Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Jae-Ran Yu"

Original Articles

Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea: In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):473-479.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.473

Abstract
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A nationwide survey of chigger mites causing scrub typhus and an investigation of epidemiologic factors for chigger mites was conducted at 16 localities in 8 provinces in Korea during autumn 2009, 2012, and 2013. A total of 233 Apodemus agrarius were captured, and all were infested with chigger mites. The chigger index was highest in Chungcheongbuk-do in 2009 (358.3) and 2012 (290.1) and Chungcheongnam-do in 2013 (294.4). The predominant chigger mite species was Leptotrombidium pallidum in the northern and central parts and L. scutellare in the southern and western parts, Korea. L. pallidum was not found in Jellanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do and the distribution of L. scutellare had been expanded in the northern parts of Korea. The chigger index of L. pallidum was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with humidity. The incidence of scrub typhus is dependent on L. scutellare index. These findings could be helpful to monitor the distribution of chigger mites and to develop a preventive measures for scrub typhus in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Scrub typhus update: A re‑emerging global threat beyond the Tsutsugamushi Triangle and the physiological ramifications of scrub typhus infection (Review)
Ankur Vashishtha, Vivek Kumar, Gautam Panwar, Gaurav Kausik, Samaniya Baig, Prigya Sharma, Rajesh Yadav
World Academy of Sciences Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Association Between Environmental Factors and Scrub Typhus: A Review
Shu Yang, Shu Yang, Yuxiang Xie, Wenjing Duan, Yiting Cui, Ai Peng, Yisheng Zhou, Yibing Fan, Hui Li, Peng Huang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(6): 151. CrossRef
Temperature effect on scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: the projection for climate change
Donghee Seo, Yoon-Jung Choi, Yun-Chul Hong
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations of meteorological factors and dynamics of scrub typhus incidence in South Korea: A nationwide time-series study
Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
Environmental Research.2024; 245: 117994. CrossRef
The impact of meteorological parameters on the scrub typhus incidence in Baoshan City, western Yunnan, China
Yun-Yan Luo, Alan Frederick Geater, Jia-Xiang Yin
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea
Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 263. CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Bacillus Isolated from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) Feces by Using an SNP-Based 16S Ribosomal Marker
Md-Mafizur Rahman, Sang-Jin Lim, Yung-Chul Park
Animals.2022; 12(8): 979. CrossRef

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Simultaneous Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora from Raw Vegetables in Korea: Seobo Sim, Jua Won, Jae-Whan Kim, Kyungjin Kim, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):137-142.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.137

