Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"IgE"

Original Articles

Genetic structure of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pakistan: Komal Zaib, Asifullah Khan, Muhammad Umair Khan, Ibrar Ullah, Tuấn Cường Võ, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sahib Gul Afridi; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):302-312.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24028

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

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Genetic diversity and natural selection of cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Vietnam
Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Minkyoung Cho, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Gene.2025; 968: 149731. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of Duffy binding protein in Pakistan Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107421. CrossRef

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Genome-wide identification of histone lysine methyltransferases and their implications in the epigenetic regulation of eggshell formation-related genes in a trematode parasite Clonorchis sinensis: Min-Ji Park, Woon-Mok Sohn, Young-An Bae; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):98-116.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23116

Epigenetic writers including DNA and histone lysine methyltransferases (DNMT and HKMT, respectively) play an initiative role in the differentiation and development of eukaryotic organisms through the spatiotemporal regulation of functional gene expressions. However, the epigenetic mechanisms have long been suspected in helminth parasites lacking the major DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a/3b. Very little information on the evolutionary status of the epigenetic tools and their role in regulating chromosomal genes is currently available in the parasitic trematodes. We previously suggested the probable role of a DNMT2-like protein (CsDNMT2) as a genuine epigenetic writer in a trematode parasite Clonorchis sinensis. Here, we analyzed the phylogeny of HKMT subfamily members in the liver fluke and other platyhelminth species. The platyhelminth genomes examined conserved genes for the most of SET domain-containing HKMT and Disruptor of Telomeric Silencing 1 subfamilies, while some genes were expanded specifically in certain platyhelminth genomes. Related to the high gene dosages for HKMT activities covering differential but somewhat overlapping substrate specificities, variously methylated histones were recognized throughout the tissues/organs of C. sinensis adults. The temporal expressions of genes involved in eggshell formation were gradually decreased to their lowest levels proportionally to aging, whereas those of some epigenetic tool genes were re-boosted in the later adult stages of the parasite. Furthermore, these expression levels were significantly affected by treatment with DNMT and HKMT inhibitors. Our data strongly suggest that methylated histones are potent epigenetic markers that modulate the spatiotemporal expressions of C. sinensis genes, especially those involved in sexual reproduction.

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Efficacy of recombinant enolase as a candidate vaccine against Haemaphysalis longicornis tick infestation in mice: Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):439-448.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23075

Tick infestation causes a significant threat to human and animal health, requiring effective immunological control methods. This study aimed to investigate the potential of recombinant Haemaphysalis longicornis enolase protein for tick vaccine development. The exact mechanism of the recently identified enolase protein from the H. longicornis Jeju strain remains poorly understood. Enolase plays a crucial role in glycolysis, the metabolic process that converts glucose into energy, and is essential for the motility, adhesion, invasion, growth, and differentiation of ticks. In this study, mice were immunized with recombinant enolase, and polyclonal antibodies were generated. Western blot analysis confirmed the specific recognition of enolase by the antiserum. The effects of immunization on tick feeding and attachment were assessed. Adult ticks attached to the recombinant enolase-immunized mice demonstrated longer attachment time, increased blood-sucking abilities, and lower engorgement weight than the controls. The nymphs and larvae had a reduced attachment rate and low engorgement rate compared to the controls. Mice immunized with recombinant enolase expressed in Escherichia coli displayed 90% efficacy in preventing tick infestation. The glycolytic nature of enolase and its involvement in crucial physiological processes makes it an attractive target for disrupting tick survival and disease transmission. Polyclonal antibodies recognize enolase and significantly reduce attachment rates, tick feeding, and engorgement. Our findings indicate that recombinant enolase may be a valuable vaccine candidate for H. longicornis infection in experimental murine model.

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting Plasmodium Life Cycle with Novel Parasite Ligands as Vaccine Antigens
Shan Khan, Manas Paresh Patel, Aleem Damji Patni, Sung-Jae Cha
Vaccines.2024; 12(5): 484. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 and antifolate-resistant genes in Plasmodium falciparum from Mali and Niger: Mahaman Moustapha Lamine, Rabia Maman, Abdoul Aziz Maiga, Ibrahim Maman Laminou; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):455-462.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23049

Abstract
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Since 2015, countries in the Sahel region have implemented large-scale seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). However, the mass use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine impacts the genetic diversity of malaria parasites and their sensitivity to antimalarials. This study aimed to describe and compare the genetic diversity and SP resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains in Mali and Niger. We collected 400 blood samples in Mali and Niger from children aged 3–59 months suspected of malaria. Of them, 201 tested positive (Niger, 111, 55.2%; Mali, 90, 44.8%). Polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) genetic marker showed 201 allotypes. The frequency of the RO33 allotype was significantly higher in Niger (63.6%) than in Mali (39.3%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of the K1 and MAD20 allotypes between the 2 countries. The multiplicity of infection was 2 allotypes per patient in Mali and one allotype per patient in Niger. The prevalence of strains with the triple mutants Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H and Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps437G was 18.1% and 30.2%, respectively, and 7.7% carried the quadruple mutant Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H/Pfdhps437G. Despite the significant genetic diversity of parasite populations, the level of SP resistance was comparable between Mali and Niger. The frequency of mutations conferring resistance to SP still allows its effective use in intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women and in SMC.

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Preventive interventions and diagnostic testing compliance in the management of tropical infections among patients with sickle cell disease in Tanzania
Felician Paschal Mgasa, Singeun Oh, Avelina Mgasa, Sunjoo Kang, Erasto Mbugi, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 147. CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Malaria Endemicity in the Rural Communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria: David Ekene Nwele, Ikechukwu Oliver Onyali, Milliam Okwudili Iwueze, Michael Okpara Elom, Ogbonna Elom Sabastian Uguru; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):173-179.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.173

Abstract
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Malaria remains a global health threat. Approximately 97% of the population is at risk in sub-Saharan countries, particularly Nigeria. This study compared the performance of 2 diagnostic methods in assessing malaria endemicity in the rural communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 1,140 study participants were screened for malaria parasite using Rapid Diagnostic Test kits (RDT) in the field, while thick and thin films for microscopy were examined in the laboratory. Our result showed that malaria prevalence was 56.8 by RDT and 38.6% by microscopic test. Age group under 10 years had the highest prevalence of 28.9% (RDT) and 23.6% (microscopy), respectively. The highest prevalence of 19.5% by RDT was recorded in Onicha Local Government Area, while the highest prevalence of 13.4% with microscopy was recorded in Ezza North Local Government Area. The sensitivity and specificity of microscopic examination were both 100%, while those of RDT were 95.5% and 75.9%, respectively.

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Subclinical Plasmodium spp. Infections in a Community Setting in Bangui, Central African Republic
Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko, Mireille Cornelia Ingrid Denissio Morissi Nalingbo, Brice Martial Yambiyo, Roger Detol, Ermeland Moussa, Didita Nalinga, Lydie Joella-Venus de la Grace Namsenei-Dankpea, Alexandre Manirakiza, Lawrence Ayong, Yap Boum
Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2025; Volume 16: 1. CrossRef
Explainable AI for enhanced accuracy in malaria diagnosis using ensemble machine learning models
Olushina Olawale Awe, Peter Njoroge Mwangi, Samuel Kotva Goudoungou, Ruth Victoria Esho, Olanrewaju Samuel Oyejide
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ectoparasite species diversity and prevalence in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) within delta central senatorial district, Delta State, Nigeria

International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).2025; : 320. CrossRef
Analysis of fractional-order model for the transmission dynamics of malaria via Caputo–Fabrizio and Atangana–Baleanu operators
Benedict Celestine Agbata, Raimonda Dervishi, Mehmet Gümüş, Aseel Smerat, Godwin Christopher Ezike Mbah
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimated distribution of malaria cases among children in sub-Saharan Africa by specified age categories using data from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019
Olorunfemi A. Oshagbemi, Pedro Lopez-Romero, Cornelis Winnips, Katalin R. Csermak, Guoqin Su, Elodie Aubrun
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Echinococcus granulosus Protoscolex DM9 Protein Shows High Potential for Serodiagnosis of Alveolar Echinococcosis: Jeong-Geun Kim, Xiumin Han, Yoon Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(1):25-34.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.25

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by infection with E. multilocularis metacestode, represents one of the most fatal helminthic diseases. AE is principally manifested with infiltrative, proliferating hepatic mass, resembling primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Sometimes metastatic lesions are found in nearby or remote tissue. AE diagnosis largely depends on imaging studies, but atypical findings of imaging features frequently require differential diagnosis from other hepatic lesions. Serological tests may provide further evidence, while obtaining reliable AE materials is not easy. In this study, alternative antigens, specific to AE were identified by analyzing E. granulosus protoscolex proteins. An immunoblot analysis of E. granulosus protoscolex showed that a group of low-molecular-weight proteins in the range from 14 kDa to 16 kDa exhibited a sensitive and specific immune response to AE patient sera. Partial purification and proteomic analysis indicated that this protein group contained myosin, tubulin polymerization promoting protein, fatty-acid binding protein, uncharacterized DM9, heat shock protein 90 cochaperone tebp P-23, and antigen S. When the serological applicability of recombinant forms of these proteins was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DM9 protein (rEgDM9) showed 90.1% sensitivity (73/81 sera tested) and 94.5% specificity (172/181 sera tested), respectively. rEgDM9 showed weak cross-reactions with patient sera from the transitional and chronic stages of cystic echinococcosis (3 to 5 stages). rEgDM9 would serve as a useful alternative antigen for serodiagnosis of both early- and advanced-stage AE cases.

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Proteomic and Immunological Identification of Diagnostic Antigens from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid: Yan Lu, Jia-Hui Sun, Li-Li Lu, Jia-Xu Chen, Peng Song, Lin Ai, Yu-Chun Cai, Lan-Hua Li, Shao-Hong Chen; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):615-623.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.615

Human sparganosis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by the plerocercoids of Spirometra species. Clinical diagnosis of sparganosis is crucial for effective treatment, thus it is important to identify sensitive and specific antigens of plerocercoids. The aim of the current study was to identify and characterize the immunogenic proteins of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids that were recognized by patient sera. Crude soluble extract of the plerocercoids were separated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblot and mass spectrometry analysis. Based on immunoblotting patterns and mass spectrometry results, 8 antigenic proteins were identified from the plerocercoid. Among the proteins, cysteine protease protein might be developed as an antigen for diagnosis of sparganosis.

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Lysine acetylation in the spargana of Spirometra mansoni: Insights into glycolysis and EF-hand domain proteins
Yuke Zeng, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Qin Meng, Shuyu Chen, Xiaoruo Tan, Cuiqin Huang, Shiquan Lu, Teng Zhong, Yuanpeng Hu, Yisong Liu, Wei Liu
Acta Tropica.2025; : 107932. CrossRef
Establishment of Animal Infection Model of Spirometra Mansoni and Identification of Spirometra Mansoni by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Anqi Luo, Shuyu Chen, Mingye He, Xiaoruo Tan, Zhikang Li, Wei Liu, Yisong Liu
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunoproteomics: Approach to Diagnostic and Vaccine Development
Virendra Supaji Gomase, Suchita Prabhakar Dhamane, Kiran Ramesh Kemkar, Pavan Ganpat Kakade, Abhay Dewappa Sakhare
Protein & Peptide Letters.2024; 31(10): 773. CrossRef

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Human Taeniasis and Cysticercosis and Related Factors in Phu Tho Province, Northern Vietnam: Vu Thi Lam Binh, Do Trung Dung, Hoang Quang Vinh, Van Hul Anke, Praet Nicolas, Dorny Pierre, Dermauw Veronique; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(4):369-376.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.369

Abstract
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Several factors presumed to facilitate the transmission of Taenia spp. were reported in Vietnam. We conducted a cross-sectional study taking questionnaires from 1,185 participants, and collecting 1,151 sera and 1,036 stool samples in northern Vietnam. Sera were examined for circulating antigens of Taenia solium cysticerci using ELISA, stools for Taenia eggs by Kato-Katz smear, and copro-antigens by ELISA. Ag-ELISA revealed 4.6% antigen positivity, indicating infection with viable cysticerci. Taenia eggs were detected in 1.5% of participants. Copro-antigens were found in 2.8% of participants. Eating raw meat and/or vegetables was significantly associated with the presence of copro-antigen (OR=8.6, 95% CI: 1.16-63.9, P=0.01). Considering the high taeniasis prevalence and the associated threat, public health attention should be given to treat the tapeworm carriers in the projected areas.

