Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"immunity"

Original Articles

Efficacy of recombinant enolase as a candidate vaccine against Haemaphysalis longicornis tick infestation in mice: Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):439-448.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23075

Tick infestation causes a significant threat to human and animal health, requiring effective immunological control methods. This study aimed to investigate the potential of recombinant Haemaphysalis longicornis enolase protein for tick vaccine development. The exact mechanism of the recently identified enolase protein from the H. longicornis Jeju strain remains poorly understood. Enolase plays a crucial role in glycolysis, the metabolic process that converts glucose into energy, and is essential for the motility, adhesion, invasion, growth, and differentiation of ticks. In this study, mice were immunized with recombinant enolase, and polyclonal antibodies were generated. Western blot analysis confirmed the specific recognition of enolase by the antiserum. The effects of immunization on tick feeding and attachment were assessed. Adult ticks attached to the recombinant enolase-immunized mice demonstrated longer attachment time, increased blood-sucking abilities, and lower engorgement weight than the controls. The nymphs and larvae had a reduced attachment rate and low engorgement rate compared to the controls. Mice immunized with recombinant enolase expressed in Escherichia coli displayed 90% efficacy in preventing tick infestation. The glycolytic nature of enolase and its involvement in crucial physiological processes makes it an attractive target for disrupting tick survival and disease transmission. Polyclonal antibodies recognize enolase and significantly reduce attachment rates, tick feeding, and engorgement. Our findings indicate that recombinant enolase may be a valuable vaccine candidate for H. longicornis infection in experimental murine model.

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting Plasmodium Life Cycle with Novel Parasite Ligands as Vaccine Antigens
Shan Khan, Manas Paresh Patel, Aleem Damji Patni, Sung-Jae Cha
Vaccines.2024; 12(5): 484. CrossRef

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DNA Vaccines Encoding Toxoplasma gondii Cathepsin C 1 Induce Protection against Toxoplasmosis in Mice: Yali Han, Aihua Zhou, Gang Lu, Guanghui Zhao, Wenchao Sha, Lin Wang, Jingjing Guo, Jian Zhou, Huaiyu Zhou, Hua Cong, Shenyi He; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):505-512.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.505

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii cathepsin C proteases (TgCPC1, 2, and 3) are important for the growth and survival of T. gondii. In the present study, B-cell and T-cell epitopes of TgCPC1 were predicted using DNAstar and the Immune Epitope Database. A TgCPC1 DNA vaccine was constructed, and its ability to induce protective immune responses against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice was evaluated in the presence or absence of the adjuvant α-GalCer. As results, TgCPC1 DNA vaccine with or without adjuvant α-GalCer showed higher levels of IgG and IgG2a in the serum, as well as IL-2 and IFN-γ in the spleen compared to controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and α-Galcer). Upon challenge infection with tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH), pCPC1/α-Galcer immunized mice showed the longest survival among all the groups. Mice vaccinated with DNA vaccine without adjuvant (pCPC1) showed better protective immunity compared to other controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and α-Galcer). These results indicate that a DNA vaccine encoding TgCPC1 is a potential vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis.

Citations

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Modest Protective Immune Responses Induced by a DNA Vaccine Expressing IMP1 of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c Mice
Farid Alizadeh, Maryam Hataminejad, Hajar Yaghoobi, Hakim Azizi
Parasite Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Insight into the current Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine: a review article
Xirui Zhang, Hao Yuan, Yasser S. Mahmmod, Zipeng Yang, Mengpo Zhao, Yining Song, Shengjun Luo, Xiu-Xiang Zhang, Zi-Guo Yuan
Expert Review of Vaccines.2023; 22(1): 66. CrossRef
iNKT cell agonists as vaccine adjuvants to combat infectious diseases
Ya-Qian Li, Cheng Yan, Rui Luo, Zheng Liu
Carbohydrate Research.2022; 513: 108527. CrossRef
Mining the Proteome of Toxoplasma Parasites Seeking Vaccine and Diagnostic Candidates
Sajad Rashidi, Javier Sánchez-Montejo, Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Amir Savardashtaki, Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Mohammadreza Karimazar, Raúl Manzano-Román, Paul Nguewa
Animals.2022; 12(9): 1098. CrossRef
A Novel Combined DNA Vaccine Encoding Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 and ROP18 Provokes Protective Immunity Against a Lethal Challenge in Mice
Lamei Wu, Huijian Yang, Jianglin Wang, Xiuwen Yu, Yanhong He, Shenxia Chen
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1387. CrossRef
Review of DNA Vaccine Approaches Against the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Rosalie C. Warner, Ryan C. Chapman, Brianna N. Davis, Paul H. Davis
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of metalloproteases and serine proteases of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and their effect on epithelial cells
Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores, Rosalba Cruz-Mirón, Rossana Arroyo, Mónica E. Mondragón-Castelán, Tais Nopal-Guerrero, Sirenia González-Pozos, Emmanuel Ríos-Castro, Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(1): 289. CrossRef
Antigenic Epitope Analysis and Efficacy Evaluation of GRA41 DNA Vaccine Against T. gondii Infection
Jian Zhou, Chenxi Li, Yingquan Luo, Lin Wang
Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(3): 471. CrossRef
Cysteine proteases in protozoan parasites
Jair L. Siqueira-Neto, Anjan Debnath, Laura-Isobel McCall, Jean A. Bernatchez, Momar Ndao, Sharon L. Reed, Philip J. Rosenthal, Photini Sinnis
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2018; 12(8): e0006512. CrossRef
Immune Responses Induced by HSP60 DNA Vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Kunming Mice
Zhong-Yuan Li, Jing Lu, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Jia Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(3): 237. CrossRef
Evaluation of Protective Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine Encoding GRA8 against Acute Toxoplasmosis in a Murine Model
Jia-Qi Chu, Shuai Huang, Wei Ye, Xuan-Yan Fan, Rui Huang, Shi-Cai Ye, Cai-Yuan Yu, Wei-Yun Wu, Yu Zhou, Wei Zhou, Young-Ha Lee, Juan-Hua Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(4): 325. CrossRef

