected foodborne trematodes targeted for control by WHO: A scoping review to highlight the gaps
Rachel Tidman, Kaushi S. T. Kanankege, Mathieu Bangert, Bernadette Abela-Ridder, Paul R. Torgerson
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2023; 17(3): e0011073. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Clonorchis sinensis Infection in Residents of Binyang, Guangxi: A Cross-Sectional and Logistic Analysis Study
Meng Xu, Yanyan Jiang, Jianhai Yin, Shengkui Cao, Yujuan Shen, Jianping Cao
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Currently Available Monitoring and Surveillance Systems for Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and Soil-Transmitted Helminths at the Control/Elimination Stage: A Systematic Review
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Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Blood Pressure and the Risk of Death From Non-cardiovascular Diseases: A Population-based Cohort Study of Korean Adults
Jeoungbin Choi, Jieun Jang, Yoonsuk An, Sue K. Park
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2018; 51(6): 298. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources: Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):205-210.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.205

Abstract
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Waterborne parasitic protozoa, particularly Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are common causes of diarrhea and gastroenteritis worldwide. The most frequently identified source of infestation is water, and exposure involves either drinking water or recreation in swimming pools or natural bodies of water. In practice, studies on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in surface water are challenging owing to the low concentrations of these microorganisms because of dilution. In this study, a 3-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri was conducted from August 2014 to June 2016 at 5 surface water sites including 2 lakes, 1 river, and 2 water intake plants. A total of 50 water samples of 40 L were examined. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 22% of samples and Giardia cysts in 32%. Water at the 5 sampling sites was all contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts (0-36/L), Giardia cysts (0-39/L), or both. The geometric mean concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 1.14 oocysts/L and 4.62 cysts/L, respectively. Thus, effective monitoring plans must take into account the spatial and temporal parameters of contamination because they affect the prevalence and distribution of these protozoan cysts in local water resources.

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Shahira Abdelaziz Ali Ahmed, Sonia Boughattas, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Huma Khan, Simuzar Mamedova, Ardra Namboodiri, Frederick R. Masangkay, Panagiotis Karanis
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Characterization of Echinostoma cinetorchis endoribonuclease, RNase H: Sung-Bin Lim, Seok Ho Cha, Seung Jegal, Hojong Jun, Seo Hye Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Jhang Ho Pak, Young Yil Bakh, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):451-455.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.451

Abstract
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Echinostoma cinetorchis is an oriental intestinal fluke causing significant pathological damage to the small intestine. The aim of this study was to determine a full-length cDNA sequence of E. cinetorchis endoribonuclease (RNase H; EcRNH) and to elucidate its molecular biological characters. EcRNH consisted of 308 amino acids and showed low similarity to endoribonucleases of other parasites (<40%). EcRNH had an active site centered on a putative DDEED motif instead of DEDD conserved in other species. A recombinant EcRNH produced as a soluble form in Escherichia coli showed enzymatic activity to cleave the 3'-O-P bond of RNA in a DNA-RNA duplex, producing 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate. These findings may contribute to develop antisense oligonucleotides which could damage echinostomes and other flukes.

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Original Article

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT in Residents near the DMZ (demilitarized zone) of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):385-389.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.385

Abstract
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, which partly includes the demilitarized zone (DMZ), were surveyed for 4 years and evaluated by RDT using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1A). Sera from 1336, 583, 526, and 583 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The total positive seroprevalence was 19.3, 21.9, 23.4, and 26.8% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The positive seroprevalence in men (23.6, 27.5, 29.5, 34.6%) was far higher than women (14.1, 18.3, 19.4, 21.4%), from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun may have been influenced in part by its geographical locality of the area as it includes the DMZ, where civilian access is strictly limited, thus creating a relatively isolated area that is a well-preserved habitat. Further research is necessary to study the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this area.

