Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"cytokine"

Brief Communication

Allyl isothiocyanate exacerbates acute toxoplasmosis through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines: Qiu-Mei Lin, Hong-Bin Long, Jun-Ting He, Zhi-hao Zhang, Ho-Woo Nam, Fu-Shi Quan, Qi Zhong, Xu-Qing Liu, Zhao-Shou Yang; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):476-483.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24054

Abstract
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Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural product commonly used in food preservation and pharmaceutical applications. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, is prevalent globally while the impact of AITC on toxoplasmosis is unclear. We explored the effect of AITC on acute toxoplasmosis. We infected C57BL/6 mice with T. gondii type I RH strain following AITC administration. On the 4th day after infection, which corresponds to the initial stage of infection, we collected serum for the determination of inflammatory cytokine levels. The mice serum of the AITC-administered group contained significantly lower levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-23 subunit p19, IL-4, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The lifespan of the mice in the AITC-administered group was significantly reduced. In vitro experiments showed that AITC promoted the proliferation of intracellular T. gondii accompanied by the inhibition of IL-4, IL-1β, and IL-6 production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results showed that AITC facilitated T. gondii infection in the early stage by inhibiting the production of several inflammatory cytokines.

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Original Article

In vitro immunoregulatory role of recombinant Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin: Tingting Zhuang, Asmaa M. I. Abuzeid, Xiaoyu Chen, Shilan Zhu, Guoqing Li; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):75-84.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23108

Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes the intestines of humans and animals (dogs and cats), leading to malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Helminth parasites secrete calreticulin (CRT), which regulates or blocks the host’s immune response. However, no data on A. ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT) are available. We investigated the biological function of recombinant Ace-CRT (rAce-CRT). rAce-CRT showed reliable antigenicity and stimulated the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assays revealed that rAce-CRT primarily promoted the expression of T helper 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, in canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. rAce-CRT inhibited complement-mediated sheep erythrocyte hemolysis in vitro. Our findings indicate that Ace-CRT plays an immunomodulatory role and may be a promising candidate molecule for a hookworm vaccine.

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Brief Communication

Elevated interleukin-10 levels in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis: Gee-Hyun Kim, Jae Hyuck Kwak, Young-Hoon Park; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):310-316.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22172

Abstract
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In elderly patients, ocular toxoplasmosis is one of the most common etiologies of uveitis, which should be differentially diagnosed from ocular lymphoma, another common pathology of uveitis in older adults. The high level of interleukin (IL)-10 and an IL-10/IL-6 ratio higher than 1 (>1.0) are helpful parameters to diagnose ocular lymphoma. In this study, we used aqueous humor samples to detect 4 cases of ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with high levels of IL-10 and an IL-10/IL-6 ratio higher than 1. Our results show that ocular toxoplasmosis may be associated with increased cytokine levels in aqueous humor.

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Toxoplasma gondii IST suppresses inflammatory and apoptotic responses by inhibiting STAT1-mediated signaling in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated hepatocytes
Seung-Hwan Seo, Ji-Eun Lee, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 30. CrossRef
Factors related to central nervous system involvement of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma
Joo Young Kim, Jae Jung Kim, Rae Young Kim, Mirinae Kim, Young Gun Park, Young-Hoon Park
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.2024; 262(8): 2421. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules in the Toxoplasma gondii-infected dendritic cells of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice: Jae-Hyung Lee, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):138-146.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22150

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite which can infect most warm-blooded animals and humans. Among the different mouse models, C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to T. gondii infection compared to BALB/c mice, and this increased susceptibility has been attributed to various factors, including T-cell responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most prominent type of antigen-presenting cells and regulate the host immune response, including the response of T-cells. However, differences in the DC responses of these mouse strains to T. gondii infection have yet to be characterized. In this study, we cultured bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. These cells were infected with T. gondii. The activation of the BMDCs was assessed based on the expression of cell surface markers and cytokines. In the BMDCs of both mouse strains, we detected significant increases in the expression of cell surface T-cell co-stimulatory molecules (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, CD40, CD80, and CD86) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-1β, and IL-10) from 3 h post-T. gondii infection. The expression of MHC II, CD40, CD80, CD86, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, and IL-1β was significantly higher in the T. gondii-infected BMDCs obtained from the C57BL/6 mice than in those from the BALB/c mice. These findings indicate that differences in the activation status of the BMDCs in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice may account for their differential susceptibility to T. gondii.

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Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer
Bong Kyun Kim, Hei Gwon Choi, Jae-Hyung Lee, In Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 37. CrossRef
Influenza virus-like particles presenting Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 7 protect mice from lethal ME49 challenge
Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Su-In Heo, Fu-Shi Quan
Nanomedicine.2025; 20(18): 2309. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii IST suppresses inflammatory and apoptotic responses by inhibiting STAT1-mediated signaling in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated hepatocytes
Seung-Hwan Seo, Ji-Eun Lee, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 30. CrossRef
Contrasting Disease Progression, Microglia Reactivity, Tolerance, and Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Two Mouse Strains
Daniel G. Diniz, Jhonnathan H. P. de Oliveira, Luma C. F. Guerreiro, Gabriel C. de Menezes, Alexa C. L. de Assis, Tainá Q. Duarte, Izabelly B. D. dos Santos, Flávia D. Maciel, Gabrielly L. da S. Soares, Sanderson C. Araújo, Felipe T. de C. Franco, Ediclei
Biomedicines.2024; 12(7): 1420. CrossRef
Recombinant SAG2A Protein from Toxoplasma gondii Modulates Immune Profile and Induces Metabolic Changes Associated with Reduced Tachyzoite Infection in Peritoneal Exudate Cells from Susceptible C57BL/6 Mice
Thaíse Anne Rocha dos Santos, Mário Cézar de Oliveira, Edson Mario de Andrade Silva, Uener Ribeiro dos Santos, Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira, Ana Luísa Corrêa Soares, Neide Maria Silva, Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes, Jamilly Azevedo Leal-Sena, Jair Pereira
Microorganisms.2024; 12(11): 2366. CrossRef

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Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):557-564.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.557

Abstract
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Macrophages play a key role in chronic inflammation, and are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. We investigated whether an interaction between inflamed prostate cancer cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis and macrophages stimulates the proliferation of the cancer cells. Conditioned medium was prepared from T. vaginalis-infected (TCM) and uninfected (CM) mouse prostate cancer (PCa) cell line (TRAMP-C2 cells). Thereafter conditioned medium was prepared from macrophages (J774A.1 cell line) after incubation with CM (MCM) or TCM (MTCM). When TRAMP-C2 cells were stimulated with T. vaginalis, protein and mRNA levels of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased, and migration of macrophages toward TCM was more extensive than towards CM. Macrophages stimulated with TCM produced higher levels of CCL2, IL-6, TNF-α, their mRNAs than macrophages stimulated with CM. MTCM stimulated the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells as well as the expression of cytokine receptors (CCR2, GP130, CXCR2). Importantly, blocking of each cytokine receptors with anti-cytokine receptor antibody significantly reduced the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells. We conclude that inflammatory mediators released by TRAMP-C2 cells in response to infection by T. vaginalis stimulate the migration and activation of macrophages and the activated macrophages stimulate the proliferation and invasiveness of the TRAMP-C2 cells via cytokine-cytokine receptor binding. Our results therefore suggested that macrophages contribute to the exacerbation of PCa due to inflammation of prostate cancer cells reacted with T. vaginalis.

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The role of proinflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines (CXCL1–CXCL16) in the progression of prostate cancer: insights on their therapeutic management
Amin Ullah, Wang Jiao, Bairong Shen
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 270. CrossRef
Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection
John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 77. CrossRef

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Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis: Sang-Su Kim, Kyu-Shik Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yong-Suk Kim, Soo-Yeon Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):547-556.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.547

Abstract
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Our
objective
was to investigate whether inflammatory microenvironment induced by Trichomonas vaginalis infection can stimulate proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro and in vivo mouse experiments. The production of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased when cells of the mouse PCa cells (TRAMP-C2 cell line) were infected with live T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis-conditioned medium (TCM) prepared from co-culture of PCa cells and T. vaginalis increased PCa cells migration, proliferation and invasion. The cytokine receptors (CXCR2, CCR2, gp130) were expressed higher on the PCa cells treated with TCM. Pretreatment of PCa cells with antibodies to these cytokine receptors significantly reduced the proliferation, mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells, indicating that TCM has its effect through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling. In C57BL/6 mice, the prostates injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells were larger than those injected with PCa cells alone after 4 weeks. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and cyclin D1 in the prostate tissue injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells increased than those of PCa cells alone. Collectively, it was suggested that inflammatory reactions by T. vaginalis-stimulated PCa cells increase the proliferation and invasion of PCa cells through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling pathways.