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Isolation and Characterization of Vaccine Candidate Genes Including CSP and MSP1 in Plasmodium yoelii: Seon-Hee Kim, Young-An Bae, Ju-Young Seoh, Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):255-265.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.255

Malaria is an infectious disease affecting humans, which is transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes harboring sporozoites of parasitic protozoans belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Despite past achievements to control the protozoan disease, malaria still remains a significant health threat up to now. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-unit Plasmodium yoelii genes encoding merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), circumsporozoite protein (CSP), and Duffy-binding protein (DBP), each of which can be applied for investigations to obtain potent protective vaccines in the rodent malaria model, due to their specific expression patterns during the parasite life cycle. Recombinant fragments corresponding to the middle and C-terminal regions of PyMSP1 and PyCSP, respectively, displayed strong reactivity against P. yoelii-infected mice sera. Specific native antigens invoking strong humoral immune response during the primary and secondary infections of P. yoelii were also abundantly detected in experimental ICR mice. The low or negligible parasitemia observed in the secondary infected mice was likely to result from the neutralizing action of the protective antibodies. Identification of these antigenic proteins might provide the necessary information and means to characterize additional vaccine candidate antigens, selected solely on their ability to produce the protective antibodies.

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Dynamic Patterns of Systemic Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Associated Factors in Experimental Caprine Coccidiosis: Shabnam Tadayon, Seyed Mostafa Razavi, Saeed Nazifi; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):719-724.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.719

Abstract
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The present study was designed to assess the dynamic patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, acute phase protein (α1-acid-glycoprotein, AGP), and an inflammation associated factor (adenosine deaminase; ADA) following experimental caprine coccidiosis. Ten kids aging from 2 to 4 months were infected orally with 5×10⁴ sporulated oocysts and 10 animals served as controls. Blood samples were collected in both groups before infection and at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post-infection (PI), and the levels of above-mentioned factors were measured. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, AGP, and ADA activities were significantly higher in infected animals from day 7 PI (P<0.05). In conclusion, the circulatory levels of most systemic inflammatory markers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6), AGP, and ADA increased significantly starting from day 3 to day 7 PI in caprine coccidiosis.

Citations

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Isolation of a Novel Caprine Eimeria christenseni Strain (GC) in Canary Islands and Analysis of Parasitological, Clinical, and Pathological Findings on Experimentally Infected Goat Kids
Emilio Barba, José Manuel Molina, Francisco Rodríguez, Otilia Ferrer, María Carmen Muñoz, Liliana M. R. Silva, María Cristina Del Río, José Adrián Molina, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla, Antonio Ruiz
Animals.2025; 15(2): 139. CrossRef
Acute phase response and oxidative stress in coccidiosis: A review in domestic animals
Seyed Mostafa Razavi, Mohammad Sajjad Soltan, Kiarash Abbasian, Ali Karami, Saeed Nazifi
Veterinary Parasitology.2024; 331: 110286. CrossRef
The role of genetics in determining resistance to coccidiosis in goats a review of current research and future directions
Tejswini Sontakke, Ashwini Biradar, Dinesh Nalage
Molecular Biology Reports.2023; 50(7): 6171. CrossRef
Effects of riboflavin and Bacillus subtilis on internal organ development and intestinal health of Ross 708 male broilers with or without coccidial challenge
Sabin Poudel, Li Zhang, George T. Tabler, Jun Lin, Wei Zhai
Poultry Science.2021; 100(4): 100973. CrossRef
Oxidative stress linked to changes of cholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities in experimentally infected chicken chicks with Eimeria spp
Luiz Gustavo Griss, Gabriela M. Galli, Mateus Fracasso, Anielen D. Silva, Bruno Fortuoso, Maria Rosa C. Schetinger, Vera M. Morch, Marcel M. Boiago, Anderson Gris, Ricardo E. Mendes, Matheus D. Baldissera, Lenita M. Stefani, Aleksandro S. da Silva
Parasitology International.2019; 71: 11. CrossRef

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A Novel Recombinant BCG Vaccine Encoding Eimeria tenella Rhomboid and Chicken IL-2 Induces Protective Immunity Against Coccidiosis: Qiuyue Wang, Lifeng Chen, Jianhua Li, Jun Zheng, Ning Cai, Pengtao Gong, Shuhong Li, He Li, Xichen Zhang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):251-256.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.251

Abstract
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A novel recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) vaccine co-expressed Eimeria tenella rhomboid and cytokine chicken IL-2 (chIL-2) was constructed, and its efficacy against E. tenella challenge was observed. The rhomboid gene of E. tenella and chIL-2 gene were subcloned into integrative expression vector pMV361, producing vaccines rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2. Animal experiment via intranasal and subcutaneous route in chickens was carried out to evaluate the immune efficacy of the vaccines. The results indicated that these rBCG vaccines could obviously alleviate cacal lesions and oocyst output. Intranasal immunization with pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 elicited better protective immunity against E. tenella than subcutaneous immunization. Splenocytes from chickens immunized with either rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 had increased CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell production. Our data indicate recombinant BCG is able to impart partial protection against E. tenella challenge and co-expression of cytokine with antigen was an effective strategy to improve vaccine immunity.