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Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
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Brief Communications

Discovery of Parasite Eggs in Archeological Residence during the 15th Century in Seoul, Korea: Pyo Yeon Cho, Jung-Min Park, Myeong-Ki Hwang, Seo Hye Park, Yun-Kyu Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):357-361.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.357

Abstract
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During civil engineering construction near Sejong-ro, Jongro-ku, Seoul, cultural sites were found that are thought to have been built in the 15th century. This area was home to many different people as well as the leaders of the Yi dynasty. To gain further insight into the life styles of the inhabitants of the old capital, soil samples were collected from various areas such as toilets, water foundations, and drainage ways. Parasite eggs were examined by microscopy after 5 g soil samples were rehydrated in 0.5% trisodium phosphate solution. A total of 662 parasite eggs from 7 species were found. Species with the highest number of eggs found were Ascaris lumbricoides (n=483), followed by Trichuris trichiura (138), Trichuris vulpis (21), Fasciola hepatica (8), Clonorchis sinensis (6), Paragonimus westermani (4), and Metagonimus yokogawai (2). These findings indirectly indicate the food habits of the people in Yi dynasty.

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Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 567. CrossRef

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Recent Incidence of Paragonimus westermani Metacercariae in Freshwater Crayfish, Cambaroides similis, from Two Enzootic Sites in Jeollanam-do, Korea: Jin-Ho Song, Fuhong Dai, Xuelian Bai, Tae-Im Kim, Hyun-Jong Yang, Tong-Soo Kim, Shin-Hyung Cho, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):347-350.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.347

Abstract
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An epidemiological study was performed to know the recent infection status of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae (PwMc) in freshwater crayfish, Cambaroides similis, from 2 streams in Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. Crayfish were collected from creeks in Bogil-do (Island), Wando-gun, and in a creek near Daeheung Temple in Haenam-gun. The infection rate of crayfish with PwMc in Bogil-do was 89.8%, and the metacercarial burden was 37 PwMc per the infected crayfish. Crayfish in a creek near Daeheung Temple were larger and twice heavier than those in Bogil-do. Of them, 96.5% were infected with PwMc. An average of 140 metacercariae was found in the infected crayfish, almost quadruple to those of Bogil-do. There was a strong correlation between the number of PwMc and body weight of the crayfish. These results suggest that P. westermani metacercariae are still prevalent in crayfish of the 2 regions in Jeollanam-do, Korea.

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Original Articles

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis with ELISA and Rapid Diagnostic Test among Residents in Gyodong-do, Inchon city, Korea: A Four-Year Follow-up: Yeong Hoon Kim, Ji hoo Lee, Seong kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):247-254.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.247

Abstract
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ELISA has been used for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, but it is being gradually replaced by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). We compared and analyzed ELISA and RDT results using the sera collected during 4 consecutive years from residents of Gyodong-do (Island), Incheon-city, Korea. Sera from 921, 993, 940, and 838 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis (2010-2013). ELISA was performed by using a crude extract of T. gondii RH strain antigen and IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), GST-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. Comparison between groups was analyzed by the Student’s t-test. The positive seroprevalence surged from 14.7% (135/921, 2010), 23.1% (231/993, 2011), 23.6% (222/940, 2012), and 32.1% (269/838, 2013) by ELISA. In contrast, RDT showed a more moderate increasing trend from 21.7% (200/921, 2010), 25.5% (253/993, 2011), 28.9% (272/940, 2012) and 33.1% (277/838, 2013). Discrepancies between ELISA and RDT were noted near the cut-off value. At the OD 0.15-0.24 range, RDT could detect 16.1% (169/1051) more positives, which suggests an early or acute toxoplasmosis, but at the OD 0.25-0.34 range, ELISA could detect 35.9% (92/256) more positives of possible chronic infections. Over the OD > 0.35 ELISA and RDT agreed in the majority of the cases. This surge in seroprevalence may be caused by the organic agriculture in addition to eating behavior or increase in pets among Koreans. These facts may be applied on a full-scale national survey using RDT to supplement ELISA to define the characteristics of the infection.

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Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 493. CrossRef
Evaluation of a Newly Designed Immunochromatographic Test using Gold Nanoparticles and Recombinant Antigen gra7 for Rapid Diagnosis of Human Toxoplasmosis
Hassan Morovati, Seyyed javad Seyyedtabaei, Mehrdad Gholamzad
Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2020; 14(1): 101. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets
Won Gi Yoo, Sun-Min Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Ji-Yun Lee, Fuhong Dai, Ho Choon Woo, Ho-Woo Nam, Tae Im Kim, Jeong-Hee Han, Dongmi Kwak, Yun Sang Cho, Seung-Won Kang, Tong-Soo Kim, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chunren Wang, Heejeong Youn, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 437. CrossRef