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The role of proinflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines (CXCL1–CXCL16) in the progression of prostate cancer: insights on their therapeutic management
Amin Ullah, Wang Jiao, Bairong Shen
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis excretory secretory proteins reduce semen quality and male fertility
Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection
John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 77. CrossRef
Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 557. CrossRef

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Cytokine Production in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells in Response to Clonorchis sinensis Excretory-Secretory Products and Their Putative Protein Components: Jhang Ho Pak, Ji-Yun Lee, Bo Young Jeon, Fuhong Dai, Won Gi Yoo, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):379-387.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.379

Abstract
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Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke that promotes hepatic inflammatory environments via direct contact or through their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), subsequently leading to cholangitis, periductal fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). This study was conducted to examine the host inflammatory responses to C. sinensis ESPs and their putative protein components selected from C. sinensis expressed sequenced tag (EST) pool databases, including TGF-β receptor interacting protein 1(CsTRIP1), legumain (CsLeg), and growth factor binding protein 2 (CsGrb2). Treatment of CCA cells (HuCCT1) with the ESPs or bacterial recombinant C. sinensis proteins differentially promoted the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2) in a time-dependent manner. In particular, recombinant C. sinensis protein treatment resulted in increase (at maximum) of ~7-fold in TGF-β1, ~30-fold in TGF-β2, and ~3-fold in TNF-α compared with the increase produced by ESPs, indicating that CsTrip1, CsLeg, and CsGrb2 function as strong inducers for secretion of these cytokines in host cells. These results suggest that C. sinensis ESPs contribute to the immunopathological response in host cells, leading to clonorchiasis-associated hepatobiliary abnormalities of greater severity.

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Virag Gehl, Colm J. O’Rourke, Jesper B. Andersen
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Wen-Min Lu, Jin Yan, Zhao-Ji Liu, Yong Wu, Qian-Ru Cui, Ji Feng, Yu Chen, Guang-Zhi Zhu, Tao Peng, Jing Zhou, Guo-Dong Lu
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The crosstalk between cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells promotes the progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and periductal fibrosis during Clonorchis sinensis infection
Junyeong Yi, Ji Hoon Jeong, Jihee Won, Seok Chung, Jhang Ho Pak
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensisinfection induces pathological changes in feline bile duct epithelium and alters biliary microbiota composition
Feng Li, Yanli Zhang, Chunfu Li, Fenqi Li, Baojiang Gan, Hong Yu, Jian Li, Xinyu Feng, Wei Hu
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Up-regulation of MDSCs accumulation and Th2 biased response to co-stimulation of CsESP from Clonorchis sinensis and HBeAg in vitro
Qiannan Liu, Nian Wang, Hengchang Sun, Huimin Dong, Xuerong Li, Xinbing Yu, Yan Huang
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107405. CrossRef
The expression of sICAM-1 influenced by Clonorchis sinensis co-infection in CHB patients
J. Qiu, M. Shang, W. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Liao, H. Dong
Journal of Helminthology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Guoyang Huang, Xiaohong Peng
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Clonorchis sinensis granulin promotes malignant transformation of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells through interaction with M2 macrophages via regulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and the MEK/ERK pathway
Qing He, Xiaowen Pan, Yingxuan Yin, Anyuan Xu, Xueqing Yi, Yinjuan Wu, Xuerong Li
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Lei Zhao, Jia Li, Gang Mo, Deping Cao, Chun Li, Guoyang Huang, Liping Jiang, Gen Chen, Hongbing Yao, Xiaohong Peng
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Niccolò Fonti, Francesca Parisi, Francesca Mancianti, Giulia Freer, Alessandro Poli
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Ana Gabriela Leija-Montoya, Javier González-Ramírez, Gustavo Martínez-Coronilla, María Esther Mejía-León, Mario Isiordia-Espinoza, Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz, Elda Georgina Chávez-Cortez, Viviana Pitones-Rubio, Nicolas Serafín-Higuera
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Elisabeth Digifico, Silvia Balinzo, Cristina Belgiovine
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Menghua Zhou, Chaoqun Wang, Shounan Lu, Yanan Xu, Zihao Li, Hongchi Jiang, Yong Ma
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Omega-Class Glutathione Transferases of Carcinogenic Liver Fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, Modulate Apoptosis and Differentiation of Host Cholangiocytes
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Antioxidants.2021; 10(7): 1017. CrossRef
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Byoung-Kuk Na, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong
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Hongli Guan, Jiacong Peng, Liping Jiang, Gang Mo, Xiang Li, Xiaohong Peng
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Dopaminergic antagonists inhibit bile chemotaxis of adult Clonorchis sinensis and its egg production
Fuhong Dai, Jin-Ho Song, Yeon Pyo Hong, Xuelian Bai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, jong-Yil Chai
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Yunliang Shi, Kai Yu, Anli Liang, Yan Huang, Fangqi Ou, Haiyan Wei, Xiaoling Wan, Yichao Yang, Weiyu Zhang, Zhihua Jiang
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Won Gi Yoo, Jung-Mi Kang, Huong Giang Lê, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 513. CrossRef

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Cytopathic Change and Inflammatory Response of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Induced by Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts: Hae-Jin Sohn, Ga-Eun Seo, Jae-Ho Lee, A-Jeong Ham, Young-Hwan Oh, Heekyoung Kang, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):217-223.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.217

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba castellanii has ubiquitous distribution and causes primary acanthamoebic keratitis (AK). AK is a common disease in contact lens wearers and results in permanent visual impairment or blindness. In this study, we observed the cytopathic effect, in vitro cytotoxicity, and secretion pattern of cytokines in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) induced by A. castellanii trophozoites and/or cysts. Morphological observation revealed that panked dendritic HCECs co-cultured with amoeba cysts had changed into round shape and gradually died. Such changes were more severe in co-culture with cyst than those of co-cultivation with trophozoites. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed the highest cytotoxicity to HCECs in the co-culture system with amoeba cysts. A. castellanii induced the expression of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 in HCECs. Secreted levels of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 in HCECs co-cultured with both trophozoites and cysts were increased at an early incubation time (3 and 6 hr). These results suggested that cytopathic changes and pro-inflammatory cytokines release of HCECs in response to A. castellanii, especially amoebic cysts, are an important mechanism for AK development.

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A Synthetic View on Acanthamoeba Keratitis Host Immune Response: Potential Factors Influencing the Development of Chronic Inflammation
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Cornea.2025; 44(1): 118. CrossRef
In Vitro Efficacy of Miltefosine Against Clinical Isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. from Patients with Keratitis
Lakshminarayanan Gowtham, Savitri Sharma, Bhupesh Bagga
Seminars in Ophthalmology.2025; 40(8): 767. CrossRef
Diagnostic features of Acanthamoeba keratitis via in vivo confocal microscopy
Joanna Przybek-Skrzypecka, Malcolm Armstrong, Jennifer Kim, Andrew Walkden, Leon Au, Arun Brahma, Fiona Carley, Jaya Devi Chidambaram
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Alvie Loufouma Mbouaka, Iwona Lesiak-Markowicz, Irene Heredero-Bermejo, Rounik Mazumdar, Julia Walochnik, Tania Martín-Pérez
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Host cell-type and pathogen-specific immunomodulatory functions of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in infectious keratitis
Swagata Ghosh, AH Humera Khathun, G.S. Athulya, P. Vignesh, L Mathan, Ninad Mudaraddi, Siddharth Narendran, Prajna Lalitha, N. Venkatesh Prajna
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Qingshan Ji, Lisong Wang, Jiajia Liu, Yali Wu, Huayi Lv, Yuechun Wen, Lei Shi, Bin Qu, Nóra Szentmáry
Inflammation.2021; 44(2): 682. CrossRef
Corneal Changes in Acanthamoeba Keratitis at Various Levels of Severity: An In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Study
Zhenyu Wei, Kai Cao, Leying Wang, Christophe Baudouin, Antoine Labbé, Qingfeng Liang
Translational Vision Science & Technology.2021; 10(7): 10. CrossRef
Polymicrobial Keratitis: Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, Bacterial Profile, and Antimicrobial Resistance
Laura A. González-Dibildox, José A. Oyervidez-Alvarado, Kristian A. Vazquez-Romo, Nallely Ramos-Betancourt, Everardo Hernandez-Quintela, Francisco Beltran, Manuel Garza-Leon
Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice.2021; 47(8): 465. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Nitric Oxide by Human Mast Cells Incubated with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate: Eun-Ah Park, Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):201-206.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.201

Abstract
PDF

The roles of mast cells in allergic diseases and helminth infections are well known. However, the roles of mast cells in T. gondii infection is poorly understood. This study was focused on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4), chemokines (CXCL8, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) by mast cells in response to soluble lysate of T. gondii tachyzoites. Production of CXCL8 (IL-8), MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-4 were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Western blot were used for detection of CXCR-1 and CXCR2. Our results showed that T. gondii lysates triggered mast cells to release CXCL8, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-4 and to produce NO. This suggests that mast cells play an important role in inflammatory responses to T. gondii.

