Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Jae-Sook Ryu"

Mini Review

Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):2-14.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22160

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. T. vaginalis infection is asymptomatic in most infected men but can lead to chronic infection. The inflammatory response to chronic T. vaginalis infection may contribute to prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); however, studies on the relationship between T. vaginalis infection and prostate diseases are scarce. In this review, we discuss evidence from our studies on the involvement of T. vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis and BPH. Studies of prostatitis have demonstrated that the attachment of T. vaginalis trophozoite to prostate epithelial cells (PECs) induces inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell migration, leading to prostatitis. T. vaginalis also causes pathological changes, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar changes, interstitial fibrosis, and mast cell infiltration, in prostate tissues of infected rats. Thus, T. vaginalis is considered an infectious agent that triggers prostatitis. Meanwhile, studies of prostatic hyperplasia revealed that mast cells activated by T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells secreted inflammatory mediators, such as β-hexosaminidase and tryptase, which promoted proliferation of prostate stromal cell (PSC). Moreover, interleukin-6 produced by proliferating PSCs induced the multiplication of BPH-1 epithelial cells as a result of stromal–epithelial interaction, suggesting that the proliferation of T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells can be induced through crosstalk with mast cells. These collective findings suggest that T. vaginalis contributes to the progression of prostatitis and prostatic hyperplasia by creating an inflammatory microenvironment involving PECs and PSCs.

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Immunomodulatory roles of autophagic flux and IFIT in human ectocervical cells upon Trichomonas vaginalis infection
Ching-Chun Liu, Lichieh Julie Chu, Yuan-Ming Yeh, Hsin-Chung Lin, Lih-Chyang Chen, Ching-Yun Huang, Shu-Fang Chiu, Fang-Wen Cheng, Wei-Ning Lin, Kuo-Yang Huang
International Immunopharmacology.2025; 155: 114643. CrossRef
Detection of trichomonads in induced sputum from asthma patients in Korea
Myung-hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Yoon Hee Cho, Hyun Kyung Oh, Jung-Won Park, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 254. CrossRef
Interplay of obesity and parasitic infection: current evidence of immunogenesis, tumorigenesis and leptin receptor involvement
Enas El Saftawy, Mansour Alghamdi, Basma Emad Aboulhoda
Nutrition & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis
Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano, Juan José Nogal-Ruiz
Pathogens.2024; 13(2): 126. CrossRef
Evaluation of the clinical application value of cytokine expression profiles in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer
Rongfa Chen, Linna Liu, Hui Chen, Chao Xing, Tingting Zhang, Yilin Pang, Xunjun Yang
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 270. CrossRef
Dynamin 2-mediated endocytosis of BLT1 is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 281. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Excretory-Secretory Products of Trichomonas vaginalis Cause Apoptosis in Mouse Sperm in Vitro: Jihyun Keum, Jaesook Roh, Jae-Sook Ryu, Ki-Young Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):357-360.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.357

Abstract
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Excretory-secretory products (ESP) of T. vaginalis have been shown to inhibit sperm motility, viability, and functional integrity, leading to a decreased fertilization rate in vitro. This study investigated whether T. vaginalis induce apoptosis and ultrastructural changes of sperm using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Incubation of sperm with T. vaginalis ESP increased phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Transmission electron microscopy of sperm incubated with ESP revealed abnormal features such as distorted heads, broken necks, and acrosomes exocytosis. This is the first report that demonstrates a direct impact of T. vaginalis ESP on sperm apoptosis and architecture in vitro.

Citations

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The possible pathogenic mechanisms of microorganisms in infertility: a narrative review
Zahra Chegini, Amin Khoshbayan, Milad Kashi, Raha Zare Shahraki, Mojtaba Didehdar, Aref Shariati
Archives of Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):557-564.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.557

Abstract
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Macrophages play a key role in chronic inflammation, and are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. We investigated whether an interaction between inflamed prostate cancer cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis and macrophages stimulates the proliferation of the cancer cells. Conditioned medium was prepared from T. vaginalis-infected (TCM) and uninfected (CM) mouse prostate cancer (PCa) cell line (TRAMP-C2 cells). Thereafter conditioned medium was prepared from macrophages (J774A.1 cell line) after incubation with CM (MCM) or TCM (MTCM). When TRAMP-C2 cells were stimulated with T. vaginalis, protein and mRNA levels of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased, and migration of macrophages toward TCM was more extensive than towards CM. Macrophages stimulated with TCM produced higher levels of CCL2, IL-6, TNF-α, their mRNAs than macrophages stimulated with CM. MTCM stimulated the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells as well as the expression of cytokine receptors (CCR2, GP130, CXCR2). Importantly, blocking of each cytokine receptors with anti-cytokine receptor antibody significantly reduced the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells. We conclude that inflammatory mediators released by TRAMP-C2 cells in response to infection by T. vaginalis stimulate the migration and activation of macrophages and the activated macrophages stimulate the proliferation and invasiveness of the TRAMP-C2 cells via cytokine-cytokine receptor binding. Our results therefore suggested that macrophages contribute to the exacerbation of PCa due to inflammation of prostate cancer cells reacted with T. vaginalis.

Citations

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The role of proinflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines (CXCL1–CXCL16) in the progression of prostate cancer: insights on their therapeutic management
Amin Ullah, Wang Jiao, Bairong Shen
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 270. CrossRef
Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection
John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 77. CrossRef

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Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis: Sang-Su Kim, Kyu-Shik Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yong-Suk Kim, Soo-Yeon Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):547-556.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.547

Abstract
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Our
objective
was to investigate whether inflammatory microenvironment induced by Trichomonas vaginalis infection can stimulate proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro and in vivo mouse experiments. The production of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased when cells of the mouse PCa cells (TRAMP-C2 cell line) were infected with live T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis-conditioned medium (TCM) prepared from co-culture of PCa cells and T. vaginalis increased PCa cells migration, proliferation and invasion. The cytokine receptors (CXCR2, CCR2, gp130) were expressed higher on the PCa cells treated with TCM. Pretreatment of PCa cells with antibodies to these cytokine receptors significantly reduced the proliferation, mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells, indicating that TCM has its effect through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling. In C57BL/6 mice, the prostates injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells were larger than those injected with PCa cells alone after 4 weeks. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and cyclin D1 in the prostate tissue injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells increased than those of PCa cells alone. Collectively, it was suggested that inflammatory reactions by T. vaginalis-stimulated PCa cells increase the proliferation and invasion of PCa cells through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling pathways.

Citations

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The role of proinflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines (CXCL1–CXCL16) in the progression of prostate cancer: insights on their therapeutic management
Amin Ullah, Wang Jiao, Bairong Shen
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis excretory secretory proteins reduce semen quality and male fertility
Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection
John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 77. CrossRef
Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 557. CrossRef

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Signaling Role of Adipocyte Leptin in Prostate Cell Proliferation Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis: Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Su-Jin Shin, Sung-Yul Park, Hyo-Yeoung Chung, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):235-249.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.235

Abstract
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Leptin is a type of adipokine mainly produced by adipocytes and reported to be overproduced in prostate cancer. However, it is not known whether it stimulates the proliferation of prostate cells. In this study, we investigated whether benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cells (BPH-1 cells) infected with Trichomonas vaginalis induced the proliferation of prostate cells via a leptin signaling pathway. To investigate the effect of crosstalk between adipocyte leptin and inflamed epithelial cell in proliferation of prostate cells, adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells were incubated in conditioned medium of BPH-1 cells infected with T. vaginalis (T. vaginalis-conditioned medium, TCM), and then the adipocyte-conditioned medium (ATCM) was identified to cause proliferation of prostate cells. BPH-1 cells incubated with live T. vaginalis released pro-inflammatory cytokines, and conditioned medium of these cells caused migration of adipocytes. When prostate stromal cells and BPH-1 cells were incubated with adipocyte conditioned medium containing leptin, their growth rates increased as did expression of the leptin receptor (known as OBR) and signaling molecules such as JAK2/STAT3, Notch and survivin. Moreover, blocking the OBR reduced this proliferation and the expression of leptin signaling molecules in response to ATCM. In conclusion, our findings show that inflamed BPH-1 cells infected with T. vaginalis induce the proliferation of prostate cells through leptin-OBR signaling. Therefore, it is likely that T. vaginalis contributes to prostate enlargement in BPH via adipocyte leptin released as a result of inflammation of the prostate.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Interplay of obesity and parasitic infection: current evidence of immunogenesis, tumorigenesis and leptin receptor involvement
Enas El Saftawy, Mansour Alghamdi, Basma Emad Aboulhoda
Nutrition & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors causing hyperplasia of the prostate
Yuki Kyoda, Kosuke Shibamori, Tetsuya Shindo, Takeshi Maehana, Kohei Hashimoto, Ko Kobayashi, Toshiaki Tanaka, Fumimasa Fukuta, Naoya Masumori
International Journal of Urology.2024; 31(7): 705. CrossRef
Association between metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia: The underlying molecular connection
Xun Fu, Yutao Wang, Yi Lu, Jiang Liu, Hongjun Li
Life Sciences.2024; 358: 123192. CrossRef
Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection
John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 77. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis excretory secretory proteins reduce semen quality and male fertility
Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
The correlation between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and reproductive system cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhenchao Zhang, Dongxian Li, Yuhua Li, Rui Zhang, Xianghuan Xie, Yi Yao, Linfei Zhao, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Xuejing Yue, Xuefang Mei
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis
Sang-Su Kim, Kyu-Shik Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yong-Suk Kim, Soo-Yeon Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 547. CrossRef
Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 557. CrossRef

5,861 View
93 Download
9 Web of Science
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Polarization of M2 Macrophages by Interaction between Prostate Cancer Cells Treated with Trichomonas vaginalis and Adipocytes: Hyo-Yeoung Chung, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):217-227.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.217