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PCR-RFLP for Rapid Subtyping of Plasmodium vivax Korean Isolates: Jung-Mi Kang, Jinyoung Lee, Tae Im Kim, Eun-Ha Koh, Tong-Soo Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):159-165.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.159

Abstract
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Vivax malaria reemerged in Korea in 1993 and the outbreak has been continued with fluctuating numbers of annual indigenous cases. Understanding the nature of the genetic population of Plasmodium vivax circulating in Korea is beneficial for the knowledge of the nationwide parasite heterogeneity and in the implementation of malaria control programs in the country. Previously, we analyzed polymorphic nature of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) and MSP-3α in Korean P. vivax population and identified the Korean P. vivax population has been diversifying rapidly, with the appearance of parasites with new genetic subtypes, despite the recent reduction of the disease incidence. In the present study, we developed simple PCR-RFLP methods for rapid subtyping of MSP-1 and MSP-3α of Korean P. vivax isolates. These PCR-RFLP methods were able to easily distinguish each subtype of Korean P. vivax MSP-1 and MSP-3α with high accuracy. The PCR-RFLP subtyping methods developed here would be easily applied to massive epidemiological studies for molecular surveillance to understand genetic population of P. vivax and to supervise the genetic variation of the parasite circulating in Korea.

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Molecular Profiles of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Plasmodium Species from Asymptomatic Malaria Carriers in Gia Lai Province, Vietnam
Hương Giang Lê, Tuấn Cường Võ, Jung-Mi Kang, Chau Van Khanh, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Nguyen Thi Lien Hanh, Minkyoung Cho, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Molecular surveillance of malaria in the Central Highlands, Vietnam
Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Haung Naw, Chia-Kwung Fan, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasitology International.2021; 83: 102374. CrossRef

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High Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT among the Residents of Seokmo-do (Island) in Ganghwa-Gun, Incheon City, Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):9-13.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.9

Abstract
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Seokmo-do (Island) in Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea was surveyed for 4 years by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), GST-linker-SAG1A. Sera from 312, 343, 390, and 362 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. Total positive seroprevalence regardless of gender was 29.2, 35.3, 38.7, and 45.3% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. Positive seroprevalence in male adults was 43.9, 48.2, 45.4, and 55.3%, which was far higher than that of the corresponding female adults which was 20.7, 29.2, 33.9, and 38.9%, from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Seokmo-do may have been caused in part by peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the island as it is a relatively isolated area preserving its natural habitat while also being connected by a bridge to the mainland. Further study is necessary to find out symptomatic patients and to confirm the risk factors.

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Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Serological and molecular rapid diagnostic tests for Toxoplasma infection in humans and animals
Amjad Hayat Khan, Rahmah Noordin
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Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea
Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 493. CrossRef

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Relationship between Antibody-Positive Rate against Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein and Incidence of Malaria: Hyeong-Woo Lee, Yoon-Joong Kang, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jhang Ho Pak, Ho-Woo Nam, Yun-Kyu Park, Youngjoo Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):169-175.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.169

Abstract
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The relationship between anti-Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibody levels and the prevalence of malaria in epidemic areas of South Korea was evaluated. Blood samples were collected from inhabitants of Gimpo-si (city), Paju-si, and Yeoncheon-gun (county) in Gyeonggi-do (province), as well as Cheorwon-gun in Gangwon-do from November to December 2004. Microscopic examinations were used to identify malaria parasites. ELISA was used to quantitate anti-circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibodies against P. vivax. A total of 1,774 blood samples were collected. The overall CSP-ELISA-positive rate was 7.7% (n=139). The annual parasite incidences (APIs) in these areas gradually decreased from 2004 to 2005 (1.09 and 0.80, respectively). The positive rate in Gimpo (10.4%, 44/425) was the highest identified by CSP-ELISA. The highest API was found in Yeoncheon, followed by Cheorwon, Paju, and Gimpo in both years. The positive rates of CSP-ELISA were closely related to the APIs in the study areas. These results suggest that seroepidemiological studies based on CSP may be helpful in estimating the malaria prevalence in certain areas. In addition, this assay can be used to establish and evaluate malaria control and eradication programs in affected areas.