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The burden of T. solium cysticercosis and selected neuropsychiatric disorders in Mocuba district, Zambézia province, Mozambique
Irene Langa, Fernando Padama, Noémia Nhancupe, Alberto Pondja, Delfina Hlashwayo, Lidia Gouveia, Dominik Stelzle, Clarissa Prazeres da Costa, Veronika Schmidt, Andrea S. Winkler, Emília Virgínia Noormahomed, Eduardo Torres
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(7): e0010606. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence and B1 gene Phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii of Dogs and Cats in Republic of Korea: Yeojin Park, Jinhyeong Noh, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Mi-Sun Yoo, Bo-Ram Yun, Jong-Ho Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Doo-Sung Cheon, Sung-Jong Hong, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):257-265.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.257

Abstract
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The outbreak of human toxoplasmosis can be attributed to ingestion of food contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis recently increased in domestic and stray dogs and cats. It prompted studies on the zoonotic infectious diseases transmitted via these animals. Sero- and antigen prevalences of T. gondii in dogs and cats were surveyed using ELISA and PCR, and B1 gene phylogeny was analyzed in this study. Toxoplasmosis antibodies were measured on sera of 403 stray cats, 947 stray dogs, 909 domestic cats, and 2,412 domestic dogs collected at nationwide regions, Korea from 2017 to 2019. In addition, whole blood, feces, and tissue samples were also collected from stray cats (1,392), stray dogs (686), domestic cats (3,040), and domestic dogs (1,974), and T. gondii-specific B1 gene PCR was performed. Antibody prevalence of stray cats, stray dogs, domestic cats, and domestic dogs were 14.1%, 5.6%, 2.3%, and 0.04%, respectively. Antigen prevalence of these animals was 0.5%, 0.2%, 0.1%, and 0.4%, respectively. Stray cats revealed the highest infection rate of toxoplasmosis, followed by stray dogs, domestic cats, and domestic dogs. B1 gene positives were 5 of stray cats, and identified to high/moderate pathogenic Type I/III group. These findings enforce that preventive hygienic measure should be strengthened at One Health level in dogs and cats, domestic and stray, to minimize human toxoplasmosis infections.

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their respective host dogs
Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 66. CrossRef
Prevalence of parasitic infections in stray cats from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Chung-Won Lee, Jae-Young Park, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 182. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii in owned and stray dogs from a Northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil: Seroprevalence and geospatial distribution from a One Health perspective
Fernando Henrique Antunes Murata, Jessica Priscilla Barboza, Fernanda Follis Tasso, Tainara Souza Pinho, Tiago Henrique, Janine Fusco Alves, Carlos Alexandre Guimarães de Souza, Daniel Abrahão, Ubirajara Leoncy de Lavor, Luiz Carlos de Mattos, Chunlei Su,
One Health.2025; 21: 101222. CrossRef
A 20-year serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in dogs with neuromuscular disorders from urban areas in Argentina
María Laura Gos, María Cecilia Venturini, Lorena De Felice, Andrea Dellarupe, Magdalena Rambeaud, Lais Pardini, Lucía María Campero, Mariana Bernstein, Diana Bacigalupe, Walter Basso, Gastón Moré, Juan Manuel Unzaga
Veterinary Parasitology.2024; 330: 110235. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in shelter cats in Erzurum province of Turkey
Başak HANEDAN, Cahit BABÜR, Muhammed Sertaç EROĞLU, Selin Sinem SÜMBÜL, Ömer ALKAN
Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi.2023; 34(2): 151. CrossRef
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico
María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez, Claudia Charles-Niño, César Pedroza-Roldán, Carolina Salazar-Reveles, Karen Lissete Ocampo-Figueroa, Laura Roció Rodríguez-Pérez, Varinia Margarita Paez-Magallán
Pathogens.2022; 11(1): 109. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in outdoor dogs and cats in Bangkok, Thailand
Ana Huertas-López, Woraporn Sukhumavasi, Gema Álvarez-García, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, David Cano-Terriza, Sonia Almería, Jitender P. Dubey, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, José Joaquín Cerón, Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
Parasitology.2021; 148(7): 843. CrossRef
Genetic Analysis of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Protozoa and Microsporidia in Shelter Cats in South Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Pathogens.2020; 9(11): 894. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Sarcocystis falcatula in Two Islands of Malaysia using Recombinant Surface Antigen 4: Tengku-Idris Tengku Idzzan Nadzirah, Fong Mun Yik, Lau Yee Ling; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(1):1-5.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.1

Sarcocystosis was diagnosed worldwide by serodiagnostic tests utilising the whole parasite, for which the protozoa were maintained in vitro are more costly. In this study, antigenicity of Sarcocystis falcatula recombinant protein (rSfSAG4) was investigated towards the local communities of Pangkor and Tioman Islands and its seroprevalence was surveyed in these islands. A total of 348 human sera were tested using rSfSAG4 by Western blot and ELISA. High prevalence of sarcocystosis was observed in Tioman Island (80.6%) than in Pangkor Island (50.0%) by Western blot. In ELISA, the seroprevalence observed in Tioman Island was 45.9%, whereas in Pangkor Island 63.0%. In other parasitic infections, the prevalence was 34.0% by Western blot and 46.0% by ELISA. In healthy control group, 7% by Western blot and 8% by ELISA showed positivity to rSfSAG4. It is suggested SfSAG4 is a candidate antigen to measure seroprevalence of sarcocystosis.

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Sarcocystis infection in domestic and wild avian hosts: Inseparable flight partners
Petras Prakas, Rafael Calero-Bernal, Jitender P. Dubey
Veterinary Parasitology.2025; 335: 110413. CrossRef

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Infection Status with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Fishes from Coastal Lakes in Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Soon-Won Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):681-690.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.681

Abstract
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The infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) was investigated in fishes from coastal lakes in Gangwon-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea). All fishes collected in 5 lakes were examined with the artificial digestion method. More than 10 species, i.e., Metagonimus spp., Pygidiopsis summa, Centrocestus armatus, Metorchis orientalis, M. taiwanensis, Clinostomum complanatum, Echinostoma spp., Stictodora spp., Diplostomum sp. and Diplostomid No. 1. by Morita (1960), of DTM were detected in fishes from 5 coastal lakes in Gangwon-do. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were found in 52 (41.3%) out of 126 sea rundace, Tribolodon hakonensis, from 5 lakes, and their density was 14.6 per fish infected. P. summa metacercariae were detected in 48 (84.2%) out of 57 mullets from 5 lakes, and their density was 316 per fish infected. C. armatus metacercariae were detected in 7 (14.6%) T. hakonensis and 3 (15.0%) Tridentiger brevispinis from Hyang-ho, and 5 (19.2%) Acanthogobius flavimanus from Gyeongpo-ho. Stictodora spp. metacercariae were found in 4 fish species, i.e., Tridentiger obscurus, Tridentiger trigonocephalus, Chelon haematocheilus, and Acanthogobius lactipes, from Gyeongpo-ho. Total 15 C. complanatum metacercariae were detected in 2 (9.1%) crucian carp, Carassius auratus, from Songji-ho. M. taiwanensis metacercariae were found in T. hakonensis from Hyang-ho and Gyeongpo-ho and in Pseudorasbora parva from Gyeongpo-ho. Total 11 M. orientalis metacercariae were detected in 3 (6.3%) T. hakonensis from Hyang-ho. From the above results, it was confirmed that various species of DTM are infected in fishes from coastal lakes in Gangwon-do, Korea.

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Infection characteristics of Metagonimus species (Digenea: Heterophyidae) metacercariae in fish from major rivers of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 1. CrossRef
Re‐evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 2
Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Valeria Bortolaia, Sara Bover‐Cid, Alessandra De Cesare, Wietske Dohmen, Laurent Guillier, Lieve Herman, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Maarten Nauta, Lapo Mughini‐Gras, Jakob Ottoson, Luisa Peixe, Fernando Perez‐Rodriguez, Panag
EFSA Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Geum-gang (River) in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Min-Ah Hwang, Kyeong-Woo No, Jai-Dong Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 23. CrossRef
Prevalence and Infection Intensity of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Soyang-cheon (Stream), in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Min-Ah Hwang, Kyeong-Woo No, Jong-Ho Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 265. CrossRef
Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Irrigation Canal of Togyo-jeosuji (Reservoir) in Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Eun-Joo Lim, Sung Yong Son, Eunmi Ko, Jaeseok Choi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 427. CrossRef
Endemicity of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Deokcheon-gang (River) in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jeong-Gil Park, Jihee Ahn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 523. CrossRef
First case report of Metorchis orientalis from Black Swan
Yuru Wang, Xin Li, Qingsong Sun, Pengtao Gong, Nan Zhang, Xichen Zhang, Xiaocen Wang, Guojiang Li, Jianhua Li
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2020; 13: 7. CrossRef
Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Clinostomid Metacercariae from Korea and Myanmar
Eun Jeong Won, Yu Jeong Lee, Moon-Ju Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 635. CrossRef

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Partial Characterization of Two Cathepsin D Family Aspartic Peptidases of Clonorchis sinensis: Jung-Mi Kang, Won-Gi Yoo, H??ng Giang L?, Th? Lam Th?i, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):671-680.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.671

Cathepsin D (CatD, EC 3.4.23.5) is a member belonging to the subfamily of aspartic endopeptidases, which are classified into the MEROPS clan AA, family A1. Helminth parasites express a large set of different peptidases that play pivotal roles in parasite biology and pathophysiology. However, CatD is less well known than the other classes of peptidases in terms of biochemical properties and biological functions. In this study, we identified 2 novel CatDs (CsCatD1 and CsCatD2) of Clonorchis sinensis and partially characterized their properties. Both CsCatDs represent typical enzymes sharing amino acid residues and motifs that are tightly conserved in the CatD superfamily of proteins. Both CsCatDs showed similar patterns of expression in different developmental stages of C. sinensis, but CsCatD2 was also expressed in metacercariae. CsCatD2 was mainly expressed in the intestines and eggs of C. sinensis. Sera obtained from rats experimentally infected with C. sinensis reacted with recombinant CsCatD2 beginning 2 weeks after infection and the antibody titers were gradually increased by maturation of the parasite. Structural analysis of CsCatD2 revealed a bilobed enzyme structure consisting of 2 antiparallel β-sheet domains packed against each other forming a homodimeric structure. These results suggested a plausible biological role of CsCatD2 in the nutrition and reproduction of parasite and its potential utility as a serodiagnostic antigen in clonorchiasis.

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Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory proteins ameliorate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
Moon-Ju Kim, Hee Min Yoo, Yu Jeong Lee, Hyun Hee Jang, Seung Cheol Shim, Eun Jeong Won, Tae-Jong Kim
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Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles and extracellular vesicle-depleted excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati larval cultures
Timothy K. Wu, Qin Fu, Janice L. Liotta, Dwight D. Bowman
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Jiří Vorel, Nikol Kmentová, Christoph Hahn, Petr Bureš, Martin Kašný
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In silico identification of excretory/secretory proteins and drug targets in monogenean parasites
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pH-Dependent Structural Dynamics of Cathepsin D-Family Aspartic Peptidase of Clonorchis sinensis
Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Byoung-Kuk Na, Won Gi Yoo
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Dopaminergic antagonists inhibit bile chemotaxis of adult Clonorchis sinensis and its egg production
Fuhong Dai, Jin-Ho Song, Yeon Pyo Hong, Xuelian Bai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, jong-Yil Chai
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Identification and Analysis of the Tegument Protein and Excretory-Secretory Products of the Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Clonorchis sinensis
Yunliang Shi, Kai Yu, Anli Liang, Yan Huang, Fangqi Ou, Haiyan Wei, Xiaoling Wan, Yichao Yang, Weiyu Zhang, Zhihua Jiang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand using PvMSP1, PvMSP3 (PvMSP3α, PvMSP3β) Genes and Eight Microsatellite Markers: Supinya Thanapongpichat, Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):469-479.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.469

Abstract
PDF

Plasmodium vivax is usually considered morbidity in endemic areas of Asia, Central and South America, and some part of Africa. In Thailand, previous studies indicated the genetic diversity of P. vivax in malaria-endemic regions such as the western part of Thailand bordering with Myanmar. The
objective
of the study is to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax circulating in Southern Thailand by using 3 antigenic markers and 8 microsatellite markers. Dried blood spots were collected from Chumphon, Phang Nga, Ranong and, Surat Thani provinces of Thailand. By PCR, 3 distinct sizes of PvMSP3α, 2 sizes of PvMSP3β and 2 sizes of PvMSP1 F2 were detected based on the length of PCR products, respectively. PCR/RFLP analyses of these antigen genes revealed high levels of genetic diversity. The genotyping of 8 microsatellite loci showed high genetic diversity as indicated by high alleles per locus and high expected heterozygosity (H_E). The genotyping markers also showed multiple-clones of infection. Mixed genotypes were detected in 4.8% of PvMSP3α, 29.1% in PvMSP3β and 55.3% of microsatellite markers. These results showed that there was high genetic diversity of P. vivax isolated from Southern Thailand, indicating that the genetic diversity of P. vivax in this region was comparable to those observed other areas of Thailand.