Citations

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Alternatives to antibiotics against coccidiosis for poultry production: the relationship between immunity and coccidiosis management – a comprehensive review
Mohamed T. El-Saadony, Heba M. Salem, Marwa M. Attia, Nahed Yehia, Ahmed H. Abdelkader, Sara Abdel Mawgod, Nesma Mohamed Kamel, Samar Sami Alkafaas, Muslimah N. Alsulami, Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed, Dina Mostafa Mohammed, Ahmed M. Saad, Walid F.A. Mosa, Shaaban S.
Annals of Animal Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Innovative prevention and control of coccidiosis: targeting sporogony for new control agent development
Dan Zhao, Jingxia Suo, Lin Liang, Ruiying Liang, Rongqiong Zhou, Jiabo Ding, Xianyong Liu, Xun Suo, Sixin Zhang, Xinming Tang
Poultry Science.2024; 103(12): 104246. CrossRef
Protective efficacy induced by Eimeria maxima rhomboid-like protein 1 against homologous infection
Mingyue Wang, Di Tian, Lixin Xu, Mingmin Lu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiangrui Li, Xiaokai Song
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Protective Efficacy Induced by the Common Eimeria Antigen Elongation Factor 2 against Challenge with Three Eimeria Species in Chickens
Yuxuan Mi, Wenxi Ding, Lixin Xu, Mingmin Lu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiangrui Li, Xiaokai Song
Vaccines.2023; 12(1): 18. CrossRef
Vaccination Against Poultry Parasites
Ruediger Hauck, Kenneth S. Macklin
Avian Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Coccidiosis: Recent Progress in Host Immunity and Alternatives to Antibiotic Strategies
Youngsub Lee, Mingmin Lu, Hyun S. Lillehoj
Vaccines.2022; 10(2): 215. CrossRef
A multiepitope vaccine encoding four Eimeria epitopes with PLGA nanospheres: a novel vaccine candidate against coccidiosis in laying chickens
ZhengQing Yu, SiYing Chen, JianMei Huang, WenXi Ding, YuFeng Chen, JunZhi Su, RuoFeng Yan, LiXin Xu, XiaoKai Song, XiangRui Li
Veterinary Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Protective efficacy of new-generation anticoccidial vaccine candidates against Eimeria infection in chickens: A meta-analysis of challenge trials
Thanakarn Nasri, Somboon Sangmaneedet, Nguyen Hoai Nam, Kanlaya Worawong, Weerapol Taweenan, Peerapol Sukon
Veterinary Parasitology.2022; 306: 109724. CrossRef
BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents
Wenping Gong, Yingqing Mao, Yuexi Li, Yong Qi
International Immunopharmacology.2022; 108: 108870. CrossRef
Vaccines against chicken coccidiosis with particular reference to previous decade: progress, challenges, and opportunities
Tean Zaheer, Rao Zahid Abbas, Muhammad Imran, Asghar Abbas, Ali Butt, Sarfraz Aslam, Jameel Ahmad
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(10): 2749. CrossRef
Protective effects of a food-grade recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum with surface displayed AMA1 and EtMIC2 proteins of Eimeria tenella in broiler chickens
Qiong Liu, Yanlong Jiang, Wentao Yang, Yongshi Liu, Chunwei Shi, Jing Liu, Xing Gao, Haibin Huang, Tianming Niu, Guilian Yang, Chunfeng Wang
Microbial Cell Factories.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant Lactococcus lactis co-expressing dendritic cell target peptide and E. tenella 3-1E protein: immune response and efficacy against homologous challenge
Guanghao Li, Chunli Ma, Dian Wang, Wenjing Chen, Dexing Ma
Food and Agricultural Immunology.2020; 31(1): 379. CrossRef
Immune response and protective efficacy of recombinant Enterococcus faecalis displaying dendritic cell–targeting peptide fused with Eimeria tenella 3-1E protein
Wenjing Chen, Chunli Ma, Dian Wang, Guanghao Li, Dexing Ma
Poultry Science.2020; 99(6): 2967. CrossRef
Mucosal Delivery of a Self-destructing Salmonella-Based Vaccine Inducing Immunity Against Eimeria
Wei Kong, Xiao Wang, Emilia Fields, Blessing Okon, Mark C. Jenkins, Gary Wilkins, Matthew Brovold, Tiana Golding, Amanda Gonzales, Greg Golden, Josephine Clark-Curtiss, Roy Curtiss
Avian Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
A review of Eimeria antigen identification for the development of novel anticoccidial vaccines
J. Venkatas, M. A. Adeleke
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(6): 1701. CrossRef
Co-immunization with two recombinant Eimeria tenella lines expressing immunoprotective antigens of E. maxima elicits enhanced protection against E. maxima infection
Xinming Tang, Chaoyue Wang, Lin Liang, Dandan Hu, Sixin Zhang, Chunhui Duan, Jingxia Suo, Xianyong Liu, Xun Suo, Shangjin Cui
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Four Cysteine Residues Contribute to Homodimerization of Chicken Interleukin-2
Chen Deng, Hailiang Tan, Hongda Zhou, Mengyun Wang, Yan Lü, Jiacui Xu, Huanmin Zhang, Limei Han, Yongxing Ai
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2019; 20(22): 5744. CrossRef
Recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing Eimeria tenella AMA1 protein and its immunological effects against homologous challenge
Jian Li, Fen Wang, Chunli Ma, Yuchen Huang, Dian Wang, Dexing Ma
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 191: 1. CrossRef
Construction of Lactococcus lactis expressing secreted and anchored Eimeria tenella 3-1E protein and comparison of protective immunity against homologous challenge
Chunli Ma, Lili Zhang, Mingyang Gao, Dexing Ma
Experimental Parasitology.2017; 178: 14. CrossRef
Recombinant anticoccidial vaccines - a cup half full?
Damer P. Blake, Iván Pastor-Fernández, Matthew J. Nolan, Fiona M. Tomley
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2017; 55: 358. CrossRef
Selecting Eimeria tenella-resistance markers by comparing resistant and susceptible groups of Jinghai Yellow chickens
Jingjing ZHANG, Yuxin LIN, Guojun DAI, Tingting AN, Mingming SUN, Genxi ZHANG, Kaizhou XIE, Jingyu WANG
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Effect of Diclazuril on the Bursa of Fabricius Morphology and SIgA Expression in Chickens Infected with <i>Eimeria tenella</i>
Bian-hua Zhou, Li-li Liu, Jeffrey Liu, Fu-wei Yuan, Er-jie Tian, Hong-wei Wang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(6): 675. CrossRef