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Updated global distribution of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein variants and their correlation with vector susceptibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Marrara P. Sampaio, Marcelo Cerilo-Filho, Yasmin de A․G․do Amaral, Maria Naely G. Almeida, Rayanne I. Correa, Dulce J.V. Fernando, Nathália F. Reis, Leonardo A. Miceli, José R.S. Silva, Luciane M. Storti-Melo, Andréa R.S. Baptista, Ricardo L.D. Machado
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Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
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Evaluation of the Accuracy of the EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag, a Rapid Diagnostic Test, in Uganda: Chom-Kyu Chong, Pyo Yun Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jin Su Kim, Jin-Soo Lee, Sung-Keun Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Hak-Yong Kim, Yun-Kyu Park, Seok Ho Cha, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):501-505.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.501

Abstract
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In recent years, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been widely used for malaria detection, primarily because of their simple operation, fast results, and straightforward interpretation. The Asan EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag is one of the most commonly used malaria RDTs in several countries, including Korea and India. In this study, we tested the diagnostic performance of this RDT in Uganda to evaluate its usefulness for field diagnosis of malaria in this country. Microscopic and PCR analyses, and the Asan EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag rapid diagnostic test, were performed on blood samples from 185 individuals with suspected malaria in several villages in Uganda. Compared to the microscopic analysis, the sensitivity of the RDT to detect malaria infection was 95.8% and 83.3% for Plasmodium falciparum and non-P. falciparum, respectively. Although the diagnostic sensitivity of the RDT decreased when parasitemia was ≤500 parasites/?l, it showed 96.8% sensitivity (98.4% for P. falciparum and 93.8% for non-P. falciparum) in blood samples with parasitemia ≥100 parasites/?l. The specificity of the RDT was 97.3% for P. falciparum and 97.3% for non-P. falciparum. These results collectively suggest that the accuracy of the Asan EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag makes it an effective point-of-care diagnostic tool for malaria in Uganda.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 447. CrossRef
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Jung-Mi Kang, Pyo-Yun Cho, Mya Moe, Jinyoung Lee, Hojong Jun, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tae Im Kim, Jhang Ho Pak, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na
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PLOS ONE.2015; 10(7): e0129545. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Gangwon-do, Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Seok Seok, Taejoon Lee, Kyungjin Jeong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):399-412.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.399

Abstract
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The infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae was investigated in a total of 2,293 freshwater fish collected from 11 rivers or streams in 9 administrative regions of Gangwon-do, Korea for 5 years (2009-2013). All fish were collected by netting methods and examined using the artificial digestion methods. Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were detected in 4 fish species, i.e., Pungtungia herzi, Squalidus japonicus coreanus, Acheilognathus rhombeus, and Ladislabia taczanowskii, from only Hantangang in Cheorwon-gun. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were found in 1,154 (50.3%) fish and their average number per infected fish was 55.8. Among the positive fish species, especially Tribolodon hakonensis from Namdaecheon in Yangyang-gun and Plecoglossus altivelis from Osipcheon in Samcheok-si were most heavily infected. Centrocestus armatus metacercariae were detected in 611 (26.7%) fish and the average metacercarial burden per infected fish was 1,032. Two chub species, Zacco platypus and Zacco temminckii were highly and heavily infected with C. armatus metacercariae in almost all regions surveyed. Echinostoma spp. metacercariae were also found in 24 fish from a few localities, but their numbers per fish infected were very low. From the above results, it is confirmed that the metacercariae of intestinal flukes, especially Metagonimus spp. and C. armatus, were heavily infected, while C. sinensis metacercariae were rarely found in fish from Gangwon-do, Korea.

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Woon-Mok Sohn
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Age, period, and cohort effects of Clonorchis sinensis infection prevalence in the Republic of Korea: Insights and projections
Sung-mok Jung, Heewon Kang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sejin Ju, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jong-hun Kim, Sung Hye Kim, Ran Wang
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Infection Characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
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Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in Korea: epidemiological perspectives integrating the data from human and intermediate hosts
Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Geum-gang (River) in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Min-Ah Hwang, Kyeong-Woo No, Jai-Dong Kim
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Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Gou Ok Kim
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Probability of Antibody Formation against Circumsporozoite Protein of Plasmodium vivax among Korean Malaria Patients: Ho-Woo Nam, Kyoung Ju Song, Hye Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):143-149.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.143

