Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Sung-Tae Hong"

Brief Communication

Implications for selecting persistent hot spots of schistosomiasis from community- and school-based surveys in Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan: Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):216-224.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23022

Abstract
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In several schistosomiasis-endemic countries, the prevalence has remained high in some areas owing to reinfection despite repeated mass drug administration (MDA) interventions; these areas are referred to as persistent hot spots. Identifying hotspots is critical for interrupting transmission. This study aimed to determine an effective means of identifying persistent hot spots. First, we investigated the differences between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni prevalence among school-aged children (SAC) estimated by a community-based survey, for which local key informants purposively selected communities, and a randomly sampled school-based survey. A total of 6,225 individuals residing in 60 villages in 8 districts of North Kordofan, Blue Nile, or Sennar States, Sudan participated in a community-based survey in March 2018. Additionally, the data of 3,959 students attending 71 schools in the same 8 districts were extracted from a nationwide school-based survey conducted in January 2017. The community-based survey identified 3 districts wherein the prevalence of S. haematobium or S. mansoni infection among SAC was significantly higher than that determined by the randomly sampled school survey (e.g., S. haematobium in the Sennar district: 10.8% vs. 1.1%, P<0.001). At the state level, the prevalence of schistosomiasis among SAC, as determined by the community-based survey, was consistently significantly higher than that determined by the school-based survey. Purposeful selection of villages or schools based on a history of MDA, latrine coverage, open defecation, and the prevalence of bloody urine improved the ability for identifying persistent hot spots.

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Review

What was the main factor in successful control of ascariasis in Korea?: Seung-Yull Cho, Sung-Tae Hong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):103-126.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22152

In the l950s, under the legacy of traditional agriculture, Ascaris lumbricoides, spread epidemically in the war-bitten society of Korea. Consensus on the parasite control was drafted in the Parasite Disease Prevention Act, which passed a parliamentary agreement in 1966, and established safe disposal of feces and mass chemotherapy as control strategies. Biannual stool examinations and treating infected schoolchildren were basic scheme of the control activity through which revenue could be secured for organized business. In the 27 years following 1969, a maximum of 16 million stool examinations had been done every year. Cellophane thick smear enabled the task. The infection declined remarkably in the 1970s when industrialization and green revolution proceeded. A population study of A. lumbricoides in the late 1970s helped us better understand its epidemiology. The data also settled down the understandable protest of teachers against the repeated stool examinations. In the 9 years following 1987, the target population was gradually reduced when the egg positive rate was below 0.1%. An article in the Korean Law, stipulating obligatory stool examinations, was made optional. Although the long-term Korean effort of Ascaris control was a success, the effect of mass chemotherapy was not as succinct in terms of lowering reinfection. In the period of control, Korean agricultural technology changed, and the economy grew and supplied sanitary facilities by which the vicious cycle was disconnected. Reduction of morbidity was a benefit of mass chemotherapy, which is the only control method feasible in economically difficult countries. The most important hurdle of parasite control in the 1960s was poverty of general population and limited financial resources in Korea but the society formed a consensus on the priority of intestinal helminthiasis control during the ordeal period. The national consensus in the 1960s was the critical milestone for Ascaris control in Korea. Under the social agreement, application of timely technical and research advancements in parasitology achieved the success of ascariasis elimination. The successful experience of ascariasis elimination in Korea can be a benchmark for countries where neglected tropical diseases are endemically recycled.

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Clonorchis sinensis and Cholangiocarcinoma
Eun-Min Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Association Between the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Elementary School Students and Their Parental Occupation in Sudan: Yan Jin, Seungman Cha, Youngjin Kim, Hamdan Mustafa Hamdan, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Keon Hoon Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(1):51-56.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.51

Global efforts to identify groups at high risk for schistosomiasis have mainly concentrated on identifying their geographical distribution. Investigations on the socioeconomic characteristics of high-risk groups are relatively scarce. This study aimed to explore the associations between schistosomiasis among students and their parents’ occupations. A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted targeting 105,167 students in 1,772 primary schools across Sudan in 2017. From these students, 100,726 urine and 96,634 stool samples were collected to test for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infection. A multi-level mixed effect analysis was used with age and sex as fixed factors, and school as a random factor. The odd ratios (ORs) of practicing open defecation among farmers’ children were almost 5 times higher than their counterparts whose parents were government officials (OR=4.97, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 4.57-5.42, P<0.001). The ORs of contacting water bodies for watering livestock among farmers’ children were more than 4 times higher than those of children whose parents were government officials (OR=4.59, 95% CIs: 4.02-5.24, P<0.001). This study shows that schistosomiasis represents a disease of poverty and that farmers’ children constituted a high-risk group.

Citations

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Using zero-inflated and hurdle regression models to analyze schistosomiasis data of school children in the southern areas of Ghana
Kojo Nketia, Dziedzom K. de Souza, Jean Coulibaly
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0304681. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying the risk factors of schistosomiasis in Indonesia
Christine Christine, Herlina Susanto Sunuh, Fellysca Veronica Margareth Politon, Diana Vanda Daturara Doda
Healthcare in Low-resource Settings.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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2 Web of Science
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Original Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Helminthiasis in Remote Mountainous Villages of Northern Lao PDR: A Cross-Sectional Study: Hanna Jin, Kyungshick Ryu, Dajeong Lee, Youthanavanh Vonghachack, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Hyun Beom Song; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(2):131-138.
Published online April 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.131

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Helminth infections are prevalent in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal helminthiasis in remote mountainous villages of northern Lao PDR. During the dry season in January 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3 remote mountainous villages in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Villagers older than 18 years of age who agreed to submit stool samples or undergo an interview, were recruited. Stool samples from 198 individuals were examined by the Kato-Katz method, and a questionnaire surveyed 161 individuals among them. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with the intestinal helminthiasis. An overall prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis was 75.8%. Hookworm infection was the most common (63.1%), followed by Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (17.7%), Taenia spp. (15.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.0%). Questionnaire analysis revealed sex (male) and absence of latrine to be significant risk factors for hookworm infection and consumption of raw meat for taeniasis. These results suggest that the mountainous area in northern Lao PDR has a different composition of helminth infections from other studies conducted in Lao PDR; a high prevalence of hookworm infection and taeniasis and low prevalence of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides infections were observed. Also, liver flukes or intestinal flukes were similarly prevalent in the mountainous area.

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Prevalence and Epidemiological Patterns of Enterobius vermicularis Infection in Thailand: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jurairat Jongthawin, Aongart Mahittikorn, Apiporn Thinkhamrop Suwannatrai, Chutima Rattanawan, Kinley Wangdi, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Manas Kotepui
Medical Sciences.2025; 13(4): 207. CrossRef
Intestinal helminth infections and associated risk factors among adults in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Sengaloun Phonekeo, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Manithong Vonglokham, Latsamy Siengsounthone, Anousin Homsana, Sascha Gummin, Penelope Vounatsu, Prawat Nittiyanant, Suchin Worawichawong, Wichai Aekplakorn, Peter Odermatt, Somphou Sayasone
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Prevention of Intestinal Helminth Infection among Residents of the Ho Municipality in the Volta Region of Ghana
Verner N. Orish, Moses A. Asumbono, Isaac B. Addei, Moses A. Ayaaba, Precious K. Kwadzokpui, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Ricardo Izurieta, Rajashree Pandit, Adekunle Sanyaolu, Bernard Marchand
Journal of Parasitology Research.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Effectiveness of public health interventions in reducing the prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis
Pornphutthachat Sota, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Morsid Andityas, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana, Banchob Sripa, Archie C A Clements
BMJ Open.2022; 12(9): e064573. CrossRef
Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and genetic differentiation of Strongyloides stercoralis among migrant workers from Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia in northeastern Thailand
Wararat Sangwalee, Jun Norkaew, Sengchoy Inthachak, Penchom Janwan, Rutchanee Rodpai, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Raffi V. Aroian
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(12): e0279754. CrossRef
Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Banchob Sripa, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, Somphou Sayasone, Dung Trung Do, Virak Khieu, Yichao Yang
Acta Tropica.2021; 224: 106133. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Toxocariasis and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Eosinophilia in Korea: Hyun Beom Song, Deokho Lee, Yan Jin, Jinwoo Kang, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Min Sun Park, Jin-Ho Park, Woo-Jung Song, Hye-Ryun Kang, Sang Hyub Lee, Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):413-419.
Published online August 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.413

Abstract
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Eosinophilia occurs commonly in many diseases including allergic diseases and helminthic infections. Toxocariasis has been suggested as one cause of eosinophilia. The present study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia and to identify the risk factors for toxocariasis. This prospective cohort study recruited a total of 81 patients with eosinophilia (34 males and 47 females) who visited the outpatient clinic at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2017 to February 2018 and agreed to participate in this study. The prevalence of toxocariasis was examined by T. canis-specific ELISA, and the various risk factors for toxocariasis were evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Among 81 patients with eosinophilia, 18 were positive for anti-T. canis antibodies (22.2%); 88.9% were male (16/18) and 11.1% were female (2/18). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that males (OR 21.876, 95% CI: 1.667-287.144) with a history of consuming the raw meat or livers of animals (OR 5.899, 95% CI: 1.004-34.669) and a heavy alcohol-drinking habit (OR 8.767, 95% CI: 1.018-75.497) were at higher risk of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia. Toxocariasis should be considered a potential cause of eosinophilia when the patient has a history of eating the raw meat or livers of animals in Korea. A single course of albendazole is recommended to reduce the migration of Toxocara larvae in serologically positive cases with eosinophilia.