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Mucosal Immune Responses of Mice Experimentally Infected with Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae): Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Jin Park, Jae-Hwan Park, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):27-33.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.27

Abstract
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Mucosal immune responses against Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) infection were studied in ICR mice. Experimental groups consisted of group 1 (uninfected controls), group 2 (infection with 200 metacercariae), and group 3 (immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol and infection with 200 metacercariae). Worms were recovered in the small intestine at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-infection (PI). Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), mast cells, and goblet cells were counted in intestinal tissue sections stained with Giemsa, astra-blue, and periodic acid-Schiff, respectively. Mucosal IgA levels were measured by ELISA. Expulsion of P. summa from the mouse intestine began to occur from days 3-5 PI which sustained until day 7 PI. The worm expulsion was positively correlated with proliferation of IEL, mast cells, goblet cells, and increase of IgA, although in the case of mast cells significant increase was seen only at day 7 PI. Immunosuppression suppressed all these immune effectors and inhibited worm reduction in the intestine until day 7 PI. The results suggested that various immune effectors which include IEL, goblet cells, mast cells, and IgA play roles in regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity of ICR mice against P. summa infection.

Citations

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Anthelmintic potential of sulphonamides and Cucurbita pepo seeds extract on Heterophyes heterophyes experimentally infected mice
Dalia S. Ashour, Fetouh A. Deyab, Kamal F. Eliwa, Samy I. El-Kowrany
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2023; 47(4): 697. CrossRef
Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil
Luciana M. Oliveira, Yvanna L. D. C. Oliveira, Yrna L. M. Oliveira, Anne Caroline S. Ramos, Gabriela F. Andrade, Vitor L. Sá, Ricardo M. Geraldi, Carina S. Pinheiro, Lilian L. Bueno, Ricardo T. Fujiwara, Silvio S. Dolabella
Parasite Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of IgA in gastrointestinal helminthiasis: A systematic review
Anne C.S. Ramos, Luciana M. Oliveira, Yvanna L.D.C.O. Santos, Marlon C.S. Dantas, Cristiani I.B. Walker, Ana M.C. Faria, Lílian L. Bueno, Silvio S. Dolabella, Ricardo T. Fujiwara
Immunology Letters.2022; 249: 12. CrossRef
Haplorchis pumilio (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) as a new fish-borne zoonotic agent transmitted by Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae) in Brazil: A morphological and molecular study
André S. Lopes, Eduardo A. Pulido-Murillo, Alan L. Melo, Hudson A. Pinto
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104495. CrossRef
Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2017; 8-9: 33. CrossRef
Pygidiopsis cambodiensis n. sp. (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from experimental hamsters infected with metacercariae in mullets from Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Deok-Gyu Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(1): 123. CrossRef
Experimental centrocestiasis: Worm burden, morphology and fecundity of Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in dexamethasone immunosuppressed mice
Hudson Alves Pinto, Vitor Luís Tenório Mati, Alan Lane de Melo
Parasitology International.2015; 64(5): 236. CrossRef

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Modulation of Antibody Responses against Gnathostoma spinigerum in Mice Immunized with Crude Antigen Formulated in CpG Oligonucleotide and Montanide ISA720: Pewpan M. Intapan, Chakrit Hirunpetcharat, Churairat Kularbkaew, Wiboonchai Yutanawiboonchai, Penchom Janwan, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):637-644.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.637

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate the antibody responses in mice immunized with Gnathostoma spinigerum crude antigen (GsAg) incorporated with the combined adjuvant, a synthetic oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG ODN 1826) and a stable water in oil emulsion (Montanide ISA720). Mice immunized with GsAg and combined adjuvant produced all antibody classes and subclasses to GsAg except IgA. IgG2a/2b/3 but not IgG1 subclasses were enhanced by immunization with CpG ODN 1826 when compared with the control groups immunized with non-CpG ODN and Montanide ISA or only with Montanide ISA, suggesting a biased induction of a Th1-type response by CpG ODN. After challenge infection with live G. spinigerum larvae, the levels of IgG2a/2b/3 antibody subclasses decreased immediately and continuously, while the IgG1 subclass remained at high levels. This also corresponded to a continuous decrease of the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio after infection. Only IgM and IgG1 antibodies, but not IgG2a/2b/3, were significantly produced in adjuvant control groups after infection. These findings suggest that G. spinigerum infection potently induces a Th2-type biased response.