Abstract
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To evaluate the seroprevalence against circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium vivax in sera of Korean patients, the central repeating domain (CRD) of CSP was cloned and analyzed. From the genomic DNA of patient's blood, 2 kinds of CSPs were identified to belong to a VK210 type, which is the dominant repeating of GDRA(D/A)GQPA, and named as PvCSPA and PvCSPB. Recombinantly expressed his-tagged PvCSPA or PvCSPB in Escherichia coli reacted well against sera of patients in western blot, with the detecting rate of 47.9% (58/121), which included 15 cases positive for PvCSPA, 6 cases positive for PvCSPB, and 37 cases for both. The mixture of PvCSPA and PvCSPB was loaded to a rapid diagnostic test kit (RDT) and applied with the same set of patient sera, which resulted in detection rates of 57.0% (69/121). When the protein sequences of PvCSPA were compared with those of P. vivax in endemic regions of India and Uganda, they were compatibly homologous to PvCSPA with minor mutations. These results suggested that the recombinant PvCSPA and PvCSPB loaded RDT may be a milestone in latent diagnosis which has been a hot issue of domestic malaria and important for radical therapy in overlapped infections with P. falciparum in tropical and subtropical areas. During the biological process of malarial infection, exposure of CSP to antigen-antibody reaction up to 57.0% is the first report in Korea.

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Seda Yerlikaya, Ewurama D A Owusu, Augustina Frimpong, Robert Kirk DeLisle, Xavier C Ding
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Structure-genetic diversity and recombinant protein of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of vivax malaria antigen: A potential malaria vaccine candidate
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Mehdi Nateghpour, Soudabeh Etemadi, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Hamid Eslami, Mehdi Mohebali, Leila Farivar
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Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Causing Epidemic Malaria in the Republic of Korea
Young Yil Bahk, Jeonga Kim, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 545. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax msp-3α polymorphisms: analysis in the Indian subcontinent
Anju Verma, Hema Joshi, Vineeta Singh, Anup Anvikar, Neena Valecha
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea (2003-2005) using Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test: Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon-Joong Kang, Won-Ja Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Ung Moon, Seok Ho Cha, Sung-Keun Lee, Yun-Kyu Park, Jhang-Ho Pak, Pyo Yun Cho, Youngjoo Sohn, Hyeong-Woo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):1-7.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.1

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax reemerged in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993, and is likely to continue to affect public health. The purpose of this study was to measure levels of anti-P. vivax antibodies using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in border areas of ROK, to determine the seroprevalence of malaria (2003-2005) and to plan effective control strategies. Blood samples of the inhabitants in Gimpo-si, Paju-si, and Yeoncheon-gun (Gyeonggi-do), and Cheorwon-gun (Gangwon-do) were collected and kept in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). Out of a total of 1,774 serum samples tested, the overall seropositivity was 0.94% (n=17). The seropositivity was the highest in Paju-si (1.9%, 7/372), followed by Gimpo-si (1.4%, 6/425), Yeoncheon-gun (0.67%, 3/451), and Cheorwon-gun (0.19%, 1/526). The annual parasite incidence (API) in these areas gradually decreased from 2003 to 2005 (1.69, 1.09, and 0.80 in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively). The highest API was found in Yeoncheon-gun, followed by Cheorwon-gun, Paju-si, and Gimpo-si. The API ranking in these areas did not change over the 3 years. The seropositivity of Gimpo-si showed a strong linear relationship with the API of 2005 (r=0.9983, P=0.036). Seropositivity data obtained using IFAT may be useful for understanding malaria prevalence of relevant years, predicting future transmission of malaria, and for establishing and evaluating malaria control programs in affected areas.

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Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 791. CrossRef

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Tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides lineatus in Chinese Snakes and Their Adults Recovered from Experimental Animals: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):531-536.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.531

Abstract
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Morphological characteristics of Mesocestoides lineatus tetrathyridia collected from Chinese snakes and their adults recovered from experimental animals were studied. The tetrathyridia were detected mainly in the mesentery of 2 snake species, Agkistrodon saxatilis (25%) and Elaphe schrenckii (20%). They were 1.73 by 1.02 mm in average size and had an invaginated scolex with 4 suckers. Adult tapeworms were recovered from 2 hamsters and 1 dog, which were orally infected with 5-10 larvae each. Adults from hamsters were about 32 cm long and those from a dog were about 58 cm long. The scolex was 0.56 mm in average width with 4 suckers of 0.17 by 0.15 mm in average size. Mature proglottids measured 0.29 by 0.91 mm (av.). Ovaries and vitellaria bilobed and located in the posterior portion of proglottids. The cirrus sac was oval-shaped and located median. Testes were follicular, distributed in both lateral fields of proglottids, and 41-52 in number per proglottid. Gravid proglottids were 1.84 by 1.39 mm (av.) with a characteristic paruterine organ. Eggs were 35 by 27 ?m in average size with a hexacanth embryo. These morphological characteristics of adult worms were identical with those of M. lineatus reported previously. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the tetrathyridia detected in 2 species of Chinese snakes are the metacestodes of M. lineatus, and 2 snake species, A. saxatilis and E. schrenckii, play the role of intermediate hosts.