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Hongli Zhou, Minyu Zhou, Yue Hu, Yanin Limpanon, Yubin Ma, Ping Huang, Paron Dekumyoy, Wanchai Maleewong, Zhiyue Lv
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Original Articles

Characterization of Plasmodium berghei Homologues of T-cell Immunomodulatory Protein as a New Potential Candidate for Protecting against Experimental Cerebral Malaria: Ai Cui, Yucen Li, Xia Zhou, Lin Wang, Enjie Luo; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):101-115.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.101

The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is biologically complex and involves multi-factorial mechanisms such as microvascular congestion, immunopathology by the pro-inflammatory cytokine and endothelial dysfunction. Recent data have suggested that a pleiotropic T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP) could effectively mediate inflammatory cytokines of mammalian immune response against acute graft-versus-host disease in animal models. In this study, we identified a conserved homologue of TIP in Plasmodium berghei (PbTIP) as a membrane protein in Plasmodium asexual stage. Compared with PBS control group, the pathology of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in rPbTIP intravenous injection (i.v.) group was alleviated by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and rPbTIP i.v. group elicited an expansion of regulatory T-cell response. Therefore, rPbTIP i.v. group displayed less severe brain pathology and feverish mice in rPbTIP i.v. group died from ECM. This study suggested that PbTIP may be a novel promising target to alleviate the severity of ECM.

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Malian children infected with Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum display very similar gene expression profiles
Kieran Tebben, Salif Yirampo, Drissa Coulibaly, Abdoulaye K. Koné, Matthew B. Laurens, Emily M. Stucke, Ahmadou Dembélé, Youssouf Tolo, Karim Traoré, Amadou Niangaly, Andrea A. Berry, Bourema Kouriba, Christopher V. Plowe, Ogobara K. Doumbo, Kirsten E. Ly
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María Celeste Nicolao, Christian Rodriguez Rodrigues, Magalí B. Coccimiglio, Camila Ledo, Guillermo H. Docena, Andrea C. Cumino
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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A Novel Niosomal Combination of Selenium Coupled with Glucantime against Leishmania tropica: Mahshid Mostafavi, Payam Khazaeli, Iraj Sharifi, Saeedeh Farajzadeh, Hamid Sharifi, Alireza Keyhani, Maryam Hakimi Parizi, Sina Kakooei; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):1-8.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.1

Abstract
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There is no effective treatment modality available against different forms of leishmaniasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the penetration and efficacy of selenium and glucantime coupled with niosomes and compared them with their simple forms alone on in vitro susceptibility assays. In this study, the niosomal formulations of selenium and in combination with glucantime were prepared. The size and morphology of the niosomal formulations were characterized and the effectivity of the new formulation was also evaluated using in vitro MTT assay, intra-macrophage model, and gene expression profile. From the results obtained, no cytotoxicity effect was observed for niosomal and simple forms of drugs, as alone or in combination. Niosomal formulations of the drugs significantly showed more inhibitory effects (P ≤ 0.001) than the simple drugs when the selectivity index was considered. The gene expression levels of Interleukin (IL-10) significantly decreased, while the level of IL-12 and metacaspase significantly increased (P ≤ 0.001). The results of the present study showed that selenium plus glucantime niosome possess a potent anti-leishmanial effect and enhanced their lethal activity as evidenced by the in vitro experiments.

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A Comprehensive Review on Recent Advances and Patents of Niosomes
Sakshi Saharawat, Sushma Verma
Recent Patents on Nanotechnology.2025; 19(3): 364. CrossRef
Promising aryl selenoate derivatives as antileishmanial agents and their effects on gene expression
Celia Fernández-Rubio, Mercedes Rubio-Hernández, Verónica Alcolea, Aroia Burguete-Mikeo, Paul A. Nguewa, Silvia Pérez-Silanes, Audrey Odom John
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Combinational therapy with Myc decoy oligodeoxynucleotides encapsulated in nanocarrier and X-irradiation on breast cancer cells
BEHROOZ JOHARI, MILAD PARVINZAD LEILAN, MAHMOUD GHARBAVI, YOUSEF MORTAZAVI, ALI SHARAFI, HAMED REZAEEJAM
Oncology Research.2024; 32(2): 309. CrossRef
Leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory properties of Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF®) and a gel formulation in a pre-clinical model
Jéssica Rebouças-Silva, Nathaly Alcazar Amorim, Flávio Henrique Jesus-Santos, Jéssica Aparecida de Lima, Jonilson Berlink Lima, Andresa A. Berretta, Valéria M. Borges
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Drug Delivery Through Niosomes: A Comprehensive Review with Therapeutic Applications
Mishkaat Parveen Izhar, Abdul Hafeez, Poonam Kushwaha, Simrah
Journal of Cluster Science.2023; 34(5): 2257. CrossRef
Nanoemulsions for increased penetrability and sustained release of leishmanicidal compounds
Darlyn J. García, Maritza Fernández‐Culma, Yulieth A. Upegui, Luz A. Ríos‐Vásquez, Wiston Quiñones, Rogelio Ocampo‐Cardona, Fernando Echeverri, Iván D. Vélez, Sara M. Robledo
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Niosome as an Effective Nanoscale Solution for the Treatment of Microbial Infections
Mahmood Barani, Fatemeh Paknia, Maryam Roostaee, Batoul Kavyani, Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Narges Ajalli, Alireza Amirbeigi, Rahul Shivahare
BioMed Research International.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Selenium and protozoan parasitic infections: selenocompounds and selenoproteins potential
Sajad Rashidi, Celia Fernández-Rubio, Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Esmaeel Ghani, Mohammadreza Karimazar, Raúl Manzano-Román, Paul Nguewa
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(1): 49. CrossRef
Preparation and evaluation of physicochemical properties and anti-leishmanial activity of zirconium/tioxolone niosomes against Leishmania major
Parisa Fatehi chinar, Sina Bahraminejad, Abbas Pardakhty, Iraj Sharifi, Mahdi Ranjbar, Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri, Fatemeh Sharifi
Arabian Journal of Chemistry.2022; 15(10): 104156. CrossRef
Unveiling a New Selenocyanate as a Multitarget Candidate with Anticancer, Antileishmanial and Antibacterial Potential
Sandra Ramos-Inza, Andreina Henriquez-Figuereo, Esther Moreno, Melibea Berzosa, Ignacio Encío, Daniel Plano, Carmen Sanmartín
Molecules.2022; 27(21): 7477. CrossRef
Drug Encapsulation: Review of Niosomes for Promoting Antimicrobial Activity
Tatielle do Nascimento, Denise de Abreu Garófalo, Mariana Sato de Souza Bustamante Monteiro, Ralph Santos-Oliveira, Ana Paula dos Santos Matos, Eduardo Ricci-Júnior
Journal of Nanoparticle Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Niosomes-loaded selenium nanoparticles as a new approach for enhanced antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities
Abbas Haddadian, Farnoush Falahi Robattorki, Hedieh Dibah, Ali Soheili, Erfan Ghanbarzadeh, Nasrin Sartipnia, Shadi Hajrasouliha, Kamal Pasban, Romina Andalibi, Mojtaba Hedayati Ch, Arezou Azari, Arman Chitgarzadeh, Aliasghar Bagheri Kashtali, Fatemeh Mas
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Leishmaniasis and Trace Element Alterations: a Systematic Review
Ali Taghipour, Amir Abdoli, Afifeh Ramezani, Ahmad Abolghazi, Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi, Salar Maani, Seyede Manizhe Heidar Nejadi, Sima Rasti, Morteza Shams, Ezatollah Ghasemi
Biological Trace Element Research.2021; 199(10): 3918. CrossRef
New Phosphoramidates Containing Selenium as Leishmanicidal Agents
Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena, Daniel Plano, Socorro Espuelas, Esther Moreno, Carlos Aydillo, Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz, Juan Carlos García Soriano, Carmen Sanmartín
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Niosomes: A review on niosomal research in the last decade
Peeyush Bhardwaj, Purnima Tripathi, Rishikesh Gupta, Sonia Pandey
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2020; 56: 101581. CrossRef
Leishmanial selenoproteins and the host immune system: towards new therapeutic strategies?
Sajad Rashidi, Kurosh Kalantar, Paul Nguewa, Gholamreza Hatam
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2020; 114(7): 541. CrossRef
The potential role of nicotinamide on Leishmania tropica: An assessment of inhibitory effect, cytokines gene expression and arginase profiling
Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee, Iraj Sharifi, Mehdi Bamorovat, Alireza Keyhani, Zahra Babaei, Ehsan Salarkia, Rahele Tavakoly, Ahmad Khosravi, Mahshid Mostafavi, Fatemeh Sharifi, Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
International Immunopharmacology.2020; 86: 106704. CrossRef
New Amides Containing Selenium as Potent Leishmanicidal Agents Targeting Trypanothione Reductase
Mikel Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena, Daniel Plano, Socorro Espuelas, Esther Moreno, Carlos Aydillo, Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz, Juan Carlos García Soriano, Carmen Sanmartín
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Diagnosis, Treatment and Clinical Features of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Maha M. Abdel-Wahab, Mahmoud Khalifa; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):229-236.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.229