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Evaluation of immunodiagnostic tests for human gnathostomiasis using different antigen preparations of Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae against IgE, IgM, IgG, IgG1‐4 and IgG1 patterns of post‐treated patients
Issariya Ieamsuwan, Dorn Watthanakulpanich, Urai Chaisri, Poom Adisakwattana, Paron Dekumyoy
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2021; 26(12): 1634. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Generation and Immunity Testing of a Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing NcSRS2-NcGRA7 Fusion Protein of Bovine Neospora caninum: Li-Jun Jia, Shou-Fa Zhang, Nian-Chao Qian, Xue-Nan Xuan, Long-Zheng Yu, Xue-Mei Zhang, Ming-Ming Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):247-253.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.247

Abstract
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Neospora caninum is the etiologic agent of bovine neosporosis, which affects the reproductive performance of cattle worldwide. The transmembrane protein, NcSRS2, and dense-granule protein, NcGRA7, were identified as protective antigens based on their ability to induce significant protective immune responses in murine neosporosis models. In the current study, NcSRS2 and NcGRA7 genes were spliced by overlap-extension PCR in a recombinant adenovirus termed Ad5-NcSRS2-NcGRA 7, expressing the NcSRS2-NcGRA7 gene, and the efficacy was evaluated in mice. The results showed that the titer of the recombinant adenovirus was 10⁹TCID₅₀/ml. Three weeks post-boost immunization (w.p.b.i.), the IgG antibody titer in sera was as high as 1:4,096. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were significantly different from the control group (P<0.01). This research established a solid foundation for the development of a recombinant adenovirus vaccine against bovine N. caninum.

Citations

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Protective efficacy of the NcGRA7-deficient parasite as a live attenuated vaccine against Neospora caninum infection in mice
Ahmed M ABDOU, Yoshifumi NISHIKAWA
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2025; 87(5): 472. CrossRef
Establishment and characterization of an immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cell line
Sudan Meng, Y uexin Wang, Shuai Wang, Weifeng Qian, Qi Shao, Mengying Dou, Shujuan Zhao, Jianguo Wang, Mengyun Li, Yongsheng An, Lei He, Cai Zhang
Journal of Animal Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and associated risk factors of Neospora caninum infection among cattle in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhu Ying, Zi-Fu Zhu, Xu Yang, Jing Liu, Qun Liu
Preventive Veterinary Medicine.2022; 201: 105593. CrossRef
Penton-dodecahedron of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 as a vaccine candidate for the control of related diseases
Xinglong Wang, Qiuxia Tang, Li Qiu, Zengqi Yang
Vaccine.2019; 37(6): 839. CrossRef
Identification of the antigenic region of Neospora caninum dense granule protein 7 using ELISA
Hanan H. Abdelbaky, Ragab M. Fereig, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
Parasitology International.2018; 67(6): 675. CrossRef
Approaches for the vaccination and treatment ofNeospora caninuminfections in mice and ruminant models
ANDREW HEMPHILL, ADRIANA AGUADO-MARTÍNEZ, JOACHIM MÜLLER
Parasitology.2016; 143(3): 245. CrossRef

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Original Article

The Route of Leishmania tropica Infection Determines Disease Outcome and Protection against Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice: Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Ghader Khalili, Firoozeh Abrishami, Ali Najafy, Vahid Khaze; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):69-74.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.69

Abstract
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Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. Routes of infection have been reported to be an important variable for some species of Leishmania parasites. The role of this variable is not clear for L. tropica infection. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of route of L. tropica infection on the disease outcome and immunologic parameters in BALB/c mice. Two routes were used; subcutaneous in the footpad and intradermal in the ear. Mice were challenged by Leishmani major, after establishment of the L. tropica infection, to evaluate the level of protective immunity. Immune responses were assayed at week 1 and week 4 after challenge. The subcutaneous route in the footpad in comparison to the intradermal route in the ear induced significantly more protective immunity against L. major challenge, including higher delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, more rapid lesion resolution, lower parasite loads, and lower levels of IL-10. Our data showed that the route of infection in BALB/c model of L. tropica infection is an important variable and should be considered in developing an appropriate experimental model for L. tropica infections.

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Shima Nahidi, Elham Gholami, Yasaman Taslimi, Sima Habibzadeh, Negar Seyed, Elaheh Davarpanah, Alireza Ghanadan, Sima Rafati, Tahereh Taheri
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Vaccination with whole-cell killed or recombinant leishmanial protein and toll-like receptor agonists against Leishmania tropica in BALB/c mice
Mosayeb Rostamian, Fariborz Bahrami, Hamid M. Niknam, Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(9): e0204491. CrossRef
Route of Infection Affects Pathogenicity of Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice
Ehsan Sarreshteh, Mosayeb Rostamian, Mahsa Tat Asadi, Firoozeh Abrishami, Ali Najafi, Maryam Abolghazi, Hamid Mahmoudzadeh Niknam
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V. T. Martins, D. P. Lage, M. C. Duarte, L. E. Costa, M. A. Chávez‐Fumagalli, B. M. Roatt, D. Menezes‐Souza, C. A. P. Tavares, E. A. F. Coelho
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Brief Communication

Increased Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Levels in Serum of Dogs Experimentally Infected with Rangelia vitalii: Francine C. Paim, Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Carlos Breno V. Paim, Raqueli T. Fran?a, M?rcio M. Costa, Marta M. M. F. Duarte, Manuela B. Sangoi, Rafael N. Moresco, Silvia G. Monteiro, Sonia Terezinha A. Lopes; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):133-137.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.133

Abstract
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This study aimed to measure the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitrite/nitrate (NO_x) in serum of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. Twelve female mongrel dogs were divided into 2 groups; group A (uninfected controls) composed by healthy dogs (n=5) and group B consisting of dogs inoculated with R. vitalii (n=7). Animals were monitored by blood smear examinations, which showed intraerythrocytic forms of the parasite on day 5 post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein on days 0, 10, and 20 PI to determine the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and NO_x. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA quantitative sandwich technique, and NO_x was measured by the modified Griess method. Cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) were increased (P<0.01) in serum of infected animals. Serum levels of NO_x were also increased on days 10 PI (P<0.01) and 20 PI (P<0.05) in infected animals. Therefore, the infection with R. vitalii causes an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide content. These alterations may be associated with host immune protection against the parasite.