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Joelma Nascimento de Souza, Wéslei Almeida Costa Araújo, Márcia Cristina Aquino Teixeira, Neci Matos Soares
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Isabella Braghin Ferreira, Roberto Teixeira de Souza Filho, Susana Angélica Zevallos Lescano, Rogério Giuffrida, Daniele Rodrigues, Suelen Teixeira de Faria Resende, Fabiano Borges Figueiredo, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Andrea Pires dos Santos, Alexander Welker
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Susana Lopez-Alamillo, Pravallika Padyala, Megan Carey, Megan M. Duffey, Jill E. Weatherhead, Louisa A. Messenger, Bachir Medrouh, Marcelo U. Ferreira
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ana Alexandra Ardelean, Rodica Lighezan, Sorin Ursoniu, Sergiu Adrian Sprintar, Daniela Adriana Oatis, Alin Gabriel Mihu, Maria Alina Lupu, Tudor Rareș Olariu
Pathogens.2025; 14(9): 857. CrossRef
TỶ LỆ VÀ YẾU TỐ LIÊN QUAN NHIỄM TOXOCARA CANIS TẠI PHÒNG KHÁM BỆNH VIỆN ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC 1 THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH
Nguyễn Ngọc Phi Anh Nguyễn Ngọc Phi Anh, Trần Thị Kim Dung Trần Thị Kim Dung, Huỳnh Thị Thu Thảo Huỳnh Thị Thu Thảo
Tạp Chí Khoa Học Trường Đại Học Quốc Tế Hồng Bàng.2024; : 213. CrossRef
Toxocariasis: potential association with bronchial asthma, and pneumonia among pediatric children
Wegdan M. Abd El Wahab, Mona I. Ali, Shimaa S. Ibrahim, Yasmen A. Mohamed, Doaa A. Hamdy
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2023; 47(1): 93. CrossRef
One health approach to toxocariasis in quilombola communities of southern Brazil
Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Giovanni Kalempa Panazzolo, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Orlei José Domingues, Isabella Braghin Ferreira, Roberto Teixeira de Souza Filho, João Henrique Farinhas, Fernando Rodrigo Doline, Susana Angélica Zevallos Lescano, Leandro Menegu
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence of toxocariasis among allergic patients in Kuwait and its association with eosinophilia
Mohammad Al-Awadhi, Wafaa Jamal
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2022; 18: e00260. CrossRef
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Sungim Choi, Sunghee Park, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min Jae Kim
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Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Anahi Chechia do Couto, Susana Zevallos Lescano, William Henry Roldán, Ruana Renostro Delai, Rogério Giuffrida, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Alexander Welker Biondo, Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam, Andrea Pires dos Santos
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis Among Hypereosinophilic Children: A Single Center Study, Tehran, Iran
Meysam Sharifdini, Mehdi Zarean, Mehrzad Sadredinamin, Mitra Zare- Bavani, Sarah Sharifi-yazdi, Bahram Nikmanesh
Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan: Seungman Cha, Sung-Tae Hong, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo Gn Jeong, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mutamad Amin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):421-430.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.421

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate whether mass drug administration (MDA) intervention has an equivalent effect on reducing the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection regardless of the baseline values. A repeated cross-sectional survey was performed targeting students of 12 primary schools in Al Jabalain and El Salam districts of White Nile State, Sudan, at both 1 week before and 8 months after the MDA. Prior to the baseline survey, school-aged children in Al Jabalain had received MDA interventions twice in 4 years, while those in El Salam had not. The baseline prevalence was 9.1% in Al Jabalain and 35.2% in El Salam, which were reduced to 1.8% and 5.5% at 8 months after the MDA, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 80.3% and 84.4%, not significant difference between both districts. However, changes in the geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts were significantly different between both districts. The baseline GMIs were 14.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam, which were reduced to 7.1 and 11.2 EP10 after treatment, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 51.0% and 39.5%. In conclusion, MDA interventions were found to bring about similar relative reduction in prevalence regardless of the baseline value; however, the relative reduction in infection intensity was more salient in the district with a low baseline value for both prevalence and intensity. This clearly points to the importance of repeated MDA interventions in endemic areas, which will eventually contribute to schistosomiasis elimination.

Citations

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Programmatic Implications for Schistosomiasis Elimination Based on Community-Based Survey in the Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Life.2023; 13(4): 1049. CrossRef
Implications for selecting persistent hot spots of schistosomiasis from community- and school-based surveys in Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(2): 216. CrossRef
Review of Recent Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Diagnostic Challenges in the Field Setting
Sung-Tae Hong
Life.2023; 13(8): 1670. CrossRef
Investigation of Intestinal and Blood Parasites in People Returning to Turkey with a History of Traveling Abroad During the Pandemic
Abdurrahman Ekici, Esra Gürbüz, Ahmet Hakan Ünlü, Rahmi Yıldız, Selahattin Aydemir, Ahmed Galip Halidi, Nuriz Ödemiş, Sinan Karakuş, Şehriban Yürektürk, Mutalip Çiçek, Hasan Yılmaz
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(2): 108. CrossRef
Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan
Yan Jin, Young-Ha Lee, Seungman Cha, In-Uk Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Sung-Tae Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11537. CrossRef
Urinary schistosomiasis and the associated bladder cancer: update
Mohamed S. Zaghloul, Tarek M. Zaghloul, Mai K. Bishr, Brian C. Baumann
Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan: Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):135-144.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.135

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There have been some reports on schistosomiasis of school children in Sudan’s Nile River basin area; however, information about the infection status of Schistosoma species and intestinal helminths among village residents of this area is very limited. Urine and stool samples were collected from the 1,138 residents of the Al Hidaib and Khour Ajwal villages of White Nile State, Sudan in 2014. The prevalence of overall schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis was 36.3% and 7.7%, respectively. Egg positive rates were 35.6% for Schistosoma haematobium, 2.6% for S. mansoni, and 1.4% were mixed. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly higher in men (45.6%) than in women (32.0%), in Khou Ajwal villagers (39.4%) than in Al Hidaib villagers (19.2%), and for age groups ≤15 years old (51.5%) than for age groups >15 years old (13.2%). The average number of eggs per 10 ml urine (EP10) of S. haematobium infections was 18.9, with 22.2 eggs in men vs 17.0 in women and 20.4 in Khou Ajwal villagers vs 8.1 in Al Hidaib villagers. In addition to S. mansoni eggs, 4 different species of intestinal helminths were found in the stool, including Hymenolepis nana (6.6%) and H. diminuta (1.0%). Collectively, urinary schistosomiasis is still prevalent among village residents in Sudan’s White Nile River basin and was especially high in men, children ≤15 years, and in the village without a clean water system. H. nana was the most frequently detected intestinal helminths in the 2 villages.

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Christopher Yaw Dumevi, George Boateng Kyei, Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo, James-Paul Kretchy, Irene Ayi, Patrick F. Ayeh-Kumi, Satabdi Datta Choudhury
Journal of Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Urogenital schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in the lake zones of Kankossa and Oued Rawdha, southern Mauritania: The first parasitological and malacological survey
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Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
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I. Soumahoro S., P. Kouassi D., D. Zika K., Coulibaly M., D. Kouame A., Yéo S., M. Sokodogo A., A. E. Amani E., S. M. L. Tanoh M., Moumouni A., H. A. Yao G., -E. Ebouat M., Adoubryn K.D, S. Dagnan N.
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Impact of seven years of mass drug administration and recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium infections after one year of treatment gap in Zanzibar: Repeated cross-sectional studies
Lydia Trippler, Shaali Makame Ame, Jan Hattendorf, Saleh Juma, Salum Abubakar, Said Mohammed Ali, Fatma Kabole, David Rollinson, Stefanie Knopp, Antonio Montresor
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(2): e0009127. CrossRef
Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Diepreye Victoria Ayabina, Jessica Clark, Helena Bayley, Poppy H. L. Lamberton, Jaspreet Toor, T. Deirdre Hollingsworth, Victor S. Santos
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(11): e0009083. CrossRef
Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan
Seungman Cha, Sung-Tae Hong, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo Gn Jeong, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mutamad Amin, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 421. CrossRef
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Iris Rajman, Laura Knapp, Imad Hanna
Clinical and Translational Science.2020; 13(5): 848. CrossRef

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Development of Urinary Bladder Pre-Neoplasia by Schistosoma haematobium Eggs and Chemical Carcinogen in Mice: Bayissa Chala, Min-Ho Choi, Kyung Chul Moon, Hyung Suk Kim, Cheol Kwak, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):21-29.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.21

Abstract
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Schistosoma haematobium is a biocarcinogen of human urinary bladder (UB). The present study investigated developing UB cancer mouse model by injecting S. haematobium eggs into the bladder wall and introduction of chemical carcinogens. Histopathological findings showed mild hyperplasia to epithelial vacuolar change, and high grade dysplasia. Squamous metaplasia was observed in the S. haematobium eggs+NDMA group at week 12 but not in other groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly high expression of Ki-67 in urothelial epithelial cells of the S. haematobium eggs+BBN group at week 20. The qRT-PCR showed high expression of p53 gene in S. haematobium eggs group at week 4 and S. haematobium eggs+BBN group at week 20. E-cadherin and vimentin showed contrasting expression in S. haematobium eggs+BBN group. Such inverse expression of E-cadherin and vimentin may indicate epithelial mesenchymal transition in the UB tissue. In conclusion, S. haematobium eggs and nitrosamines may transform UB cells into squamous metaplasia and dysplasia in correlation with increased expression of Ki-67. Marked decrease in E-cadherin and increase in p53 and vimentin expressions may support the transformation. The present study introduces a promising modified animal model for UB cancer study using S. haematobium eggs.

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Differential responses of epithelial cells from urinary and biliary tract to eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni
Rafael Nacif-Pimenta, Alessandra da Silva Orfanó, Ilana A. Mosley, Shannon E. Karinshak, Kenji Ishida, Victoria H. Mann, Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho, José M. Correia da Costa, Michael H. Hsieh, Paul J. Brindley, Gabriel Rinaldi
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Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Neglected Agent Eminent Disease: Linking Human Helminthic Infection, Inflammation, and Malignancy
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Understanding Urogenital Schistosomiasis-Related Bladder Cancer: An Update
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Helminth infection–induced malignancy
Paul J. Brindley, Alex Loukas, Laura J Knoll
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C3H/He Mice as an Incompatible Cholangiocarcinoma Model by Clonorchis sinensis, Dicyclanil and N-Nitrosodimethylamine: Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Ja June Jang, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):281-289.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.281

Clonorchis sinensis is a Group-I bio-carcinogen, associated with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The hamster is the only experimental model of C. sinensis-mediated CCA, but we oblige another animal model. The present study intended to develop a C. sinensis (Cs) mediated CCA model using C3H/He mice, co-stimulated with N-nitrosodimethyl-amine (NDMA) and dicyclanil (DC). The mice were divided into 8 groups with different combinations of Cs, NDMA, and DC. Six months later the mice were sacrificed and subjected to gross and histopathological examination. The body weights were significantly reduced among the groups treated with 2 or more agents (eg. Cs+NDMA, Cs+DC, NDMA+DC, and Cs+NDMA+DC). In contrast, liver weight percentages to body weight were increased in above groups by 4.1% to 4.7%. A Change of the spleen weight was observed only in Cs+NDMA group. Though C. sinensis infection is evident from hyperplastic changes, only 1 worm was recovered. T wo mice, 1 from Cs and the other from Cs+DC group, showed mass forming lesions; 1 (281.2 mm3) from the Cs group was a hepatocellular adenoma and the other (280.6 mm3) from the Cs+DC group was a cystic mass (peliosis). Higher prevalence of gray-white nodules was observed in Cs group (42.9%) followed by Cs+NDMA+DC group (21.4%). The mice of the Cs+NDMA+DC group showed hyper-proliferation of the bile duct with fibrotic changes. No characteristic change for CCA was recognized in any of the groups. In conclusion, C3H/He mice produce no CCA but extensive fibrosis when they are challenged by Cs, NDMA, and DC together.