Abstract
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been one of the most common parasitic diseases in Saudi Arabia. This study exhibits the clinical features, diagnosis, cytokine profile and treatment of CL patients in Al-Taif province. Ninety CL suspects at a tertiary care general hospital were enrolled in one-year study. Patients were interviewed, clinically-examined, and subjected to laboratory tests: skin scraping smear microscopy, OligoC-TesT commercial PCR (Coris BioConcept) and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) PCR for Leishmania diagnosis. Interferon-gamma (RayBio; Human IFN-γ) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients’ sera were evaluated before treatment with sodium stibogluconate (pentostam) with 20-day intramuscular drug regimen. Positive rates of microscopy, commercial PCR and kDNA PCR were 74.4%, 95.5% and 100%, respectively. Patients came to hospital mostly in winter (45.0%). CL was frequently exhibited in Saudi patients (78.8%), male gender (70.7%), age <20 years (50.0%), rural-dwellers (75.5%) and patients with travel history (86.6%). Lesion was mostly single ulcer (93.3%), occurred in the face (67.7%). Upon pentostam treatment, 85.1% of ulcers showed rapid healing signs. Levels of IFN-γ and NO were significantly higher in the healing than the non-healing cases (P<0.001). The kDNA PCR proved more sensitive than microscopy and OligoC-TesT commercial PCR. Our results open perspectives for IFN-γ use as a biomarker predicting treatment response.

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Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Saudi Arabia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Najm Z. Alshahrani, Abdullah M. Alarifi, Abdullah M. Assiri
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Tracking of Leishmania spp. in Iranian phlebotominae, distribution and biodiversity in Jarqavieh county, central Iran
Mehdi Haddadnia, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Parisima Badiezadeh, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2025; 35(12): 3761. CrossRef
Epidemiology and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
W. Iqbal, U. Iram, S. Nisar, N. Musa, A. Alam, M. R. Khan, B. Ullah, M. Ullah, I. Ali
Brazilian Journal of Biology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the biodiversity and distribution of sand flies and tracking of Leishmania major in them in central Iran
Parisima Badiezadeh, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Mehdi Haddadniaa, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; 34(9): 3245. CrossRef
Epidemiology and clinical features of parasitic disease Leishmaniasis. A case study from Pakistan
Muhaibullah khan, Sheraz Ahmad, Hamayun saeed, M. Junaid Akhtar, Amna Munir
Medical Reports.2024; 6: 100090. CrossRef
Epidemiological Mapping of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: An Observational Descriptive Study
Basmah Alharbi, Mawahib Ahmed
Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health.2024; 14(3): 1281. CrossRef
Dermoscopic features in relation to the type of clinical lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis
Qasim S. Al Chalabi, Hala N. Al Salman, Anfal L. Al harbawi
Journal of the Egyptian Women's Dermatologic Society.2024; 21(3): 240. CrossRef
Leishmaniasis: Recent epidemiological studies in the Middle East
Chinyere A. Knight, David R. Harris, Shifaa O. Alshammari, Ayele Gugssa, Todd Young, Clarence M. Lee
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Associated Risk Factors and Prevention in Hubuna, Najran, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Jamaan Alzahrani, Nahid Elfaki, Yahya Hussein Ahmed Abdalla, Mugahed Ali Alkhadher, Maha Hamed Mohamed Ali, Waled AM Ahmed
International Journal of General Medicine.2023; Volume 16: 723. CrossRef
A disfiguring neglected tropical disease sweeps war-torn Yemen: a community-based study of prevalence and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis among rural communities in the western highlands
Manal A Al-Ashwal, Wahib M Atroosh, Abdulelah H Al-Adhroey, Assia A Al-Subbary, Lau Yee-Ling, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2023; 117(12): 823. CrossRef
Distribution, clinical features, and epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case study of District Haripur, KPK, Pakistan
Muhaibullah Khan, Shehzad Ghayyur, Samina yasmin
Medical Reports.2023; 2: 100025. CrossRef
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Prevalence and Clinical Overview: A Single Center Study from Saudi Arabia, Eastern Region, Al-Ahsa
Mahdi Al-Dhafiri, Abdulmohsen Alhajri, Zahraa Ali Alwayel, Jasmine Ahmed Alturaiki, Shaima Ali Bu Izran, Fatimah Ahmed Alhammad, Ryhana Mohammed Aljumaiah
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(12): 507. CrossRef
Distribution and epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Asir province, Saudi Arabia, from 2011 to 2020
Yasser Alraey
Journal of Infection and Public Health.2022; 15(7): 757. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of Leishmania species from stray dogs and human patients in Saudi Arabia
Abdullah D. Alanazi, Abdulazi S. Alouffi, Mohamed S. Alyousif, Abdulsadah A. Rahi, Magda A. Ali, Hend H. A. M. Abdullah, Fabio A. Brayner, Jairo Alfonso Mendoza-Roldan, Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos, Domenico Otranto
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(12): 4241. CrossRef
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Li Qiao, Changxiao Li, Qinde Yu, Li Ma
Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics.2021; 11(6): 1743. CrossRef
Prevalence of Leishmania species among patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qassim province of Saudi Arabia
Zafar Rasheed, Ahmed A. Ahmed, Tarek Salem, Mohammed S. Al-Dhubaibi, Ahmad A. Al Robaee, Abdullateef A. Alzolibani
BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Expression Patterns of Host Inflammatory Cytokine Genes during Infestation with Haemaphysalis longicornis, a Zoonotic Vector, in Blood Sucking Periods: Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):53-59.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.53

Abstract
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Tick saliva is critically important for continuous attachment to the host, blood feeding for days, and transmission of tick-borne pathogens. To characterize the patterns of inflammatory cytokine gene expression during its attachment and blood sucking time, peripheral blood samples of rabbits infested with Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks were collected at different intervals. Blood histamine concentration was evaluated as well as gene encoding IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 were compared with non-infested rabbits. Blood histamine concentration of tick-infested rabbits during fast feeding time was significantly higher than that of non-infested rabbits. In both nymph and adult tick infested rabbits, expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ genes were decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while expression of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were increased 1.3 to 7 folds in adult infested rabbits with the exception of IL-6 that was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in nymph infested rabbits. IL-2 was not expressed in either nymph or adult infestation. H. longicornis saliva is capable of modulate host responses through a complex correlation with histamine and Th1, Th2 mediated cytokines that suppress the inflammatory responses directed toward inflammatory mediators introduced into the host during tick feeding.

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Recombinant cysteine proteinase as anti-tick targeting Hyalomma asiaticum infestation
Ruiqi Song, Ting Ge, ercha Hu, Xinli Fan, Yang Zhang, Xuejie Zhai, Min Li, Wei Zhang, Lijiang Wu, Allen Ka Loon Cheung, Bayin Chahan
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 235: 108234. CrossRef
d-ribose-mediated glycation of fibrinogen: Role in the induction of adaptive immune response
Sultan Alouffi, Afreen Khanam, Arbab Husain, Rihab Akasha, Gulam Rabbani, Saheem Ahmad
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Molecular cloning and characterisation of the PmEglin cDNA in the leech Hirudinaria sp.
Bo-Xing Cheng, Gui-Yan Shao, Yuan Li, Qing-Qing Tian, Su-Yan Wang, Fei Liu
Biologia.2022; 78(2): 579. CrossRef
The Ovarian Development Genes of Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis Evaluated by Transcriptomics and Proteomics
Tianhong Wang, Tongxuan Wang, Meng Zhang, Xinyue Shi, Miao Zhang, Hui Wang, Xiaolong Yang, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Tick mitochondrial genomes: structural characteristics and phylogenetic implications
Tianhong Wang, Shiqi Zhang, Tingwei Pei, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Mini Review

Therapeutic Effects of Resiniferatoxin Related with Immunological Responses for Intestinal Inflammation in Trichinellosis: Jos? Luis Mu?oz-Carrillo, Jos? Luis Mu?oz-L?pez, Jos? Jes?s Mu?oz-Escobedo, Claudia Maldonado-Tapia, Oscar Guti?rrez-Coronado, Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero, Mar?a Alejandra Moreno-Garc?a; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):587-599.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.587

Abstract
PDF

The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the CD4⁺ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE₂, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