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis causes inflammation of the prostate and has been detected in tissues of prostate cancers (PCa), prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Obesity is a risk factor for PCa and causes a chronic subclinical inflammation. This chronic inflammation further exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation as results of migration and activation of macrophages. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the PCa microenvironment. M2 macrophages, known as Tumor-Associated Macrophages, are involved in increasing cancer malignancy. In this study, conditioned medium (TCM) of PCa cells infected with live trichomonads contained chemokines that stimulated migration of the mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells). Conditioned medium of adipocytes incubated with TCM (ATCM) contained Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13). Macrophage migration was stimulated by ATCM. In macrophages treated with ATCM, expression of M2 markers increased, while M1 markers decreased. Therefore, it is suggested that ATCM induces polarization of M0 to M2 macrophages. In addition, conditioned medium from the macrophages incubated with ATCM stimulates the proliferation and invasiveness of PCa. Our findings suggest that interaction between inflamed PCa treated with T. vaginalis and adipocytes causes M2 macrophage polarization, so contributing to the progression of PCa.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Interplay of obesity and parasitic infection: current evidence of immunogenesis, tumorigenesis and leptin receptor involvement
Enas El Saftawy, Mansour Alghamdi, Basma Emad Aboulhoda
Nutrition & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Adipocyte–Tumor Interactions in the Bone Marrow Niche: Implications for Metastasis and Therapy
Alhomam Dabaliz, Mohammad Nawar Al Hakawati, Najmuddeen Alrashdan, Sarah Alrashdan, Mohamad Bakir, Khalid S. Mohammad
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(19): 9781. CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Three-Dimensional-Cultured Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevent Inflammation and Dedifferentiation in Pancreatic Islets
Eunwon Lee, Seungyeon Ha, Gyuri Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim, Sang-Man Jin, Patricia Murray
Stem Cells International.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
The correlation between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and reproductive system cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhenchao Zhang, Dongxian Li, Yuhua Li, Rui Zhang, Xianghuan Xie, Yi Yao, Linfei Zhao, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Xuejing Yue, Xuefang Mei
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Roles of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Prostate Cancer
Chenglin Han, Yuxuan Deng, Wenchao Xu, Zhuo Liu, Tao Wang, Shaogang Wang, Jihong Liu, Xiaming Liu, Eshan Khan
Journal of Oncology.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Sevoflurane activates the IL-6/HO-1 pathway to promote macrophage M2 polarization and prostate cancer lung metastasis
Fang Yu, Tao Bai
International Immunopharmacology.2022; 113: 109380. CrossRef
Signaling Role of Adipocyte Leptin in Prostate Cell Proliferation Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis
Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Su-Jin Shin, Sung-Yul Park, Hyo-Yeoung Chung, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 235. CrossRef
Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis
Sang-Su Kim, Kyu-Shik Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yong-Suk Kim, Soo-Yeon Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 547. CrossRef
Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 557. CrossRef
Is Trichomonas vaginalis a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Gianpaolo Perletti, Vittorio Magri, Louise Beckers-Perletti, Alberto Trinchieri, Konstantinos Stamatiou
Hellenic Urology.2021; 33(1): 12. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Current Status of Parasite Infections in Indonesia: A Literature Review: Juyoung Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):329-339.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.329

Abstract
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Indonesia and South Korea have become inseparable in various respects since the 2 countries established diplomatic relation in 1973. Indonesia is a tropical region that stretches across the equator, comprised of 5 main islands (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Papua) and 4 archipelagoes (Riau, Bangka Belitung, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku). As most population of Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Papua and Nusa Tenggara & Maluku) live in poor areas, it is expected that there will be many parasites. Nevertheless, little is known about the status of parasites in Indonesia. This study examines the prevalences of malaria and lymphatic filaria, which are prevalent in Indonesia, as well as those of soil-transmitted-helminths (STH). As a result, the Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax case loads are almost equal. The current prevalence of P. vivax is uniformly low (<5%) in all age groups and annual parasite incidence (API) showed decreasing tendency as 0.84 per 1,000 population in 2016. However, more than 65 million people still live in malaria epidemic regions. Lymphatic filariasis remains an important public health problem and 236 cities were classified as endemic areas in 514 cities/districts in 2017. It is difficult to ascertain the current prevalence rate of STH in Indonesia, although West Sumba and Southwest Sumba in East Nusa Tenggara reported prevalence rate of more than 20%. The study also considers the (sero) prevalences of other parasites identified in Indonesia. This report should be useful not only to parasitologists but also to travelers and people with business in Indonesia.

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Brief Communications

Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Nitric Oxide by Human Mast Cells Incubated with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate: Eun-Ah Park, Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):201-206.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.201

Abstract
PDF

The roles of mast cells in allergic diseases and helminth infections are well known. However, the roles of mast cells in T. gondii infection is poorly understood. This study was focused on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4), chemokines (CXCL8, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) by mast cells in response to soluble lysate of T. gondii tachyzoites. Production of CXCL8 (IL-8), MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-4 were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Western blot were used for detection of CXCR-1 and CXCR2. Our results showed that T. gondii lysates triggered mast cells to release CXCL8, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-4 and to produce NO. This suggests that mast cells play an important role in inflammatory responses to T. gondii.

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Pregnant Women Chronically Infected by Toxoplasma gondii with Depressive Disorder: Differential Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
Carolina Salomão Lopes, Ricardo José Victal Carvalho, Tamires Lopes da Silva, Heber Leão Silva Barros, Lucas Vasconcelos Soares Costa, Danielly Christine Adriani Maia Mota, Bellisa Freitas Barbosa, Luan Souza Vieira, Talyene Marques de Araújo, Alírio Rese
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Comparison of Two PCR Assays for Trichomonas vaginalis: Chang-Suk Noh, Sang-Su Kim, Sung-Yul Park, Hong-Sang Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):27-31.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.27

Abstract
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PCR is known to be the most sensitive method for diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infections. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of a PCR assay for trichomoniasis (HY-PCR) developed in Hanyang University with the use of a Seeplex Ace Detection Kit®, using urine collected from four Korean men with prostatic disease. Overall, HY-PCR was more sensitive than the Seeplex Kit. The use of Chelex 100 is recommended for DNA isolation in order to increase the sensitivity of the PCR test.

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Trikomoniyaz tanısında farklı laboratuvar yöntemlerinin kullanılması ve Trikomoniyaz hastalarında miRNA profilinin belirlenmesi
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A microfluidic-chip-based system with loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid and parallel detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus
Zeyin Mao, Anni Deng, Xiangyu Jin, Meng Li, Wenqi Lv, Leyang Huang, Hao Zhong, Han Yang, Shihong Wang, Yixuan Shi, Lei Zhang, Qinping Liao, Guoliang Huang
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Development of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction with Novel Specific Primers for Detection of Tritrichomonas muris Infection in Laboratory Mice
Hongbo Zhang, Nan Zhang, Jianhua Li, Panpan Zhao, Xin Li, Xiaocen Wang, Xu Zhang, Bao Yuan, Fei Gao, Pengtao Gong, Xichen Zhang
Animals.2023; 13(20): 3177. CrossRef
Photo-genosensor for Trichomonas vaginalis based on gold nanoparticles-genomic DNA
S. Ilbeigi, R. Dehdari Vais, N. Sattarahmady
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2021; 34: 102290. CrossRef
Development of a convenient detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting adhesion protein 65
Yuhua Li, Shuai Wang, Haoran Li, Xiaoxiao Song, Hao Zhang, Yujuan Duan, Chengyang Luo, Bingli Wang, Sifan Ji, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Comparison of Seropositivity to Trichomonas vaginalis between Men with Prostatic Tumor and Normal Men: Jung-Hyun Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Kyu-Shik Kim, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sung-Yul Park; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):21-25.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.21

Abstract
PDF

Trichomoniasis is the most common curable sexually-transmitted infection. Most Trichomonas vaginalis-infected men are asymptomatic and can remain undiagnosed and untreated, and this has been thought to result in chronic persistent prostatic infection. Chronic inflammation is regarded as the major factor in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic cancer (PCa). The aim of this study is to identify seropositivity to T. vaginalis in men with prostate tumors (BPH or PCa) visited to Hanyang University Hospital. A total of 183 men were enrolled between October 2013 and November 2014. They consisted of 139 with BPH (mean age: 64.0 ± 0.07) and 44 with prostate cancer (mean age: 73.3±0.18). We carried out ELISA to identify the seropositivity to T. vaginalis. Mixed lysate antigen extracted from 8 strains of T. vaginalis was used in the ELISA. Also 58 male outpatients visited to Health Promotion Center in Hanyang University Hospital were evaluated for comparing group. As a results, seropositivity to T. vaginalis in patients with prostatic diseases was 19.7% (BPH: 18.7%, PCa: 22.7%) and it was significantly higher than the 1.7% of the comparing healthy group (P = 0.001). Therefore, prostatic tumor showed higher seropositivity against T. vaginalis than normal men. As far as we know, this is the first report about seroprevalence in prostatic tumor in Korea.