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Clonorchis sinensis and Cholangiocarcinoma
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Olga S Fedorova, Anna E Kovshirina, Yulia V Kovshirina, Jan Hattendorf, Sergey V Onishchenko, Ludmila L Katanakhova, Stanislav S Taslicki, Andrey V Chizhikov, Ilya A Tataurov, Sergey V Vtorushin, Banchob Sripa, Ludmila M Ogorodova, Peter Odermatt
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The Overactivation of NADPH Oxidase during Clonorchis sinensis Infection and the Exposure to N-Nitroso Compounds Promote Periductal Fibrosis
Ji Hoon Jeong, Junyeong Yi, Myung Ki Hwang, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim, Jhang Ho Pak
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Association between cholangiocarcinoma and liver flukes: review of epidemiological studies
A. E. Kovshirina, O. S. Fedorova, Y. V. Kovshirina, S. V. Onishchenko, S. S. Taslicki, L. L. Katanakhova, A. V. Chizhikov, I. A. Tataurov, L. M. Ororodova
Bulletin of Siberian Medicine.2020; 19(1): 150. CrossRef
TLR2 signal influences the iNOS/NO responses and worm development in C57BL/6J mice infected with Clonorchis sinensis
Qing-Li Yang, Ji-Qing Shen, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yun-Liang Shi, Xiao-Ling Wan, Yi-Chao Yang
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among Inhabitants of 2 Rural Areas in White Nile State, Sudan: Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):745-747.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.745

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, is found worldwide and is common in areas with low water hygiene. In February 2014, 866 stool samples were collected from the inhabitants of 2 rural areas in White Nile State, Sudan. These stool samples were assessed by performing modified acid-fast staining, followed by examination under a light microscope. The overall positive rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 13.3%. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area having water purification systems and in 14.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area not having water purification systems. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection between men and women (14.7% and 14.1%, respectively). The positive rate of oocysts by age was the highest among inhabitants in their 60s (40.0%). These findings suggest that the use of water purification systems is important for preventing Cryptosporidium infection among inhabitants of these rural areas in Sudan.

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Timothé Guilavogui, Nausicaa Gantois, Jérémy Desramaut, Fode Ibrahima Cissé, Salif Cherif Touré, Bakary Luther Kourouma, Cristian Preda, Magali Chabé, Eric Viscogliosi, Gabriela Certad
Parasite.2024; 31: 70. CrossRef
Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea under five years admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, Kosti City, Sudan
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh, AbdElhadi M. Agena, Elham Elamin, Mohammed A. Suliman, Mohammed Elmadani, Asmaa B. Omara, Sahar A. Musa
BMC Infectious Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
First report and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and animals in Khartoum state, Sudan
Kaltoum Yagoub Adam, A. A. Ismail, M. A. Masri, A. A. Gameel
Veterinary World.2019; 12(1): 183. CrossRef
Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan
Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 135. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges
Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Una Ryan
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Sally S. Azeez, Hadi M. Alsakee
Medical Journal of Indonesia.2017; 26(3): 190. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Prevalence of Serum IgG Antibodies to Cystic Echinococcus Antigen among Patients in an Uzbekistan Emergency Hospital: Se Jin Park, Sung Sik Han, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khajibaev, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):699-703.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.699

Abstract
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminthiases, which can last an asymptomatic infection for several years. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate serum antibody prevalence of CE among asymptomatic people in Uzbekistan using ELISA. A total of 2,547 serum samples were collected, 66 from confirmed CE patients and 2,481 of patients with other diseases than CE at a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The serum samples were screened for CE specific IgG antibodies by ELISA using cystic fluid antigen obtained from sheep. The serum antibody positive rate was 89.4% (59/66) in CE and 3.6% (89/2,481) in other disease patients. The present ELISA recognized 89.4% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. The ELISA absorbance of positive samples was distributed 0.271-0.971 for CE and 0.273-0.887 for other disease patients. The other disease patients with high absorbance over 0.3 were 50 (2.0%) who were presumed to be active CE patients. The patients in their 40s showed the highest positive rate of 5.2% (P=0.181), and women were 4.4% while men were 3.1% positive (P=0.136). The data confirmed that there are many asymptomatic patients of CE in Tashkent. It is indicated that CE is an endemic disease of public health importance in Uzbekistan.

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Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
Sidre Erganis, Fakhriddin Sarzhanov, Funda Doğruman Al, Kayhan Cağlar
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(2): 1122. CrossRef
The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation
Akira Ito, Christine M. Budke
Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 11. CrossRef
Kistik Ekinokokoz’un serolojik tanısında Indirekt Hemaglütinasyon, İndirekt Floresan Antikor ve Enzim İmmuno Assay testlerinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi
Sadık AKGÜN, Hakan Sezgin SAYİNER, Tekin KARSLIGİL
Journal of Contemporary Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic Diversity of Schistosoma haematobium Eggs Isolated from Human Urine in Sudan: Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Abdoelohab Saed Mohamed, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Jin-Su Lee, Sung-Tae Hong, Tai-Soon Yong, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):271-277.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.271

Abstract
PDF

The genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium remains largely unstudied in comparison to that of Schistosoma mansoni. To characterize the extent of genetic diversity in S. haematobium among its definitive host (humans), we collected S. haematobium eggs from the urine of 73 infected schoolchildren at 5 primary schools in White Nile State, Sudan, and then performed a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker ITS2 by PCR-RFLP analysis. Among 73 S. haematobium egg-positive cases, 13 were selected based on the presence of the S. haematobium satellite markers A4 and B2 in their genomic DNA, and used for RFLP analysis. The 13 samples were subjected to an RFLP analysis of the S. haematobium ITS2 region; however, there was no variation in size among the fragments. Compared to the ITS2 sequences obtained for S. haematobium from Kenya, the nucleotide sequences of the ITS2 regions of S. haematobium from 4 areas in Sudan were consistent with those from Kenya (> 99%). In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that most of the S. haematobium population in Sudan consists of a pan-African S. haematobium genotype; however, we also report the discovery of Kenyan strain inflow into White Nile, Sudan.

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Analysis of DNA cox1 barcoding revealed novel haplotype in Schistosoma haematobium isolated from Western Sudan
Ishraga Adam Elzain, Abeer Babiker Idris, Abdul Aziz Karim, Nagla Mohamed Ahmed, Salaheldein G. Elzaki, Semih Yılmaz, Mohamed A. Hassan, Hamid Suliman Abdalla
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Molecular Detection of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Community Level in Semi-Rural Areas in South-East Gabon
Lady Charlène Kouna, Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui, Chenis Nick Atiga, Chérone Nancy Mbani Mpega Ntigui, Roméo Karl Imboumy-Limoukou, Jean Claude Biteghe BI Essone, Steede Seinnat Ontoua, Diamella Nancy Moukodoum, Alain Prince Okouga, Jean Bernard Lekana
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Molecular diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis in pre-school children, school-aged children and women of reproductive age at community level in central Senegal
Doudou Sow, Khadime Sylla, Ndeye Marème Dieng, Bruno Senghor, Papa Mouhamadou Gaye, Cheikh B. Fall, Ndiaw Goumballa, Aldiouma Diallo, Jean Louis A. Ndiaye, Philippe Parola, Cheikh Sokhna, Souleymane Doucouré, Babacar Faye
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Population genetic structure of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma haematobium × Schistosoma bovis hybrids among school-aged children in Côte d’Ivoire
Etienne K. Angora, Alexane Vangraefschepe, Jean-François Allienne, Hervé Menan, Jean T. Coulibaly, Aboulaye Meïté, Giovanna Raso, Mirko S. Winkler, William Yavo, André O. Touré, Eliézer K. N’Goran, Jakob Zinsstag, Jürg Utzinger, Oliver Balmer, Jérôme Bois
Parasite.2022; 29: 23. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
Rabecca Tembo, Panji Nkhoma, Mildred Zulu, Florence Mwaba, John Yabe, Hikabasa Halwiindi, Moses Kamwela, King S Nalubamba, Chummy S Sikasunge, Andrew M Phri
University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Schistosoma DNA in genital specimens and urine: A comparison between five female African study populations originating from S. haematobium and/or S. mansoni endemic areas
P. Pillay, J.A. Downs, J.M. Changalucha, E.A.T. Brienen, C.E. Ramarokoto, P.D.C. Leutscher, B.J. Vennervald, M. Taylor, E.F. Kjetland, L. Van Lieshout
Acta Tropica.2020; 204: 105363. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Infection Status of Endoparasites in Foreigner Workers Living in Cheonan City, Chungnam Province, Korea: Suk-Yul Jung, Mi-Jung Ahn, Joo-Yeon Oh, Hae-Seon Nam, Sung-Tae Hong, Yeon-Han Yun, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):243-246.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.243

Abstract
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At present, more than 500,000 foreigner workers, most of them from Asian countries with high parasitic infection rates, are working in Korea. Since investigation into the prevalence of parasitic infections in foreigner workers has not yet been conducted in Korea, the present study was performed to determine the parasitic infection status of foreigner workers living in Cheonan City, Chungcheongnam-do (Chungnam Province) and to plan, on that basis, effective control measures. From October to December 2013, the parasitic infection status of 231 foreigner workers employed at selected Cheonan-si small businesses was investigated by both stool examination and ELISA. A total of 60 individuals (26.0%) were found to be infected with parasites. The stool examination detected 14 positive cases (6.1%), and ELISA revealed 50 positive people (21.6%), for at least a kind of parasitic disease. The most common infection was cysticercosis (8.7%), followed by toxocariasis (7.8%) and clonorchiasis (7.4%). Since it was proved that parasitic infections were prevalent among foreigner workers living in Cheonan City, more comprehensive study is urgently needed in order to understand the nationwide status of parasitic infections in foreigner workers.