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Salwa A. El-Saidy, Asmaa S. El-Feki, Gihan M. El-Khodary, Amal A. A. Hassan, Dina I. Elgendy, Yasmeen M. Gawaan
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Hua Li, Xin Wang, Xiaohui Zhang, Haixia Mu, Ruifang Hao, Yahong Li, Qinghui Liu, Ruifen Chi, Deyin Zhai
Microbes and Infection.2025; : 105586. CrossRef
Appraisal of Chitosan-Coated Lipid Nano-Combination with Miltefosine and Albendazole in the Treatment of Murine Trichinellosis: Experimental Study with Evaluation of Immunological and Immunohistochemical Parameters
Asmaa F. Ibrahim, Sahar M. Selim, Dalia A. Shafey, Dina M. Sweed, Shaimaa A. Farag, Marwa A. Gouda
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A.M. Matar, M.A. Kora, S.S. Shendi
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Resiniferatoxin promotes adult worm expulsion in Trichinella spiralis‐infected rats by Th2 immune response modulation
José Luis Muñoz‐Carrillo, Oscar Gutiérrez‐Coronado, José Jesús Muñoz‐Escobedo, Juan Francisco Contreras‐Cordero, Claudia Maldonado‐Tapia, María Alejandra Moreno‐García
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F. Chávez-Ruvalcaba, M. I. Chávez-Ruvalcaba, K. Moran Santibañez, J. L. Muñoz-Carrillo, A. León Coria, R. Reyna Martínez
Helminthologia.2021; 58(2): 119. CrossRef
Effect of treatment with resiniferatoxin in an experimental model of pulpal inflammatory in mice
José Luis Muñoz‐Carrillo, Jazmín Monserrat Vargas‐Barboza, Paola Trinidad Villalobos‐Gutiérrez, Juan Armando Flores‐De La Torre, Silverio Jafet Vazquez‐Alcaraz, Oscar Gutiérrez‐Coronado
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Original Article

Subsets of Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Risk of Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Opisthorchis viverrini-Associated Advanced Periductal Fibrosis and Cholangiocarcinoma: Arpa Surapaitoon, Sutas Suttiprapa, Eimorn Mairiang, Narong Khuntikeo, Chawalit Pairojkul, Jeffrey Bethony, Paul J. Brindley, Banchob Sripa; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):295-304.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.295

Abstract
PDF

Opisthorchis viverrini infection induces chronic inflammation, and a minor proportion of infected individuals develop advanced periductal fibrosis (APF) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Inflammatory cytokines and/or their gene polymorphisms may link to these biliary pathologies. We therefore investigated associations among cytokine gene polymorphisms and cytokine production in 510 Thai cases infected with O. viverrini who presented with APF+ or APF-, as established by abdominal ultrasonography as well as in patients diagnosed with CCA. Levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined in culture supernatants after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with O. viverrini excretory-secretory (ES) products. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, LT-α, and TNF-α were significantly increased in CCA patients compared with non-CCA (APF- and APF+) cases. Polymorphisms in genes encoding IL-1β -511C/T, IL-6 -174G/C, IFN-γ +874T/A, LT-α +252A/G, and TNF-α -308G/A were then investigated by using PCR-RFLP or allele specific-PCR (AS-PCR) analyses. In the CCA cases, LT-α +252A/G and TNF-α -308G/A heterozygous and homozygous variants showed significantly higher levels of these cytokines than the wild type. By contrast, levels of cytokines in wild type of IFN-γ +874T/A were significantly higher than the variants in CCA cases. IFN-γ +874T/A polymorphisms were associated with advanced periductal fibrosis, whereas IL-6 -174G/C polymorphisms were associated with CCA. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first demonstration that O. viverrini infected individuals carrying several specific cytokine gene polymorphisms are susceptible to develop fibrosis and CCA.

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Brief Communication

Alteration of Cytokine Production during Visceral Larva Migrans by Toxascaris leonina in Mice: Shin Ae Kang, Mi-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):583-588.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.583

Abstract
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To determine alteration of immune responses during visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by Toxascaris leonina at several time points, we experimentally infected mice with embryonated eggs of T. leonina and measured T-helper (Th) cell-related serial cytokine production after infection. At day 5 post infection (PI), most larvae were detected from the lungs, spleen, intestine, and muscle. Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and CCL11 (eotaxin) showed a significant increase in most infected organs, except the intestine. However, expression of the CXCL1 (Gro-α) gene was most highly enhanced in the intestine at day 14 PI. Th1-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes showed increases at day 28 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 42 PI. Th2-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes also showed an increase after infection; in particular, IL-5 level showed a significant increase at day 14 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 28 PI. However, levels of Th17-related cytokines, IL-6 and IL-17A, showed gradual increases until day 42 PI. In conclusion, Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokine production might be important in immune responses against T. leonina VLM in experimental mice.

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Histopathological lesions caused by experimental Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina infections in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 205. CrossRef
Experimental infection with T. canis and T. leonina in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Justyna Bartosik, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 197. CrossRef

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Original Article

Age-Related CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Regulatory T-Cell Responses During Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection in Mice Susceptible or Resistant to Cerebral Malaria: Ying Shan, Jun Liu, Yan-Yan Pan, Yong-Jun Jiang, Hong Shang, Ya-Ming Cao; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):289-295.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.289

Abstract
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Different functions have been attributed to CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) during malaria infection. Herein, we describe the disparity in Treg response and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA between young (3-week-old) and middle-aged (8-month-old) C57BL/6 mice. Young mice were susceptible to cerebral malaria (CM), while the middle-aged mice were resistant to CM and succumbed to hyperparasitemia and severe anemia. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, in young CM-susceptible mice were markedly higher than in middle-aged CM-resistant mice. An increased absolute number of Tregs 3-5 days post-inoculation, co-occurring with elevated IL-10 levels, was observed in middle-aged CM-resistant mice but not in young CM-susceptible mice. Our findings suggest that Treg proliferation might be associated with the suppression of excessive pro-inflammatory Th1 response during early malaria infection, leading to resistance to CM in the middle-aged mice, possibly in an IL-10-dependent manner.

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Contribution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies to the Understanding of Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis
Alicia Comino Garcia-Munoz, Isabelle Varlet, Georges Emile Grau, Teodora-Adriana Perles-Barbacaru, Angèle Viola
Pathogens.2024; 13(12): 1042. CrossRef
Mechanistic insights into immunopathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria: Cues from “young” C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice
Shweta Rai, Meetali Girdhar, Fouzia Siraj, Sheetal Sharma, Mukesh Kumar, Anju Katyal
Immunology Letters.2023; 256-257: 9. CrossRef
G6pd-Deficient Mice Are Protected From Experimental Cerebral Malaria and Liver Injury by Suppressing Proinflammatory Response in the Early Stage of Plasmodium berghei Infection
Haoan Yi, Weiyang Jiang, Fang Yang, Fan Li, Yirong Li, Wenjing Zhu, Qing Li, Syed Hassam Fakhar, Yaming Cao, Lan Luo, Wen Zhang, Yongshu He
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of regulatory T cells during Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection in BALB/c mice
W. Pang, X. Sun, H. Feng, J. Wang, L. Cui, Y. Cao
Parasite Immunology.2016; 38(7): 439. CrossRef
Phenylhydrazine administration accelerates the development of experimental cerebral malaria
Xiaotong Zhu, Jun Liu, Yonghui Feng, Wei Pang, Zanmei Qi, Yongjun Jiang, Hong Shang, Yaming Cao
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 156: 1. CrossRef
Myeloid expression of the AP‐1 transcription factor JUNB modulates outcomes of type 1 and type 2 parasitic infections
M. F. Fontana, A. Baccarella, D. Kellar, T. K. Oniskey, P. Terinate, S. D. Rosenberg, E. J. Huang, D. R. Herbert, C. C. Kim
Parasite Immunology.2015; 37(9): 470. CrossRef
Parasite densities modulate susceptibility of mice to cerebral malaria during co-infection with Schistosoma japonicum and Plasmodium berghei
Mei-lian Wang, Yong-hui Feng, Wei Pang, Zan-mei Qi, Ying Zhang, Ya-jun Guo, En-jie Luo, Ya-ming Cao
Malaria Journal.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Naegleria fowleri Lysate Induces Strong Cytopathic Effects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Release in Rat Microglial Cells: Yang-Jin Lee, Chang-Eun Park, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jinyoung Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):285-290.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.285

Abstract
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Naegleria fowleri, a ubiquitous free-living ameba, causes fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. N. fowleri trophozoites are known to induce cytopathic changes upon contact with microglial cells, including necrotic and apoptotic cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In this study, we treated rat microglial cells with amebic lysate to probe contact-independent mechanisms for cytotoxicity, determining through a combination of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy whether N. fowleri lysate could effect on both necrosis and apoptosis on microglia in a time- as well as dose-dependent fashion. A ⁵¹Cr release assay demonstrated pronounced lysate induction of cytotoxicity (71.5%) toward microglial cells by 24 hr after its addition to cultures. In an assay of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, microglial cells treated with N. fowleri lysate produced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, though generation of the former 2 cytokines was reduced with time, and that of the last increased throughout the experimental period. In summary, N. fowleri lysate exerted strong cytopathic effects on microglial cells, and elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine release as a primary immune response.