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Chris T. McAllister, Vasyl V. Tkach, David Bruce Conn
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A Rapid Diagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis using Recombinant Antigenic N-terminal Half of SAG1 Linked with Intrinsically Unstructured Domain of GRA2 Protein: Kyoung Ju Song, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Jin-Soo Kim, Kyung Chan Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):503-510.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.503

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite with a broad host range of most warm-blooded mammals including humans, of which one-thirds of the human population has been infected worldwide which can cause congenital defects, abortion, and neonatal complications. Here, we developed a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for T. gondii infection. Antigenic N-terminal half of the major surface antigen (SAG1) was linked with intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of dense granule protein 2 (GRA2). The recombinant GST-GRA2-SAG1A protein was successfully expressed and purified as 51 kDa of molecular weight. Furthermore, antigenicity and solubility of the rGST-GRA2-SAG1A protein were significantly increased. The overall specificity and sensitivity of GST-GRA2-SAG1A loaded RDT (TgRDT) were estimated as 100% and 97.1% by comparing with ELISA result which uses T. gondii whole cell lysates as the antigen. The TgRDT tested with Uganda people sera for field trial and showed 31.9% of seroprevalence against T. gondii antibody. The TgRDT is proved to be a kit for rapid and easy to use with high accuracy, which would be a suitable serodiagnostic tool for toxoplasmosis.

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in the Residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Hye-Jin Ahn, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):225-227.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.225

Abstract
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The seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis was surveyed among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do by means of ELISA using a crude extract antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 1,661 adult residents (866 males and 795 females) were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 17.0% positive rate (282 sera). The positive rate was significantly different between the sex; 20.6% for males and 13.1% for females (P<0.05). The positive rates were higher in fifties of males (28.7%) and forties of females (20.0%). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun residents is regarded as the highest among the surveys of different geographical regions of Korea. This high positive rate may due in part to peculiar geographical locality of the surveyed area near the naturally well preserved demilitarized zone (DMZ) or presumably consumption of the pork imported from high endemic nations. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun.

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Original Articles

Infection Status of Estuarine Fish and Oysters with Intestinal Fluke Metacercariae in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, In-Sang Kim, Eun-Jung Hwang, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):215-220.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.215

Abstract
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The source of human infection with intestinal flukes was surveyed in estuarine fishes, including the dotted gizzard shad, common sea bass, common blackish goby, redlip mullet, black sea bream, and oyster collected from Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea during August and September 2007. Collected fishes and oysters were artificially digested in pepsin-HCl solution and examined under a stereomicroscope. In 36 shads (Konosirus punctatus) and 20 basses (Lateolabrax japonicus) examined, Heterophyopsis continua metacercariae were found in 58.3% and 100%, and their average numbers were 12.0 and 6.3 per infected fish, respectively. In 34 gobies (Acanthogobius flavimanus) examined, metacercariae of H. continua were detected in 79.4%, Stictodora lari in 97.1%, and Acanthotrema felis in 92.1%, and their average numbers were 45.8, 189.3, and 235.3 per infected fish, respectively. In 37 redlip mullets (Chelon haematocheilus), Heterophyes nocens metacercariae were found in 56.8%, Pygidiopsis summa in 94.6%, and Stictodora fuscata in 45.9%, and the average metacercarial densities were 17.4, 31.3, and 35.1 per infected fish, respectively. In 30 black sea breams (Acanthopagrus schlegeli) and 45 oysters (Crassostrea gigas) examined, no metacercariae were detected. From the above results, it has been confirmed that the dotted gizzard shad, common sea bass, common blackish goby, and redlip mullet from Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea are infected with the metacercariae of heterophyid flukes.