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Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 7: 100230. CrossRef
Genetic Structure of Introduced Plasmodium vivax Malaria Isolates in Greece, 2015–2019
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Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(1): 15. CrossRef
PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genotyping reveals higher genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax parasites from migrant workers than residents at the China-Myanmar border
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Infections with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fishes from Two Visiting Sites of Migratory Birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):273-281.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.273

Abstract
PDF

The infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) was investigated in fishes from 2 representative visiting sites of migratory birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea). A totaly 220 freshwater fishes (7 species) were collected from Junam-jeosuji (reservoir), and 127 fishes (7 species) were also collected from Woopo-neup (swamp) in June and October 2017. As the control group, total 312 fish (22 spp.) from Yangcheon in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do were also collected in June and October 2017. All fishes collected in 3 sites were examined with the artificial digestion method. In the fishes from Junam-jeosuji, more than 4 species, i.e., Clonorchis sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Diplostomum spp. and Cyathocotyle orientalis, of DTM were detected and their endemicy was very low, 0.70. More than 6 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Metorchis orientalis, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum spp. and C. orientalis, of DTM were found in the fishes from Woopo-neup, and their endemicy was low, 5.16. In the fishes from Yangcheon, more than 8 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Metagonimus spp., Centrocestus armatus, C. complanatum, C. orientalis, M. orientalis, Echinostoma spp., and Diplostomum spp., of DTM were detected, and their endemicity was relatively high, 95.48. The percentages of avian trematode metacercariae (ATM) were 99.6% and 94.7% in fishes from Junam-jeosuji and Woopo-neup whereas it was 74.1% in the control site, Yangcheon. The above findings suggested that migratory birds partly affect in endemicity of DTM in the fish in the 2 visiting sites in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 647. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Multi-Epitope Fusion Protein Eg mefAg-1 as a Serodiagnostic Candidate for Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep: Liu Tianli, Wang Xifeng, Tian Zhenzhong, Wang Lixia, Zhang Xingxing, Qiao Jun, Meng Qingling, Gong Shasha, Chen Ying, Cai Xuepeng; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):61-67.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.61

Abstract
PDF

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) in sheep is a hazardous zoonotic parasitic disease that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg). At present, serological test is an important diagnostic method for Eg infection in domestic animals. Here, a fusion protein Eg mefAg-1 harboring 8 dominant B-cell epitopes of Eg such as antigen B, tetraspanin 1, tetraspanin 6, reticulon and Eg95 was produced in E. coli and evaluated for CE in sheep by indirect ELISA. Eg mefAg-1 showed in ELISA a high sensitivity (93.41%) and specificity (99.31%), with a coincidence rate of 97.02%. Overall, it is suggested that the Eg mefAg-1 could be a potential antigen candidate for CE serodiagnosis in sheep.

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Recombinant multiepitope proteins expressed in Escherichia coli cells and their potential for immunodiagnosis
Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves, Anna Julia Ribeiro, Carlos Ananias Aparecido Resende, Carolina Alves Petit Couto, Isadora Braga Gandra, Isabelle Caroline dos Santos Barcelos, Jonatas Oliveira da Silva, Juliana Martins Machado, Kamila Alves Silva, Líria Souza Si
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Wubulitalifu Dawuti, Jingrui Dou, Xiangxiang Zheng, Xiaoyi Lü, Hui Zhao, Lingfei Yang, Renyong Lin, Guodong Lü
Journal of Biophotonics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of a novel Echinococcus granulosus recombinant fusion B-EpC1 antigen for the diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis using indirect ELISA in comparison with a commercial diagnostic ELISA kit
Enayat Darabi, Elahe Motevaseli, Mehdi Mohebali, Mohammad Bagher Rokni, Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh, Farzaneh Zahabiun, Soudabeh Heidari, Eshrat Beigom Kia
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Andrea Maglioco, Jorge Gentile, Melisa S. Barbery Venturi, Oscar Jensen, Claudia Hernández, María Laura Gertiser, Verónica Poggio, Gabriela Canziani, Alicia Graciela Fuchs
Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Anaplasma marginale and A. platys Characterized from Dairy and Indigenous Cattle and Dogs in Northern Vietnam: Nguyen Thi Hong Chien, Thi Lan Nguyen, Khanh Linh Bui, Tho Van Nguyen, Thanh Hoa Le; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):43-47.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.43

Abstract
PDF

Anaplasma marginale and A. platys were detected and characterized (16S rDNA sequence analysis) from dairy and indigenous cattle, and the latter in domestic dogs in Vietnam. A phylogenetic tree was inferred from 26 representative strains/species of Anaplasma spp. including 10 new sequences from Vietnam. Seven of our Vietnamese sequences fell into the clade of A. marginale and 3 into A. platys, with strong nodal support of 99 and 90%, respectively. Low genetic distances (0.2-0.4%) within each species supported the identification. Anaplasma platys is able to infect humans. Our discovery of this species in cattle and domestic dogs raises considerable concern about zoonotic transmission in Vietnam. Further systematic investigations are needed to gain data for Anaplasma spp. and members of Anaplasmataceae in animal hosts, vectors and humans across Vietnam.

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Original Article

Unraveling Haplotype Diversity of the Apical Membrane Antigen-1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Populations in Thailand: Lalita Lumkul, Vorthon Sawaswong, Phumin Simpalipan, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn, Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):153-165.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.153

Development of an effective vaccine is critically needed for the prevention of malaria. One of the key antigens for malaria vaccines is the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the surface protein for erythrocyte invasion of the parasite. The gene encoding AMA-1 has been sequenced from populations of P. falciparum worldwide, but the haplotype diversity of the gene in P. falciparum populations in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), including Thailand, remains to be characterized. In the present study, the AMA-1 gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from the genomic DNA of 65 P. falciparum isolates from 5 endemic areas in Thailand. The nearly fulllength 1,848 nucleotide sequence of AMA-1 was subjected to molecular analyses, including nucleotide sequence diversity, haplotype diversity and deduced amino acid sequence diversity and neutrality tests. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise population differentiation (F_st indices) were performed to infer the population structure. The analyses identified 60 single nucleotide polymorphic loci, predominately located in domain I of AMA-1. A total of 31 unique AMA-1 haplotypes were identified, which included 11 novel ones. The phylogenetic tree of the AMA-1 haplotypes revealed multiple clades of AMA-1, each of which contained parasites of multiple geographical origins, consistent with the Fst indices indicating genetic homogeneity or gene flow among geographically distinct populations of P. falciparum in Thailand’s borders with Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. In summary, the study revealed novel haplotypes and population structure needed for the further advancement of AMA-1-based malaria vaccines in the GMS.

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Brief Communication

PCR Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Trichomonas gallinae from Domestic Pigeons in Guangzhou, China: Shen-Ben Qiu, Meng-Na Lv, Xi He, Ya-Biao Weng, Shang-Shu Zou, Xin-Qiu Wang, Rui-Qing Lin; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):333-336.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.333

Abstract
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Avian trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas gallinae is a serious protozoan disease worldwide. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) is the main host for T. gallinae and plays an important role in the spread of the disease. Based on the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA of this parasite, a pair of primers (TgF2/TgR2) was designed and used to develop a PCR assay for the diagnosis of T. gallinae infection in domestic pigeons. This approach allowed the identification of T. gallinae, and no amplicons were produced when using DNA from other common avian pathogens. The minimum amount of DNA detectable by the specific PCR assay developed in this study was 15 pg. Clinical samples from Guangzhou, China, were examined using this PCR assay and a standard microscopy method, and their molecular characteristics were determined by phylogenetic analysis. All of the T. gallinae-positive samples detected by microscopic examination were also detected as positive by the PCR assay. Most of the samples identified as negative by microscopic examination were detected as T. gallinae positive by the PCR assay and were confirmed by sequencing. The positive samples of T. gallinae collected from Guangzhou, China, were identified as T. gallinae genotype B by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, providing relevant data for studying the ecology and population genetic structures of trichomonads and for the prevention and control of the diseases they cause.

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Brigitte Sigrist, T. W. Cherry Ng, Sarah Albini, Nina Wolfrum
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Original Article

DNA Methylation of Gene Expression in Acanthamoeba castellanii Encystation: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):115-120.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.115

Abstract
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Encystation mediating cyst specific cysteine proteinase (CSCP) of Acanthamoeba castellanii is expressed remarkably during encystation. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of CSCP gene expression remains unclear. In this study, we focused on epigenetic regulation of gene expression during encystation of Acanthamoeba. To evaluate methylation as a potential mechanism involved in the regulation of CSCP expression, we first investigated the correlation between promoter methylation status of CSCP gene and its expression. A 2,878 bp of promoter sequence of CSCP gene was amplified by PCR. Three CpG islands (island 1-3) were detected in this sequence using bioinformatics tools. Methylation of CpG island in trophozoites and cysts was measured by bisulfite sequence PCR. CSCP promoter methylation of CpG island 1 (1,633 bp) was found in 8.2% of trophozoites and 7.3% of cysts. Methylation of CpG island 2 (625 bp) was observed in 4.2% of trophozoites and 5.8% of cysts. Methylation of CpG island 3 (367 bp) in trophozoites and cysts was both 3.6%. These results suggest that DNA methylation system is present in CSCP gene expression of Acanthamoeba. In addition, the expression of encystation mediating CSCP is correlated with promoter CpG island 1 hypomethylation.

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Brief Communication

Sequence Analysis of Mitochondrial Genome of Toxascaris leonina from a South China Tiger: Kangxin Li, Fang Yang, A. Y. Abdullahi, Meiran Song, Xianli Shi, Minwei Wang, Yeqi Fu, Weida Pan, Fang Shan, Wu Chen, Guoqing Li; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):803-807.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.803

Abstract
PDF

Toxascaris leonina is a common parasitic nematode of wild mammals and has significant impacts on the protection of rare wild animals. To analyze population genetic characteristics of T. leonina from South China tiger, its mitochondrial (mt) genome was sequenced. Its complete circular mt genome was 14,277 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 2 non-coding regions. The nucleotide composition was biased toward A and T. The most common start codon and stop codon were TTG and TAG, and 4 genes ended with an incomplete stop codon. There were 13 intergenic regions ranging 1 to 10 bp in size. Phylogenetically, T. leonina from a South China tiger was close to canine T. leonina. This study reports for the first time a complete mt genome sequence of T. leonina from the South China tiger, and provides a scientific basis for studying the genetic diversity of nematodes between different hosts.

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Qi Zhao, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Long He, Tingting Zhuang, Xiu Li, Jumei Liu, Shilan Zhu, Xiaoyu Chen, Guoqing Li
Parasitology International.2021; 85: 102434. CrossRef
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Original Article

Characterization of Pv92, a Novel Merozoite Surface Protein of Plasmodium vivax: Seong-Kyun Lee, Bo Wang, Jin-Hee Han, Myat Htut Nyunt, Fauzi Muh, Patchanee Chootong, Kwon-Soo Ha, Won Sun Park, Seok-Ho Hong, Jeong-Hyun Park, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):385-391.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.385

Abstract
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The discovery and understanding of antigenic proteins are essential for development of a vaccine against malaria. In Plasmodium falciparum, Pf92 have been characterized as a merozoite surface protein, and this protein is expressed at the late schizont stage, but no study of Pv92, the orthologue of Pf92 in P. vivax, has been reported. Thus, the protein structure of Pv92 was analyzed, and the gene sequence was aligned with that of other Plasmodium spp. using bioinformatics tools. The recombinant Pv92 protein was expressed and purified using bacterial expression system and used for immunization of mice to gain the polyclonal antibody and for evaluation of antigenicity by protein array. Also, the antibody against Pv92 was used for subcellular analysis by immunofluorescence assay. The Pv92 protein has a signal peptide and a sexual stage s48/45 domain, and the cysteine residues at the N-terminal of Pv92 were completely conserved. The N-terminal of Pv92 was successfully expressed as soluble form using a bacterial expression system. The antibody raised against Pv92 recognized the parasites and completely merged with PvMSP1-19, indicating that Pv92 was localized on the merozoite surface. Evaluation of the human humoral immune response to Pv92 indicated moderate antigenicity, with 65% sensitivity and 95% specificity by protein array. Taken together, the merozoite surface localization and antigenicity of Pv92 implicate that it might be involved in attachment and invasion of a merozoite to a new host cell or immune evasion during invasion process.