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Providing an in vitro depiction of microglial cells challenged with immunostimulatory extracellular vesicles of Naegleria fowleri
Lissette Retana Moreira, Alberto Cornet-Gomez, M. Rosario Sepulveda, Silvia Molina-Castro, Johan Alvarado-Ocampo, Frida Chaves Monge, Mariana Jara Rojas, Antonio Osuna, Elizabeth Abrahams Sandí
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptomic profiling of “brain-eating amoeba” Naegleria fowleri infection in mice: the host and the protozoa perspectives
Vincent Guerlais, Nina Allouch, E. Ashley Moseman, Alicja W. Wojciechowska, Jakub W. Wojciechowski, Isabel Marcelino
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to Naegleria fowleri infection
Ching-wen Chen, E. Ashley Moseman
Frontiers in Tropical Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Naegleria fowleri Extracellular Vesicles Induce Proinflammatory Immune Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells
Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Won Gi Yoo, Byoung-Kuk Na
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(17): 13623. CrossRef
Three encephalitis-causing amoebae and their distinct interactions with the host
Maarten J. Sarink, Nadia L. van der Meijs, Kristin Denzer, Leo Koenderman, Aloysius G.M. Tielens, Jaap J. van Hellemond
Trends in Parasitology.2022; 38(3): 230. CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicles from Naegleria fowleri Induce IL-8 Response in THP-1 Macrophage
Sakaorat Lertjuthaporn, Jinjuta Somkird, Kittima Lekmanee, Anyapat Atipimonpat, Kasama Sukapirom, Hathai Sawasdipokin, Supathra Tiewcharoen, Kovit Pattanapanyasat, Ladawan Khowawisetsut
Pathogens.2022; 11(6): 632. CrossRef
Naegleria fowleri Cathepsin B Induces a Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response in BV-2 Microglial Cells via NF-κB and AP-1 Dependent-MAPK Signaling Pathway
Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Byoung-Kuk Na
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8388. CrossRef
Parasite infections, neuroinflammation, and potential contributions of gut microbiota
Jérémy Alloo, Ines Leleu, Corinne Grangette, Sylviane Pied
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Fowlerstefin, a cysteine protease inhibitor of Naegleria fowleri, induces inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells in vitro
Thị Lam Thái, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Jinyoung Lee, Won Gi Yoo, Ho-Joon Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Toll-like receptors participate in Naegleria fowleri recognition
Moisés Martínez-Castillo, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, José Manuel Galván-Moroyoqui, Jesús Serrano-Luna, Mineko Shibayama
Parasitology Research.2018; 117(1): 75. CrossRef
Morphological and functional changes of microglia cultured under different oxygen concentrations and the analysis of related mechanisms
Xing Wu, Tengbo Yu, Hongyan Xu, Xiuming Sun, Dewei Kou, Liping Li
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Biology and pathogenesis of Naegleria fowleri
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Ibne Karim M. Ali, Jennifer R. Cope, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Acta Tropica.2016; 164: 375. CrossRef
NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in THP-1 Target Cells Triggered by Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri
Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jong-Kyun Yoo, Heekyoung Kang, Gi-Sang Seong, Yong-Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin, J. A. Appleton
Infection and Immunity.2016; 84(9): 2422. CrossRef
Novel cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like cysteine protease of Naegleria fowleri excretory–secretory proteins and their biochemical properties
Jinyoung Lee, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Hee-Jong Yang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Yong-Joon Chwae, Sun Park, Kyongmin Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 2765. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression of Spleen Dendritic Cells in Mouse Toxoplasmosis: Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):109-114.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.109

Abstract
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Dendritic cells have been known as a member of strong innate immune cells against infectious organelles. In this study, we evaluated the cytokine expression of splenic dendritic cells in chronic mouse toxoplasmosis by tissue cyst-forming Me49 strain and demonstrated the distribution of lymphoid dendritic cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 increased rapidly at week 1 post-infection (PI) and peaked at week 3 PI. Serum IL-10 level followed the similar patterns. FACS analysis showed that the number of CD8α⁺/CD11c⁺ splenic dendritic cells increased at week 1 and peaked at week 3 PI. In conclusion, mouse splenic dendritic cells showed early and rapid cytokine changes and may have important protective roles in early phases of murine toxoplasmosis.

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Expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules in the Toxoplasma gondii-infected dendritic cells of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice
Jae-Hyung Lee, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(2): 138. CrossRef
Impact of intrarectal chromofungin treatment on dendritic cells-related markers in different immune compartments in colonic inflammatory conditions
Kunal Kapoor, Nour Eissa, Diane Tshikudi, Charles N Bernstein, Jean-Eric Ghia
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 27(47): 8138. CrossRef
Multi-Omics Studies Demonstrate Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming of Murine Dendritic Cells
Kerrie E. Hargrave, Stuart Woods, Owain Millington, Susan Chalmers, Gareth D. Westrop, Craig W. Roberts
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets
Won Gi Yoo, Sun-Min Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Ji-Yun Lee, Fuhong Dai, Ho Choon Woo, Ho-Woo Nam, Tae Im Kim, Jeong-Hee Han, Dongmi Kwak, Yun Sang Cho, Seung-Won Kang, Tong-Soo Kim, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chunren Wang, Heejeong Youn, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 437. CrossRef
Transcriptional Responses in the Murine Spleen after Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Inflammasome and Mucus-Associated Genes
Eva Znalesniak, Ting Fu, Franz Salm, Ulrike Händel, Werner Hoffmann
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2017; 18(6): 1245. CrossRef
Toxoplasmosis treatment with diphenyl diselenide in infected mice modulates the activity of purinergic enzymes and reduces inflammation in spleen
Pedro H. Doleski, Maura V. Ten Caten, Daniela F. Passos, Lívia G. Castilhos, Daniela B.R. Leal, Vanessa S. Machado, Nathieli B. Bottari, Fernanda F. Vogel, Ricardo E. Mendes, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva
Experimental Parasitology.2017; 181: 7. CrossRef
Dectin-1-CD37 association regulates IL-6 expression during Toxoplasma gondii infection
Junping Yan, Bin Wu, Bo Huang, Shiguang Huang, Suhua Jiang, Fangli Lu
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 2851. CrossRef

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Immune Responses of NIH Mice Infected with Avirulent and Virulent Strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami Single and Mixed Infections: M. J. Namazi, R. S. Phillips; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):23-33.
Published online March 18, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.23

Abstract
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An understanding of the nature of the immune response to asexual erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites will facilitate vaccine development by identifying which responses the vaccine should preferentially induce. The present study examined and compared the immune responses of NIH mice in either single or mixed infections with avirulent (DK) or virulent (DS) strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami using the ELISA test for detecting and measurement of cytokines and antibody production. In both single and mixed infections, the study showed that both cell- and antibody-mediated responses were activated. In all experiments, an early relatively high level of IFN-γ and IgG2a during the acute phase of the infection, and later elevation of IL-4 and IgG1, suggested that there was a sequential Th1/Th2 response. However, in the avirulent DK strain infection a stronger Th1 response was observed compared to the virulent DS strain-infection or in mixed infections. In the virulent DS infection, there was a stronger Th2 response compared to that in the DK and mixed infections. The faster proliferation rate of the virulent DS strain compared to the DK strain was also evident.

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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Downregulator of Early T Cell-Dependent IFN-γ Responses in Plasmodium chabaudi adami (556 KA)-Infected Mice
Diane Tshikudi Malu, Benoit Bélanger, François Desautels, Karine Kelendji, Esther Dalko, Jaime Sanchez-Dardon, Lin Leng, Richard Bucala, Abhay R Satoskar, Tatiana Scorza
The Journal of Immunology.2011; 186(11): 6271. CrossRef

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Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis: Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):205-212.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-α. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-α production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-κB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.