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Global prevalence of 4 neglected foodborne trematodes targeted for control by WHO: A scoping review to highlight the gaps
Rachel Tidman, Kaushi S. T. Kanankege, Mathieu Bangert, Bernadette Abela-Ridder, Paul R. Torgerson
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2023; 17(3): e0011073. CrossRef

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Case Report

An Outbreak of Trichinellosis by Consumption of Raw Soft-Shelled Turtle Meat in Korea: Joon Taek Jeong, Min Seo, Sung-Tae Hong, Young Keun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):219-222.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.219

Abstract
PDF

Trichinellosis transmission to humans via the consumption of reptile meat is rare worldwide. In Korea, however, 2 such outbreaks, possibly via consumption of soft-shelled turtle meat, have occurred in 2 successive years. In 17 August 2014, 6 patients were admitted to Wonju Severance Christian Hospital complaining of myalgia, fever, and headache. Eosinophilia was the indication of the initial laboratory results, and they were eventually diagnosed as trichinellosis by ELISA. All of the patients worked at the same company and had eaten raw soft-shelled turtle meat at a company dinner 10 days prior to their admission. They were treated with albendazole for 2 weeks, upon which all of their symptoms disappeared. This is the 8th report on human trichinellosis in Korea, and the second implicating raw soft-shelled turtle meat.

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Poramad Trivalairat, Krittiya Trivalairat, Awirut Tassamakorn, Watchariya Purivirojkul
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2023; 22: 126. CrossRef
Human Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella papuae Nematodes, Central Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia
Yannick Caron, Sotharith Bory, Michel Pluot, Mary Nheb, Sarin Chan, Sang Houn Prum, Sun Bun Hong Lim, Mala Sim, Yi Sengdoeurn, Ly Sovann, Virak Khieu, Isabelle Vallée, Hélène Yera
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2020; 26(8): 1759. CrossRef
No evidence of Trichinella spp. in domestic pig carcasses at a selected abattoir in southern Botswana
Basiamisi Ernest Segwagwe, James Machete, Mpho Ntwaetsile, Borden Mushonga, Erick Kandiwa
Tropical Animal Health and Production.2019; 51(5): 1273. CrossRef
Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis
Ali Rostami, H. Ray Gamble, Jean Dupouy-Camet, Hooshang Khazan, Fabrizio Bruschi
Food Microbiology.2017; 64: 65. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Diagnostic Efficacy of a Recombinant Cysteine Protease of Spirometra erinacei Larvae for Serodiagnosis of Sparganosis: S.M. Mazidur Rahman, Jae-Hwan Kim, Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):41-46.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.41

Abstract
PDF

The mature domain of a cysteine protease of Spirometra erinacei plerocercoid larva (i.e., sparganum) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its value as an antigen for the serodiagnosis of sparganosis was investigated. The recombinant protein (rSepCp-1) has the molecular weight of 23.4 kDa, and strongly reacted with the sparganum positive human or mice sera but not with negative sera by immunoblotting. ELISA with rSepCp-1 protein or sparganum crude antigen (SeC) was evaluated for the serodiagnosis of sparganosis using patient's sera. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA using rSepCp-1 protein were 95.0% (19/20) and 99.1% (111/112), respectively. In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with SeC were 100% (20/20) and 96.4% (108/112), respectively. Moreover, in experimentally infected mice, the sensitivity and specificity of both ELISA assays were 100% for the detection of anti-sparganum IgG. It is suggested that the rSepCp-1 protein-based ELISA could provide a highly sensitive and specific assay for the diagnosis of sparganosis.

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Development of an immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of human sparganosis
Jitaporn Harasan, Lakkhana Sadaow, Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Rutchanee Rodpai, Oranuch Sanpool, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong
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Anqi Luo, Shuyu Chen, Mingye He, Xiaoruo Tan, Zhikang Li, Wei Liu, Yisong Liu
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Case Report: Moving Tumor-Like Foci Behind Refractory Epilepsy-Cerebral Sparganosis Successfully Treated by Surgery After Failure of Praziquantel Treatment
Yusi Chen, Xu Chen, Huicong Kang
Frontiers in Neurology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Standardization of recombinant Ancylostoma caninum cysteine protease 2 (rAcCP2) based indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of hookworm infection in dogs
SUCHITA P UKE, RAJAT GARG, SHAFIYA IMTIAZ RAFIQI, HIRA RAM, K L KHURANA, P S BANERJEE
The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences.2018; 88(2): 153. CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Tapeworm in Cases of Human Sparganosis, Hong Kong
Tommy H.C. Tang, Samson S.Y. Wong, Christopher K.C. Lai, Rosana W.S. Poon, Helen S.Y. Chan, Tak Chiu Wu, Yuk-Fai Cheung, Tak-Lap Poon, Yi-Po Tsang, Wai-Lun Tang, Alan K.L. Wu
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2017; 23(4): 665. CrossRef
Serodiagnosis of sparganosis by ELISA using recombinant cysteine protease of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana
Li Na Liu, Xi Zhang, Peng Jiang, Ruo Dan Liu, Jian Zhou, Rui Zhe He, Jing Cui, Zhong Quan Wang
Parasitology Research.2015; 114(2): 753. CrossRef
Human sparganosis, a neglected food borne zoonosis
Quan Liu, Ming-Wei Li, Ze-Dong Wang, Guang-Hui Zhao, Xing-Quan Zhu
The Lancet Infectious Diseases.2015; 15(10): 1226. CrossRef
Clinical Features of Pulmonary Sparganosis
Ning Li, Yi Xiang, Yun Feng, Min Li, Bei Li Gao, Qing Yun Li
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2015; 350(6): 436. CrossRef
Characterization of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid Cysteine Protease and Potential Application for Serodiagnosis of Sparganosis
Li Na Liu, Zhong Quan Wang, Xi Zhang, Peng Jiang, Xin Qi, Ruo Dan Liu, Zi Fang Zhang, Jing Cui, Xiao-Nong Zhou
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(6): e0003807. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of a Spirometra mansoni antigenic polypeptide gene encoding a 28.7 kDa protein
Jing Cui, Tong Wei, Li Na Liu, Xi Zhang, Xin Qi, Zi Fang Zhang, Zhong Quan Wang
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(9): 3511. CrossRef
Development of a Rapid Diagnostic Kit That Uses an Immunochromatographic Device To Detect Antibodies in Human Sparganosis
Hiroshi Yamasaki, Takeshi Nakamura, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong, Yasuyuki Morishima, Hiromu Sugiyama, Hiroyuki Matsuoka, Kaoru Kobayashi, Katsuyoshi Takayama, Yukuharu Kobayashi, P. P. Wilkins
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2014; 21(9): 1360. CrossRef

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Serodiagnosis of Toxocariasis by ELISA Using Crude Antigen of Toxocara canis Larvae: Yan Jin, Chenghua Shen, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):433-439.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.433

Abstract
PDF

Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by larvae of ascarid nematodes of dogs or cats, Toxocara canis or T. cati. Diagnosis of human toxocariasis currently relies on serology that uses T. canis excretory-secretory antigen to detect specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. We investigated the serodiagnostic efficacy of ELISA using crude antigen of T. canis larvae (TCLA). Serum specimens of 64 clinically confirmed toxocariasis, 115 healthy controls, and 119 other tissue-invading helminthiases were screened by ELISA using TCLA. The ELISA using TCLA showed 92.2% (59/64 patient samples) sensitivity and 86.6% (103/119) specificity. Its positive diagnostic predictivity was 78.7% and negative predictivity was 97.8%. No serum of healthy controls reacted but that of anisakiasis (45.5%), gnathostomiasis (19.2%), clonorchiasis (15.8%), sparganosis (11.1%), and cysticercosis (6.3%) cross-reacted. Immunoblot analysis on TCLA recognized antigenic proteins of 28- and 30-kDa bands in their dominant protein quantity and strong blotting reactivity. The present results indicate that the ELISA using our TCLA antigen is acceptable by the sensitivity and specificity for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. ELISA with TCLA is recommended to make differential diagnosis for patients with any sign of organ infiltration and eosinophilia.

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Brief Communication

Infection Status of Hydatid Cysts in Humans and Sheep in Uzbekistan: Sung-Tae Hong, Yan Jin, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khadjibaev, Samin Hong, Yusufjon Ahmedov, Utkir Otaboev; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):383-385.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.383

Abstract
PDF

Uzbekistan is endemic of cystic echinococcosis (CE). In order to estimate endemicity of CE, we collected data from emergency surgery due to CE in 2002-2010 and also investigated the prevalence of hydatid cysts in the liver and lungs of sheep at an abattoir in Uzbekistan from July 2009 to June 2010. In 14 emergency hospitals, 8,014 patients received surgical removal or drainage of CE during 2002-2010, and 2,966 patients were found in 2010. A total of 22,959 sheep were grossly examined of their liver and lungs, and 479 (2.1%) and 340 (1.5%) of them were positive for the cyst in the liver and lungs, respectively. Echinococcus granulosus is actively transmitted both to humans and sheep, and CE is a zoonotic disease of public health priority in Uzbekistan.

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Original Article

Serodiagnosis of Echinococcosis by ELISA Using Cystic Fluid from Uzbekistan Sheep: Yan Jin, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khajibaev, Samin Hong, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):313-317.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.313

Abstract
PDF

According to increase of travel, the cases of imported echinococcosis have been increasing in Korea. The present study was undertaken to develop a serodiagnostic system for echinococcosis in Korea. For diagnosis of echinococcosis, the fluid of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts was collected from naturally infected sheep in Uzbekistan. Also serum samples of infected patients who were surgically confirmed were collected in a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. According to the absorbance of 59 echinococcosis positive and 39 negative control serum samples, the cut-off value was determined as 0.27. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with hydatid fluid antigen were 91.5% and 96%, respectively. The antigen cross-reacted with the serum of some cysticercosis or clonorchiasis patients. However, immunoblot analysis on the cystic fluid recognized antigenic proteins of 7-, 16-, and 24-kDa bands in their dominant protein quantity and strong blotting reactivity. In conclusion, the present ELISA system using hydatid cyst fluid antigen from Uzbekistan sheep is sensitive and specific for diagnosis of echinococcosis cases.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(6): 699. CrossRef
Infection Status of Hydatid Cysts in Humans and Sheep in Uzbekistan
Sung-Tae Hong, Yan Jin, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khadjibaev, Samin Hong, Yusufjon Ahmedov, Utkir Otaboev
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(3): 383. CrossRef

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Case Report

An Imported Case of Cystic Echinococcosis in the Liver: Keun Soo Ahn, Sung-Tae Hong, Yu Na Kang, Jung Hyeok Kwon, Mi Jeong Kim, Tae Jun Park, Yong Hoon Kim, Tae Jin Lim, Koo Jeong Kang; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):357-360.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.357

Abstract
PDF

A 25-year-old Uzbek male presented with right upper abdominal pain for 20 days. On radiologic studies, a huge cystic mass was noticed in the right liver which was suspected as parasitic. The patient received right hepatic segmentectomy (segment 7), and the surgically resected mass was confirmed as cystic echinococcosis (CE), measuring 10.5 cm in its diameter. The inner surface of the cyst was bile-stained. The patient was discharged on the 8th hospital day, and was rechecked 6 months after the surgical intervention without any evidence of recurrence. The present report describes findings of an imported case of CE which represented ultrasound images of the 'ball of wool'.