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Luis Álvarez, Pablo-Jesús Marín-García, Pilar Rentero-Garrido, Lola Llobat
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Disease severity and blood cytokine concentrations in dogs with natural Babesia rossi infection
Andrew Leisewitz, Amelia Goddard, Jill De Gier, Jessica Van Engelshoven, Sarah Clift, Peter Thompson, Johan P. Schoeman
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Cytokine Concentrations Measured by Multiplex Assays in Canine Peripheral Blood Samples
Kristen R. Richter, Amirah N. Nasr, Angela M. Mexas
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Martina Crnogaj, José Joaquin Cerón, Iva Šmit, Ivana Kiš, Jelena Gotić, Mirna Brkljačić, Vesna Matijatko, Camila Peres Rubio, Nada Kučer, Vladimir Mrljak
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Serum biochemistry profile, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and cardiovascular findings in obese dogs
Diego Piantedosi, Antonio Di Loria, Jacopo Guccione, Angela De Rosa, Silvia Fabbri, Laura Cortese, Sergio Carta, Paolo Ciaramella
The Veterinary Journal.2016; 216: 72. CrossRef
Excessive Pro-Inflammatory Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Virulent Canine Babesiosis
Amelia Goddard, Andrew L. Leisewitz, Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen, Annemarie T. Kristensen, Johan P. Schoeman, Michelle L. Baker
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(3): e0150113. CrossRef
Canine rangeliosis due to Rangelia vitalii: From first report in Brazil in 1910 to current day – A review
Raqueli T. França, Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Alexandre P. Loretti, Cinthia M. Mazzanti, Sonia T.A. Lopes
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2014; 5(5): 466. CrossRef
Increased concentration of serum TNF alpha and its correlations with arterial blood pressure and indices of renal damage in dogs infected with Babesia canis
Wojciech Zygner, Olga Gójska-Zygner, Piotr Bąska, Ewa Długosz
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Veterinary Microbiology.2013; 164(3-4): 366. CrossRef

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Original Article

Fasciola gigantica Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP) as a Prophylactic Agent against Schistosoma mansoni Infection in CD1 Mice: Ibrahim Rabia Aly, M. Diab, A. M. El-Amir, M. Hendawy, S. Kadry; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):37-43.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.37

Abstract
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Although schistosomicidal drugs and other control measures exist, the advent of an efficacious vaccine remains the most potentially powerful means for controlling this disease. In this study, native fatty acid binding protein (FABP) from Fasciola gigantica was purified from the adult worm's crude extract by saturation with ammonium sulphate followed by separation on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration using Sephacryl HR-100, respectively. CD1 mice were immunized with the purified, native F. gigantica FABP in Freund's adjuvant and challenged subcutaneously with 120 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Immunization of CD1 mice with F. gigantica FABP has induced heterologous protection against S. mansoni, evidenced by the significant reduction in mean worm burden (72.3%), liver and intestinal egg counts (81.3% and 80.8%, respectively), and hepatic granuloma counts (42%). Also, it elicited mixed IgG₁/IgG_2b immune responses with predominant IgG1 isotype, suggesting that native F. gigantica FABP is mediated by a mixed Th1/Th2 response. However, it failed to induce any significant differences in the oogram pattern or in the mean granuloma diameter. This indicated that native F. gigantica FABP could be a promising vaccine candidate against S. mansoni infection.

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Investigating the Taenia solium Fatty Acid Binding Protein Superfamily for Their Immunological Outlook and Prospect for Therapeutic Targets
Suraj S. Rawat, Gagandeep Singh, Amit Prasad
ACS Omega.2024; 9(21): 22557. CrossRef
Potential Utility of Systemic Plasma Biomarkers for Evaluation of Pediatric Schistosomiasis in Western Kenya
Bartholomew N. Ondigo, Rachael E. Hamilton, Edwin O. Magomere, Isaac O. Onkanga, Pauline N. Mwinzi, Maurice R. Odiere, Lisa Ganley-Leal
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of regulatory T cells on the efficacy of the fatty acid-binding protein vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum
Chun-lian Tang, Rong-hui Zhang, Zhi-ming Liu, Huang Jin, Long He
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(2): 559. CrossRef
Protection against Schistosoma mansoni infection using a Fasciola hepatica-derived fatty acid binding protein from different delivery systems
Belén Vicente, Julio López-Abán, Jose Rojas-Caraballo, Esther del Olmo, Pedro Fernández-Soto, Antonio Muro
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Schistosomiasis in Egypt: A never-ending story?
Ahmad A. Othman, Rasha H. Soliman
Acta Tropica.2015; 148: 179. CrossRef
Development of the Brazilian Anti Schistosomiasis Vaccine Based on the Recombinant Fatty Acid Binding Protein Sm14 Plus GLA-SE Adjuvant
Miriam Tendler, Marilia Almeida, Andrew Simpson
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Gagan Garg, Dolores Bernal, Maria Trelis, Javier Forment, Javier Ortiz, M. Luz Valero, Laia Pedrola, Juan Martinez-Blanch, J. Guillermo Esteban, Shoba Ranganathan, Rafael Toledo, Antonio Marcilla
Journal of Proteomics.2013; 89: 202. CrossRef
Molecular characterization, functional expression, tissue localization and protective potential of a Taenia solium fatty acid-binding protein
Oscar Illescas, Julio C. Carrero, Raúl J. Bobes, Ana Flisser, Gabriela Rosas, Juan P. Laclette
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2012; 186(2): 117. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses: Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):303-308.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.303