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Weronika Ortmann, Anna Such, Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
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Antonio Euan‐Canto, Julio César Torres‐Romero, María Elizbeth Alvarez‐Sánchez, Victor Ermilo Arana‐Argáez, Karla Acosta‐Viana, Emanuel Ceballos‐Góngora, Laura Vázquez‐Carrillo, Leidi Alvarez‐Sánchez
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Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati, Ehsan Salarkia, Sonal Yadav, Najmeh Aminizadeh, Sara Jafarzadeh, Manisha Yadav
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Victor Ermilo Arana-Argáez, Emanuel Ceballos-Góngora, María Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez, Antonio Euan-Canto, Julio Lara-Riegos, Julio César Torres-Romero
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Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
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F. J. Rangel-Mata, E. E. Ávila-Muro, J. E. Reyes-Martínez, L. M. Olmos-Ortiz, M. E. Brunck, L. A. Arriaga-Pizano, P. Cuéllar-Mata
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Tahali Mendoza-Oliveros, Victor Arana-Argáez, Leidi C. Alvaréz-Sánchez, Julio Lara-Riegos, María Elizbeth Alvaréz-Sánchez, Julio C. Torres-Romero
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Caiyun Qian, Zehui Yun, Yudi Yao, Minghua Cao, Qiang Liu, Song Hu, Shuhua Zhang, Daya Luo
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Namarta Kalia, Jatinder Singh, Manpreet Kaur
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Marco Antonio Barajas-Mendiola, Laura E. Castellano, Miriam Barrios-Rodiles, Martha A. Deveze-Alvarez, Eva E. Avila, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata
Parasitology.2019; 146(13): 1636. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Human Macrophages
Angelica Montenegro Riestra, J. Andrés Valderrama, Kathryn A. Patras, Sharon D. Booth, Xing Yen Quek, Chih-Ming Tsai, Victor Nizet
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BLT1-mediated O-GlcNAcylation is required for NOX2-dependent migration, exocytotic degranulation and IL-8 release of human mast cell induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-secreted LTB4
Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
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L. M. Olmos‐Ortiz, M. A. Barajas‐Mendiola, M. Barrios‐Rodiles, L. E. Castellano, S. Arias‐Negrete, E. E. Avila, P. Cuéllar‐Mata
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Camila Braz Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Henrique Bridi, Danielle da Silva Trentin, Alexandre José Macedo, Gilsane Lino von Poser, Tiana Tasca
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Hye-Yeon Lee, Juri Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(4): 375. CrossRef
SNAP23-Dependent Surface Translocation of Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) Receptor 1 Is Essential for NOX2-Mediated Exocytotic Degranulation in Human Mast Cells Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Secrete
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OsmC and incomplete glycine decarboxylase complex mediate reductive detoxification of peroxides in hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis
Eva Nývltová, Tamara Smutná, Jan Tachezy, Ivan Hrdý
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2016; 206(1-2): 29. CrossRef
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Valentina Margarita, Paola Rappelli, Daniele Dessì, Gianfranco Pintus, Robert P. Hirt, Pier L. Fiori
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Camila Braz Menezes, Tiana Tasca
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Modulation of dendritic cell function by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Min-Ji Song, Jong-Joo Lee, Young Hee Nam, Tae-Gyun Kim, Youn Wook Chung, Mikyoung Kim, Ye-Eun Choi, Myeong Heon Shin, Hyoung-Pyo Kim
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Jung-Bo Yang, Juan-Hua Quan, Ye-Eun Kim, Yun-Ee Rhee, Byung-Hyun Kang, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 371. CrossRef
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T. vaginalis Infection Is Associated with Increased IL-8 and TNFr1 Levels but with the Absence of CD38 and HLADR Activation in the Cervix of ESN
Olamide D. Jarrett, Kirsten E. Brady, Sharada P. Modur, Jill Plants, Alan L. Landay, Mahmood Ghassemi, Elizabeth T. Golub, Greg T. Spear, Richard M. Novak, Clive M. Gray
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IL-10 release by bovine epithelial cells cultured with Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus
Ricardo Chaves Vilela, Marlene Benchimol
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2013; 108(1): 110. CrossRef
Involvement of purinergic signaling on nitric oxide production by neutrophils stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis
Amanda Piccoli Frasson, Geraldo Attilio De Carli, Carla Denise Bonan, Tiana Tasca
Purinergic Signalling.2012; 8(1): 1. CrossRef
Leukotriene B4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2 are involved in interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Hee Nam, Arim Min, Seong Hoon Kim, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Myeong Heon Shin
Inflammation Research.2012; 61(2): 97. CrossRef
Involvement of mast cells in inflammation induced by Trichomonas vaginalis via crosstalk with vaginal epithelial cells
I. H. HAN, S. J. PARK, M. H. AHN, J. S. RYU
Parasite Immunology.2012; 34(1): 8. CrossRef
Leukotriene B4 receptor BLT-mediated phosphorylation of NF-κB and CREB is involved in IL-8 production in human mast cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Hyoung-Pyo Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Seong Hoon Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
Microbes and Infection.2011; 13(14-15): 1211. CrossRef
NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced byTrichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products
Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Soon-Jung Park, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 291. CrossRef
Trichomoniasis
Jae-Sook Ryu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 213. CrossRef

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Suppressed Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by LPS-Activated Macrophages after Treatment with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate: Eun-Jung Lee, Yoo-Mi Heo, Jong-Hak Choi, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):145-151.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.145

Abstract
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During Toxoplasma gondii infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils are important sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines from the host. To counteract the pro-inflammatory activities, T. gondii is known to have several mechanisms inducing down-regulation of the host immunity. In the present study, we analyzed the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines from a human myelomonocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, in response to treatment with T. gondii lysate or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of THP-1 cells with LPS induced production of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10. Co-treatment of THP-1 cells with T. gondii lysate inhibited the LPS-induced IL-12, IL-8 and TNF-α expression, but increased the level of IL-10 synergistically. IL-12 and IL-10 production was down-regulated by anti-human toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 antibodies. T. gondii lysate triggered nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent IL-8 expression in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2. It is suggested that immunosuppression induced by T. gondii lysate treatment might occur via TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation.

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Early responses of primary human and bovine monocytes, monocytic THP-1 cells and THP-1 cell-derived macrophages to vital Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites
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Toxoplasma gondii profilin induces NLRP3 activation and IL-1β production/secretion in THP-1 cells
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Soluble total antigen derived from Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites increased the expression levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and the release of mature form of IL1β, but downregulated the expression of IL1β and IL18 genes in THP-1cell line
Hossein Pazoki, Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi, Hamed Mirjalali, Maryam Niyyati, Nariman Mosaffa, Seyed Javad Seyed Tabaei, Shabnam Shahrokh, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Mohammad Reza Zali
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Dolores Limongi, Sara Baldelli, Paola Checconi, Maria Elena Marcocci, Giovanna De Chiara, Alessandra Fraternale, Mauro Magnani, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Anna Teresa Palamara
Frontiers in Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Nitric Oxide by Human Mast Cells Incubated with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate
Eun-Ah Park, Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 201. CrossRef
The GRA15 protein from Toxoplasma gondii enhances host defense responses by activating the interferon stimulator STING
Peiyan Wang, Siji Li, Yingchi Zhao, Baohuan Zhang, Yunfei Li, Shengde Liu, Hongqiang Du, Lili Cao, Meiling Ou, Xiaohong Ye, Peng Li, Xiang Gao, Penghua Wang, Chunxia Jing, Feng Shao, Guang Yang, Fuping You
Journal of Biological Chemistry.2019; 294(45): 16494. CrossRef
Secreted Toxoplasma gondii molecules interfere with expression of MHC-II in interferon gamma-activated macrophages
Louis-Philippe Leroux, Dayal Dasanayake, Leah M. Rommereim, Barbara A. Fox, David J. Bzik, Armando Jardim, Florence S. Dzierszinski
International Journal for Parasitology.2015; 45(5): 319. CrossRef
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W. Wujcicka, Z. Gaj, J. Wilczyński, D. Nowakowska
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TLR4 in Toxoplasmosis; friends or foe?
Mohammad Zare-Bidaki, Hamid Hakimi, Seyyed Hossein Abdollahi, Nahid Zainodini, Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Derek Kennedy
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Toxoplasma gondii antigens: Recovery analysis of tachyzoites cultivated in Vero cell maintained in serum free medium
Thaís Alves da Costa-Silva, Cristina da Silva Meira, Neuza Frazzatti-Gallina, Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 130(4): 463. CrossRef
Suppressed CD31 Expression in Sarcoma-180 Tumors after Injection with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen in BALB/c Mice
Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(2): 171. CrossRef
Suppression of CD4+T-Cells in the Spleen of Mice Infected withToxoplasma gondiiKI-1 Tachyzoites
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(4): 325. CrossRef
Disparate Regulation of LPS-Induced MAPK Signaling and IL-12p40 Expression Between Different Myeloid Cell Types with and without HIV Infection
Jonathan G. Boucher, Kelley A. Parato, Fiona Frappier, Peter Fairman, Aurelia Busca, Mansi Saxena, Maria A. Blahoianu, Wei Ma, Niranjala Gajanayaka, Robin J. Parks, Ashok Kumar, Jonathan B. Angel
Viral Immunology.2010; 23(1): 17. CrossRef
Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis
Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 205. CrossRef

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Role of murine Peyer's patch lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with Cryptosporidium parvum: Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):175-180.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.175

Abstract
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In order to determine the role of Peyer's patch lymphocytes (PPL) in self-clearing of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in murine models, changes in PPL subsets, their cytokine expression, and in vitro IgG1 and IgA secretions by PPL were observed in primary- and challenge-infected C57BL/6 mice. In primary-infected mice, the percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, sIgA+ B cells, IL-2+ T cells, and IFN-γ+ T cells among the PPL, increased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 10 post-infection (PI). Secretion of IgG1 and IgA in vitro by PPL also increased on day 10 PI. However, all these responses, with the exception of IgG1 and IgA secretions, decreased in challenge-infected mice on day 7 post-challenge (= day 13 PI); their IgG1 and IgA levels were higher (P > 0.05) than those in primary-infected mice. The results suggest that murine PPL play an important role in self-clearing of primary C. parvum infections through proliferation of CD4+, CD8+, IL-2+, and IFN-γ+ T cells, and IgG1 and IgA-secreting B cells. In challenge infections, the role of T cells is reduced whereas that of B cells secreting IgA appeared to be continuously important.