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Serodiagnosis of Echinococcosis by ELISA Using Cystic Fluid from Uzbekistan Sheep
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Sung-Tae Hong, Yan Jin, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khadjibaev, Samin Hong, Yusufjon Ahmedov, Utkir Otaboev
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(3): 383. CrossRef

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Original Article

In Vitro Maintenance of Clonorchis sinensis Adult Worms: Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):309-315.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.309

Abstract
PDF

Clonorchis sinensis is a biological carcinogen inducing human cholangiocarcinoma, and clonorchiasis is one of the important endemic infectious diseases in East Asia. The present study investigated survival longevity of C. sinensis adult worms in various in vitro conditions to find the best way of keeping the worms longer. The worms were maintained in 0.85% NaCl, 1×PBS, 1×Locke's solution, RPMI-1640, DMEM, and IMDM media, and in 1×Locke's solution with different supplements. All of the worms died within 3 and 7 days in 0.85% NaCl and 1×PBS, respectively, but survived up to 57 days in 1×Locke's solution. The worms lived for 106 days in DMEM, and 114 days in both RPMI-1640 and IMDM media. The survival rate in RPMI-1640 medium was the highest (50%) compared to that in DMEM (20±10%) and in IMDM (33.3±25.2%) after 3 months. The 1×Locke's solution with 0.005% bovine bile supplement showed increased duration of maximum survival from 42 days to 70 days. Higher concentration of bile supplements than 0.005% or addition of glucose were disadvantageous for the worm survival. The worms died rapidly in solutions containing L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, and adenine compared to L-arginine, L-serine, and L-tryptophan. In conclusion, the 1×Locke's solution best supports the worms alive among inorganic solutions for 57 days, and the RPMI-1640 medium maintains living C. sinensis adults better and longer up to 114 days in vitro than other media.

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Case Reports

The Fifth Outbreak of Trichinosis in Korea: Ji-Young Rhee, Sung-Tae Hong, Hye-Jung Lee, Min Seo, Suk-Bae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):405-408.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.405

Abstract
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Trichinosis is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by the nematode, Trichinella spp., and had been reported several times in Korea. Recently, there was an additional outbreak, involving 5 patients, the findings from which are reported herein. On 30 November 2010, 8 persons ate sashimi of the meat of a wild boar. Then, 2-3 weeks later, they complained of myalgia and fever. Unfortunately, muscle biopsy was not performed, but ELISA was performed using their sera. Two people among 8 were positive for Trichinella on the 34th day post-infection (PI), and 3 patients who initially revealed negative ELISA were additionally proved to be positive for trichinosis on the 42nd day PI. Hence, the confirmed patients of trichinosis were 5 in total in the present outbreak. They were treated with albendazole and discharged uneventfully. This was the fifth outbreak of trichinosis in Korea.

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Hypersensitive Reaction to Praziquantel in a Clonorchiasis Patient: Jung-Min Lee, Hyun-Sul Lim, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):273-275.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.273

Abstract
PDF

Praziquantel is the drug of choice for clonorchiasis. Since clonorchiasis is endemic in most river basins, praziquantel has been widely used for 30 years in Korea. A 54-year-old Korean woman suffered from hypersensitive reactions, such as nausea, dyspnea, rash, and urticaria after taking the first dose of praziquantel to treat clonorchiasis. She ingested one dose again and the same symptoms appeared, and she was treated at a clinic with anti-histamines. She tried one more dose with anti-histamines but found the same symptoms. Later, she was found to pass eggs of Clonorchis sinensis and medicated with flubendazole. The hypersensitive reaction to praziquantel is rare but occurs. This is the 5th case report in the world.

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Original Article

Influencing Factors for Cure of Clonorchiasis by Praziquantel Therapy: Infection Burden and CYP3A5 Gene Polymorphism: Chung Hyeon Kim, Jeong-Keun Lee, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):45-49.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.45

Abstract
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Chemotherapy of clonorchiasis with praziquantel (PZQ) is effective but about 15% of treated cases have been reported uncured. The present study investigated correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP3A5 and cure of clonorchiasis. A total of 346 egg passing residents were subjected and treated by 3 doses of 25 mg/kg PZQ. Reexamination recognized 33 (9.5%) uncured and 313 cured. Numbers of eggs per gram of feces (EPGs) before treatment were significantly lower in the cured group than in the uncured group (2,011.2±3,600.0 vs 4,998.5±7,012.0, P<0.001). DNAs of the subjects were screened for SNPs at 7 locations of CYP3A5 using PCR. In the uncured group, the SNP frequencies at g.-20555G>A and g.27526C>T of CYP3A5 were 15.2% and 9.1% while those were 3.8% and 1.0%, respectively, in the cured group. The cure rate was significantly lower in the cases with SNP at g.27526C>T and EPGs≥1,000. In conclusion, EPGs and SNPs of CYP3A5 are factors which influence cure of clonorchiasis by PZQ therapy. It is strongly suggested to recommend 2-day medication for individuals with high EPGs≥1,000.

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Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control
Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Tribendimidine Against Clonorchis sinensis
Men-Bao Qian, Peiling Yap, Yi-Chao Yang, Hai Liang, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Wei Li, Yu-Guang Tan, Hui Zhou, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Jennifer Keiser
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2013; 56(7): e76. CrossRef
Efficacy of Praziquantel against Schistosoma mekongi and Opisthorchis viverrini: A Randomized, Single-Blinded Dose-Comparison Trial
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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2012; 6(7): e1726. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Infection Status of Freshwater Crabs and Crayfish with Metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Korea: Eun-Min Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Sung-Il Choi, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):425-426.
Published online December 2, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.425

Abstract
PDF

The present study investigated the infection status of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae in freshwater crabs (n = 363) and crayfish (n = 31) from October 2007 to October 2008 using the crush method. All of the freshwater crabs, Eriocheir japonicus, were negative for P. westermani metacercariae while 10 (32.3%) of the 31 examined crayfish were positive. The 10 positive crayfish were caught in Haenam, Jeollanam-do, and there were 8-59 (mean 28.4) metacrcariae per infected crayfish. These results suggest that P. westermani metacerariae are still transmitted by crayfish enzootically in southern Korea, and that freshwater crabs may transmit metacercariae only on rare occasions.

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Eun-Min Kim, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2025; 40: e00277. CrossRef
Inactivation of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae in soy sauce-marinated and frozen freshwater crabs
Tae Im Kim, Se-Ra Oh, Fuhong Dai, Hyun-Jong Yang, Sang-Do Ha, Sung-Jong Hong
Parasitology Research.2017; 116(3): 1003. CrossRef
Recent Incidence of Paragonimus westermani Metacercariae in Freshwater Crayfish, Cambaroides similis, from Two Enzootic Sites in Jeollanam-do, Korea
Jin-Ho Song, Fuhong Dai, Xuelian Bai, Tae-Im Kim, Hyun-Jong Yang, Tong-Soo Kim, Shin-Hyung Cho, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(3): 347. CrossRef
Cerebral Infarction and Cranial Venous Sinus Thrombosis Caused by Paragonimiasis
Jia‐Yan Wu, Bao‐Rong Zhang, Guo‐Hua Zhao
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Heterotopic Paragonimiasis Presented by Intra-abdominal Masses
Ah Young Kim
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Min Seo
Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(5): 469. CrossRef
Paragonimiasis in the Abdominal Cavity and Subcutaneous Tissue: Report of 3 Cases
Chang Ho Lee, Jong Hun Kim, Woo Sung Moon, Min Ro Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(4): 345. CrossRef
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Eun Jung Koh, Seung-Ki Kim, Kyu-Chang Wang, Jong-Yil Chai, Sangjoon Chong, Sung-Hye Park, Jung-Eun Cheon, Ji Hoon Phi
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2012; 27(11): 1428. CrossRef
Intestinal Paragonimiasis with Colonic Ulcer and Hematochezia in An Elderly Taiwanese Woman
Chung-Te Liu, Yen-Cheng Chen, Tso-Hsiao Chen, Ursula Barghouth, Chia-Kwung Fan
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Matt Longshaw
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M. X. Chen, L. Ai, R. L. Zhang, J. J. Xia, K. Wang, S. H. Chen, Y. N. Zhang, M. J. Xu, X. Li, X. Q. Zhu, J. X. Chen
Parasitology Research.2011; 108(5): 1193. CrossRef

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A case of ovarian enterobiasis: Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi, Jong-Yil Chai, Young Tak Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Kyu Rae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):149-151.
Published online September 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.149

Abstract
PDF

A 36-year old Korean woman consulted a clinic for a regular gynecological examination, and a mass was noticed in her pelvis. She was referred to the Asan Medical Center, Seoul where transvaginal ultrasonography confirmed a pelvic mass exceeding 10 cm in diameter. She received total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophorectomy, and a borderline serous neoplasm with micropapillary features involving the left ovary and right ovarian serosa was histopathologically confirmed. In addition, a section of a nematode with numerous eggs was found in the parenchyma of the left ovary. The worm had degenerated but the eggs were well-preserved and were identified as those of Enterobius vermicularis. She is an incidentally recognized case of ovarian enterobiasis.

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Original Articles

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Cytokine Genes are Associated with Fibrosis of the Intrahepatic Bile Duct Wall in Human Clonorchiasis: Byung-Suk Chung, Jeong-Keun Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Myoung Hee Park, Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):145-151.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.145

Abstract
PDF

This study examined the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with intrahepatic bile duct wall fibrosis in human clonorchiasis. A total of 240 residents in Heilongjiang, China underwent ultrasonography, blood sampling, and stool examination. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites for IFN-γ (+874 T/A), IL-10 (-1,082 G/A, -819 C/T, -592 C/A), TNF-α (-308 G/A), and TGF-β1 (codon 10 T/C, codon 25 G/C) genes were observed with the TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. No significant correlation was observed between individual cytokine gene polymorphisms and intrahepatic duct dilatation (IHDD). Among individuals with clonorchiasis of moderate intensity, the incidence of IHDD was high in those with IFN-γ intermediate-producing genotype, +874AT (80.0%, P = 0.177), and in those with TNF-α low-producing genotype, -308GG (63.0%, P = 0.148). According to the combination of IFN-γ and TNF-α genotypes, the risks for IHDD could be stratified into high (intermediate-producing IFN-γ and low producing TNF-α), moderate, and low (low-producing IFN-γ and high producing TNF-α) risk groups. The incidence of IHDD was significantly different among these groups (P = 0.022): 88.9% (odds ratio, OR = 24.0) in high, 56.5% (OR = 3.9) in moderate, and 25.0% (OR = 1) in low risk groups. SNP of IFN-γ and TNF-α genes may contribute to the modulation of fibrosis in the intrahepatic bile duct wall in clonorchiasis patients.