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Brief Communications

Development of Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Antigen Detection in Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection: Mu-Xin Chen, Jia-Xu Chen, Shao-Hong Chen, Da-Na Huang, Lin Ai, Ren-Li Zhang; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):375-380.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.375

Angiostrongyliasis is difficult to be diagnosed for the reason that no ideal method can be used. Serologic tests require specific equipment and are not always available in poverty-stricken zone and are time-consuming. A lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) may be useful for angiostrongyliasis control. We established a LFIA for the diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis based on 2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis adults. The sensitivity and specificity were 91.1% and 100% in LFIA, while those of commercial ELISA kit was 97.8% and 86.3%, respectively. Youden index was 0.91 in LFIA and 0.84 in commercial ELISA kit. LFIA showed detection limit of 1 ng/ml of A. cantonensis ES antigens. This LFIA was simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific, which opened an alternative approach for the diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis.

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Screening and Identification of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick Dermacentor silvarum (Acari: Ixodidae): Tiantian Zhang, Xuejiao Cui, Jincheng Zhang, Hui Wang, Meng Wu, Hua Zeng, Yuanyuan Cao, Jingze Liu, Yonghong Hu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):789-793.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.789

Abstract
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In order to explore tick proteins as potential targets for further developing vaccine against ticks, the total proteins of unfed female Dermacentor silvarum were screened with anti-D. silvarum serum produced from rabbits. The results of western blot showed that 3 antigenic proteins of about 100, 68, and 52 kDa were detected by polyclonal antibodies, which means that they probably have immunogenicity. Then, unfed female tick proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, and target proteins (100, 68, and 52 kDa) were cut and analyzed by LC-MS/MS, respectively. The comparative results of peptide sequences showed that they might be vitellogenin (Vg), heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), respectively. These data will lay the foundation for the further validation of antigenic proteins to prevent infestation and diseases transmitted by D. silvarum.

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Original Articles

Larval Gnathostoma spinigerum Detected in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from a Local Market in Yangon, Myanmar: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Bok Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):619-625.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.619

Abstract
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The present study was performed to determine the infection status of swamp eels with Gnathostoma sp. larvae in Myanmar. We purchased total 37 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from a local market in Yangon in June and December 2013 and 2014. All collected eels were transferred with ice to our laboratory and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion technique. A total of 401 larval gnathostomes (1-96 larvae/eel) were detected in 33 (89.2%) swamp eels. Most of the larvae (n=383; 95.5%) were found in the muscle. The remaining 18 larvae were detected in the viscera. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL₃) were 2.3-4.4 mm long and 0.25-0.425 mm wide. The characteristic head bulb (0.093 × 0.221 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, muscular long esophagus (1.025 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.574 mm) were observed by light microscopy. The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. As scanning electron microscopic findings, the characteristic 4-5 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, a cervical papilla, tegumental spines regularly arranged in the transverse striations, and an anus were well observed. Based on these morphological characters, they were identified as the AdL₃ of Gnathostoma spinigerum. By the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that Asian swamp eels, M. albus, from Yangon, Myanmar are heavily infected with G. spinigerum larvae.

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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai
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Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 467. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostomes and Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from a Local Market in Yangon City, Myanmar
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyeon-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 701. CrossRef
Infection Status of Gnathostoma spinigerum Larvae in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from Local Markets in Cambodia
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
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Wenzhi Liu, Yuding Fan, Zhong Li, Jianqing Zhao, Yong Zhou, Nan Jiang, Jia Zeng, Kenneth Cain, Lingbing Zeng
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Identification of Immunodominant B-cell Epitope Regions of Reticulocyte Binding Proteins in Plasmodium vivax by Protein Microarray Based Immunoscreening: Jin-Hee Han, Jian Li, Bo Wang, Seong-Kyun Lee, Myat Htut Nyunt, Sunghun Na, Jeong-Hyun Park, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):403-411.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.403

Abstract
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Plasmodium falciparum can invade all stages of red blood cells, while Plasmodium vivax can invade only reticulocytes. Although many P. vivax proteins have been discovered, their functions are largely unknown. Among them, P. vivax reticulocyte binding proteins (PvRBP1 and PvRBP2) recognize and bind to reticulocytes. Both proteins possess a C-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane domain, which drives adhesion to reticulocytes. PvRBP1 and PvRBP2 are large (> 326 kDa), which hinders identification of the functional domains. In this study, the complete genome information of the P. vivax RBP family was thoroughly analyzed using a prediction server with bioinformatics data to predict B-cell epitope domains. Eleven pvrbp family genes that included 2 pseudogenes and 9 full or partial length genes were selected and used to express recombinant proteins in a wheat germ cell-free system. The expressed proteins were used to evaluate the humoral immune response with vivax malaria patients and healthy individual serum samples by protein microarray. The recombinant fragments of 9 PvRBP proteins were successfully expressed; the soluble proteins ranged in molecular weight from 16 to 34 kDa. Evaluation of the humoral immune response to each recombinant PvRBP protein indicated a high antigenicity, with 38-88% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Of them, N-terminal parts of PvRBP2c (PVX_090325-1) and PvRBP2 like partial A (PVX_090330-1) elicited high antigenicity. In addition, the PvRBP2-like homologue B (PVX_116930) fragment was newly identified as high antigenicity and may be exploited as a potential antigenic candidate among the PvRBP family. The functional activity of the PvRBP family on merozoite invasion remains unknown.

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Daniel Kepple, Kareen Pestana, Junya Tomida, Abnet Abebe, Lemu Golassa, Eugenia Lo
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Prasanta Patra, Niladri Mondal, Bidhan Chandra Patra, Manojit Bhattacharya
International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics.2020; 26(2): 1165. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Proteins for invasion into reticulocytes
Li‐Jin Chan, Melanie H. Dietrich, Wang Nguitragool, Wai‐Hong Tham
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Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo, Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón, Darwin A. Moreno-Pérez
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Negar Hooshmand, Jamal Fayazi, Saleh Tabatabaei, Nader Ghaleh Golab Behbahan
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Pyo Yun Cho, Ji-Yun Lee, Tae Im Kim, Jin-Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong, Won Gi Yoo, Takafumi Tsuboi, Kwon-Soo Ha, Jae-Wan Jung, Satoru Takeo, Eun-Taek Han, Banchob Sripa, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Ho-Woo Nam, Jhang Ho Pak, Tong-Soo Kim, Krystyna Cwiklinski
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Kokouvi Kassegne, Eniola Michael Abe, Yan-Bing Cui, Shen-Bo Chen, Bin Xu, Wang-Ping Deng, Hai-Mo Shen, Yue Wang, Jun-Hu Chen, Xiao-Nong Zhou
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Francis B Ntumngia, Richard Thomson-Luque, Sandra Galusic, Gabriel Frato, Sarah Frischmann, David S Peabody, Bryce Chackerian, Marcelo U Ferreira, Christopher L King, John H Adams
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Wai-Hong Tham, James G. Beeson, Julian C. Rayner
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Carolina López, Yoelis Yepes-Pérez, Natalia Hincapié-Escobar, Diana Díaz-Arévalo, Manuel A. Patarroyo
Frontiers in Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of a reticulocyte-specific binding domain of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte-binding protein 1 that is homologous to the PfRh4 erythrocyte-binding domain
Jin-Hee Han, Seong-Kyun Lee, Bo Wang, Fauzi Muh, Myat Htut Nyunt, Sunghun Na, Kwon-Soo Ha, Seok-Ho Hong, Won Sun Park, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Takafumi Tsuboi, Eun-Taek Han
Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA) binds human erythrocytes independent of Duffy antigen status
Yang Cheng, Feng Lu, Bo Wang, Jian Li, Jin-Hee Han, Daisuke Ito, Deok-Hoon Kong, Lubin Jiang, Jian Wu, Kwon-Soo Ha, Eizo Takashima, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Jun Cao, Myat Htut Nyunt, Myat Phone Kyaw, Sanjay A. Desai, Louis H. Miller, Takafumi Tsuboi, Eun-Ta
Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Proteins Are Key Targets of Naturally Acquired Immunity in Young Papua New Guinean Children
Camila T. França, Wen-Qiang He, Jakub Gruszczyk, Nicholas T. Y. Lim, Enmoore Lin, Benson Kiniboro, Peter M. Siba, Wai-Hong Tham, Ivo Mueller, Henk D. F. H. Schallig
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2016; 10(9): e0005014. CrossRef
Gene Models, Expression Repertoire, and Immune Response of Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Proteins
Jenni Hietanen, Anongruk Chim-ong, Thanprakorn Chiramanewong, Jakub Gruszczyk, Wanlapa Roobsoong, Wai-Hong Tham, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Wang Nguitragool, J. H. Adams
Infection and Immunity.2016; 84(3): 677. CrossRef

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Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Water Systems of Hantangang and Imjingang in Republic of Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Soon-Won Lee, Seung-Bong Choi, Won-Seok Seok; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):289-298.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.289

Abstract
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The infection status of freshwater fish with digenetic trematode metacercariae was examined in water systems of Hantangang and Imjingang (River), the Republic of Korea. A total of 877 (594 from Hantangang and 283 from Imjingang) fishes were examined by the artificial digestion methods. Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were detected in 7 (1.2%) fishes (in 3 spp.) from Hantangang in Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, and 40 (14.1%) fishes (in 7 spp.) from Munsancheon in Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do. The average densities were 1.9 and 35.6 per fish infected, respectively. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were detected in 312 (52.5%) and 113 (39.9%) fishes from Hantangang and Imjingang, and their average densities were 47.5 and 9.6 per fish infected, respectively. Centrocestus armatus metacercariae were found in 161 (27.1%) and 70 (24.7%) fishes from Hantangang and Imjingang, and their average number per fish infected was 694 and 82, respectively. Echinostoma spp. metacercariae were detected in 50 (8.4%) and 94 (33.2%) fishes from Hantangang and Imjingang, and their average densities were 9.6 and 23.1 per fish infected, respectively. The infection status of fishes with metacercariae of Stephanoprora spp., Diplostomum spp., Clinostomum complanatum, Metorchis orientalis, and Metorchis taiwanensis were analyzed by surveyed regions. Conclusively, it was confirmed that C. sinensis metacercariae were quite commonly detected in fishes from Munsancheon but rarely from other localities, whereas the metacercariae of other digenetic trematodes were relatively prevalent in fishes from water systems of Hantangang and Imjingang in Korea.

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Proteomic Screening of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae): Young-Ha Kim, Mohammad Saiful slam, Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):85-93.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.85

Abstract
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Proteomic tools allow large-scale, high-throughput analyses for the detection, identification, and functional investigation of proteome. For detection of antigens from Haemaphysalis longicornis, 1-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) quantitative immunoblotting technique combined with 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) immunoblotting was used for whole body proteins from unfed and partially fed female ticks. Reactivity bands and 2-DE immunoblotting were performed following 2-DE electrophoresis to identify protein spots. The proteome of the partially fed female had a larger number of lower molecular weight proteins than that of the unfed female tick. The total number of detected spots was 818 for unfed and 670 for partially fed female ticks. The 2-DE immunoblotting identified 10 antigenic spots from unfed females and 8 antigenic spots from partially fed females. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) of relevant spots identified calreticulin, putative secreted WC salivary protein, and a conserved hypothetical protein from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and Swiss Prot protein sequence databases. These findings indicate that most of the whole body components of these ticks are non-immunogenic. The data reported here will provide guidance in the identification of antigenic proteins to prevent infestation and diseases transmitted by H. longicornis.

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Experimental Life History and Biological Characteristics of Fasciola gigantica (Digenea: Fasciolidae): Anawat Phalee, Chalobol Wongsawad, Amnat Rojanapaibul, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):59-64.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.59

Abstract
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This study was conducted to investigate the life history, morphology, and maturation of larval stages and adult worms of Fasciola gigantica in experimental mice. Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa was used as the intermediate host, and Oryza sativa was used for encystment of the metacercariae, while Mus musculus was used as the definitive host for maturation study. Fresh eggs from the gall bladder of water buffaloes fully developed into embryonated ones and hatched out at days 11-12 after incubation at about 29ºC. Free-swimming miracidia rapidly penetrated into the snail host, and gradually developed into the next larval stages; sporocyst, redia, and daughter redia with cercariae. Fully-developed cercariae were separated from the redia and shed from the snails on day 39 post-infection (PI). Free-swimming cercariae were immediately allowed to adhere to rice plants, and capsules were constructed to protect metacercariae on rice plants. Juvenile worms were detected in intestines of mice at days 3 and 6 PI, but they were found in the bile duct from day 9 PI. Juvenile and adult flukes were recovered from 16 mice experimentally infected with metacercariae, with the average recovery rate of 35.8%. Sexually mature adult flukes were recovered from day 42 PI. It could be confirmed that experimentally encysted metacercariae could infect and develop to maturity in the experimental host. The present study reports for the first time the complete life history of F. gigantica by an experimental study in Thailand. The obtained information can be used as a guide for prevention, elimination, and treatment of F. gigantica at environment and in other hosts.