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The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis
Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano, Juan José Nogal-Ruiz
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Prevalence and Genotype of Trichomonas vaginalis among Men in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
Zhenchao Zhang, Yuhui Sang, Pucheng Wu, Yujia Shang, Lesong Li, Yujuan Duan, Linfei Zhao, Minghui Gao, Lihua Guo, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei, Jianbing Mu
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Inflammatory responses during trichomoniasis: The role of Toll‐like receptors and inflammasomes
Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati, Ehsan Salarkia, Sonal Yadav, Najmeh Aminizadeh, Sara Jafarzadeh, Manisha Yadav
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No Association of Trichomonas vaginalis Seropositivity with Advanced Prostate Cancer Risk in the Multiethnic Cohort: A Nested Case-Control Study
Michelle Nagata, Anne Tome, Kami White, Lynne R. Wilkens, Song-Yi Park, Loïc Le Marchand, Christopher Haiman, Brenda Y. Hernandez
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Hongye Dong, Xu Wang, Kalidoss Rajakani
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James S. Lawson, Wendy K. Glenn
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Nora E. Saleh, Samar M. Alhusseiny, Wafaa M. El-Zayady, Engy M. Aboelnaga, Wafaa N. El-beshbishi, Yasser M. Saleh, Hala S. Abou-ElWafa, Samar N. El-Beshbishi
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Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
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Ik-Hwan Han, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Michael H. Hsieh
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Case Report

A Case of Cutaneous Myiasis Caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga Larvae in a Korean Traveler Returning from Central Africa: Joo Yeon Ko, In-Yong Lee, Byeong Jin Park, Jae Min Shin, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):199-203.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.199

Abstract
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The cutaneous myiasis has been rarely reported in the Republic of Korea. We intended to describe here a case of furuncular cutaneous myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga larvae in a Korean traveler returned from Central Africa. A patient, 55-year-old man, had traveled to Equatorial Guinea, in Central Africa for a month and just returned to Korea. Physical examinations showed 2 tender erythematous nodules with small central ulceration on the left buttock and thigh. During skin biopsy, 2 larvae came out from the lesion. C. anthropophaga was identified by paired mouth hooks (toothed, spade-like, oral hooklets) and 2 posterior spiracles, which lack a distinct chitinous rim. Although rarely described in Korea until now, cutaneous myiasis may be encountered more frequently with increasing international travel and exchange workers to tropical areas.

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Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(1): 52. CrossRef
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Binta J. J. Jallow, Goudja Gassara, Ousman Bajinka, Yifei Luo, Mandie Liu, Jifeng Cai, Jingjing Huang, Fanming Meng, Nigel Beebe
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(3): e0012027. CrossRef
Cutaneous Myiasis (Cordylobia Anthropophaga)
Ravishekar N. Hiremath, Anuj Bhatnagar, Chetan C Patil, Renu Kandpal, Sunmeet Sandhu, Audukoori Sreenivas
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Abebe Dires, Assen Kebede, Sisay Gedamu, Tadila Dires
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Simon K. Kuria, Adebola O. Oyedeji
Acta Tropica.2020; 210: 105590. CrossRef

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Original Article

Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin 2 Modulates Host Immune Responses by Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells via IL-10 Production from Regulatory T Cells: Hye-Yeon Lee, Juri Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):375-384.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.375

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogen that triggers severe immune responses in hosts. T. vaginalis α-actinin 2, Tvα-actinin 2, has been used to diagnose trichomoniasis. This study was undertaken to examine the role of Tvα-actinin 2 as an antigenic molecule to induce immune responses from humans. Western blot analysis using anti-Tvα-actinin 2 antibodies indicated its presence in the secreted proteins of T. vaginalis. ELISA was employed to measure cytokine production by vaginal epithelial cells, prostate cells, mouse dendritic cells (DCs), or T cells stimulated with T. vaginalis or Tvα-actinin 2 protein. Both T. vaginalis and rTvα-actinin 2 induced cytokine production from epithelial cell lines, including IL-10. Moreover, CD4⁺CD25^- regulatory T cells (Treg cells) incubated with rTvα-actinin 2-treated DCs produced high levels of IL-10. These data indicate that Tvα-actinin 2 modulates immune responses via IL-10 production by Treg cells.

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Dandan Liu, Chen Chen, Qiaoguang Chen, Shuang Wang, Zaifan Li, Jie Rong, Yuming Zhang, Zhaofeng Hou, Jianping Tao, Jinjun Xu
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Mengmeng Zheng, Siqi Gao, Yamin Lin, Yating Lin, Zufang Huang, Shusen Xie, Yun Yu, Juqiang Lin
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy.2020; 51(11): 2217. CrossRef
Vasoactive intestinal peptide is required in the maintenance of immune regulatory competency of immune regulatory monocytes
L Guan, D Yu, G-H Wu, H-J Ning, S-D He, S-S Li, T-Y Hu, G Yang, Z-Q Liu, H-Q Yu, X-Z Sun, Z-G Liu, P-C Yang
Clinical and Experimental Immunology.2019; 196(2): 276. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Interaction between Trichomonas vaginalis and the Prostate Epithelium: Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Sang-Su Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Duk-Young Min, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):213-218.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.213

Abstract
PDF

Most men infected with Trichomonas vaginalis are asymptomatic and can remain undiagnosed and untreated. This has been hypothesized to result in chronic persistent prostatic infection. Adhesion of the protozoan organisms to mucosal cells is considered a first and prerequisite step for T. vaginalis infection. Adhesion of T. vaginalis to prostate epithelial cells has not yet been observed; however, there are several reports about inflammation of prostate epithelial cells induced by T. vaginalis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adhesion and cytotoxicity of T. vaginalis are involved in inflammation of prostate epithelial cells. When RWPE-1 cells were infected with T. vaginalis (1:0.4 or 1:4), adhesion of T. vaginalis continuously increased for 24 hr or 3 hr, respectively. The cytotoxicity of prostate epithelial cells infected with T. vaginalis (RWPE-1: T. vaginalis=1:0.4) increased at 9 hr; at an infection ratio of 1:4, cytotoxicity increased after 3 hr. When the RWPE-1 to T. vaginalis ratio was 1:0.4 or 1:4, production of IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8 also increased. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was verified by measuring decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expression at 24 hr and 48 hr. Taken together, the results indicate that T. vaginalis adhered to prostate epithelial cells, causing cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and EMT. Our findings suggest for the first time that T. vaginalis may induce inflammation via adhesion to normal prostate epithelial cells.

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The Role of Colposcopy in Women with Normal Cytology and High-risk Human Papilloma Virus Positivity, Except for Types 16 and 18
Necim Yalçın, Aysun Alcı, Mustafa Gökkaya, Mehmet Göksu, Tayfun Toptaş, Işın Üreyen
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Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection
John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
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Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Inflammatory responses during trichomoniasis: The role of Toll‐like receptors and inflammasomes
Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati, Ehsan Salarkia, Sonal Yadav, Najmeh Aminizadeh, Sara Jafarzadeh, Manisha Yadav
Parasite Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology, Natural History, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis in Men
Olivia T Van Gerwen, Andres F Camino, Jyoti Sharma, Patricia J Kissinger, Christina A Muzny
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2021; 73(6): 1119. CrossRef
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Wen-Ling Wu, Oluwaseun Adebayo Bamodu, Yuan-Hung Wang, Su-Wei Hu, Kai-Yi Tzou, Chi-Tai Yeh, Chia-Chang Wu
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(16): 3602. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adults in the U.S., 2013–2014
Erin L. Tompkins, Thomas A. Beltran, Elizabeth J. Gelner, Aaron R. Farmer, Ethan Morgan
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(6): e0234704. CrossRef
Advancing Prevention of STIs by Developing Specific Serodiagnostic Targets: Trichomonas vginalis as a Model
John F. Alderete
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(16): 5783. CrossRef
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Maddison Archer, Navneet Dogra, Natasha Kyprianou
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Prevalence ofTrichomonas vaginalisInfection Among US Males, 2013–2016
Michael Daugherty, Kendall Glynn, Timothy Byler
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2019; 68(3): 460. CrossRef
Inflammatory mediators of prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promote proliferative and invasive properties of prostate cancer cells
Ik‐Hwan Han, Jung‐Hyun Kim, Ki‐Seok Jang, Jae‐Sook Ryu
The Prostate.2019; 79(10): 1133. CrossRef
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Björn L.D.M. Brücher, Ijaz S. Jamall, Obul R. Bandapalli
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Proliferation of prostate epithelia induced by IL‐6 from stroma reacted with Trichomonas vaginalis
J.‐H. Kim, I.‐H. Han, Y.‐S. Kim, C.‐S. Noh, J.‐S. Ryu
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting Actin DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):329-334.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.329

Abstract
PDF

Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted disease. Its association with several health problems, including preterm birth, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, emphasizes the importance of improved access to early and accurate detection of T. vaginalis. In this study, a rapid and efficient loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based method for the detection of T. vaginalis was developed and validated, using vaginal swab specimens from subjects suspected to have trichomoniasis. The LAMP assay targeting the actin gene was highly sensitive with detection limits of 1 trichomonad and 1 pg of T. vaginalis DNA per reaction, and specifically amplified the target gene only from T. vaginalis. Validation of this assay showed that it had the highest sensitivity and better agreement with PCR (used as the gold standard) compared to microscopy and multiplex PCR. This study showed that the LAMP assay, targeting the actin gene, could be used to diagnose early infections of T. vaginalis. Thus, we have provided an alternative molecular diagnostic tool and a point-of-care test that may help to prevent trichomoniasis transmission and associated complications.