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Changes in Sonographic Findings after Treatment of Patients with Clonorchiasis in a Heavy Endemic Area: Dongil Choi, Yong Hwan Jeon, Geun-Chan Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):19-23.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.19

Abstract
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We measured changes in sonographic findings of patients with clonorchiasis after a treatment in a highly endemic area. A total of 347 residents showed positive stool results for Clonorchis sinensis eggs in a village in northeastern China, and were treated with praziquantel. Of them, 132 patients underwent abdominal sonography both before and 1 year after treatment, and the changes in sonographic findings of 83 cured subjects were compared. Diffuse dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts (DDIHD) was found in 82 patients (98.2%) before and 80 (96.4%) after treatment, which was improved in 3, aggravated in 1, and unchanged in 79 patients. Increased periductal echogenicity (IPDE) was observed in 42 patients (50.6%) before and 45 (54.2%) after treatment, which was improved in 5, aggravated in 8, and unchanged in 70 patients. Floating echogenic foci in the gallbladder (FEFGB) was detected in 32 patients (38.6%) before and 17 (20.5%) after treatment, which was improved in 20, aggravated in 5, and unchanged in 58 patients. Improvement of FEFGB only was statistically significantly (P = 0.004). The present results confirm that DDIHD and IPDE persist but FEFGB decreases significantly at 1 year after treatment. In a heavy endemic area, the sonographic finding of FEFGB may suggest active clonorchiasis 1 year after treatment.

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Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Graeme N. Forrest
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Severe hepatobiliary morbidity is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection: The evidence from a cross-sectional community study
Men-Bao Qian, Hong-Mei Li, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yi-Chao Yang, Ming-Fei Lu, Kang Wei, Si-Liang Wei, Yu Chen, Chang-Hai Zhou, Ying-Dan Chen, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
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World Journal of Meta-Analysis.2021; 9(6): 505. CrossRef
Clonorchiasis
Men-Bao Qian, Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, Xiao-Nong Zhou
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Application of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Resource-Limited Settings
Enrico Brunetti, Tom Heller, Joachim Richter, Daniel Kaminstein, Daniel Youkee, Maria Teresa Giordani, Samuel Goblirsch, Francesca Tamarozzi
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Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, omics, prevention and control
Ze-Li Tang, Yan Huang, Xin-Bing Yu
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Influencing Factors for Cure of Clonorchiasis by Praziquantel Therapy: Infection Burden andCYP3A5Gene Polymorphism
Chung Hyeon Kim, Jeong-Keun Lee, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 45. CrossRef
Correlation between Discharged Worms and Fecal Egg Counts in Human Clonorchiasis
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Infection Status of Freshwater Fish with Metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Korea: Eun-Min Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Sung Yil Choi, Jae-Whan Kim, Siwon Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):247-251.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.247

Abstract
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This study investigated freshwater fish for their current infection status with metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Korea. Twenty-one species of freshwater fish (n = 677) were collected from 34 regions nationwidely from February 2007 to June 2008. They were individually examined by digestion technique. Eight species of freshwater fish from 17 different regions were recognized positive for the metacercariae of C. sinensis. The positive rates (range of metacercariae number per fish) of fish by the species were as follows: 48% (1-1,142) in Pseudorasbora parva, 60% (1-412) in Pungtungia herzi, 15.7% (1-23) in Pseudogobio esocinus, 29% (1-7) in Acheilognathus intermedia, 21% (1-4) in Odontobutis interrupta, 33% (1-6) in Zacco temmincki, 3.6% (1-4) in Zacco platypus, and 26.3% (1) in Hemibarbus labeo. The two species, P. parva and P. herzi, are able to be the index fish for estimation of C. sinensis transmission in a certain locality. Still several species of freshwater fish are briskly transmitting C. sinensis infection in many riverside areas of southern Korea.

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Infection Characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Republic of Korea
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Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in Korea: epidemiological perspectives integrating the data from human and intermediate hosts
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Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection in fish in South‐East Asia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Connexin 43 plays an important role in the transformation of cholangiocytes with Clonochis sinensis excretory-secretory protein and N-nitrosodimethylamine
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Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju
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Prevalence and Intensity of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Wicheon Stream in Gunwi-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
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Characterization of a novel organic solute transporter homologue from Clonorchis sinensis
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Prevalence of Clonorchiasis in Southern Endemic Areas of Korea in 2006: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Ki-Yeon Lee, Byung-Chul Lee, Pyo-Yun Cho, Hyeong-Il Cheun, Sung-Tae Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):133-137.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.133

Abstract
PDF

This study was performed to investigate prevalence of clonorchiasis among the inhabitants living in villages along the 4 major rivers, Nakdong-gang (= river), Seomjin-gang, Youngsan-gang, and Guem-gang in southern Korea. From January to December 2006, a total of 24,075 stool samples (1 sample per an inhabitant) were collected in 23 localities and examined by the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Of the inhabitants examined, 3,441 (14.3%) were found to harbor various types of intestinal parasite eggs, cysts or larvae. Numbers of infected people were 2,661 (11.1%) for Clonorchis sinensis, 431 (1.8%) for heterophyids, 226 (0.9%) for Entamoeba spp., 57 (0.2%) for Giardia lamblia, 30 (0.1%) for Trichuris trichiura, and 18 (0.07%) for echinostomes. Prevalence rates of clonorchiasis according to the river basin were 17.1% in Nakdong-gang, 11.2% in Seomjin-gang, 5.5% in Youngsan-gang and 4.6% in Guem-gang. Of the 2,661 C. sinensis egg-positive cases, 57.7% was male. The present findings suggest that clonorchiasis is still highly prevalent among inhabitants in the riverside areas of southern Korea, and it is necessary to implement a systematic control program in the endemic areas.

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Seroprevalence of Tissue Invading Parasitic Infections Diagnosed by ELISA in Korea
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E.-M. Kim, J. J. Verweij, A. Jalili, L. van Lieshout, M.-H. Choi, Y. M. Bae, M. K. Lim, S.-T. Hong
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Helminths and malignancy
B. J. VENNERVALD, K. POLMAN
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Fishborne Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Yichao Yang, Xueming Li
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Infection Status of Freshwater Fish with Metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Korea
Eun-Min Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Sung Yil Choi, Jae-Whan Kim, Siwon Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(4): 247. CrossRef

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Effects of Excretory/Secretory Products from Clonorchis sinensis and the Carcinogen Dimethylnitrosamine on the Proliferation and Cell Cycle Modulation of Human Epithelial HEK293T Cells: Eun-Min Kim, June-Sung Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Young Mee Bae; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):127-132.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.127

Abstract
PDF

Clonorchis sinensis is one of the most prevalent parasitic helminths in Korea. Although cholangiocarcinoma can be induced by C. sinensis infection, the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. To assess the role of C. sinensis infection in carcinogenesis, an in vitro system was established using the human epithelial cell line HEK293T. In cells exposed to the excretory/secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis and the carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), cellular proliferation and the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase increased. Moreover, the expression of the cell cycle proteins E2F1, p-pRb, and cyclin B was dramatically increased when ESP and DMN were added together. Similarly, the transcription factor E2F1 showed its highest level of activity when ESP and DMN were added simultaneously. These findings indicate that DMN and ESP synergistically affect the regulation of cell cycle-related proteins. Our results suggest that exposure to C. sinensis and a small amount of a carcinogen such as DMN can promote carcinogenesis in the bile duct epithelium via uncontrolled cellular proliferation and the upregulation of cell cycle-related proteins.

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Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis: Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):17-22.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.17

Abstract
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Rats develop strong resistance to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis. The present study investigated the antibodies present in the sera and bile juice of rats that were primary infected and re-infected with C. sinensis. The serum level of specific IgG antibodies, which were elevated 2 wk of the primary infection, peaked at 4 wk and subsequently remained unchanged even during re-infection. The total IgE level in serum increased slowly from 388 ng / ml to 3,426 ng / ml beginning 2 wk after the primary infection, and remained high up to 8 wk but dropped to a normal level (259 ng / ml) after treatment. In resistant re-infected rats, the serum IgE level increased rapidly and peaked within 1 wk, whereas no increase was observed in immunosuppressed rats. The serum level of specific IgA antibodies was elevated beginning 1 wk after infection, and decreased 4 wk after treatment. The total bile IgA level unchanged during the primary infection but increased in treated and re-infected rats. The elevated levels of serum IgE and bile IgA indicate that these immunoglobulins may be correlated with the development of resistance to re-infection by C. sinensis in rats.

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Bacillus subtilis spore with surface display of paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis potentializes a promising oral vaccine candidate
Hengchang Sun, Zhipeng Lin, Lu Zhao, Tingjin Chen, Mei Shang, Hongye Jiang, Zeli Tang, Xinyi Zhou, Mengchen Shi, Lina Zhou, Pengli Ren, Honglin Qu, Jinsi Lin, Xuerong Li, Jin Xu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Local immune response to primary infection and re-infection by Clonorchis sinensis in FVB mice
Eun-Min Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2017; 66(4): 436. CrossRef
Virus-like particles vaccine containing Clonorchis sinensis tegumental protein induces partial protection against Clonorchis sinensis infection
Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
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Clonorchiasis
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Enhanced protection against Clonorchis sinensis induced by co‐infection with Trichinella spiralis in rats
K.‐B. Chu, S.‐S. Kim, S.‐H. Lee, H.‐S. Lee, K.‐H. Joo, J.‐H. Lee, Y.‐S. Lee, S. Zheng, F.‐S. Quan
Parasite Immunology.2014; 36(10): 522. CrossRef
Systemic and local mucosal immune responses induced by orally delivered Bacillus subtilis spore expressing leucine aminopeptidase 2 of Clonorchis sinensis
Hongling Qu, Yanquan Xu, Hengchang Sun, Jinsi Lin, Jinyun Yu, Zeli Tang, Jiqing Shen, Chi Liang, Shan Li, Wenjun Chen, Xuerong Li, Zhongdao Wu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 3095. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update
Sung-Tae Hong, Yueyi Fang
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 17. CrossRef
Strain variation in the susceptibility and immune response to Clonorchis sinensis infection in mice
Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 118. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Metacercarial proteins interacting with WD40-repeat protein of Clonorchis sinensis: Pyo Yun Cho, Tae Im Kim, Shunyu Li, Sung-Jong Hong, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Yong Je Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):229-232.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.229

Abstract
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The WD40-repeat proteins serve as a platform coordinating partner proteins and are involved in a range of regulatory cellular functions. A WD40-repeat protein (CsWD1) of Clonorchis sinensis previously cloned is expressed stage-specifically in the tegumental syncytium of C. sinensis metacercariae. In the present study, interacting proteins with the CsWD1 protein was purified by immunoprecipitation and 2 dimension gel electrophoresis from the C. sinensis metacercaria soluble extract, and tryptic peptides were analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. Putative partner proteins were annotated to be actin-2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and hypothetical and unmanned proteins. The CsWD1 protein was predicted to contain 3 conserved actin-interacting residues on its functional surface. With these results, the CsWD1 protein is suggested to be an actin-interacting protein of C. sinensis.