Abstract
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This study investigated whether elevated host immune capacity can inhibit T. gondii infection. For this purpose, we used silk protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons as a natural supplement to augment immune capacity. After silk protein administration to BALB/c mice for 6 weeks, ratios of T lymphocytes (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) and splenocyte proliferative capacities in response to Con A or T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) were increased. Of various cytokines, which regulate immune systems, Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12, were obviously increased in splenocyte primary cell cultures. Furthermore, the survival of T. gondii (RH strain)-infected mice increased from 2 days to 5 or more days. In a state of immunosuppression induced by methylprednisolone acetate, silk protein-administered mice were resistant to reduction in T-lymphocyte (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) numbers and the splenocyte proliferative capacity induced by Con A or TLA with a statistical significance. Taken together, our results suggest that silk protein augments immune capacity in mice and the increased cellular immunity by silk protein administration increases host protection against acute T. gondii infection.

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Chainarong Tocharus, Virakboth Prum, Manote Sutheerawattananonda
Foods.2024; 13(21): 3505. CrossRef
Low dose administration of mature silkworm powder induces gastric mucosal defense factors in ethanol-induced gastric injury rat model
Da-Young Lee, Moon-Young Song, Kyung-Sook Hong, Sun-Mi Yun, Young-Min Han, Eun-Hee Kim
Food Science and Biotechnology.2023; 32(11): 1551. CrossRef
Dietary administration of silk microparticles improves the epidermal and dermal regeneration after a skin wounding in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)
Nora Albaladejo-Riad, Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz, M. Ángeles Esteban
Fish & Shellfish Immunology.2022; 124: 92. CrossRef
The effect of silk peptide on immune system, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Jin-Taek Hwang, Jung Min Cho, In Hye Jeong, Jeong-yong Lee, Ki-Chan Ha, Hyang-Im Baek, Hye Jeong Yang, Min Jung Kim, Jong Ho Lee
Journal of Functional Foods.2019; 55: 275. CrossRef
Silk peptide treatment potentiates natural killer cell activity in vitro and induces natural killer cell maturation and activation in mouse splenocytes
Sun-Hee Jang, Mi-Sun Oh, Hyang-Im Baek, Ki-Chan Ha, Jeong-Yong Lee, Yong-Suk Jang
Pharmaceutical Biology.2019; 57(1): 369. CrossRef
Oral Administration of Silk Peptide Enhances the Maturation and Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells
Sun-Hee Jang, Mi-Sun Oh, Hyang-Im Baek, Ki-Chan Ha, Jeong-Yong Lee, Yong-Suk Jang
Immune Network.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Charles B. Chesson, Shaunte Ekpo-Otu, Janice J. Endsley, Jai S. Rudra
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering.2017; 3(2): 126. CrossRef
STAT6 Expression and IL-13 Production in Association with Goblet Cell Hyperplasia and Worm Expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from C57BL/6 Mice
Jin-Joo Lee, Donghee Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Min-Ki Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 589. CrossRef

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Suppression of CD4⁺ T-Cells in the Spleen of Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 Tachyzoites: Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Seung-Young Yu, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):325-329.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.325

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii KI-1, a recent new isolate from Korea, shows similar pathogenicity and infectivity to mice compared to the virulent RH strain. To understand characteristics of host immunity, including immune enhancement or suppression, we investigated proliferative responses and phenotypes of spleen cells. In addition, kinetics of IFN-γ, a Th1 cytokine, was examined in BALB/c mice up to day 6 post-infection (PI). Intraperitoneal injection of mice with 10³ KI-1 tachyzoites induced significant decreases (P < 0.05) in proliferative responses of spleen cells. This occurred at days 2-6 PI even when concanavalin A (con A) was added and when stimulated with KI-1 antigen, suggesting suppression of the immunity. CD4⁺ T-cells decreased markedly at day 2 PI (P < 0.05), whereas CD8⁺ T-cells, NK cells, and macrophages did not show significant changes, except a slight, but significant, increase of CD8⁺ T-cells at day 6 PI. The capacity of splenocytes to produce IFN-γ by con A stimulation dropped significantly at days 2-6 PI. These results demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of KI-1 tachyzoites can induce immunosuppression during the early stage of infection, as revealed by the decrease of CD4⁺ T-cells and IFN-γ.

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Chanjin Yoon, Yu Seong Ham, Woo Jin Gil, Chul-Su Yang
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The effects of toxoplasmosis on sex ratio at birth
Jaroslav Flegr, Šárka Kaňková
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Triggered Trophoblast Apoptosis Is Initiated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Activation of Caspase-12, CHOP, and the JNK Pathway in Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice
Xiucai Xu, Tingting Liu, Aimei Zhang, Xingxing Huo, Qingli Luo, Zhaowu Chen, Li Yu, Qing Li, Lili Liu, Zhao-rong Lun, Jilong Shen, J. H. Adams
Infection and Immunity.2012; 80(6): 2121. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Lambs Infected with UV-Attenuated Sporocysts of Sarcocystis ovicanis Produced Abnormal Sarcocysts and Induced Protective Immunity against a Challenge Infection: Abdel-Azeem Abdel-Baki, Gamal Allam, Thabet Sakran, El-Mahy El-Malah; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):131-138.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.131