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Yasaman Ahmadi, Yejiong Yu, Zhanfeng Cui, Wei E. Huang, Monique I. Andersson
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A novel detection method based on MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a-LFD targeting the repeated DNA sequence of Trichomonas vaginalis
Zhenke Yang, Jinghui Wang, Yiming Qi, Yiping Shi, Fakun Li, Weijuan Wang, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang, Shuai Wang
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A novel fluoro colorimetric Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis
Shoorashetty Manohar Rudresh, Pareyam Pooja, Pattacheravanda Nanaiah Shakuntala, Kanta Madhu
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2024; 49: 100610. CrossRef
Establishment of a programmatic detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on double antibody sandwich ELISA targeting TvCP39 antigen
Yuhua Li, Fakun Li, Wenjie Tian, Yani Zhang, Weijuan Wang, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107489. CrossRef
Label-free electrochemical DNA biosensing of MR TV 29 18s ribosomal RNA gene of Trichomonas vaginalis by signalization of non-spherical gold nanoparticles
R. Dehdari Vais, H. Heli, N. Sattarahmady
Materials Today Communications.2023; 34: 105123. CrossRef
Construction a novel detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification targeting the Actin gene
Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Wanxin Sheng, Xihui Gao, Weijuan Wang, Zhili Chu, Xuefang Mei, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Zhenchao Zhang
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A novel and ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor for Trichomonas vaginalis detection based on a nanostructured film of poly(ortho-aminophenol)
Rezvan Dehdari Vais, Hossein Heli, Naghmeh Sattarahmady, Afshin Barazesh
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Sebastián Lorenzo-Benito, Luis Alberto Rivera-Rivas, Lizbeth Sánchez-Ayala, Jaime Ortega-López, Octavio Montes-Flores, Daniel Talamás-Lara, Rossana Arroyo
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S. Ilbeigi, R. Dehdari Vais, N. Sattarahmady
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2021; 34: 102290. CrossRef
Loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swabs among symptomatic women from North India
S. Khurana, R. Dadwal, N. Sharma, A. Mewara, S. Singh, R. Bagga, R. Yadav, S. Sethi
Letters in Applied Microbiology.2020; 70(3): 196. CrossRef
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Development of a convenient detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting adhesion protein 65
Yuhua Li, Shuai Wang, Haoran Li, Xiaoxiao Song, Hao Zhang, Yujuan Duan, Chengyang Luo, Bingli Wang, Sifan Ji, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Label-free ultrasensitive electrochemical genosensing of Trichomonas vaginalis using anisotropic-shaped gold nanoparticles as a platform, a repeated sequence of the parasite DNA as a probe, and toluidine blue as a redox marker
N. Delshadi-Jahromi, R. Nazari-Vanani, H. Yadegari, N. Sattarahmady, G.R. Hatam, H. Heli
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical.2018; 273: 234. CrossRef
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Prevalence of Trichomoniasis by PCR in Women Attending Health Screening in Korea: Seung-Ryong Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Na-Yeong Gu, Yong-Suk Kim, Yeon-Chul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):187-190.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.187

Abstract
PDF

Trichomoniasis is the most common curable sexually-transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. There are few reports on the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Korea. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of trichomoniasis by PCR in Guri city, Korea. All adult women who visited Hanyang University Guri Hospital for health screening within the National Health Care Service were invited to participate in the study, and 424 women were enrolled between March and June 2011. PCR was used to detect Trichomonas vaginalis using primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650). Fourteen women (3.3%) were found to have T. vaginalis. All were over 50, and they were significantly older on average than the 410 Trichomonas-negative women (mean ages 63.4 vs 55.3 years). It seems that T. vaginalis infection is not rare in women receiving health screening, especially among those over 50.

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Molecular diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in liquid-based Papanicolaou samples in Shiraz, southern Iran
Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Samaneh Sedghi, Yalda Badalzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Manouchehr Shirani, Sareh Sami Jahromi, Aref Teimouri, Mahmoud Agholi, Qasem Asgari
BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Construction a novel detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification targeting the Actin gene
Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Wanxin Sheng, Xihui Gao, Weijuan Wang, Zhili Chu, Xuefang Mei, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Zhenchao Zhang
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular characterization of Trichomonas infections in women of Ilam City, southwestern Iran
Maryam Alikhani, Mohammad Akhoundi, Denis Sereno, Jahangir Abdi, Razi Naserifar, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Asad Mirzaei
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(6): 1631. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef

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105 Download
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Original Article

Inflammatory Responses in a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Line (BPH-1) Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Sang-Su Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):123-132.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.123

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis causes the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Trichomonads have been detected in prostatic tissues from prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. Chronic prostatic inflammation is known as a risk factor for prostate enlargement, benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, and acute urinary retention. Our aim was to investigate whether T. vaginalis could induce inflammatory responses in cells of a benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cell line (BPH-1). When BPH-1 cells were infected with T. vaginalis, the protein and mRNA of inflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL8, CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6, were increased. The activities of TLR4, ROS, MAPK, JAK2/STAT3, and NF-κB were also increased, whereas inhibitors of ROS, MAPK, PI3K, NF-κB, and anti-TLR4 antibody decreased the production of the 4 cytokines although the extent of inhibition differed. However, a JAK2 inhibitor inhibited only IL-6 production. Culture supernatants of the BPH-1 cells that had been incubated with live T. vaginalis (trichomonad-conditioned medium, TCM) contained the 4 cytokines and induced the migration of human monocytes (THP-1 cells) and mast cells (HMC-1 cells). TCM conditioned by BPH-1 cells pretreated with NF-κB inhibitor showed decreased levels of cytokines and induced less migration. Therefore, it is suggested that these cytokines are involved in migration of inflammatory cells. These results suggest that T. vaginalis infection of BPH patients may cause inflammation, which may induce lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Won-Myung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):75-80.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.75

Abstract
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This study explored epidemiological trends in trichomoniasis in Daegu, South Korea. Wet mount microscopy, PCR, and multiplex PCR were used to test for Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swab samples obtained from 621 women visiting 2 clinics in Daegu. Of the 621 women tested, microscopy detected T. vaginalis in 4 (0.6%) patients, PCR detected T. vaginalis in 19 (3.0%) patients, and multiplex PCR detected T. vaginalis in 12 (1.9%) patients. Testing via PCR demonstrated high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for T. vaginalis. Among the 19 women who tested positive for T. vaginalis according to PCR, 94.7% (18/19) reported vaginal signs and symptoms. Notably, more than 50% of T. vaginalis infections occurred in females younger than 30 years old, and 58% were unmarried. Multiplex PCR, which simultaneously detects pathogens from various sexually transmitted infections, revealed that 91.7% (11/12) of patients were infected with 2 or more pathogens. Mycoplasma hominis was the most prevalent co-infection pathogen with T. vaginalis, followed by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Our results indicate that PCR and multiplex PCR are the most sensitive tools for T. vaginalis diagnosis, rather than microscopy which has been routinely used to detect T. vaginalis infections in South Korea. Therefore, clinicians should take note of the high prevalence of T. vaginalis infections among adolescent and young women in order to prevent persistent infection and transmission of this disease.

Citations

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Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Emmanuel O. Babafemi, Benny P. Cherian, Khalid Rahman, Gilbert M. Mogoko, Oluwatoyin O. Abiola
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The prevalence ofTrichomonas vaginalisinfection among the female population of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zeinab Moghadamizad, Javad Yazdizadeh Khalili, Meysam Olfatifar, Milad Badri, Sasan Khazaei
International Health.2024; 16(3): 240. CrossRef
Combination of genitourinary candidiasis and sexually transmitted infections
N.E. Portnyagina, A.K. Kvardakova, V.V. Pakhomova, E.G. Gubanova, N.V. Deeva, I.G. Sergeeva
Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology.2024; 23(4): 377. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis: comparison of primers for implementation as an in-house PCR in rural Vellore, South India
Nagarajan L. Surya, Thangamani Suji, Santhosh Rani, Irene Dorathy, Shantidani Minz, Rani Diana Sahni
BMC Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in liquid-based Papanicolaou samples in Shiraz, southern Iran
Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Samaneh Sedghi, Yalda Badalzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Manouchehr Shirani, Sareh Sami Jahromi, Aref Teimouri, Mahmoud Agholi, Qasem Asgari
BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in Prediagnosed Vaginitis Cases and Its Association with Various Pathogens
Vildan Turan Faraşat, İbrahim Cüneyt Balcıoğlu, Pınar Solmaz Hasdemir, Ertaç Gümüş
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(3): 167. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis follow-up and persistence in Colombian women
Lauren Hernández-Buelvas, Milena Camargo, Ricardo Sánchez, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomoniasis in a tertiary hospital of Madrid, Spain (2013–2017): prevalence and pregnancy rate, coinfections, metronidazole resistance, and endosymbiosis
Celia Bolumburu, Vega Zamora, María Muñoz-Algarra, Francisca Portero-Azorín, José Antonio Escario, Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(6): 1915. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONIASIS IN ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN POPULATION IN BANDUNG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Pati Aji Achdiat, Reiva Farah Dwiyana, Vina Feriza, Rasmia Rowawi, Rendy Ariezal Effendi, Oki Suwarsa, Hendra Gunawan
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease.2019; 7(4): 57. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomoniasis by PCR in Women Attending Health Screening in Korea
Seung-Ryong Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Na-Yeong Gu, Yong-Suk Kim, Yeon-Chul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(2): 187. CrossRef
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting Actin DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis
Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 329. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Trichomoniasis in South Korea and Increasing Trend in Incidence, Health Insurance Review and Assessment 2009-2014
So-Young Joo, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sang-Eun Lee, Won Kee Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Zhefeng Meng
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(12): e0167938. CrossRef

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Case Report

Extracorporeal Worm Extraction of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense with Amidotrizoic Acid in a Child: Hye Kyung Shin, Joo-Hyung Roh, Jae-Won Oh, Jae-Sook Ryu, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yong Joo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):677-680.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.677

Abstract
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Infection cases of diphyllobothriid tapeworms are not much in the below teen-age group. We report a case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in a 13-year-old boy. He presented with severe fatigue, occasional abdominal pain at night time. He also had several episodes of tapeworm segment discharge in his stools. By his past history, he had frequently eaten raw fish including salmon and trout with his families. Numerous eggs of diphyllobothriid tapeworm were detected in the fecal examination. We introduced amidotrizoic acid as a cathartic agent through nasogastroduodenal tube and let nearly whole length (4.75 m) of D. nihonkaiense be excreted through his anus. After a single dose of praziquantel, the child's stool showed no further eggs, and his symptoms disappeared. The evacuated worm was identified as D. nihonkaiense by mitochondrial cox1 gene analysis. Here we report a successful extracorporeal worm extraction from an infection case of D. nihonkaiense by the injection of amidotrizoic acid.