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Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update
Sung-Tae Hong, Yueyi Fang
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 17. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Imaging diagnosis of clonorchiasis: Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):77-85.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.77

Abstract
PDF

Among several diagnostic tools for clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis infection), radiologic examinations are commonly used in clinical practices. During the 2 past decades, many reports regarding imaging findings of clonorchiasis were introduced. The basic imaging finding of clonorchiasis is diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts, without dilation of the large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. By this finding, however, active clonorchiasis cannot be differentiated from cured infection. Some recent radiologic studies suggested specific findings of active clonorchiasis. Besides direct demonstration of worms, increased periductal echogenicity on sonography and periductal enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT or MR imaging possibly represent active clonorchiasis. Those images of the liver clonorchiasis are known to be correlated with worm burdens (EPG counts) in their frequency and also severity. The images of cholangiocarcinoma associated with clonorchiasis show both the tumor with obstruction images and diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts. Radiological images can be a good practical alternative diagnostic method of clonorchiasis.

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Brief Communication

Collection of Clonorchis sinensis adult worms from infected humans after praziquantel treatment: Chenghua Shen, Jae-hwan Kim, Jeong-Keun Lee, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Min Kyung Lim, Hai-Rim Shin, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):149-152.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.149

Abstract
PDF

A cohort was established for evaluation of cancer risk factors in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. As one of the cohort studies, stools of 947 residents (403 males and 544 females, age range: 29-86 years) were screened for Clonorchis sinensis eggs using both Kato-Katz method and formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The overall egg positive rate of C. sinensis was 37.7% and individual EPG (eggs per gram of feces) counts ranged from 24 to 28,800. Eight egg positive residents voluntarily joined a process of collection of the passed worms after praziquantel treatment. A total of 158 worms were recovered from 5 of the 8 treated persons, ranged from 3 to 108 in each individual. The worms were 15-20 mm × 2-3 mm in size, and showed brown-pigmented, red, or white body colors. This is the first collection record of C. sinensis adult worms from humans through anthelmintic treatment and purgation. The adult worms of C. sinensis may be paralyzed by praziquantel and then discharged passively through bile flow in the bile duct and by peristaltic movement of the bowel.

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Original Articles

Tissue parasitic helminthiases are prevalent at Cheongjin, North Korea: Chenghua Shen, Shunyu Li, Shanzi Zheng, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):139-144.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.139

Abstract
PDF

We investigated a small-scale serological survey to screen tissue-parasitic helminthiases of North Koreans as one of research programs for re-unification of Korea. Soil-transmitted helminthiases were found highly prevalent among North Korean residents at the border with China. ELISA using 4 tissue-parasitic helminth antigens was applied to 137 residents living in Cheongjin-shi, Hamgyeongbuk-do, North Korea and 133 female refugees in South Korea in 2004-2005. Among a total of 270 samples, 31 (11.5%), 25 (9.3%), and 11 (4.1%) were positive for specific IgG antibodies to antigens of Clonorchis sinensis, Taenia solium metacestode, and sparganum, respectively. The overall positive rate was 21.5%; 38.2% in males and 15.8% in females. The present finding suggests that tissue parasites, such as C. sinensis, T. solium metacestode and sparganum are highly prevalent in some limited areas of North Korea. These foodborne tissue-parasitic helminthiases should be considered for future control measures of parasitic diseases in North Korea.

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Akira Ito, Tiaoying Li, Toni Wandra, Paron Dekumyoy, Tetsuya Yanagida, Munehiro Okamoto, Christine M Budke
Acta Tropica.2019; 198: 105075. CrossRef
Helminthiases in North Korea: a neglected public health challenge
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Pathogens and Global Health.2019; 113(6): 256. CrossRef
Infections of Soil-Transmitted Helminth in Refugees from North Korea
Young-Il Lee, Min Seo, Suk-Bae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(3): 291. CrossRef
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The global epidemiology of clonorchiasis and its relation with cholangiocarcinoma
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Therapeutic evaluation of sustained-releasing praziquantel (SRP) for clonorchiasis: Phase 1 and 2 clinical studies: Min-Ho Choi, Byung-Chan Chang, Seung-Jin Lee, In-Jin Jang, Sang-Goo Shin, Weon-Gyu Kho, Jin-Ho Chun, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):361-366.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.361

Abstract
PDF

Sustained-releasing praziquantel (SRP) tablet was designed for single dose treatment regimen of clonorchiasis. A previous pre-clinical study confirmed its sustained-releasing characteristics and a better cure rate than conventional praziquantel (PZQ). In this clinical study, the pharmacokinetics of this SRP tablet were investigated in human volunteers (phase 1; 12 volunteers), and its curative efficacy was examined in clonorchiasis patients (phase 2; 20 volunteers). In the phase 1 clinical study, blood concentrations of both tablets showed wide individual variation. The AUC_last of SRP was 497.9 ± 519.0 ng · hr/ml (mean ± SD) and PZQ of 628.6 ± 695.5 ng · hr/ml, and the AUC_inf of SRP was 776.0 ± 538.5 ng · hr/ml and of PZQ 658.6 ± 709.9 ng · hr/ml. C_max values of SRP and PZQ were 90.7 ± 82.2 ng/ml and 214.9 ± 251.9 ng/ml, and T_max values were 3.42 ± 1.43 hr and 1.96 ± 1.23 hr, respectively. SRP tablets showed similar AUC values, but lower C_max and longer T_max values than PZQ. In the phase 2 study, SRP at 30 mg/kg (single dose) achieved a 60% cure rate and a 95.5% egg reduction rate. The cure rate of a single dose SRP was unsatisfactory compared with that of the conventional PZQ dose, but much better than that achieved by a single dose PZQ.

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Brief Communication

Status of intestinal helminthic infections of borderline residents in North Korea: Shunyu Li, Chenghua Shen, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Hiwon Yoon, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):265-268.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.265

Abstract
PDF

The present authors investigated intestinal parasitic infections among North Korean residents and refugees in China in 2003. The Kato-Katz method was applied to 236 residents and soldiers in a town on the North Korea-China border and to 46 people at a refugee camp in China. Only eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris were detected, with egg positive rates of 41.1% and 37.6%, respectively. The total egg positive rate was 55.0% and most of those who were egg positive were only lightly infected. Women of 61.2% and men of 53.1% were egg positive. The refugees from rural areas showed higher egg positive rates than those from urban areas. The present investigation confirmed high prevalence of soil-transmitted intestinal helminths in rural borderline areas of North Korea.

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Mini Review

A successful experience of soil-transmitted helminth control in the Republic of Korea: Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Min-Ho Choi, Sun Huh, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):177-185.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.177

Abstract
PDF

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), namely Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator), present a global health problem to about a half of the earth's population. In the Republic of Korea, STH were highly prevalent and were considered a high priority target for national control. To promote the control, a non-governmental organization named Korea Association for Parasite Eradication (currently Korea Association of Health Promotion) was founded in 1964, and mass fecal examination followed by selective mass chemotherapy with anthelmintics was performed twice a year from 1969 to 1995 targeting whole nationwide schoolchildren. Meanwhile, decreasing patterns of national STH infections have been monitored by 7 times' quinquennial national surveys targeting general population. In 1971, the overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 84.3% (Ascaris 58.2%, Trichuris 65.4%, and hookworms 10.7%), which became 63.2% in 1976, 41.1% in 1981, 12.9% in 1986, 3.8% in 1992, 2.4% in 1997, and 4.3% (Ascaris 0.03%, Trichuris 0.02%, and hookworms 0%) in 2004. During the control period, national economy rapidly developed, and living standards including environment, sanitation, and agricultural technology greatly improved, which undoubtedly boosted the STH control effects. Our experience indicates that social driving force to establish an eligible national control system to conduct repeated mass chemotherapy, together with improvement of environment and sanitation, is important for initiating and achieving STH control in a developing community.

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Brief Communication

Susceptibility of experimental animals to reinfection with Clonorchis sinensis: Woon-Mok Sohn, Hongman Zhang, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):163-166.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.163

Abstract
PDF

The present study observed the resistance to reinfection with Clonorchis sinensis in various experimental animals including mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs, as well as rats and hamsters. The resistance rates to reinfection in rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs were 79.7%, 58.0%, -12.6%, 54.8%, 62.6%, and 6.0%, respectively. Worms recovered from reinfected rats and mice were immature, and significantly smaller than those from the primarily infected (P < 0.01), whereas those from other animals were fully matured to adults. These findings indicate that the protective response against reinfection with C. sinensis is prominent in rats and mice, and that they may be a good animal model to investigate the mechanism of resistance to reinfection with C. sinensis.

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Case Report

A case of histologically diagnosed tick infestation on the scalp of a Korean child: Sun Hee Chang, Jae-Hwan Park, Ji Eun Kwak, Mee Joo, Hanseong Kim, Je G. Chi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):157-161.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.157

Abstract
PDF

A scalp mass surgically excised from a 4-year-old Korean boy was identified as a tick through histological observations. In sections of the mass, characteristic features of a tick, including its gross contour, cuticular structures, well developed musculature and salivary glands, and the capitulum, were discovered. In particular, the capitulum is anteriorly protruded, which strongly suggests that the specimen be a hard tick of family Ixodidae. However, the present histological features were not enough to determine the genus and species of the tick, because information on sectional morphologies of different tick species is unavailable. This is a rare case of tick infestation on the scalp diagnosed in histological sections.