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Brief Communication

High Genetic Variability of Schistosoma haematobium in Mali and Nigeria: Charles Ezeh, Mingbo Yin, Hongyan Li, Ting Zhang, Bin Xu, Moussa Sacko, Zheng Feng, Wei Hu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):129-134.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.129

Abstract
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Schistosoma haematobium is one of the most prevalent parasitic flatworms, infecting over 112 million people in Africa. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of natural S. haematobium populations from the human host because of the inaccessible location of adult worms in the host. We used 4 microsatellite loci to genotype individually pooled S. haematobium eggs directly from each patient sampled at 4 endemic locations in Africa. We found that the average allele number of individuals from Mali was significantly higher than that from Nigeria. In addition, no significant difference in allelic composition was detected among the populations within Nigeria; however, the allelic composition was significantly different between Mali and Nigeria populations. This study demonstrated a high level of genetic variability of S. haematobium in the populations from Mali and Nigeria, the 2 major African endemic countries, suggesting that geographical population differentiation may occur in the regions.

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Original Articles

Prominent IL-12 Production and Tumor Reduction in Athymic Nude Mice after Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen Treatment: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Chun-Feng Xin, You-Won Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):605-612.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.605

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a Th1 cellular immunity. Our previous study showed that T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) treatment in S180 tumor-bearing mice resulted in tumor reduction by suppressing CD31 expression, a marker of angiogenesis. In the present study, to investigate tumor suppressive effect of TLA under the absence of T lymphocytes, athymic nude mice were compared with euthymic mice in the anti-tumorigenic effect triggered by TLA in CT26 tumors. According to the results, intratumorally injected TLA reduced tumor growth and TIMP-1 level, a metastatic marker, in both euthymic and athymic mice. TLA treatment led to a sharp increase in IL-12 expression in serum cytokine profiling of athymic mice, and increased MyD88 signals in macrophages derived from the bone marrow, implying the activation of innate immunity. The selective induction of IL-12 by TLA treatment had an anti-tumorigenic effect.

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(18): 6642. CrossRef
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Three Echinostome Species from Wild Birds in the Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Mihyeon Oh, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Youngsun Lee, Ki-Jeong Na, Youngjun Kim, Hang Lee, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):513-520.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.513

Abstract
PDF

Three echinostome species, i.e., Patagifer bilobus, Petasiger neocomense, and Saakotrema metatestis, are newly recorded in the trematode fauna of the Republic of Korea. They were recovered from 3 species of migratory birds (Platalea minor, Podiceps cristatus, and Egretta garzetta), which were donated by the Wildlife Center of Chungbuk (WCC) and the Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB). Only 1 P. bilobus specimen was recovered from the intestine of a black-faced spoonbill (P. minor), and characterized by the bilobed head crown with a deep dorsal incision and 54 collar spines. Twenty P. neocomense were recovered from the intestine of a great crested grebe (P. cristatus), and they had a well-developed head crown with 19 spines and 2 testes obliquely located at the posterior middle of the body. Total 70 S. metatestis were collected from the bursa of Fabricius of 1 little egret (E. garzetta). It is characterized by stout tegumental spines covered in the entire leaf-shaped body, posterior extension of the uterus, presence of the uroproct and a well-developed head crown with 12 pairs of collar spines on each side. By the present study, these 3 echinostome species are newly added to the trematode fauna in Korea.

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First Evaluation of an Outbreak of Bovine Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis in Southern Brazil Using Multiplex PCR: Mariana Feltrin Canever, Luisa Lemos Vieira, Carolina Reck, Luisa Richter, Luiz Claudio Miletti; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):507-511.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.507

Abstract
PDF

Outbreaks of tick-borne disease cases in Santa Catarina, Brazil are known, but the presence of the pathogen DNA has never been determined. In this study, the first survey of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia bovis DNA on blood samples of 33 cattle from an outbreak in Ponte Alta Municipality, Santa Catarina, Brazil, has been carried out. A multiplex PCR detected 54.5% of animals were co-infected with 2 or 3 parasites, while 24.2% were infected with only 1 species. The most prevalent agent was B. bigemina (63.6%) followed by A. marginale (60.6%). This is the first report of tick-borne disease pathogens obtained by DNA analysis in Southern Brazil.

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Low level of genetic diversity and high occurrence of vector-borne protozoa in water buffaloes in Thailand based on 18S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes
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Molecular diagnosis and biochemical studies of tick-borne diseases (anaplasmosis and babesiosis) in Aberdeen Angus Cattle in New Valley, Egypt
Nani Nasreldin, Rania M. Ewida, Hatem Hamdon, Yasser F. Elnaker
Veterinary World.2020; 13(9): 1884. CrossRef
Prevalence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, and Babesia bigemina in cattle in the Campos de Lages region, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, estimated by multiplex-PCR
Luisa Lemos Vieira, Mariana Feltrin Canever, Leonardo Leite Cardozo, Cristina Perito Cardoso, Marcos Edgar Herkenhoff, André Thaler Neto, Carla Ivane Ganz Vogel, Luiz Claudio Miletti
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2019; 6: e00114. CrossRef
Molecular surveillance and phylogenetic traits of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in cattle (Bos taurus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Colombia
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Phylogenetic relationship and genotypic variability in Anaplasma marginale strains causing anaplasmosis in India
Neena George, Vasundhra Bhandari, Paresh Sharma
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Parasitological and molecular surveys reveal high rates of infection with vector-borne pathogens and clinical anemia signs associated with infection in cattle from two important livestock areas in Colombia
Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez, Omar Triana-Chávez, Ana M. Mejía-Jaramillo
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2017; 8(2): 290. CrossRef
High-resolution melting PCR assay, applicable for diagnostics and screening studies, allowing detection and differentiation of several Babesia spp. infecting humans and animals
Wioletta Rozej-Bielicka, Aleksander Masny, Elzbieta Golab
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Hanène Belkahia, Mourad Ben Said, Alberto Alberti, Khaoula Abdi, Zakia Issaoui, Dorra Hattab, Mohamed Gharbi, Lilia Messadi
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A New IgG Immunoblot Kit for Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women: Imen Khammari, Fatma Saghrouni, Sami Lakhal, Aida Bouratbine, Moncef Ben Said, Jalel Boukadida; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):493-499.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.493

Abstract
PDF

The determination of the accurate immune status of pregnant women is crucial in order to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. Equivocal results with conventional serological techniques are not uncommon when IgG titers are close to the cut-off value of the test, so that a confirmatory technique is needed. For this purpose, we developed a homemade immunoblot (IB) using soluble extract of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and assessed it by testing 154 positive, 100 negative, and 123 equivocal sera obtained from pregnant women. In order to select the more valuable bands in terms of sensitivity and specificity, we used the Youden Index (YI). The highest YIs were those given by the 32, 36, 98, 21, and 33 bands. The simultaneous presence on the same blot of at least 3 bands showed a much higher YI (0.964) and was adapted as the positivity criterion. The analysis of results showed that our homemade IB correlated well with the commercial LDBIO Toxo II IgG® kit recently recommended as a confirmatory test (96.7% of concordance).

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis: Advances and Challenges
Priscila Silva Franco, Ana Carolina Morais Oliveira Scussel, Rafaela José Silva, Thadia Evelyn Araújo, Henrique Tomaz Gonzaga, Camila Ferreira Marcon, Joaquim Pedro Brito-de-Sousa, Angélica Lemos Debs Diniz, Marina Carvalho Paschoini, Bellisa Freitas Barb
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2024; 2024: 1. CrossRef
Trend in serological and molecular diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection
Min-ju Kim, Soeun J. Park, Hyunwoo Park
European Journal of Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic Accuracy of LDBIO-Toxo II IgG and IgM Western Blot in Suspected Seroconversion in Pregnancy: A Multicentre Study
Valeria Meroni, Francesca Genco, Luigia Scudeller, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Coralie L’Ollivier, Luc Paris, Hervé Pelloux
Pathogens.2022; 11(6): 665. CrossRef
Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: evaluation of the commercial test recomLine Toxoplasma IgG immunoblot (Mikrogen) based on recombinant antigens
Vincent Jean-Pierre, Julien Miozzo, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Cécile Garnaud, Marie Gladys Robert, Hervé Pelloux, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
Parasite.2022; 29: 52. CrossRef
A longitudinal study of Toxoplasma gondii seroconversion on four large Danish sow farms
Abbey Olsen, Lis Alban, Matthew Denwood, Hans Houe, Tina Birk Jensen, Henrik Vedel Nielsen
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 295: 109460. CrossRef
Performance of seven commercial automated assays for the detection of low levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG in French immunocompromised patients
Tiphaine Douet, Catherine Armengol, Elena Charpentier, Pamela Chauvin, Sophie Cassaing, Xavier Iriart, Antoine Berry, Judith Fillaux
Parasite.2019; 26: 51. CrossRef
Performance of Zika Assays in the Context of Toxoplasma gondii, Parvovirus B19, Rubella Virus, and Cytomegalovirus (TORCH) Diagnostic Assays
Bettie Voordouw, Barry Rockx, Thomas Jaenisch, Pieter Fraaij, Philippe Mayaud, Ann Vossen, Marion Koopmans
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Semiquantitative Dot Blot with the GRA8 antigen to differentiate the stages of toxoplasmosis infection
Juan Gabriel Costa, María Julia Vilariño
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2018; 149: 9. CrossRef
Knowledge and Practices of Toxoplasmosis among Clinical Laboratory Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study in Durango, Mexico
Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Luis Sánchez-Anguiano, Luis Berumen-Segovia, Jesús Hernández-Tinoco, Yazmin Rico-Almochantaf, Alfredo Cisneros-Camacho, Jorge Cisneros-Martínez
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2017; 14(11): 1413. CrossRef
Sensing parasites: Proteomic and advanced bio-detection alternatives
Carlos Sánchez-Ovejero, Fernando Benito-Lopez, Paula Díez, Adriano Casulli, Mar Siles-Lucas, Manuel Fuentes, Raúl Manzano-Román
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The impact of lowering the cut-off value on the sensitivity of the Platelia Elisa IgG (Bio-Rad) test for toxoplasmosis diagnosis
Oussama Mouri, Eric Kendjo, Feriel Touafek, Arnaud Fekkar, Ousmane Konte, Sebastien Imbert, Régis Courtin, Dominique Mazier, Luc Paris
Parasite.2015; 22: 22. CrossRef

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High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains of Toxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):367-376.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.367

Abstract
PDF

Recombinant antigenic proteins of Toxoplasma gondii are alternative source of antigens which are easily obtainable for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. In this study, highly antigenic secretory organellar proteins, dense granular GRA2 and GRA3, rhoptrial ROP2, and micronemal MIC2, were analyzed by bioinformatics approach to express as water-soluble forms of antigenic domains. The transmembrane region and disorder tendency of 4 secretory proteins were predicted to clone the genes into pGEX-4T-1 vector. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into BL21 (DE3) pLysS E. coli, and GST fusion proteins were expressed with IPTG. As a result, GST fusion proteins with GRA2_25-105, GRA3_39-138, ROP2_324-561, and MIC2_1-284 domains had respectively higher value of IgG avidity. The rGST-GRA2_25-105 and rGST-GRA3_39-138 were soluble, while rGST-ROP2_324-561 and rGST-MIC2_1-284 were not. GRA2_31-71, intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of GRA2, was used as a linker to enhance the solubility. The rGST-GRA2_31-71-ROP2_324-561, a chimeric protein, appeared to be soluble. Moreover, rGST-GRA2_31-71-MIC2_1-284 was also soluble and had higher IgG avidity comparing to rGST-MIC2_1-284. These 4 highly expressed and water-soluble recombinant antigenic proteins may be promising candidates to improve the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in addition to the major surface antigen of SAG1.