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Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense: wide egg size variation in 32 molecularly confirmed adult specimens from Korea
Seoyun Choi, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Deok-Gyu Kim, Sarah Jiyoun Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasitology Research.2015; 114(6): 2129. CrossRef

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Original Article

Trichomonas vaginalis Metalloproteinase Induces mTOR Cleavage of SiHa Cells: Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Jung-Bo Yang, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Sook Ryu, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):595-603.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.595

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis secretes a number of proteases which are suspected to be the cause of pathogenesis; however, little is understood how they manipulate host cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. We detected various types of metalloproteinases including GP63 protein from T. vaginalis trophozoites, and T. vaginalis GP63 metalloproteinase was confirmed by sequencing and western blot. When SiHa cells were stimulated with live T. vaginalis, T. vaginalis excretory-secretory products (ESP) or T. vaginalis lysate, live T. vaginalis and T. vaginalis ESP induced the mTOR cleavage in both time- and parasite load-dependent manner, but T. vaginalis lysate did not. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with a metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1,10-phenanthroline, completely disappeared the mTOR cleavage in SiHa cells. Collectively, T. vaginalis metallopeptidase induces host cell mTOR cleavage, which may be related to survival of the parasite.

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Chromatin accessibility and gene expression in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
Agustina Prat, Daniela Muñoz, Ayelen Lizarraga, Julieta Seifert-Gorzycki, Estefania Sanchez-Vazquez, Patricia J. Johnson, Pablo H. Strobl-Mazzulla, Natalia de Miguel
BMC Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Metallopeptidases as Key Virulence Attributes of Clinically Relevant Protozoa: New Discoveries, Perspectives, and Frontiers of Knowledge
Graziela Vargas Rigo, Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Giulia Bongiorni Galego, Deisiane Fernanda da Rosa, André Luis Souza dos Santos, Tiana Tasca
Current Protein & Peptide Science.2023; 24(4): 307. CrossRef
VPS32, a member of the ESCRT complex, modulates adherence to host cells in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis by affecting biogenesis and cargo sorting of released extracellular vesicles
Nehuén Salas, Veronica M. Coceres, Tuanne dos Santos Melo, Antonio Pereira-Neves, Vanina G. Maguire, Tania M. Rodriguez, Bruna Sabatke, Marcel I. Ramirez, Jihui Sha, James A. Wohlschlegel, Natalia de Miguel
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Adherent Bacteria and Parasiticidal Secretion Products of Human Cervicovaginal Microbiota-Associated Lactobacillus gasseri Confer Non-Identical Cell Protection against Trichomonas vaginalis-Induced Cell Detachment
Bénédicte Pradines, Séverine Domenichini, Vanessa Lievin-Le Moal
Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(11): 1350. CrossRef
The 50 kDa metalloproteinase TvMP50 is a zinc-mediated Trichomonas vaginalis virulence factor
Jonathan Puente-Rivera, José Luis Villalpando, Alma Villalobos-Osnaya, Laura Isabel Vázquez-Carrillo, Gloria León-Ávila, María Dolores Ponce-Regalado, César López-Camarillo, Jose Miguel Elizalde-Contreras, Eliel Ruiz-May, Rossana Arroyo, María Elizbeth Al
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Involvement of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Pathways for TNF-α Production in SiHa Cervical Mucosal Epithelial Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Jung-Bo Yang, Juan-Hua Quan, Ye-Eun Kim, Yun-Ee Rhee, Byung-Hyun Kang, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 371. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis by PCR in Men Attending a Primary Care Urology Clinic in South Korea: Jun-Hyeok Seo, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Yu-Ran Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Eun Sang Yoo, Won Kee Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):551-555.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.551

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis, a causative agent of trichomoniasis, may trigger symptomatic or asymptomatic nongonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis in men. Despite the availability of highly sensitive diagnostic tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests, including PCR, few prospective studies present data on male T. vaginalis infection in South Korea. In the present study, the prevalence of T. vaginalis and associated clinical conditions were evaluated in 201 male patients from a primary care urology clinic in South Korea. The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in our cohort was 4% (8/201) by PCR. T. vaginalis infection was common in men older than 40 years (median age, 52 years). Among the 8 Trichomonas-positive patients, 87.5% (7/8) had prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 25.0% (2/8) and 12.5% (1/8) were coinfected with Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, respectively. Our results suggest that T. vaginalis infection is not rare in men attending primary care urology clinics in South Korea, especially in those older than 40 years, in whom it may explain the presence of prostatic disease. The possibility of T. vaginalis infection should be routinely considered in older male patients with prostatic diseases in South Korea.

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Seyed Ali Hosseini, Mohammad Matini, Maryam Bahmanzadeh, Reza Aslani, Faeze Foroughi-Parvar
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Wenjie Tian, Yuhua Li, Yani Zhang, Yiming Zhang, Yiran Qin, Yalin Han, Dongxian Li, Shuai Wang, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang
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Zhenchao Zhang, Yuhui Sang, Pucheng Wu, Yujia Shang, Lesong Li, Yujuan Duan, Linfei Zhao, Minghui Gao, Lihua Guo, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei, Jianbing Mu
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
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Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Urogenital Trichomonas vaginalis infection in males: a case report and retrospective analysis of a 10‐year period in a tertiary hospital
Miguel Alpalhão, Luís Marques‐Lito, Paulo Filipe, João Borges‐Costa
International Journal of Dermatology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jung-Hyun Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Kyu-Shik Kim, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sung-Yul Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 21. CrossRef
Comparison of Two PCR Assays for Trichomonas vaginalis
Chang-Suk Noh, Sang-Su Kim, Sung-Yul Park, Hong-Sang Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 27. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea
Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Won-Myung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(1): 75. CrossRef
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Parasitic Infections Based on 320 Clinical Samples Submitted to Hanyang University, Korea (2004-2011): Sung-Chul Choi, Soo-Young Lee, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):215-220.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.215

Abstract
PDF

We analyzed 320 clinical samples of parasitic infections submitted to the Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University from January 2004 to June 2011. They consisted of 211 nematode infections, 64 trematode or cestode infections, 32 protozoan infections, and 13 infections with arthropods. The nematode infections included 67 cases of trichuriasis, 62 of anisakiasis (Anisakis sp. and Pseudoterranova decipiens), 40 of enterobiasis, and 24 of ascariasis, as well as other infections including strongyloidiasis, thelaziasis, loiasis, and hookworm infecions. Among the cestode or trematode infections, we observed 27 cases of diphyllobothriasis, 14 of sparganosis, 9 of clonorchiasis, and 5 of paragonimiasis together with a few cases of taeniasis saginata, cysticercosis cellulosae, hymenolepiasis, and echinostomiasis. The protozoan infections included 14 cases of malaria, 4 of cryptosporidiosis, and 3 of trichomoniasis, in addition to infections with Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, and Toxoplasma gondii. Among the arthropods, we detected 6 cases of Ixodes sp., 5 of Phthirus pubis, 1 of Sarcoptes scabiei, and 1 of fly larva. The results revealed that trichuriasis, anisakiasis, enterobiasis, and diphyllobothriasis were the most frequently found parasitosis among the clinical samples.

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Superoxide Anion Production by Human Neutrophils Activated by Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):479-484.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.479

Abstract
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Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges of patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. In this study, we examined superoxide anion (O₂^.-) production by neutrophils activated by T. vaginalis. Human neutrophils produced superoxide anions when stimulated with either a lysate of T. vaginalis, its membrane component (MC), or excretory-secretory product (ESP). To assess the role of trichomonad protease in production of superoxide anions by neutrophils, T. vaginalis lysate, ESP, and MC were each pretreated with a protease inhibitor cocktail before incubation with neutrophils. Superoxide anion production was significantly decreased by this treatment. Trichomonad growth was inhibited by preincubation with supernatants of neutrophils incubated for 3 hr with T. vaginalis lysate. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) production by neutrophils was stimulated by live trichomonads. These results indicate that the production of superoxide anions and MPO by neutrophils stimulated with T. vaginalis may be a part of defense mechanisms of neutrophils in trichomoniasis.

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Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth
María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Yordan J. Romero-Contreras, Mayra C. Rodríguez, Ruth Reyes-Cortes, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata, Eva E. Avila
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(5): 1355. CrossRef
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Adenosine reduces reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8 production by Trichomonas vaginalis-stimulated neutrophils
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Original Article

Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii Suppresses Host Cell Autophagy: Youn-Jin Lee, Hyun-Ouk Song, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):279-287.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.279

Abstract
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Autophagy is a process of cytoplasmic degradation of endogenous proteins and organelles. Although its primary role is protective, it can also contribute to cell death. Recently, autophagy was found to play a role in the activation of host defense against intracellular pathogens. The aims of our study was to investigate whether host cell autophagy influences Toxoplasma gondii proliferation and whether autophagy inhibitors modulate cell survival. HeLa cells were infected with T. gondii with and without rapamycin treatment to induce autophagy. Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that cell death was extensive at 36-48 hr after infection in cells treated with T. gondii with or without rapamycin. The autophagic markers, LC3 II and Beclin 1, were strongly expressed at 18-24 hr after exposure as shown by Western blotting and RT-PCR. However, the subsequent T. gondii proliferation suppressed autophagy at 36 hr post-infection. Pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), down-regulated LC3 II and Beclin 1. The latter was also down-regulated by calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor. Monodansyl cadaverine (MDC) staining detected numerous autophagic vacuoles (AVs) at 18 hr post-infection. Ultrastructural observations showed T. gondii proliferation in parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) coinciding with a decline in the numbers of AVs by 18 hr. FACS analysis failed to confirm the presence of cell apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii and rapamycin. We concluded that T. gondii proliferation may inhibit host cell autophagy and has an impact on cell survival.