Abstract
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The present study surveyed the prevalence of natural infection of the sheep esphagus muscle with sarcocysts of Sarcocystis ovicanis and examined induction of protective immunity using UV-attenuated sporocysts. The overall prevalence of natural infection of the sheep was 95%. Infectivity of the collected sarcocysts was confirmed by shedding of sporulated oocysts after feeding infected esophageal tissues to dogs. To induce protective immunity, lambs were immunized 3 times (once a week) with 1.5 × 10⁴ sporocysts exposed to UV-light for 30 min (UV-30 group) or 60 (UV-60 group) min and then challenged with 1.5 × 10⁴ normal sporocysts at the 3rd week post the 1st vaccination. These lambs showed high survival and less clinical signs of sarcocystosis than normal infected lambs. The attenuated sporocysts produced abnormal cysts; small in size and detached from the muscle fiber. These abnormalities were more obvious in UV-60 group than UV-30 group. Also, the IFN-γ level and lymphocyte percentage were increased while the total leukocyte count was decreased in the UV-60 group compared with other groups. The high level of IFN-γ may be an evidence for the induction of Th1 responses which may have protective effect against a challenge infection.

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Investigation into the potential of using UV-treated sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella as a local solution to immunization of chickens against caecal coccidiosis
Samir Djemai, Abdeslam Mekroud, Geoff Hide, Daoudi Khelifi, Inès Bellil
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2023; 47(2): 238. CrossRef
Morphometric Study of Microscopic Cysts of Sarcocystis Sp. in Sheep Carcasses
As. Dahmani, M. Aissi, S. Zenia, K. Harhoura, R. Kadour, A. Saadi
Folia Veterinaria.2020; 64(3): 38. CrossRef
An update on sarcocystosis in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Muhammad A. Saeed, Jane L. Vaughan, Abdul Jabbar
Parasitology.2018; 145(11): 1367. CrossRef
Immunoprotective responses against murine sarcocystosis by β - Irradiated sporocysts
Mahmoud Abdel-Latif, Thabet Sakran, Heba M. Abdel-Haleem, Mostafa F. Eissa, Shrouk E. Al-Sayed
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 191: 73. CrossRef

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Role of murine Peyer's patch lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with Cryptosporidium parvum: Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):175-180.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.175

Abstract
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In order to determine the role of Peyer's patch lymphocytes (PPL) in self-clearing of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in murine models, changes in PPL subsets, their cytokine expression, and in vitro IgG1 and IgA secretions by PPL were observed in primary- and challenge-infected C57BL/6 mice. In primary-infected mice, the percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, sIgA+ B cells, IL-2+ T cells, and IFN-γ+ T cells among the PPL, increased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 10 post-infection (PI). Secretion of IgG1 and IgA in vitro by PPL also increased on day 10 PI. However, all these responses, with the exception of IgG1 and IgA secretions, decreased in challenge-infected mice on day 7 post-challenge (= day 13 PI); their IgG1 and IgA levels were higher (P > 0.05) than those in primary-infected mice. The results suggest that murine PPL play an important role in self-clearing of primary C. parvum infections through proliferation of CD4+, CD8+, IL-2+, and IFN-γ+ T cells, and IgG1 and IgA-secreting B cells. In challenge infections, the role of T cells is reduced whereas that of B cells secreting IgA appeared to be continuously important.

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Miguel L. Grilo, L?dia Gomes, Peter Wohlsein, Lu?s Madeira de Carvalho, Ursula Siebert, Kristina Lehnert
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Tesfaye Sisay Tessema, Bettina Schwamb, Matthias Lochner, Irmgard Förster, Vera Jakobi, Franz Petry
Immunobiology.2009; 214(6): 454. CrossRef

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Immunization effect of recombinant P27/30 protein expressed in Escherichia coli against the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in rabbits: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):195-200.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.195

Abstract
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We investigated the induction of resistance to Haemaphysalis longicornis infestation in rabbits that had been immunized with recombinant H. longicornis P27/30 protein. The success of immunological control methods is dependent upon the use of potential key antigens as tick vaccine candidates. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding 27 kDa and 30 kDa proteins (P27/30) of H. longicornis, and identified P27/30 as a troponin I-like protein. In this study, rabbits that were immunized with recombinant P27/30 expressed in Escherichia coli showed the statistically significant longer feeding duration for larval and adult ticks (P<0.05), low engorgement rates in larval ticks (64.4%), and an apparent reduction in egg weights, which suggest that H. longicornis P27/30 protein is a potential candidate antigen for a tick vaccine. These results demonstrated that the recombinant P27/30 protein might be a useful vaccine candidate antigen for biological control of H. longicornis.

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Mucosal immunity against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes: Denis Nnabuike Onah, Yukifumi Nawa; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):209-236.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.209

Abstract
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The last two decades witnessed significant advances in the efforts of immunoparasitologists to elucidate the nature and role of the host mucosal defence mechanisms against intestinal nematode parasites. Aided by recent advances in basic immunology and biotechnology with the concomitant development of well defined laboratory models of infection, immunoparasitologists have more precisely analyzed and defined the different immune effector mechanisms during the infection; resulting in great improvement in our current knowledge and understanding of protective immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites. Much of this current understanding comes from experimental studies in laboratory rodents, which have been used as models of livestock and human GI nematode infections. These rodent studies, which have concentrated on Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti/S. venezuelensis, Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris infections in mice and rats, have helped in defining the types of T cell responses that regulate effector mechanisms and the effector mechanisms responsible for worm expulsion. In addition, these studies bear indications that traditionally accepted mechanisms of resistance such as eosinophilia and IgE responses may not play as important roles in protection as were previously conceived. In this review, we shall, from these rodent studies, attempt an overview of the mucosal and other effector responses against intestinal nematode parasites beginning with the indices of immune protection as a model of the protective immune responses that may occur in animals and man.

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