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Single Cell Expression Systems for the Production of Recombinant Proteins for Immunodiagnosis and Immunoprophylaxis of Toxoplasmosis
Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
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A vaccine using Anaplasma marginale subdominant type IV secretion system recombinant proteins was not protective against a virulent challenge
Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Matilde N. Mazzucco, Marcelo L. Signorini, Ignacio E. Echaide, Susana T. de Echaide, María E. Primo, Paulo Lee Ho
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(2): e0229301. CrossRef
Development of a novel fusion protein with Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale MSP5 improved performance of Anaplasma antibody detection by cELISA in infected and vaccinated cattle
María E. Primo, Carolina S. Thompson, Beatriz S. Valentini, Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Atilio J. Mangold, Susana T. de Echaide, Ulrike Gertrud Munderloh
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(1): e0211149. CrossRef
TheToxoplasma gondiidense granule protein TgGRA3 interacts with host Golgi and dysregulates anterograde transport
Maika S. Deffieu, Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi, Christian Slomianny, Stanislas Tomavo
Biology Open.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Metagonimus yokogawai: a 100-kDa Somatic Antigen Commonly Reacting with Other Trematodes: Eun-Taek Han, Hyun-Jong Yang, Young-Jin Park, Jeong-Hyun Park, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):201-204.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.201

Abstract
PDF

This study was undertaken to characterize the properties of a 100 kDa somatic antigen from Metagonimus yokogawai. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against this 100 kDa antigen, and their immunoreactivity was assessed by western blot analysis with patients' sera. The mAbs against the 100 kDa antigen commonly reacted with various kinds of trematode antigens, including intestinal (Gymnophalloides seoi), lung (Paragonimus westermani), and liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola hepatica). However, this mAb showed no cross-reactions with other helminth parasites, including nematodes and cestodes. To determine the topographic distribution of the 100 kDa antigen in worm sections, indirect immunoperoxidase staining was performed. A strong positive reaction was observed in the tegumental and subtegumental layers of adult M. yokogawai and C. sinensis. The results showed that the 100 kDa somatic protein of M. yokogawai is a common antigen which recognizes a target epitope present over the tegumental layer of different trematode species.

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Reliability of heterophyid antigens in heterologous protection against human schistosomiasis
Alaa H. A. Hegazy, Lamia A. Galal, Tasneem M. Hassan, Refaat M. A. Khalifa
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Original Articles

Comparative Analysis of Pathogenic Organisms in Cockroaches from Different Community Settings in Edo State, Nigeria: Clement Isaac, Philip Ogbeide Orue, Mercy Itohan Iyamu, Joy Imuetiyan Ehiaghe, Osesojie Isaac; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):177-181.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.177

Abstract
PDF

Cockroaches are abundant in Nigeria and are seen to harbour an array of pathogens. Environmental and sanitary conditions associated with demographic/socio-economic settings of an area could contribute to the prevalence of disease pathogens in cockroaches. A total of 246 cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in urban (Benin, n=91), semi-urban (Ekpoma, n=75) and rural (Emuhi, n=70) settings in Edo State, Nigeria were collected within and around households. The external body surfaces and alimentary canal of these cockroaches were screened for bacterial, fungal, and parasitological infections. Bacillus sp. and Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria in cockroaches. However, Enterococcus faecalis could not be isolated in cockroaches trapped from Ekpoma and Emuhi. Aspergillus niger was the most prevalent fungus in Benin and Ekpoma, while Mucor sp. was predominant in Emuhi. Parasitological investigations revealed the preponderance of Ascaris lumbricoides in Benin and Emuhi, while Trichuris trichura was the most predominant in Ekpoma. The prevalence and burden of infection in cockroaches is likely to be a reflection of the sanitary conditions of these areas. Also, cockroaches in these areas making incursions in homes may increase the risk of human infections with these disease agents.

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Cockroach Microbiome Disrupts Indoor Environmental Microbial Ecology with Potential Public Health Implications
Jiahui Ma, Mengzhen Wang, Ye Sun, Yunhao Zheng, Senchao Lai, Yingyi Zhang, Yan Wu, Chao Jiang, Fangxia Shen
Environment & Health.2025; 3(4): 380. CrossRef
SURVEY OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT PROTOZOANS INFESTED ON COCKROACHES COLLECTED FROM STUDENT HOSTEL IN SA’ADU ZUNGUR UNIVERSITY, BAUCHI STATE
Abdullahi Kamal, Aliyu Abdulhamid Omar, Abdullahi Shamsudden , Ladan Muhammad Auwal, Umar Aminu Mohammed, Abubakar Sadiq Yusuf, Umar Aliyu, Firdausi Zakari Ya’u
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Dongfen Geng, Haotian Yu, Teng Zhao, Chunxiao Li
Zoonoses.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Extract and Dichlorvos (DDVP) in Controlling the Periplaneta americana
A H Alwan, S M Lafta, E K Athab
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Urban Cockroaches as Reservoirs of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: Insights from Morphological and Molecular Characterization
Jaweria Riaz, Mubashar Hussain, Aniza Iftikhar, Kiran Aftab, Suleman Hussain Shah, Sheeza Sakhawat, Amina Zafar, Aqsa Noreen
Revista Brasileira de Entomologia.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intestinal Parasites Associated with American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Adebayo Victor Akeju, Titus Adeniyi Olusi, Regina-Tyra Ekwi Obi
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2024; 48(1): 67. CrossRef
Extended spectrum and metalo beta lactamase producing gram negative bacterial pathogens from cockroaches collected at hospital, Southern Ethiopia
Fithamlak Solomon Bisetegn, Habtamu Azene, Khawaja Shakeel Ahmed, Fiseha Wadilo, Efrata Girma Tufa
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jun-Hui Lu, De-Long Guan, Sheng-Quan Xu, Huateng Huang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(4): 4005. CrossRef
Species composition and parasite carriage rate of cockroaches among households of Sekota town, Northeast Ethiopia
Habtu Debash, Megbaru Alemu, Animen Ayehu
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science.2022; 42(6): 3815. CrossRef
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Avi Patel, Meg Jenkins, Kelly Rhoden, Amber N. Barnes
Pathogens.2022; 11(1): 90. CrossRef
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R. M. Akbaev, L. V. Nacheva, A. A. Generalov
Russian Journal of Parasitology.2021; 15(2): 80. CrossRef
Protozoan Cysts in Faecal Pellets of German Cockroaches (Blattella germanica), with Particular Emphasis on Lophomonas blattarum
Hugo Cornelis van Woerden, Rafael Martínez-Girón, Cristina Martínez-Torre
Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(4): 831. CrossRef
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from hospital cockroaches
Zohreh Abdolmaleki, Zohreh Mashak, Farhad Safarpoor Dehkordi
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatial Distribution and Prevalence of Parasites Vectored by Periplaneta americana in Southern, Nigeria: Implication for Intervention
Ito Edore Edwin
Asian Journal of Biological Sciences.2019; 12(2): 313. CrossRef
Contamination of Cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) by Medically Important Bacteriae: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Hassan Nasirian, Michael Rust
Journal of Medical Entomology.2019; 56(6): 1534. CrossRef
Identification of Cockroaches as Mechanical Vector for Parasitic Infections and Infestations in Kuantan, Malaysia
Afzan Mat Yusof
Journal of Entomology.2018; 15(3): 143. CrossRef
Isolation of bacteria from the digestive tract of Periplaneta americana and Polyphaga aegyptiaca (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Khuzestan Province, Southwestern Iran
Arezo Elyasigomari, Davood Keshavarzi, Mustapha Ahmed Yusuf, Amir Hassanzadeh, Narges Marvi, Marzia Shahriari-Namadi, Zahra Nassiri
Oriental Insects.2017; 51(4): 345. CrossRef
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H. Nasirian
Journal de Mycologie Médicale.2017; 27(4): 427. CrossRef
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Luigi Falsone, Vito Colella, Ettore Napoli, Emanuele Brianti, Domenico Otranto
Experimental Parasitology.2017; 182: 54. CrossRef
The prevalence of protozoa in the gut of German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) with special reference to Lophomonas blattarum
Rafael Martínez-Girón, Cristina Martínez-Torre, Hugo Cornelis van Woerden
Parasitology Research.2017; 116(11): 3205. CrossRef
Cockroaches as a Source of High Bacterial Pathogens with Multidrug Resistant Strains in Gondar Town, Ethiopia
Feleke Moges, Setegn Eshetie, Mengistu Endris, Kahsay Huruy, Dagnachew Muluye, Tigist Feleke, Fisha G/Silassie, Getenet Ayalew, Raja Nagappan
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H. Memona, F. Manzoor, A. A. Anjum
Journal of Medical Entomology.2016; : tjw168. CrossRef

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19 Web of Science
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Evaluation of Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Khadijeh Khanaliha, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Bahram Kazemi, Bahador Shahriari, Mojgan Bandehpour, Zarin Sharifniya; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):137-142.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.137

Abstract
PDF

Serologic tests are widely accepted for diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii but purification and standardization of antigen needs to be improved. Recently, surface tachyzoite and bradyzoite antigens have become more attractive for this purpose. In this study, diagnostic usefulness of 3 recombinant antigens (SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3) were evaluated, and their efficacy was compared with the available commercial ELISA. The recombinant plasmids were transformed to JM109 strain of Escherichia coli, and the recombinants were expressed and purified. Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 antigens were evaluated using different groups of sera in an ELISA system, and the results were compared to those of a commercial IgG and IgM ELISA kit. The sensitivity and specificity of recombinant surface antigens for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG in comparison with commercially available ELISA were as follows: SAG1 (93.6% and 92.9%), SAG2 (100.0% and 89.4%), and SAG3 (95.4% and 91.2%), respectively. A high degree of agreement (96.9%) was observed between recombinant SAG2 and commercial ELISA in terms of detecting IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. P22 had the best performance in detecting anti-Toxoplasma IgM in comparison with the other 2 recombinant antigens. Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 could all be used for diagnosis of IgG-specific antibodies against T. gondii.

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Analysis of the Correlation Between Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity and Alzheimer’s Disease
Jianjun Wang, Ping Lin, Dan Li, Biyu Yang, Jiaqi Wang, Meng Feng, Xunjia Cheng
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Guojing Li, Wangli Zheng, Jinfang Yang, Tongsheng Qi, Yongcai He, Wangkai Chen, Hejia Ma, Yali Sun, Ying Li, Ming Kang, Jixu Li
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Alejandro Reynoso-Palomar, Dulce Moreno-Gálvez, Abel Villa-Mancera
Experimental Parasitology.2020; 208: 107791. CrossRef
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Farah Bokharaei-Salim, Abdoulreza Esteghamati, Khadijeh Khanaliha, Saeed Kalantari, Shirin Sayyahfar, Tahereh Donyavi, Saba Garshasbi, Qasem Asgari, Borna Salemi
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Shawn D. Gale, Lance D. Erickson, Evan L. Thacker, Elizabeth L. Mitchell, Bruce L. Brown, Dawson W. Hedges, Mathieu Nacher
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Leonardo Manuel, Gabriela Santos-Gomes, Emilia V. Noormahomed
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Marcos Alexandre Bezerra, Luiz Miguel Pereira, Luciana Baroni, Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
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Research Progress of Antigens Related to the Process of Toxoplasma gondii Invading Host Cell
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Toxoplasma gondii-positive human sera recognise intracellular tachyzoites and bradyzoites with diverse patterns of immunoreactivity
Marijo S. Roiko, Kaice LaFavers, Diane Leland, Gustavo Arrizabalaga
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Jiaqing Luo, Hongchao Sun, Xianfeng Zhao, Suhua Wang, Xunhui Zhuo, Yi Yang, Xueqiu Chen, Chaoqun Yao, Aifang Du
Veterinary Parasitology.2018; 252: 52. CrossRef
Antigens to Detect the Acute Phase of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women: Standardized Comparison
Juan Gabriel Costa, María Julia Vilariño
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Juan G. Costa, Leandro E. Peretti, Valeria S. García, Luz Peverengo, Verónica D.G. González, Luis M. Gugliotta, Maria L. Dalla Fontana, Claudia M. Lagier, Iván S. Marcipar
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Ahmad Rouhizadeh, Ata A Ghadiri, Mohammad Razi Jalali, Masoud Ghorbanpour, Mohammad Hossein Razi Jalali
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Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Gene Cloning, Expression and Immunogenicity of the Protective Antigen Subolesin in Dermacentor silvarum: Yonghong Hu, Hua Zeng, Jincheng Zhang, Duo Wang, Dongming Li, Tiantian Zhang, Shujie Yang, Jingze Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):93-97.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.93

Abstract
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Subolesin (4D8), the ortholog of insect akirins, is a highly conserved protective antigen and thus has the potential for development of a broad-spectrum vaccine against ticks and mosquitoes. To date, no protective antigens have been characterized nor tested as candidate vaccines against Dermacentor silvarum bites and transmission of associated pathogens. In this study, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of D. silvarum 4D8 cDNA (Ds4D8), which consisted of 498 bp encoding 165 amino acid residues. The results of sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that D. silvarum 4D8 (Ds4D8) is highly conserved showing more than 81% identity of amino acid sequences with those of other hard ticks. Additionally, Ds4D8 containing restriction sites was ligated into the pET-32(a+) expression vector and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli rosetta. The recombinant Ds4D8 (rDs4D8) was induced by isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and purified using Ni affinity chromatography. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of rDs4D8 was 40 kDa, which was consistent with the expected molecular mass considering 22 kDa histidine-tagged thioredoxin (TRX) protein from the expression vector. Western blot results showed that rabbit anti-D. silvarum serum recognized the expressed rDs4D8, suggesting an immune response against rDs4D8. These results provided the basis for developing a candidate vaccine against D. silvarum ticks and transmission of associated pathogens.