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CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPECIES AND GIARDIA SPECIES PREVALENCE IN MARINE MAMMAL SPECIES PRESENT IN THE GERMAN NORTH AND BALTIC SEAS
Miguel L. Grilo, L?dia Gomes, Peter Wohlsein, Lu?s Madeira de Carvalho, Ursula Siebert, Kristina Lehnert
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.2018; 49(4): 1002. CrossRef
Ischemic stroke damages the intestinal mucosa and induces alteration of the intestinal lymphocytes and CCL19 mRNA in rats
Yaning Liu, Shijian Luo, Li Kou, Chaogang Tang, Ruxun Huang, Zhong Pei, Zhendong Li
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Dynamics of gut mucosal and systemic Th1/Th2 cytokine responses in interferon-gamma and interleukin-12p40 knock out mice during primary and challenge Cryptosporidium parvum infection
Tesfaye Sisay Tessema, Bettina Schwamb, Matthias Lochner, Irmgard Förster, Vera Jakobi, Franz Petry
Immunobiology.2009; 214(6): 454. CrossRef

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Changes of cytokine mRNA expression and IgG responses in rats infected with Capillaria hepatica: Dong-Kwan Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Joo, Myung-Sook Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):95-102.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.95

Abstract
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The mRNA expression of several cytokines was evaluated in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Capillaria hepatica by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR until week 12 after infection. IgG1 and IgG2a, which are associated with Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, were also assessed by ELISA. The results indicated that the majority of cytokines, including the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were expressed at maximal levels during the early stage of infection (after week 1-2), and the ELISA data also evidenced a similar pattern of changes in IgG1 and IgG2a. Th1 and Th2 cytokines responded in a similar fashion in this rat model. The expression of cytokines in splenocytes was significantly higher than that in MLN cells, thereby indicating that cytokine production is controlled more by spleen than by MLN. In addition, the observation that IFN-γ expression increased unexpectedly at the time of maximal egg production (6 weeks after infection) indicated that IFN-γ is a cytokine reacting against egg production. However, increased IL-5 expression occurring in tandem with worm activity indicated that the activity of C. hepatica might be controlled by IL-5 expression.

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Dominik Aschenbrenner, Ziqing Ye, Ying Zhou, Wenhui Hu, Isabel Brooks, Isabelle Williams, Melania Capitani, Lisa Gartner, Daniel Kotlarz, Scott B. Snapper, Christoph Klein, Aleixo M. Muise, Brian D. Marsden, Ying Huang, Holm H. Uhlig
Journal of Clinical Immunology.2023; 43(2): 495. CrossRef
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Tae Kyeom Kang, Tam Thi Le, Su-Young Choi, Hee-Won Song, Wook-Bin Lee, Sang Hoon Jung
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Biomedical Research.2008; 29(3): 119. CrossRef

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Cytokine and antibody responses of reactivated murine toxoplasmosis upon administration of dexamethasone: Ki-Man Kang, In-Uk Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):209-219.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.209

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to result in life-threatening encephalitis in immunocompromised patients after reactivation of dormant parasites. In order to obtain information on immune responses related to this phenomenon, BALB/c mice were infected with 25 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, then, treated orally with dexamethasone (Toxo/Dexa-treated group) in order to reactivate the chronic toxoplasmosis. None of the T. gondii-infected mice died during the experimental periods, whereas the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice evidenced a significant attenuation of survival periods. Toxoplasma-specific IgG2a, IgA and IgM titers in sera were significantly depressed in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice; however, the IgG1 sera titers were similar to those seen in the Toxoplasma-infected mice. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were significantly reduced 2 weeks after dexamethasone treatment. IFN-γ and IL-10 production levels in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were depressed significantly, whereas IL-4 production was increased temporarily. The expression levels of the Toxoplasma-specific P30 and B1 genes were found to have been increased in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice in comparison with the Toxoplasma-infected mice. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that reactivation of murine toxoplasmosis as the result of dexamethasone treatment induced a depression in Th1 immune responses, whereas Th2 immune responses were not significantly influenced.

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Effects of combined therapy with thalidomide and glucantime on leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice: Ghassem Solgi, Amina Kariminia, Khossro Abdi, Majid Darabi, Behnaz Ghareghozloo; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):55-61.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.55

Abstract
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For treating Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice, we used thalidomide in conjunction with glucantime. Groups of mice were challenged with 5 × 10³ metacyclic promastigotes of L. major subcutaneously. A week after the challenge, drug treatment was started and continued for 12 days. Thalidomide was orally administrated 30 mg/kg/day and glucantime was administrated intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg/day). It was shown that the combined therapy is more effective than single therapies with each one of the drugs since the foot pad swelling in the group of mice received thalidomide and glucantime was significantly decreased (0.9 ± 0.2 mm) compared to mice treated with either glucantime, thalidomide, or carrier alone (1.2 ± 0.25, 1.4 ± 0.3, and 1.7 ± 0.27 mm, respectively). Cytokine study showed that the effect of thalidomide was not dependent on IL-12; however, it up-regulated IFN-γ and down-regulated IL-10 production. Conclusively, thalidomide seems promising as a conjunctive therapy with antimony in murine model of visceral leishmaniasis.

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Fatemeh Saberi, Zeinab Dehghan, Zahra Taheri, Tayyebeh Pilehchi, Hakimeh Zali
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A standardized intraperitoneal Glucantime™ for experimental treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis in BALB/c mice
Aline Ávila Brustolin, Nathália Martins Franzói, Áquila Carolina Fernandes Herculano Ramos-Milaré, Cínthia Akemi Tanoshi, Camila Alves Mota, Izabel Galhardo Demarchi, Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni, Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
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Nasma I. Al-Mamary, Haitham L. Al-Hayali
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Alexandre C. Santana, Sabrina Degaspari, Sergio Catanozi, Humberto Dellê, Larissa de Sá Lima, Cleonice Silva, Paula Blanco, Kim Solez, Cristoforo Scavone, Irene L. Noronha
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.2013; 28(5): 1140. CrossRef
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Piu Saha, Debanjan Mukhopadhyay, Mitali Chatterjee
International Immunopharmacology.2011; 11(11): 1668. CrossRef
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Potential utility of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and propolis in enhancing the leishmanicidal activity of glucantime
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Genome Biology.2008;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic factors associated with development of cerebral malaria and fibrotic schistosomiasis: Kenji Hirayama; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):165-172.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.165

Abstract
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Collaborative studies have identified some genetic factors contributing to the development of severe forms of malaria and schistosomiasis. In Thailand, the TNF-α 5'-flanking region shows biallelic polymorphic sites at nucleotides -238, -308, -857, -863, and -1031, and seven alleles have been identified in patients from Myanmar. We found that the TNF promoter (TNFP)-D allele was significantly associated with cerebral malaria in populations from Karen (P < 0.0001, OR = 124.86) and ethnic Burma (P < 0.0001, OR = 34.50). In China, we have identified two major genes related to the severity of liver fibrosis, one an HLA class II gene, and the other the IL-13 gene. The frequency of the HLA-DRB5*0101 allele and that of the IL-13 promoter A/A (IL-13P- A/A) genotype were elevated in fibrotic patients, although the two genes are located on different chromosomes, chromosomes 6p and 5q, respectively. Subjects with both genotypes had odds ratios (OR = 24.5) much higher than the sum of the ratios for each individual genotype (OR = 5.1, 95% Confidence Interval 1.3-24.7 for HLA-DRB5*0101, OR = 3.1 95% CI 1.5 - 6.5 for IL-13P- A/A). That the effects of the two susceptibility markers are synergistic rather than additive, strongly suggests that the pathogenic Th2 response directly influences the prognosis of post-schistosomal liver fibrosis.

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Mucosal immunity against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes: Denis Nnabuike Onah, Yukifumi Nawa; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):209-236.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.209

Abstract
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The last two decades witnessed significant advances in the efforts of immunoparasitologists to elucidate the nature and role of the host mucosal defence mechanisms against intestinal nematode parasites. Aided by recent advances in basic immunology and biotechnology with the concomitant development of well defined laboratory models of infection, immunoparasitologists have more precisely analyzed and defined the different immune effector mechanisms during the infection; resulting in great improvement in our current knowledge and understanding of protective immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites. Much of this current understanding comes from experimental studies in laboratory rodents, which have been used as models of livestock and human GI nematode infections. These rodent studies, which have concentrated on Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti/S. venezuelensis, Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris infections in mice and rats, have helped in defining the types of T cell responses that regulate effector mechanisms and the effector mechanisms responsible for worm expulsion. In addition, these studies bear indications that traditionally accepted mechanisms of resistance such as eosinophilia and IgE responses may not play as important roles in protection as were previously conceived. In this review, we shall, from these rodent studies, attempt an overview of the mucosal and other effector responses against intestinal nematode parasites beginning with the indices of immune protection as a model of the protective immune responses that may occur in animals and man.

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