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Modulation of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for Toxoplasma gondii infection
Ao Cheng, Huanan Zhang, Baike Chen, Shengyao Zheng, Hongyi Wang, Yijia Shi, Siyao You, Ming Li, Liping Jiang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Myrislignan Induces Redox Imbalance and Activates Autophagy in Toxoplasma gondii
Jili Zhang, Jia Chen, Kun Lv, Bing Li, Biqing Yan, Lei Gai, Chaolu Shi, Xinnian Wang, Hongfei Si, Jiyu Zhang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Restricts the Intracellular Growth of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy in Macrophages
Jina lee, Jae-Won Choi, Hye Young Han, Woo Sik Kim, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Baek Byun, Eui-Hong Byun, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Min Yuk
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Thaís Rigueti Brasil, Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima, Alexandre Morrot, Andrea Cristina Vetö Arnholdt
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Brief Communications

The Dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as Measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Sang-Hoon Cheon, Seung Ryong Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):243-246.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.243

Abstract
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It is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. In this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old T") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh T") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Although the fresh T had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old T, total length (about 26 ?m), including body length, flagella length, and axostyle length was almost the same in the 2 groups. A striking difference was observed between the axostyles of the 2 groups; the axostyle length of the fresh T (8.2 ?m) was more than twice as long as that of the old T (4.0 ?m). However, in several parasitology textbooks, the length of T. vaginalis is said to vary widely from 7 to 32 ?m, and its undulating membrane is said to extend about half way (53.5%) to the posterior end of the body. On the other hand, in our study, the undulating membrane was observed to extend more than 3/4 of the body length (72.1%) in old T, whereas in fresh T it could not be measured. Taken together, we suggest that T. vaginalis averages 26 (21-32) ?m in total length, with 9.5 (7.4-11.4) ?m of body length and 6.8 (5.3-7.7) ?m of width, and its undulating membrane extending 3/4 of its body length. Therefore, these findings may provide useful information for morphological characteristics of T. vaginalis.

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In vitro co-culture model of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus crispatus: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis
Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Luisa Trindade dos Santos, Saulo Almeida Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Tiana Tasca
Frontiers in Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis
Suhani B. Bhakta, Jose A. Moran, Frances Mercer
Open Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Neutrophils kill the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis using trogocytosis
Frances Mercer, Shek Hang Ng, Taylor M. Brown, Grace Boatman, Patricia J. Johnson, Fred Hughson
PLOS Biology.2018; 16(2): e2003885. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

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86 Download
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PCR for Diagnosis of Male Trichomonas vaginalis Infection with Chronic Prostatitis and Urethritis: Jong Jin Lee, Hong Sang Moon, Tchun Yong Lee, Hwan Sik Hwang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):157-159.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.157

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among male patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis and urethritis. Between June 2001 and December 2003, a total of 33 patients visited the Department of Urology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital and were examined for T. vaginalis infection by PCR and culture in TYM medium. For the PCR, we used primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650). Voided bladder urine (VB1 and VB3) was sampled from 33 men with symptoms of lower urinary tract infection (urethral charge, residual urine sensation, and frequency). Culture failed to detect any T. vaginalis infection whereas PCR identified 7 cases of trichomoniasis (21.2%). Five of the 7 cases had been diagnosed with prostatitis and 2 with urethritis. PCR for the 5 prostatitis cases yielded a positive 330 bp band from bothVB1 and VB3, whereas positive results were only obtained from VB1 for the 2 urethritis patients. We showed that the PCR method could detect T. vaginalis when there was only 1 T. vaginalis cell per PCR mixture. Our results strongly support the usefulness of PCR on urine samples for detecting T. vaginalis in chronic prostatitis and urethritis patients.

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Polish Journal of Microbiology.2022; 71(3): 301. CrossRef
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Brooke Webb, Andrea Crampton, Michelle J. Francis, John Hamblin, Tony M. Korman, Maryza Graham
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Sang-Su Kim, Kyu-Shik Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yong-Suk Kim, Soo-Yeon Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu
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Ki‐Seok Jang, Ik‐Hwan Han, Seung‐Ju Lee, Jin Yoo, Ye‐Seul Kim, Seobo Sim, Jae‐Sook Ryu
The Prostate.2019; 79(4): 379. CrossRef
Comparison of Seropositivity to Trichomonas vaginalis between Men with Prostatic Tumor and Normal Men
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 21. CrossRef
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Chang-Suk Noh, Sang-Su Kim, Sung-Yul Park, Hong-Sang Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
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Collins Adjei, Richard Boateng, Albert Dompreh, Bismark Okyere, Eddie-Williams Owiredu
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J.‐H. Kim, I.‐H. Han, Y.‐S. Kim, C.‐S. Noh, J.‐S. Ryu
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis infection and the diagnostic significance of detection tests among Ghanaian outpatients
Richard Harry Asmah, Rita Ofosuaa Agyeman, Noah Obeng-Nkrumah, Harriet Blankson, Georgina Awuah-Mensah, Momodou Cham, Listowell Asare, Patrick Ferdinand Ayeh-Kumi
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 213. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis induces IL‐1β production in a human prostate epithelial cell line by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome via reactive oxygen species and potassium ion efflux
Na‐Yeong Gu, Jung‐Hyun Kim, Ik‐Hwan Han, Su‐Jeong Im, Min‐Young Seo, Yong‐Hoon Chung, Jae‐Sook Ryu
The Prostate.2016; 76(10): 885. CrossRef
Inflammatory response of a prostate stromal cell line induced by Trichomonas vaginalis
S. J. Im, I. H. Han, J. H. Kim, N. Y. Gu, M. Y. Seo, Y. H. Chung, J. S. Ryu
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Seung-Ryong Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Na-Yeong Gu, Yong-Suk Kim, Yeon-Chul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(2): 187. CrossRef
Inflammatory Responses in a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Line (BPH-1) Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Sang-Su Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(2): 123. CrossRef
Proliferation of Prostate Stromal Cell Induced by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Stimulated WithTrichomonas vaginalisvia Crosstalk With Mast Cell
Jung-Hyun Kim, Sang-Su Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Seobo Sim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Prostate.2016; 76(15): 1431. CrossRef
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Jamshaid Iqbal, Jumanah Al-Rashed, Elijah O. Kehinde
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Signalling pathways associated with IL‐6 production and epithelial–mesenchymal transition induction in prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis
I. H. Han, J. H. Kim, S. S. Kim, M. H. Ahn, J. S. Ryu
Parasite Immunology.2016; 38(11): 678. CrossRef
Epidemiology and laboratory characteristics ofTrichomonas vaginalisinfection in Croatian men with and without urethritis syndrome: a case–control study
Mario Sviben, Emilija Mlinarić Missoni, Tomislav Meštrović, Gordana Vojnović, Gordana Mlinarić Galinović
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Thomas Edwards, Patricia Burke, Helen Smalley, Glyn Hobbs
Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2014; : 1. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis by PCR in Men Attending a Primary Care Urology Clinic in South Korea
Jun-Hyeok Seo, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Yu-Ran Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Eun Sang Yoo, Won Kee Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 551. CrossRef
Inflammatory response of prostate epithelial cells to stimulation by Trichomonas vaginalis
Min‐Young Seo, Su‐Jeong Im, Na‐Young Gu, Jung‐Hyun Kim, Yong‐Hoon Chung, Myoung‐Hee Ahn, Jae‐Sook Ryu
The Prostate.2014; 74(4): 441. CrossRef
Superoxide Anion Production by Human Neutrophils Activated by Trichomonas vaginalis
Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 479. CrossRef
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Scimetr.2013;[Epub] CrossRef

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Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells: Woojin Pi, Jae-Sook Ryu, Jaesook Roh; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):295-298.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.295

Abstract
PDF

Lactobacillus species in the female genital tract are thought to act as a barrier to infection. Several studies have demonstrated that lactobacilli can adhere to vaginal epithelial cells. However, little is known about how the adherence of lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells affects the acidity, cell viability, or proliferation of the lactobacilli themselves or those of vaginal epithelial cells. Lactobacillus acidophilus was co-cultured with immortalized human vaginal epithelial cells (MS74 cell line), and the growth of L. acidophilus and the acidity of the culture medium were measured. MS74 cell density and viability were also assessed by counting cell numbers and observing the cell attachment state. L. acidophilus showed exponential growth for the first 6 hr until 9 hr, and the pH was maintained close to 4.0-5.0 at 24 hr after culture, consistent with previous studies. The growth curve of L. acidophilus or the pH values were relatively unaffected by co-culture with MS74 cells, confirming that L. acidophilus maintains a low pH in the presence of MS74 cells. This co-culture model could therefore potentially be used to mimic vaginal conditions for future in vitro studies. On the other hand, MS74 cells co-cultured with L. acidophilus more firmly attached to the culture plate, and a higher number of cells were present compared to cells cultured in the absence of L. acidophilus. These results indicate that L. acidophilus increases MS74 cell proliferation and viability, suggesting that lactobacilli may contribute to the healthy environment for vaginal epithelial cells.

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Identification of Antigenic Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Hye-Yeon Lee, Sujin Hyung, Jong Woong Lee, Juri Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):79-83.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.79

Abstract
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Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease due to infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, and it can cause serious consequences for women's health. To study the virulence factors of this pathogen, T. vaginalis surface proteins were investigated using polyclonal antibodies specific to the membrane fractions of T. vaginalis. The T. vaginalis expression library was constructed by cloning the cDNA derived from mRNA of T. vaginalis into a phage λ Uni-ZAP XR vector, and then used for immunoscreening with the anti-membrane proteins of T. vaginalis antibodies. The immunoreactive proteins identified included adhesion protein AP65-1, α-actinin, kinesin-associated protein, teneurin, and 2 independent hypothetical proteins. Immunofluorescence assays showed that AP65-1, one of the identified immunogenic clones, is prevalent in the whole body of T. vaginalis. This study led us to identify T. vaginalis proteins which may stimulate immune responses by human cells.