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Subolesin gene structure and mRNA isoform diversity in South African R. microplus ticks: Relevance for understanding subolesin-based tick vaccines
Elsje Christine Rabie, Christine Maritz-Olivier
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2025; 16(4): 102502. CrossRef
Transmission-Blocking Vaccines: Focus on Anti-Vector Vaccines against Tick-Borne Diseases
Girish Neelakanta, Hameeda Sultana
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis.2015; 63(3): 169. CrossRef
Screening and Identification of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick Dermacentor silvarum (Acari: Ixodidae)
Tiantian Zhang, Xuejiao Cui, Jincheng Zhang, Hui Wang, Meng Wu, Hua Zeng, Yuanyuan Cao, Jingze Liu, Yonghong Hu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(6): 789. CrossRef

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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Antibodies in Sera of Non-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients in Thailand: Amnat Kitkhuandee, Waranon Munkong, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Penchom Janwan, Wanchai Maleewong, Pewpan M. Intapan; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):755-757.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.755

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Gnathostoma spinigerum can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The detection of specific antibodies in serum against G. spinigerum antigen is helpful for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. There is limited data on the frequency of G. spinigerum infection in non-traumatic SAH. A series of patients diagnosed as non-traumatic SAH at the Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand between January 2011 and January 2013 were studied. CT or MR imaging of the brain was used for diagnosis of SAH. Patients were categorized as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (A-SAH) or non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (NA-SAH) according to the results of cerebral angiograms. The presence of specific antibodies in serum against 21- or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen was determined using the immunoblot technique. The detection rate of antibodies was compared between the 2 groups. Of the 118 non-traumatic SAH patients for whom cerebral angiogram and immunoblot data were available, 80 (67.8%) patients had A-SAH, whereas 38 (32.2%) had NA-SAH. Overall, 23.7% were positive for specific antibodies against 21- and/or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen. No significant differences were found in the positive rate of specific antibodies against G. spinigerum in both groups (P-value=0.350).

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A Recombinant Matrix Metalloproteinase Protein from Gnathostoma spinigerum for Serodiagnosis of Neurognathostomiasis: Penchom Janwan, Pewpan M. Intapan, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Porntip Laummaunwai, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Chaisiri Wongkham, Chatchai Tayapiwatana, Amnat Kitkhuandee, Viraphong Lulitanond, Yukifumi Nawa, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):751-754.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.751

Abstract
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Neurognathostomiasis is a severe form of human gnathostomiasis which can lead to disease and death. Diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis is made presumptively by using clinical manifestations. Immunoblotting, which recognizes antigenic components of molecular mass 21 kDa and 24 kDa in larval extracts of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Gs 21/24), has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. However, only very small amounts of the Gs 21/24 antigens can be prepared from parasites harvested from natural or experimental animals. To overcome this problem, we recently produced a recombinant matrix metalloproteinase (rMMP) protein from G. spinigerum. In this study, we evaluated this rMMP alongside the Gs 21/24 antigens for serodiagnosis of human neurognathostomiasis. We studied sera from 40 patients from Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, with clinical criteria consistent with those of neurognathostomiasis, and sera from 30 healthy control adults from Thailand. All sera were tested for specific IgG antibodies against both G. spinigerum crude larval extract and rMMP protein using immunoblot analysis. The sensitivity and specificity for both antigenic preparations were all 100%. These results show that G. spinigerum rMMP protein can be used as an alternative diagnostic antigen, in place of larval extract, for serodiagnosis of neurognathostomiasis.

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Protein and antigen profiles of third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum assessed with next-generation sequencing transcriptomic information
Kathyleen Nogrado, Tipparat Thiangtrongjit, Poom Adisakwattana, Paron Dekumyoy, Sant Muangnoicharoen, Charin Thawornkuno, Onrapak Reamtong
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of Immunochromatographic Test Kit for Rapid Detection of Specific IgG4 Antibody in Whole-Blood Samples for Diagnosis of Human Gnathostomiasis
Penchom Janwan, Pewpan M. Intapan, Lakkhana Sadaow, Rutchanee Rodpai, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Oranuch Sanpool, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Phuangphaka Sadee, Wanchai Maleewong
Diagnostics.2021; 11(5): 862. CrossRef
Proteomics of Gnathostomiasis: A Way Forward for Diagnosis and Treatment Development
Tipparat Thiangtrongjit, Kathyleen Nogrado, Thawatchai Ketboonlue, Preeyarat Malaitong, Poom Adisakwattana, Onrapak Reamtong
Pathogens.2021; 10(9): 1080. CrossRef
Combining lexical and context features for automatic ontology extension
Sara Althubaiti, Şenay Kafkas, Marwa Abdelhakim, Robert Hoehndorf
Journal of Biomedical Semantics.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance and diagnosis of zoonotic foodborne parasites
Reza Zolfaghari Emameh, Sami Purmonen, Antti Sukura, Seppo Parkkila
Food Science & Nutrition.2018; 6(1): 3. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Modulation of Antibody Responses against Gnathostoma spinigerum in Mice Immunized with Crude Antigen Formulated in CpG Oligonucleotide and Montanide ISA720: Pewpan M. Intapan, Chakrit Hirunpetcharat, Churairat Kularbkaew, Wiboonchai Yutanawiboonchai, Penchom Janwan, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):637-644.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.637

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate the antibody responses in mice immunized with Gnathostoma spinigerum crude antigen (GsAg) incorporated with the combined adjuvant, a synthetic oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG ODN 1826) and a stable water in oil emulsion (Montanide ISA720). Mice immunized with GsAg and combined adjuvant produced all antibody classes and subclasses to GsAg except IgA. IgG2a/2b/3 but not IgG1 subclasses were enhanced by immunization with CpG ODN 1826 when compared with the control groups immunized with non-CpG ODN and Montanide ISA or only with Montanide ISA, suggesting a biased induction of a Th1-type response by CpG ODN. After challenge infection with live G. spinigerum larvae, the levels of IgG2a/2b/3 antibody subclasses decreased immediately and continuously, while the IgG1 subclass remained at high levels. This also corresponded to a continuous decrease of the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio after infection. Only IgM and IgG1 antibodies, but not IgG2a/2b/3, were significantly produced in adjuvant control groups after infection. These findings suggest that G. spinigerum infection potently induces a Th2-type biased response.

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Evaluation of immunodiagnostic tests for human gnathostomiasis using different antigen preparations of Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae against IgE, IgM, IgG, IgG1‐4 and IgG1 patterns of post‐treated patients
Issariya Ieamsuwan, Dorn Watthanakulpanich, Urai Chaisri, Poom Adisakwattana, Paron Dekumyoy
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2021; 26(12): 1634. CrossRef

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Breast-Feeding Protects Infantile Diarrhea Caused by Intestinal Protozoan Infections: Ekhlas Hamed Abdel-Hafeez, Usama Salah Belal, Manal Zaki Mohamed Abdellatif, Koji Naoi, Kazumi Norose; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):519-524.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.519

Abstract
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This study investigated the effect of breast-feeding in protection against protozoan infection in infants with persistent diarrhea. Infants were classified into 2 groups; 161 breast-fed infants and the same number of non-breast-fed infants. Microscopic examinations of stool were done for detection of parasites and measuring the intensity of infection. Moreover, serum levels of IgE and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis sp. were demonstrated in infants with persistent diarrhea. The percentage of protozoan infections was significantly lower in breast-fed infants than that in the non-breast-fed infants. The levels of IgE and TNF-α were significantly lower in the breast-fed group than in the non-breast-fed group. There were significant positive associations between the serum levels of IgE and TNF-α and the intensity of parasite infection in the breast-fed group. It is suggested that breast-feeding has an attenuating effect on the rate and intensity of parasite infection.

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Selected Protective Mechanisms of Human Milk Against Intestinal Protozoal Infections in Infants
Joanna Wróblewska, Anna Długosz, Marcin Wróblewski, Jarosław Nuszkiewicz, Paweł Sutkowy, Alina Woźniak
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2025; 47(8): 674. CrossRef
Giardia lamblia risk factors and burden in children with acute gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort
Lester Gutiérrez, Nadja A. Vielot, Roberto Herrera, Yaoska Reyes, Christian Toval-Ruíz, Patricia Blandón, Rebecca J. Rubinstein, Javier Mora, Luther A. Bartelt, Filemón Bucardo, Sylvia Becker-Dreps, Samuel Vilchez, Sarman Singh
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Tradeoffs in milk immunity affect infant infectious disease risk
Katherine Wander, Masako Fujita, Siobhan M Mattison, Margaret Duris, Megan Gauck, Tessa Hopt, Katherine Lacy, Angela Foligno, Rebecca Ulloa, Connor Dodge, Frida Mowo, Ireen Kiwelu, Blandina T Mmbaga
Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.2022; 10(1): 295. CrossRef
Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis
Nusrat Jahan Nipa, Nasima Aktar, Hasina M Hira, Farhana Akter, Dilshad Jahan, Salequl Islam, Ayukafangha Etando, Adnan Abdullah, Kona Chowdhury, Rahnuma Ahmad, Ahsanul Haq, Mainul Haque
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of genetic polymorphism at tumor necrosis factor-α gene promoter - 1031T/C and parasitic infections among children in Northern South Africa
N.C. Davhana, A.K. ElBakri, P.O. Bessong, A. Samie
Heliyon.2020; 6(10): e05129. CrossRef
Antibodies, prophylaxis, transmission
Pierre Lutgen
Pharmacy & Pharmacology International Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hugo Aguilar-Diaz, Adrian Canizalez-Roman, Tomas Nepomuceno-Mejia, Francisco Gallardo-Vera, Yolanda Hornelas-Orozco, Kamran Nazmi, Jan G.M. Bolscher, Julio Cesar Carrero, Claudia Leon-Sicairos, Nidia Leon-Sicairos
Biochemistry and Cell Biology.2017; 95(1): 82. CrossRef
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Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Una Ryan
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María A. Echevarría, María L. Eva
Current Tropical Medicine Reports.2017; 4(3): 178. CrossRef
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Sonia Boughattas, Jerzy M. Behnke, Khalid Al-Ansari, Aarti Sharma, Wafa Abu-Alainin, Asma Al-Thani, Marawan A. Abu-Madi
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Jose Luis Paredes, Hayley Sparks, A. Clinton White Jr., Griselle Martinez-Traverso, Theresa Ochoa, Alejandro Castellanos-González
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2017; 97(3): 774. CrossRef
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Zannatun Noor, Koji Watanabe, Mayuresh M. Abhyankar, Stacey L. Burgess, Erica L. Buonomo, Carrie A. Cowardin, William A. Petri, Alan Sher, Ralph Budd, Kris Chadee
mBio.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Alline R. Pacheco, Daniela Barile, Mark A. Underwood, David A. Mills
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Sarah Hanieh, Tran T. Ha, Julie A. Simpson, Tran T. Thuy, Nguyen C. Khuong, Dang D. Thoang, Thach D. Tran, Tran Tuan, Jane Fisher, Beverley-Ann Biggs
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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2014; 4(11): 847. CrossRef

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Case Report

Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis with Recurrent Migratory Nodule and Persistent Eosinophilia: a Case Report from China: Jing Cui, Ye Wang, Zhong Quan Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):467-470.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.467

Abstract
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The present study reports a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis with recurrent migratory nodule and persistent eosinophilia in China. A 52-year-old woman from Henan Province, central China, presented with recurrent migratory reddish swelling and subcutaneous nodule in the left upper arm and on the back for 3 months. Blood examination showed eosinophila (21.2%), and anti-sparganum antibodies were positive. Skin biopsy of the lesion and histopathological examinations revealed dermal infiltrates of eosinophils but did not show any parasites. Thus, the patient was first diagnosed as sparganosis; however, new migratory swellings occurred after treatment with praziquantel for 3 days. On further inquiring, she recalled having eaten undercooked eels and specific antibodies to the larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum were detected. The patient was definitely diagnosed as cutaneous gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma sp. and treated with albendazole (1,000 mg/day) for 15 days, and the subsequent papule and blister developed after the treatment. After 1 month, laboratory findings indicated a reduced eosinophil count (3.3%). At her final follow-up 18 months later, the patient had no further symptoms and anti-Gnathostoma antibodies became negative. Conclusively, the present study is the first report on a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis in Henan Province, China, based on the past history (eating undercooked eels), clinical manifestations (migratory subcutaneous nodule and persistent eosinophilia), and a serological finding (positive for specific anti-Gnathostoma antibodies).