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Brief Communication

Correlation of egg counts of Clonorchis sinensis by three methods of fecal examination: Min-Ho Choi, Tao Ge, Shang Yuan, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(3):115-117.
Published online September 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.115

Abstract
PDF

The Kato-Katz (KK) method is a well-known method of fecal examination for helminthiases. Its diagnostic sensitivity was found very high for clonorchiasis. The present study evaluated the correlation of Clonorchis sinensis egg counts by the KK method with those by direct smear and formalin-ether (FE) technique. The egg counts obtained by the KK method (Y) were correlated with the counts by direct smear (X) with the equation of Y = 659.4 + 0.266X (r² = 0.738), but not with those by the FE method. The present study demonstrated that the KK method and direct smear were useful for both qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of clonorchiasis, especially in the field.

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Original Articles

Parasitic infections in HIV-infected patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital during the period 1995-2003: Sang-Mee Guk, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Myoung-Don Oh, Kang-Won Choe, Jae-Lip Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(1):1-5.
Published online March 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.1

Abstract
PDF

The prevalence of parasitic infections was investigated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (n = 105) who visited Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, during the period from 1995 to 2003. Fecal samples were collected from 67 patients for intestinal parasite examinations, and sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 60 patients for examination of Pneumocystis carinii. Both samples were obtained from 22 patients. Thirty-three (31.4%) of the 105 were found to have parasitic infections; Cryptosporidium parvum (10.5%; 7/67), Isospora belli (7.5%; 5/67), Clonorchis sinensis (3.0%; 2/67), Giardia lamblia (1.5%; 1/67), Gymnophalloides seoi (1.5%; 1/67), and Pneumocystis carinii (28.3%; 17/60). The hospital records of the 11 intestinal parasite-infected patients showed that all suffered from diarrhea. This study shows that parasitic infections are important clinical complications in HIV-infected patients in the Republic of Korea.

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Organ-specific antigens of Clonorchis sinensis: Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):169-174.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.169

Abstract
PDF

This study was carried out to find out specific proteins from different organs of Clonorchis sinensis. Crude extract, organ-specific and excretory-secretory (ES) proteins were analyzed by immunoblot with infected human sera. The bands of 7- and 17-kDa were main component of intestinal fluid and ES protein and commonly found in all organspecific proteins. The 17-kDa protein was observed from ES antigen, intestinal fluid, eggs and sperms, 26- and 28-kDa proteins were from the uterus, vitellaria, and ovary, and 34-, 37-, 43- and 50-kDa proteins were mainly from the testis and sperms. Serum of mice immunized with sperms reacted to the 50-kDa protein by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining showed a positive reaction at the seminal receptacle and seminiferous tubule. The present results show that the 7-kDa protein is a common antigen of every part or organ of C. sinensis, but different organs express their specific antigenic protein bands.

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Bile duct changes in rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis: Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jae Hoon Lim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):7-17.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.7

Abstract
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This study describes an evaluation of the sonographic, cholangiographic, pathological, and immunological findings, and the protective effect shown by rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis. Eight experimental rat groups were, namely, a normal control, a primary infection control, a reinfection I (reinfection 7 week after treatment following 3-week infection), a reinfection II (reinfection 2 week after treatment following 8-week infection), a reinfection III (exploration of the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection 4 week after treatment following 4-week infection), a superinfection, a secondary infection control, and an infection following immunization group. Sonographic and cholangiographic findings showed moderate or marked dilatation of the bile duct confluence in the primary infection control, reinfection II, and secondary infection control groups. Juvenile worms survived in the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection following treatment in the reinfection III group. It was concluded that reinfecting juvenile worms found during the first week following reinfection failed to survive or grow further. Anatomical, pathophysiological, or immunological changes may induce protection from reinfection in rats.

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Brief Communication

Clonorchis sinensis metacercarial infection in the pond smelt Hypomesus olidus and the minnow Zacco platypus collected from the Soyang and Daechung Lakes: Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Tae-Yun Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Aifen Lin, Ji-Yeon Park, Jae-Lip Kim, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):41-44.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.41

Abstract
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The pond smelt Hypomesus olidus and minnow Zacco platypus were collected from the Soyang and Daechung Lakes in January 2003, and their metacercarial infections was examined by the muscle compression and artificial digestion techniques. In the Soyang Lake, 161 metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis (0.35 per fish) were harvested from 459 pond smelts examined. Also, 13 metacercariae of C. sinensis (0.43 per fish), 1 of Metagonimus sp., 4 of Echinostoma sp., 148 of Centrocestus armatus and 44 unidentified species were collected from 30 minnows. In the Daechung Lake, 369 metacercariae of C. sinensis (3.69 per fish) and 51 unidentified species were recovered from 100 pond smelts. The metacercariae of C. sinensis were fed to experimental rats, in which the adult flukes were identified. The pond smelts and minnows collected from the Soyang and Daechung Lakes were verified to be the second intermediate hosts and the sources of human C. sinensis infection.

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Helminthologia.2015; 52(4): 375. CrossRef
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Jakob Skov, Per W. Kania, Anders Dalsgaard, Thomas R. Jørgensen, Kurt Buchmann
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Original Articles

In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line: Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):27-34.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.27

Abstract
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We investigated the optimal culture conditions for Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line by determining the effects of medium pH and of selected supplements on the development of C. muris. The optimum pH of the culture medium required for the development of C. muris was determined to be 6.6. The number of parasites significantly increased during cultivation for 72 hr (p < 0.05) at this level. On the other hand, numbers decreased linearly after 24 hr of incubation at pH 7.5. When cultured in different concentrations of serum, C. muris in media containing 5% FBS induced 4-7 times more parasites than in 1% or 10% serum. Of the six medium supplements examined, only 1 mM pyruvate enhanced the number of C. muris in vitro. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed the developmental stages of C. muris in the cytoplasm of the cells, not in an extracytoplasmic location. The growth of C. muris in AGS cells provides a means of investigating its biological characteristics and of testing its response to therapeutic agents. However, a more optimized culture system is needed for the recovery of oocysts on a large scale in vitro.

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Development of resistance to reinfection by Clonorchis sinensis in rats: Byung-Suk Chung, Hongman Zhang, Min-Ho Choi, Deogkyu Jeon, Shunyu Li, Mejeong Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):19-26.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.19

Abstract
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We investigated the induction of resistance to Clonorchis sinensis infection by prior infection in rat and hamster models. Animals were challenged with C. sinensis metacercariae, then treated with praziquantel and reinfected. Worm recovery rate in reinfected animals was used to estimate resistance to reinfection. The determined resistance rates to reinfection in rats and hamsters were 97.7% and 10.3%, respectively. In rats, cure from the primary infection of C. sinensis increased resistant to reinfection, and the greatert the worm burden and the longer the duration of primary infection, the higher was the resistance rate. For primary infection doses of 10, 40 and 100 metacercariae per rat, the resistance rates were 87.4%, 93.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The resistance rates in rats after 2 or 8-week primary infection were 78.7% and 95.3%, respectively. All worms recovered from reinfected rats were immature. When cured rats were administered with methylprednisolone, resistance to reinfection became impaired. These findings indicate that rats develop a high degree of resistance to reinfection by C. sinensis after cure. The growths and maturations of reinfected worms were also impaired.

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Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology Research.2008; 102(6): 1111. CrossRef
Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(1): 17. CrossRef
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Woon-Mok Sohn, Hongman Zhang, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 7. CrossRef

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Specific and common antigens of Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini (Opisthorchidae, Trematoda): Min-Ho Choi, Jin-Sook Ryu, Mejeong Lee, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jong-Yil Chai, Paiboon Sithithaworn, Smarn Tesana, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(3):155-163.
Published online September 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.155

Abstract
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The antigenic characterizations and serological reactions of human liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, were analyzed by immunoblot. The antigenic profiles of the crude extract of Clonorchis contained major proteins of 8, 26-28, 34-37, 43, and 70 kDa, and those of Opisthorchis 34-37, 43, 70, and 100 kDa. Of these, the 8, 26-28 and 34-37 kDa bands of Clonorchis and the 100 kDa of Opisthorchis were major components of each excretory-secretory antigen. The 8 and 26-28 kDa bands were specific to Clonorchis but the 100 kDa of Opisthorchis cross-reacted with the sera of clonorchiasis, and the 34-37, 70 and 100 kDa bands cross-reacted with sera of other helminthiases. The frequency and intensity of the immunoblot reactions were positively correlated with the intensity of the liver fluke infection.

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Excretory-secretory antigen is better than crude antigen for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis by ELISA: Min-Ho Choi, Il Chan Park, Shunyu Li, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(1):35-39.
Published online March 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.35

Abstract
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Although stool examination is the standard diagnostic method of clonorchiasis, serodiagnosis by ELISA using crude antigen is now widely used because of its convenience. However, ELISA diagnosis still suffers from cross-reactions, and therefore there is a need to improve the present conventional ELISA. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic value of ELISA using excretory-secretory antigen (ESA) instead of crude antigen (CA) of Clonorchis sinensis. The diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA using excretory-secretory antigen was 92.5%, which was higher than that of ELISA using crude Clonorchis sinensis antigen (88.2%). In addition, the specificity of excretory-secretory antigen was found 93.1% while that of crude antigen was 87.8%. In summary, Clonorchis sinensis ESA was found to be a better serodiagnostic antigen than CA for ELISA.

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Characterization of partially purified 8 kDa antigenic protein of Clonorchis sinensis: Young-Bae Chung, Mejeong Lee, Hyun-Jong Yang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shun-Yu Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(2):83-88.
Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.2.83

Abstract
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The 8 kDa antigenic protein of Clonorchis sinensis was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequently by a column chromatographic steps. The purified protein was separated into 7 and 8 kDa protein bands through SDS-tricine gel electrophoresis, while the protein was found to migrate to a 8 kDa band in 7.5-15% SDS-PAGE. The molecular weight of the antigen was estimated to be 110 kDa by Superose 6 HR 10/30 gel filtration. The purified antigen strongly reacted with the human sera of clonorchiasis. The hyperimmune sera of BALB/c mice immunized against the 8 kDa protein were reacted with both the crude extract and the excretory-secretory product of adult worms, but not with the metacercarial extract. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the protein was distributed to the tegument and subtegumental cells and also to the seminal receptacle. The present findings suggest that the 8 kDa protein is a partition of the multicomplex protein originating from various organs of adult C. sinensis, and that it is composed of several 7 and 8 kDa proteins.

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