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Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin 2 Modulates Host Immune Responses by Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells via IL-10 Production from Regulatory T Cells
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TvMP50 is an Immunogenic Metalloproteinase during Male Trichomoniasis
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Case Report

First Report of Feline Intestinal Trichomoniasis Caused by Tritrichomonas foetus in Korea: Sun Lim, Sang-Ik Park, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Dae-Sung Oh, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):247-251.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.247

Abstract
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Feline intestinal tritrichomoniasis by Tritrichomonas foetus was first recognized in USA in 1999 and has so far been reported from UK, Norway, Switzerland, and Australia, but not from the Far East Asian countries. In November 2008, 2 female and male littermate Siamese cats, 6-month old, raised in a household in Korea were referred from a local veterinary clinic with a history of chronic persistent diarrhea. A direct smear examination of fecal specimens revealed numerous trichomonad trophozoites which were isolated by the fecal culture in InPouch™ TF-Feline medium. A PCR testing of the isolate based on the amplification of a conserved portion of the T. foetus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene, and the molecular sequencing of the PCR amplicons confirmed infection with T. foetus. This is the first clinical case of feline intestinal trichomoniasis caused by T. foetus in Korea.

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Original Articles

Delayed Human Neutrophil Apoptosis by Trichomonas vaginalis Lysate: Hyun-Ouk Song, Young-Su Lim, Sun-Joo Moon, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):1-7.
Published online March 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.1

Abstract
PDF

Neutrophils play an important role in the human immune system for protection against such microorganisms as a protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis; however, the precise role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis is still unknown. Moreover, it is thought that trichomonal lysates and excretory-secretory products (ESP), as well as live T. vaginalis, could possibly interact with neutrophils in local tissues, including areas of inflammation induced by T. vaginalis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of T. vaginalis lysate on the fate of neutrophils. We found that T. vaginalis lysate inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils as revealed by Giemsa stain. Less altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and surface CD16 receptor expression also supported the idea that neutrophil apoptosis is delayed after T. vaginalis lysate stimulation. In contrast, ESP stimulated-neutrophils were similar in apoptotic features of untreated neutrophils. Maintained caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in neutrophils co-cultured with trichomonad lysate suggest that an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis was involved in T. vaginalis lysate-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis; this phenomenon may contribute to local inflammation in trichomoniasis.

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The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women: A review
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Gideon Ikechukwu Okoroiwu, Nwanganga Ihuoma Ubosi, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Ebere Emilia Ayogu, Elham Elamin
Medicine.2025; 104(41): e45063. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis excretory secretory proteins reduce semen quality and male fertility
Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth
María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Yordan J. Romero-Contreras, Mayra C. Rodríguez, Ruth Reyes-Cortes, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata, Eva E. Avila
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(5): 1355. CrossRef
Immune cell arrival kinetics to peritoneum and role during murine-experimental trichomoniasis
F. J. Rangel-Mata, E. E. Ávila-Muro, J. E. Reyes-Martínez, L. M. Olmos-Ortiz, M. E. Brunck, L. A. Arriaga-Pizano, P. Cuéllar-Mata
Parasitology.2021; 148(13): 1624. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis induces apoptosis via ROS and ER stress response through ER–mitochondria crosstalk in SiHa cells
Fei Fei Gao, Juan-Hua Quan, Min A. Lee, Wei Ye, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular investigation of Trichomoniasis in women in Al-Muthana province /Iraq
H R J Al-abodi, K T M Al-Shaibani, E M Shaker
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2019; 1234(1): 012078. CrossRef
Amaurocine: Anti- Trichomonas vaginalis protein produced by the basidiomycete Amauroderma camerarium
Mariana Duarte, Adriana Seixas, Maira Peres de Carvalho, Tiana Tasca, Alexandre José Macedo
Experimental Parasitology.2016; 161: 6. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis induces cytopathic effect on human lung alveolar basal carcinoma epithelial cell line A549
Daile Meek C. Salvador-Membreve, Sonia D. Jacinto, Windell L. Rivera
Experimental Parasitology.2014; 147: 33. CrossRef
Trichonomas vaginalis Metalloproteinase Induces Apoptosis of SiHa Cells through Disrupting the Mcl-1/Bim and Bcl-xL/Bim Complexes
Juan-Hua Quan, Byung-Hun Kang, Guang-Ho Cha, Wei Zhou, Young-Bok Koh, Jung-Bo Yang, Heon-Jong Yoo, Min-A Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Heung-Tae Noh, Jaeyul Kwon, Young-Ha Lee, A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
PLoS ONE.2014; 9(10): e110659. CrossRef
Altered CD16 expression on vaginal neutrophils from women with vaginitis
Joziani Beghini, Paulo C. Giraldo, Ruth Riboldi, Rose L.G. Amaral, José Eleutério, Steven S. Witkin, Fernando Guimarães
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2013; 167(1): 96. CrossRef
Leukotriene B4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2 are involved in interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Hee Nam, Arim Min, Seong Hoon Kim, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Myeong Heon Shin
Inflammation Research.2012; 61(2): 97. CrossRef
NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced byTrichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products
Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Soon-Jung Park, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 291. CrossRef
Trichomoniasis
Jae-Sook Ryu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 213. CrossRef

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Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis: Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):205-212.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-α. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-α production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-κB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.

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Leukotriene B4 receptor BLT-mediated phosphorylation of NF-κB and CREB is involved in IL-8 production in human mast cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
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Trichomoniasis
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Indochinamon ou (Crustacea: Potamidae) as a New Second Intermediate Host for Paragonimus harinasutai in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR: Woon-Mok Sohn, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Hyun-Ouk Song, Han-Jong Rim, Youthanavanh Vonghachack, Daluny Bouakhasith, Virasack Banouvong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):25-29.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.25

Abstract
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Paragonimus harinasutai metacercariae were found in a species of freshwater crab, Indochinamon ou, collected in a small stream of Namback District, Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR. Adult flukes were recovered after experimental infection of the metacercariae to dogs. Metacercariae were round or slightly elliptical, 0.666 × 0.626 mm in average size, and had a thin cyst wall of about 20 ?m in thickness, a black excretory bladder, convoluted ceca, and some pinkish materials in the body. Adults were somewhat elongated, 95.2 × 36.5 mm in average size, covered with single-tipped tegumental spines, had a smaller oral sucker than the ventral sucker, a moderately branched ovary, and 5-6 lobulated testes. Eggs were ovoid and bilaterally symmetrical in shape, 79 × 45 ?m in average size, and had a uniformly thickened shell. By the present study, it has been confirmed that I. ou is a new second intermediate host for P. harinasutai.

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Suppressed Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by LPS-Activated Macrophages after Treatment with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate: Eun-Jung Lee, Yoo-Mi Heo, Jong-Hak Choi, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):145-151.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.145

Abstract
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During Toxoplasma gondii infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils are important sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines from the host. To counteract the pro-inflammatory activities, T. gondii is known to have several mechanisms inducing down-regulation of the host immunity. In the present study, we analyzed the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines from a human myelomonocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, in response to treatment with T. gondii lysate or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of THP-1 cells with LPS induced production of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10. Co-treatment of THP-1 cells with T. gondii lysate inhibited the LPS-induced IL-12, IL-8 and TNF-α expression, but increased the level of IL-10 synergistically. IL-12 and IL-10 production was down-regulated by anti-human toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 antibodies. T. gondii lysate triggered nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent IL-8 expression in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2. It is suggested that immunosuppression induced by T. gondii lysate treatment might occur via TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation.

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Brief Communication

Hydrogenosomal activity of Trichomonas vaginalis cultivated under different iron conditions: Yong-Seok Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Ik-Hwa Choi, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):373-378.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.373

Abstract
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To evaluate whether iron concentration in TYM medium influence on hydrogenosomal enzyme gene expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential of Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoites were cultivated in iron-depleted, normal and iron-supplemented TYM media. The mRNA of hydrogenosomal enzymes, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), hydrogenase, ferredoxin and malic enzyme, was increased with iron concentrations in T. vaginalis culture media, measured by RT-PCR. Hydrogenosomal membrane potentials measured with DiOC₆ also showed similar tendency, e.g. T. vaginalis cultivated in iron-depleted and iron-supplemented media for 3 days showed a significantly reduced and enhanced hydrogenosomal membrane potential compared with that of normal TYM media, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that iron may regulate hydrogenosomal activity through hydrogenosomal enzyme expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential.

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Molecular Targets Implicated in the Antiparasitic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Phytochemical Curcumin in Trichomoniasis
Natalia Mallo, Jesús Lamas, Rosa Ana Sueiro, José Manuel Leiro
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Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis
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Nitric oxide maintains cell survival of Trichomonas vaginalis upon iron depletion
Wei-Hung Cheng, Kuo-Yang Huang, Po-Jung Huang, Jo-Hsuan Hsu, Yi-Kai Fang, Cheng-Hsun Chiu, Petrus Tang
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
RNA-Binding Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Atypical Multifunctional Proteins
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Optimal Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Trichomonas vaginalis
Odelta dos Santos, Graziela de Vargas Rigo, Amanda Piccoli Frasson, Alexandre José Macedo, Tiana Tasca, Robert W Dettman
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Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
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The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef
Hydrogenosome Metabolism Is the Key Target for Antiparasitic Activity of Resveratrol against Trichomonas vaginalis
Natalia Mallo, Jesús Lamas, José M. Leiro
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Responsiveness of Trichomonas vaginalis to iron concentrations: Evidence for a post-transcriptional iron regulation by an IRE/IRP-like system
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Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis
Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
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Trichomonas vaginalis: The adhesins AP51 and AP65 bind heme and hemoglobin
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Original Article

Involvement of MAPK activation in chemokine or COX-2 productions by Toxoplasma gondii: Ji-Young Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jong-Hak Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Myung-Hwan Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):197-207.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.197

Abstract
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This experiment focused on MAPK activation in host cell invasion and replication of T. gondii, as well as the expression of CC chemokines, MCP-1 and MIP-1α, and enzyme, COX-2/prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in infected cells via western blot, [³H]-uracil incorporation assay, ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in infected HeLa cells was detected at 1 hr and/or 6 hr postinfection (PI). Tachyzoite proliferation was reduced by p38 or JNK MAPK inhibitors. MCP-1 secretion was enhanced in infected peritoneal macrophages at 6 hr PI. MIP-1α mRNA was increased in macrophages at 18 hr PI. MCP-1 and MIP-1α were reduced after treatment with inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs. COX-2 mRNA gradually increased in infected RAW 264.7 cells and the secretion of COX-2 peaked at 6 hr PI. The inhibitor of JNK suppressed COX-2 expression. PGE₂ from infected RAW 264.7 cells was increased and synthesis was suppressed by PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125. In this study, the activation of p38, JNK and/or ERK1/2 MAPKs occurred during the invasion and proliferation of T. gondii tachyzoites in HeLa cells. Also, increased secretion and expression of MCP-1, MIP-1α, COX-2 and PGE₂ were detected in infected macrophages, and appeared to occur via MAPK signaling pathways.