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Ghadeer M. Al-Suwaij, Basim H. Abdullah
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A Surge in the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Islands in Gangwha-gun, Incheon, Korea: Zhaoshou Yang, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Hye-Jin Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):191-197.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.191

Abstract
PDF

Seroepidemiological changes of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of the islands of Gangwha-gun, Incheon for 2 years were surveyed and evaluated by ELISA using a crude extract antigen. In 2010, sera of 919 adult residents in Gyodong-myeon and 313 adults in Samsan-myeon were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 14.5% (133 sera) and 19.8% (62 sera) positive rates, respectively. In 2011, sera of 955 adults in Gyodong-myeon and 341 adults in Samsan-myeon were examined, which showed an increase of positive rates to 23.8% (227 sera) and 31.7% (108 sera), respectively. Totally, the seroprevalence of the first year was 15.8% and it increased rapidly to 25.8% in the second year. The positive rates of both sexes increased simultaneously with the significant ratio of males to females by 1.7-2.2 fold (P<0.05). In both myeons, 661 sera were collected every year and showed changes in optical density (OD) in 177 sera; newly found as positives in 73 persons (11.0%), negative conversion in 10 persons (1.5%), and maintained or increased in 94 persons (14.2%). This rapid increase in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Gangwha islands may be due to in part peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the islands and presumably the consumption of the pork bred domestically within the islands or imported from high endemic nations. It is necessary to find out symptomatic toxoplasmic patients and confirm the risk factors for further infection in the islands of Gangwha-gun.

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Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Three Latitudinal Regions of the Korean Peninsula: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Keeseon Eom, Won-Seok Seok, Taejoon Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):385-398.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.385

Abstract
PDF

A large-scale survey was conducted to investigate the infection status of fresh water fishes with Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) in 3 wide regions, which were tentatively divided by latitudinal levels of the Korean peninsula. A total of 4,071 freshwater fishes were collected from 3 regions, i.e., northern (Gangwon-do: 1,543 fish), middle (Chungcheongbuk-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do: 1,167 fish), and southern areas (Jeollanam-do, Ulsan-si, and Gyeongsangnam-do: 1,361 fish). Each fish was examined by the artificial digestion method from 2003 to 2010. In northern areas, only 11 (0.7%) fish of 2 species, Pungtungia herzi and Squalidus japonicus coreanus from Hantan-gang, Cheolwon-gun, Gangwon-do were infected with av. 2.6 CsMc. In middle areas, 149 (12.8%) fish were infected with av. 164 CsMc. In southern areas, 538 (39.5%) fish were infected with av. 159 CsMc. In the analysis of endemicity in 3 regions with an index fish, P. herzi, 9 (6.2%) of 146 P. herzi from northern areas were infected with av. 2.8 CsMc. In middle areas, 34 (31.8%) of 107 P. herzi were infected with av. 215 CsMc, and in southern areas, 158 (92.9%) of 170 P. herzi were infected with av. 409 CsMc. From these results, it has been confirmed that the infection status of fish with CsMc is obviously different among the 3 latitudinal regions of the Korean peninsula with higher prevalence and burden in southern regions.

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Brief Communication

Maintained Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Jeju Island, Korea: Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Kyutaeg Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Yeon-Pyo Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hak-Yong Kim, A-Ra Ko, Yong-Joo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):309-311.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.309

Abstract
PDF

Seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis among the residents of Jeju island was surveyed and evaluated by ELISA with crude extract of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 2,348 residents (male 1,157 and female 1,191) were collected and checked for the IgG antibody titers, which showed 13.2% positive rate (309 sera). The positive rates were increasing gradually according to the age from 4.3% in teenage to 20.6% in seventies. The positive rates were significantly different between the sex by 16.2% for male and 10.2% for female (P<0.05). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Jeju island residents is regarded relatively higher than any other regions of Korea. And the high positive rate may be maintained continuously among Jeju island residents without any clear reasons until now but due to some parts peculiar socio-cultural tradition of Jeju island. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis of Jeju island.