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First reported case of intraocular gnathostomiasis in China
Shuang Wang, Ling Zhang, Feng Miao, Jun Huang, Juan Guo
Journal of Travel Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Current and future strategies against cutaneous parasites
Ernest Man, Helen P. Price, Clare Hoskins
Pharmaceutical Research.2022; 39(4): 631. CrossRef
Eosinophilic Meningitis (Angiostrongylus spp. and Gnathostoma spp.)
Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita, Jackrapong Bruminhent
Current Tropical Medicine Reports.2022; 9(1): 40. CrossRef
Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eustrongylides sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum Parasitizing the Asian Swamp Eel Monopterusalbus in China
Sixin Zhang, Guangping Huang, Liang Li, Xianyong Liu, Xiaoli Tang, Xun Suo
Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 711. CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and Löffler’s syndrome
William L. Hamilton, Daniel Agranoff
BMJ Case Reports.2018; 2018: bcr-2017-223132. CrossRef

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Original Article

Serodiagnosis of Toxocariasis by ELISA Using Crude Antigen of Toxocara canis Larvae: Yan Jin, Chenghua Shen, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):433-439.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.433

Abstract
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Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by larvae of ascarid nematodes of dogs or cats, Toxocara canis or T. cati. Diagnosis of human toxocariasis currently relies on serology that uses T. canis excretory-secretory antigen to detect specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. We investigated the serodiagnostic efficacy of ELISA using crude antigen of T. canis larvae (TCLA). Serum specimens of 64 clinically confirmed toxocariasis, 115 healthy controls, and 119 other tissue-invading helminthiases were screened by ELISA using TCLA. The ELISA using TCLA showed 92.2% (59/64 patient samples) sensitivity and 86.6% (103/119) specificity. Its positive diagnostic predictivity was 78.7% and negative predictivity was 97.8%. No serum of healthy controls reacted but that of anisakiasis (45.5%), gnathostomiasis (19.2%), clonorchiasis (15.8%), sparganosis (11.1%), and cysticercosis (6.3%) cross-reacted. Immunoblot analysis on TCLA recognized antigenic proteins of 28- and 30-kDa bands in their dominant protein quantity and strong blotting reactivity. The present results indicate that the ELISA using our TCLA antigen is acceptable by the sensitivity and specificity for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. ELISA with TCLA is recommended to make differential diagnosis for patients with any sign of organ infiltration and eosinophilia.

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Case Report

Gnathostoma spinigerum Infection in the Upper Lip of a Korean Woman: An Autochthonous Case in Korea: Jae Hee Kim, Hyemi Lim, Young-Sang Hwang, Tae Yeon Kim, Eun Mee Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):343-347.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.343

Abstract
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Autochthonous human gnathostomiasis had never been reported in the Republic of Korea. We report here a case of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in a 32-year-old Korean woman, presumed to have been infected via an indigenous route. The patient had experienced a painful migratory swelling near the left nasolabial fold area of the face for a year, with movement of the swelling to the mucosal area of the upper lip 2 weeks before surgical removal of the lesion. Histopathological examinations of the extracted tissue revealed inflammation with heavy eosinophilic infiltrations and sections of a nematode suggestive of a Gnathostoma sp. larva. The larva characteristically revealed about 25 intestinal cells with multiple (3-6) nuclei in each intestinal cell consistent with the 3rd-stage larva of G. spinigerum. The patient did not have any special history of travel abroad except a recent trip, 4 months before surgery, to China where she ate only cooked food. The patient is the first recorded autochthonous case of G. spinigerum infection in Korea.

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Original Articles

Screening and Molecular Cloning of a Protective Antigen from the Midgut of Haemaphysalis longicornis: Yonghong Hu, Jincheng Zhang, Shujie Yang, Hui Wang, Hua Zeng, Tiantian Zhang, Jingze Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):327-334.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.327

Abstract
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Vaccination is considered a promising alternative for controlling tick infestations. Haemaphysalis longicornis midgut proteins separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane were screened for protective value against bites. The western blot demonstrated the immunogenicity of 92 kDa protein (P92). The analysis of the P92 amino acid sequence by LC-MS/MS indicated that it was a H. longicornis paramyosin (Hl-Pmy). The full lenghth cDNA of Hl-Pmy was obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) which consisted of 2,783 bp with a 161 bp 3' untranslated region. Sequence alignment of tick paramyosin (Pmy) showed that Hl-Pmy shared a high level of conservation among ticks. Comparison with the protective epitope sequence of other invertebrate Pmy, it was calculated that the protective epitope of Hl-Pmy was a peptide (LEEAEGSSETVVEMNKKRDTE) named LEE, which was close to the N-terminal of Hl-Pmy protein. The secondary structure analysis suggested that LEE had non-helical segments within an α-helical structure. These results provide the basis for developing a vaccine against biting H. longicornis ticks.

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The current strategies and underlying mechanisms in the control of the vector tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis: Implications for future integrated management
Chuks F. Nwanade, Min Wang, Sisi Li, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2022; 13(2): 101905. CrossRef
Evaluation on two types of paramyosin vaccines for the control of Haemaphysalis longicornis infestations in rabbits
Pin-Xing Wu, Xue-Jiao Cui, Mi-Xue Cao, Li-Hong Lv, Hong-Meng Dong, Shu-Wen Xiao, Jing-Ze Liu, Yong-Hong Hu
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphology and ultrastructure changes of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) female adult ticks at different developmental stages
Fang Wang, Duo Wang, Chao-Zhong Jiang, Na Liang, Yong-Hong Hu, Jing-Ze Liu
International Journal of Acarology.2017; 43(4): 308. CrossRef
Evaluation of immune protection induced by DNA vaccines from Haemaphysalis longicornis paramyosin in rabbits
Tian-Tian Zhang, Jin-Cheng Zhang, Xue-Jiao Cui, Jing-Jing Zheng, Ru Li, Fang Wang, Jing-Ze Liu, Yong-Hong Hu
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Screening and Identification of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick Dermacentor silvarum (Acari: Ixodidae)
Tiantian Zhang, Xuejiao Cui, Jincheng Zhang, Hui Wang, Meng Wu, Hua Zeng, Yuanyuan Cao, Jingze Liu, Yonghong Hu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(6): 789. CrossRef

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Serodiagnosis of Echinococcosis by ELISA Using Cystic Fluid from Uzbekistan Sheep: Yan Jin, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khajibaev, Samin Hong, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):313-317.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.313

Abstract
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According to increase of travel, the cases of imported echinococcosis have been increasing in Korea. The present study was undertaken to develop a serodiagnostic system for echinococcosis in Korea. For diagnosis of echinococcosis, the fluid of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts was collected from naturally infected sheep in Uzbekistan. Also serum samples of infected patients who were surgically confirmed were collected in a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. According to the absorbance of 59 echinococcosis positive and 39 negative control serum samples, the cut-off value was determined as 0.27. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with hydatid fluid antigen were 91.5% and 96%, respectively. The antigen cross-reacted with the serum of some cysticercosis or clonorchiasis patients. However, immunoblot analysis on the cystic fluid recognized antigenic proteins of 7-, 16-, and 24-kDa bands in their dominant protein quantity and strong blotting reactivity. In conclusion, the present ELISA system using hydatid cyst fluid antigen from Uzbekistan sheep is sensitive and specific for diagnosis of echinococcosis cases.

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Won Jun Choi, Hanna Jin, Hyeon Jae Jo, Chan Mi Lee, Chang Kyung Kang, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Wan Beom Park, Nam Joong Kim, Min-Ho Choi
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(6): 699. CrossRef
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Sung-Tae Hong, Yan Jin, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khadjibaev, Samin Hong, Yusufjon Ahmedov, Utkir Otaboev
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(3): 383. CrossRef

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Efficacy of a DNA Vaccine Carrying Eimeria maxima Gam56 Antigen Gene against Coccidiosis in Chickens: Jinjun Xu, Yan Zhang, Jianping Tao; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):147-154.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.147

Abstract
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To control coccidiosis without using prophylactic medications, a DNA vaccine targeting the gametophyte antigen Gam56 from Eimeria maxima in chickens was constructed, and the immunogenicity and protective effects were evaluated. The ORF of Gam56 gene was cloned into an eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(zeo)+. Expression of Gam56 protein in COS-7 cells transfected with recombinant plasmid pcDNA-Gam56 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The DNA vaccine was injected intramuscularly to yellow feathered broilers of 1-week old at 3 dosages (25, 50, and 100 ?g/chick). Injection was repeated once 1 week later. One week after the second injection, birds were challenged orally with 5×10⁴ sporulated oocysts of E. maxima, then weighed and killed at day 8 post challenge. Blood samples were collected and examined for specific peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation activity and serum antibody levels. Compared with control groups, the administration of pcDNA-Gam56 vaccine markedly increased the lymphocyte proliferation activity (P<0.05) at day 7 and 14 after the first immunization. The level of lymphocyte proliferation started to decrease on day 21 after the first immunization. A similar trend was seen in specific antibody levels. Among the 3 pcDNA-Gam56 immunized groups, the median dosage group displayed the highest lymphocyte proliferation and antibody levels (P<0.05). The median dosage group had the greatest relative body weight gain (89.7%), and the greatest oocyst shedding reduction (53.7%). These results indicate that median dosage of DNA vaccine had good immunogenicity and immune protection effects, and may be used in field applications for coccidiosis control.

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Case Report

An Indigenous Case of Intestinal Capillariasis with Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Korea: Woon Tae Jung, Hyun Jin Kim, Hyun Ju Min, Chang Yoon Ha, Hong Jun Kim, Gyung Hyuck Ko, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):333-337.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.333

Abstract
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We encountered an indigenous case of intestinal capillariasis with protein-losing enteropathy in the Republic of Korea. A 37-year-old man, residing in Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, admitted to the Gyeongsang National University Hospital (GNUH) due to long-lasting diarrhea, abdominal pain, anasarca, and weight loss. He recalled that he frequently ate raw fish, especially the common blackish goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus) and has never been abroad. Under the suspicion of protein-losing enteropathy, he received various kinds of medical examinations, and was diagnosed as intestinal capillariasis based on characteristic sectional findings of nematode worms in the biopsied small intestine. Adults, juvenile worms, and eggs were also detected in the diarrheic stools collected before and after medication. The clinical symptoms became much better after treatment with albendazole 400 mg daily for 3 days, and all findings were in normal range in laboratory examinations performed after 1 month. The present study is the 6th Korean case of intestinal capillariasis and the 3rd indigenous one in the Republic of Korea.

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Original Article

Positivity and Intensity of Gnathostoma spinigerum Infective Larvae in Farmed and Wild-Caught Swamp Eels in Thailand: Wilai Saksirisampant, Benjamas Wongsatayanon Thanomsub; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):113-118.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.113

Abstract
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From July 2008 to June 2009, livers of the swamp eels (Monopterus alba) were investigated for advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Results revealed that 10.2% (106/1,037) and 20.4% (78/383) of farmed eels from Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province and those of wild-caught eels obtained from a market in Min Buri District of Bangkok, Thailand were infected, respectively. The prevalence was high during the rainy and winter seasons. The infection rate abruptly decreased in the beginning of summer. The highest infection rate (13.7%) was observed in September and absence of infection (0%) in March-April in the farmed eels. Whereas, in the wild-caught eels, the highest rate (30.7%) was observed in November, and the rate decreased to the lowest at 6.3% in March. The average no. (mean±SE) of AL3 per investigated liver in farmed eels (1.1±0.2) was significantly lower (P=0.040) than those in the caught eels (0.2±0.03). In addition, the intensity of AL3 recovered from each infected liver varied from 1 to 18 (2.3±0.3) in the farmed eels and from 1 to 47 (6.3±1.2) in the caught eels, respectively. The AL3 intensity showed significant difference (P=0.011) between these 2 different sources of eels. This is the first observation that farmed eels showed positive findings of G. spinigerum infective larvae. This may affect the standard farming of the culture farm and also present a risk of consuming undercooked eels from the wild-caught and farmed eels.

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