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Mini Review

Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the Republic of Korea: Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):101-116.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.101

Abstract
PDF

Vaginal trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common sexually transmitted disease. More than 170 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. In the Republic of Korea, 10.4% of women complaining of vaginal symptoms and signs were found to be infected with T. vaginalis. However, despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection has not been clearly characterized although neutrophil infiltration is considered to be primarily responsible for the cytologic changes associated with this infection. We hypothesized that trichomonads in the vagina sometime after an acute infection secrete proteins like excretory-secretory product that have a chemotactic effect on neutrophils, and that these neutrophils are further stimulated by T. vaginalis to produce chemokines like IL-8 and GRO-α, which further promote neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis. Thus, neutrophil accumulation is believed to maintain or aggravate inflammation. However, enhanced neutrophil apoptosis induced by live T. vaginalis could contribute to resolution of inflammation. Macrophages may constitute an important component of host defense against T. vaginalis infection. For example, mouse macrophages alone and those activated by lymphokines or nitric oxide are known to be involved in the extracellular killing of T. vaginalis. In the host, T. vaginalis uses a capping phenomenon to cleave host immunoglobulins with proteinases and thus escape from host immune responses. Recently, we developed a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650), and found that the method enables the detection of T. vaginalis at concentrations as low as 1 cell per PCR mixture.

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Brief Communication

Antimalarial activity of thiophenyl- and benzenesulfonyl-dihydroartemisinin: Seokjoon Lee, Sangtae Oh, Gab-Man Park, Tong-Soo Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Han-Kyu Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(3):123-126.
Published online September 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.123

Abstract
PDF

Each diastereomer of 10-thiophenyl- and 10-benzenesulfonyl-dihydroartemisinin was synthesized from artemisinin in three steps, and screened against chloroquine-resistance and chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum. Three of the four tested compounds were found to be effective. Especially, 10β-benzenesulfonyl-dihydroartemisinin showed stronger antimalarial activity than artemisinin.

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Original Article

Influence of calcium ion on host cell invasion and intracellular replication by Toxoplasma gondii: Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Kyoung-Hwan Joo, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):185-193.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.185

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of Ca²⁺ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and Ca²⁺ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the Ca²⁺ channel blockers, bepridiland verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular Ca²⁺ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.

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AHMED THABET, JOHANNES SCHMIDT, SVEN BAUMANN, WALTHER HONSCHA, MARTIN VON BERGEN, ARWID DAUGSCHIES, BERIT BANGOURA
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Case Reports

A human case of house dust mite Tarsonemus floricolus collected from sputum: Jae-Sook Ryu, Han-Il Ree, Duk-Young Min, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(3):171-173.
Published online September 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.171

Abstract
PDF

A 23-year-old medical student showed a positive reaction on a skin test for Paragonimus westermani, and two Tarsonemus floricolus mites were subsequently found by sputum examination and identified morphologically. Our report is the first human case of Tarsonemus floricolus in Korea.

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Sarah M. Abdo, Mohamed Mostafa Tahoun, E. S. El-Wakil, Yusuf A. Edmardash, Hend A. El-Taweel, Heba Elhadad, Hend Hamdy, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
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Yubao Cui
Parasites & Vectors.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Dust mites in a routine clinical stool sample
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Experimental method for isolating and identifying dust mites from sputum in pulmonary acariasis
Rafael Martínez-Girón, Hugo Cornelis van Woerden, Andrés Ribas-Barceló
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Two imported cases of cutaneous larva migrans: Jin-Woo Park, Sang-Jin Kwon, Jae-Sook Ryu, Eun-Kyung Hong, Jung-Uk Lee, Hee-Joon Yu, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):77-81.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.77

Abstract
PDF

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a rare serpiginous cutaneous eruption caused by accidental penetration and migration in the skin with infective larvae of nematode that normally do not have the human as their host. Although CLM has a worldwide distribution, the infection is most frequent in warmer climates. More recently, they have been increasingly imported from the tropics or subtropics by travelers. We experienced two patients who had pruritic serpiginous linear eruption in their skin for a few weeks after traveling to the endemic areas (Brazil and Thailand, respectively). After the treatment with albendazole, the skin lesions resolved with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. We report herein two cases of cutaneous larva migrans successfully treated with albendazole.

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Original Articles

Degradations of human immunoglobulins and hemoglobin by a 60 kDa cysteine proteinase of Trichomonas vaginalis: Duk-Young Min, Keun-Hee Hyun, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Myung-Hwan Cho; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):261-268.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.261

Abstract
PDF

The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of cysteine proteinase of Trichomonas vaginalis in escaping from host defense mechanism. A cysteine proteinase of T. vaginalis was purified by affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Optimum pH for the purified proteinase activity was 6.0. The proteinase was inhibited by cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors such as E-64, NEM, IAA, leupeptin, TPCK and TLCK, and also by Hg²⁺, but not affected by serine-, metallo-, and aspartic proteinase inhibitors such as PMSF, EDTA and pepstatin A. However, it was activated by the cysteine proteinase activator, DTT. The molecular weight of a purified proteinase was 62 kDa on gel filtration and 60 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Interestingly, the purified proteinase was able to degrade serum IgA, secretory IgA, and serum IgG in time- and dose-dependent manners. In addition, the enzyme also degraded hemoglobin in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the acidic cysteine proteinase of T. vaginalis may play a dual role for parasite survival in conferring escape from host humoral defense by degradation of immunoglobulins, and in supplying nutrients to parasites by degradation of hemoglobin.

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Ulf Sommer, Catherine E. Costello, Gary R. Hayes, David H. Beach, Robert O. Gilbert, John J. Lucas, Bibhuti N. Singh
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Biological and biochemical modulation of Trichomonas vaginalis KT9 isolate after shifting of culture medium from TPS-1 into TYM: Jae-Sook Ryu, Ryung Choi, So-Young Park, Hyun Park, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):255-260.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.255

Abstract
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To evaluate the biological and biochemical characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis KT9 isolate, the growth and size of trichomonads, pathogenicity in mouse, protein profiles and proteinase activity were examined after shifting the medium from TPS-1 into TYM. Generation time of trichomonads in TYM medium was 4.5 hr in comparison to TPS-1 with 7.1 hr. Size of trichomonads cultured in TPS-1 medium (8.5 ± 0.9 × 6.0 ± 0.9 ?m) was significantly smaller than those in TYM medium (10.9 ± 1.4 × 8.2 ± 0.9 ?m). Trichomonads cultured in TYM medium produced subcutaneous abscess in 9 out of 10 mice, whereas those in TPS-1 medium produced abscesses in 2 out of 10 mice. In SDS-PAGE, trichomonad lysates from both media showed ten common bands. However, trichomonads in TYM medium showed additional bands of 136 kDa, 116 kDa and 40 kDa in comparison to those in TPS-1 with 100 kDa. By immunoblot with T. vaginalis-immunized rabbit sera, T. vaginalis cultivated in both TYM and TPS-1 media showed 5 common bands, and unique bands of 116 kDa, 105 kDa, and 86 kDa were observed in trichomonads in TYM while a 140 kDa band in those in TPS-1. In gelatin SDS-PAGE, trichomonads in TYM degraded gelatin stronger than those in TPS-1. Also protease activity of trichomonads in TYM was significantly higher than that of trichomonads in TPS-1 using Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-Nan as a substrate. According to the results, it is assumed that the shift from TPS-1 into TYM medium for cultivation of T. vaginalis might modulate the biological and biochemical properties of T. vaginalis in vitro.

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Brief Communication

Genetic variance of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by Southern hybridization: Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Myeong-Heon Shin, Youl-Hee Cho; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):207-211.
Published online September 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.207

Abstract
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In the present study, genomic DNAs were purified from Korean isolates (KT8, KT6, KT-Kim and KT-Lee) and foreign strains (CDC85, IR78 and NYH 286) of Trichomonas vaginalis, and hybridized with a probe based on the repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis to observe the genetic differences. By Southern hybridization, all isolates of T. vaginalis except the NYH286 strain had 11 bands. Therefore all isolates examined were distinguishable into 3 groups according to their banding patterns; i) KT8, KT6 and KT-Kim isolates had 11 identical bands such as 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb, 1.9 kb, 2.3 kb, 2.7 kb, 3.2 kb, 3.4 kb, 3.8 kb, 4.9 kb and 6.0 kb. ii) The metronidazole-resistant IR78 strain had the same bands as KT-Lee isolate at bands of 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb, 1.8 kb, 2.1 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.7 kb, 2.9 kb, 3.4 kb, 5.0 kb and 6.0 kb. Bands of CDC85, metronidazole-resistant strain, were similar to those of IR78 and KT-Lee, except that 3.2 kb replaced 2.9 kb. iii) NYH286 particularly had 12 bands and band patterns were similar to IR78 with a few exceptions as follows: i) 6.2 kb in place of 6.0 kb, ii) 2.0 kb and 2.2 kb instead of 2.1 kb. Through the results obtained, genetic variance of T. vaginalis isolates was demonstrated by Southern hybridization.

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