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Original Articles

Prevalence of Metagonimus Metacercariae in Sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, from Eastern and Southern Coastal Areas in Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):161-165.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.161

Abstract
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The present study was performed to determine the current infecion status of Metagonimus yokogawai metacercariae in sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, collected from several streams in eastern and southern coastal areas of Korea. The sweetfish collected were artificially digested with pepsin-HCl solution and examined under a stereomicroscope in August and September, 2007. Out of 145 sweetfish collected from 10 streams in eastern coasts (Gangwon-do and Gye-ongsangbuk-do), 88 (60.7%) were infected with Metagonimus metacercariae. The average metacercarial density was 61 per infected fish. Among 141 sweetfish collected from 10 streams in southern coasts (Gyeongsangnam-do, Ulsan Metropolitan city, and Jeollanam-do), 140 (99.3%) were infected with Metagonimus metacercariae, and their average density was 949 per infected fish. The present study confirmed that M. yokogawai metacercariae are still prevalent in the sweetfish from several eastern and southern coastal localities. The prevalence and metacercarial density were much higher in the sweetfish from streams of southern coasts than in those of eastern coasts. Therefore, attention should be paid to this small fluke infection, and consumption of raw sweetfish naturally produced in these areas should be prohibited.

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Infection characteristics of Metagonimus species (Digenea: Heterophyidae) metacercariae in fish from major rivers of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 1. CrossRef
Infection Characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(2): 79. CrossRef
Infection Status with Metagonimus spp. Metacercariae in Fishes from Seomjin-gang and Tamjin-gang in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Ki-Bok Yoon
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(4): 351. CrossRef
Infection Status with Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Tamjin-gang (River) in Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
Ki-Bok Yoon, Hyun-Cheol Lim, Doo Young Jeon, Sook Park, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Sung-Shik Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 183. CrossRef
Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Water Systems of Hantangang and Imjingang in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Soon-Won Lee, Seung-Bong Choi, Won-Seok Seok
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 289. CrossRef
Prevalence of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Gangwon-do, Korea
Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Seok Seok, Taejoon Lee, Kyungjin Jeong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(4): 399. CrossRef
Effect of citric acid on the acidification of artificial pepsin solution for metacercariae isolation from fish
Min-Ki Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Young-Sang Hwang, Hyang Sook Chun, Ki Hwan Park, Seong-Hee Ko, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
Veterinary Parasitology.2013; 198(1-2): 111. CrossRef

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Seasonal Prevalence of Mosquitoes, Including Vectors of Brugian Filariasis, in Southern Islands of the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Jong-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):59-64.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.59

Abstract
PDF

A survey of mosquitoes, including the vector status of Brugia malayi filariasis and their relative larval density, was conducted from 2002 to 2005 at several southern remote islands of Jeollanam-do (province), Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do, Korea, where filariasis was previously endemic. Overall, a total of 9 species belonging to 7 genera were collected. Ochlerotatus togoi (formerly known as Aedes togoi), Anopheles (Hyrcanus) group, and Culex pipiens were the predominant species captured at all areas. Oc. togoi larvae were most frequently collected at salinity levels <0.5% during June and July, with densities decreasing sharply during the rainy season in August. The most likely explanation for the eradication of filariasis in these areas is suggested to be an aggressive treatment program executed during the 1970s and the 1990s. However, high prevalence of the vector mosquitoes may constitute a potential risk for reemerging of brugian filariasis in these areas.

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Brief Communication

Molecular Cloning of Plasmodium vivax Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 4: Kyung-Mi Choi, Jung-Yeon Kim, Sung-Ung Moon, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Byoung-Kuk Na, Dae-Won Kim, Eun-Jung Suh, Yeon-Joo Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Ho-Sa Lee, Ho-Gun Rhie, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):319-324.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.319

Abstract
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A family of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) is a unique enzyme which plays crucial roles in intracellular calcium signaling in plants, algae, and protozoa. CDPKs of malaria parasites are known to be key regulators for stage-specific cellular responses to calcium, a widespread secondary messenger that controls the progression of the parasite. In our study, we identified a gene encoding Plasmodium vivax CDPK4 (PvCDPK4) and characterized its molecular property and cellular localization. PvCDPK4 was a typical CDPK which had well-conserved N-terminal kinase domain and C-terminal calmodulin-like structure with 4 EF hand motifs for calcium-binding. The recombinant protein of EF hand domain of PvCDPK4 was expressed in E. coli and a 34 kDa product was obtained. Immunofluorescence assay by confocal laser microscopy revealed that the protein was expressed at the mature schizont of P. vivax. The expression of PvCDPK4-EF in schizont suggests that it may participate in the proliferation or egress process in the life cycle of this parasite.

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