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora are well-known coccidian protozoa that can cause waterborne and foodborne diarrheal illnesses. There have been a few reports regarding contamination in different vegetables with Cryptosporidium, but no data are available regarding the sources of Cyclospora infections in Korea. In the present study, we collected 6 kinds of vegetables (perilla leaves, winter-grown cabbages, chives, sprouts, blueberries, and cherry tomatoes) from July 2014 to June 2015, and investigated contamination by these 2 protozoa using multiplex quantitative real-time PCR. Among 404 vegetables, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora were detected in 31 (7.7%) and 5 (1.2%) samples, respectively. In addition, Cryptosporidium was isolated from all 6 kinds of vegetables, whereas Cyclospora was detected in 4 kinds of vegetables (except perilla leaves and chives). Cryptosporidium (17.8%) and Cyclospora (2.9%) had the highest detection rates in chives and winter-grown cabbages, respectively. Cryptosporidium was detected all year long; however, Cyclospora was detected only from October to January. In 2 samples (sprout and blueberry), both Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora were detected. Further investigations using TaqI restriction enzyme fragmentation and nested PCR confirmed Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis, respectively. In conclusion, we detected C. cayetanensis in vegetables for the first time in Korea. This suggests that screening should be employed to prevent these protozoal infections in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 8: 100311. CrossRef
Cyclospora in humans, animals, fresh produce and water in China: implications for host specificity of Cyclospora species and zoonotic transmission of C. cayetanensis
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One Health Advances.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review
Eleni Golomazou, Simuzer Mamedova, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Panagiotis Karanis
Science of The Total Environment.2024; 916: 170057. CrossRef
Unveiling risks in healthy food: Vegetables and fruits are linked to the distribution chain of protozoan parasites
Aida Vafae Eslahi, Simuzer Mamedova, Reghaissia Nassiba, Panagiotis Karanis
Food Microbiology.2024; 123: 104592. CrossRef
Food and Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis from a One Health Perspective: A Comprehensive Review
Munwar Ali, Yaru Ji, Chang Xu, Qazal Hina, Usama Javed, Kun Li
Animals.2024; 14(22): 3287. CrossRef
Loop mediated isothermal amplification for detection of foodborne parasites: A journey from lab to lab-on-a-chip
Fatemeh Mahdavi Abhari, Maryam Niyyati, Hamid Assadzadeh Aghdaei, Hamed Mirjalali
Food Control.2023; 143: 109251. CrossRef
Health risks of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the application of surface water and septic tank effluent in Chinese agriculture: Impact on cancer patients identified by quantitative microbial risk assessment
Qian Huang, Shan Huang, Weijie Kuang, Jianghui Yi, Shunxin Xiao, Feng Zhao, Guosheng Xiao
Food Microbiology.2023; 111: 104213. CrossRef
Development of a new multiplex PCR to detect fecal coccidian parasite
Manish Katiyar, Reena Gulati, Nonika Rajkumari, Rakesh Singh
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 42(2): 241. CrossRef
Contamination of fresh produce sold on the Italian market with Cyclospora cayetanensis and Echinococcus multilocularis
Alessandra Barlaam, Tamirat T. Temesgen, Kristoffer R. Tysnes, Laura Rinaldi, Nicola Ferrari, Anna R. Sannella, Giovanni Normanno, Simone M. Cacciò, Lucy J. Robertson, Annunziata Giangaspero
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Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis on bagged pre-cut salad mixes within their shelf-life and after sell by date by the U.S. food and drug administration validated method
Sonia Almeria, Alicia Shipley
Food Microbiology.2021; 98: 103802. CrossRef
Diverse Genotypes and Species of Cryptosporidium in Wild Rodent Species from the West Coast of the USA and Implications for Raw Produce Safety and Microbial Water Quality
Xunde Li, Edward Robert Atwill
Microorganisms.2021; 9(4): 867. CrossRef
Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxocara spp. and microsporidia in fresh produce using molecular methods: – A review
B. Bartosova, B. Koudela, I. Slana
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2021; 23: e00124. CrossRef
Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019
Eell Ryoo
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2021; 64(6): 260. CrossRef
An Epidemiological and Diagnostic Study of Cyclospora Cayetanensis Parasite in Anbar Province - Iraq
S S Shahatha, S A Alkubaisy, M O Mousa
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.2021; 904(1): 012026. CrossRef
Evaluation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration validated molecular method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts on fresh and frozen berries
Angela Assurian, Helen Murphy, Laura Ewing, Hediye Nese Cinar, Alexandre da Silva, Sonia Almeria
Food Microbiology.2020; 87: 103397. CrossRef
A Molecular Tool for Rapid Detection and Traceability of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Fresh Berries and Berry Farm Soils
Carolina N. Resendiz-Nava, Guadalupe E. Orozco-Mosqueda, Edmundo M. Mercado-Silva, Susana Flores-Robles, Hilda V. Silva-Rojas, Gerardo M. Nava
Foods.2020; 9(3): 261. CrossRef
Parasite detection in food: Current status and future needs for validation
Rachel M. Chalmers, Lucy J. Robertson, Pierre Dorny, Suzanne Jordan, Age Kärssin, Frank Katzer, Stéphanie La Carbona, Marco Lalle, Brian Lassen, Ivona Mladineo, Miroslaw Rozycki, Ewa Bilska-Zajac, Gereon Schares, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Chiara Trevisan, Kristo
Trends in Food Science & Technology.2020; 99: 337. CrossRef
Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in vegetables from street markets from the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area in China
Xiuping Li, Xueyong Zhang, Yingna Jian, Geping Wang, Liqing Ma, Chad Schou, Panagiotis Karanis
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(6): 1847. CrossRef
Comparison of commercial and in-house real-time PCR platforms for 15 parasites and microsporidia in human stool samples without a gold standard
Thomas Köller, Andreas Hahn, Enkhtsetseg Altangerel, Jaco J. Verweij, Olfert Landt, Simone Kann, Denise Dekker, Jürgen May, Ulrike Loderstädt, Andreas Podbielski, Hagen Frickmann
Acta Tropica.2020; 207: 105516. CrossRef
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in vegetables in Iran: a nineteen-years meta-analysis review
Ehsan Javanmard, Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi, Meysam Olfatifar, Erfan Ghasemi, Fatemeh Saki, Hamed Mirjalali, Mohammad Reza Zali, Panagiotis Karanis
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering.2020; 18(2): 1629. CrossRef
Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review
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Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Human cyclosporiasis
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The Lancet Infectious Diseases.2019; 19(7): e226. CrossRef
Simultaneous detection of four protozoan parasites on leafy greens using a novel multiplex PCR assay
Karen Shapiro, Minji Kim, Veronica B. Rajal, Michael J. Arrowood, Andrea Packham, Beatriz Aguilar, Stefan Wuertz
Food Microbiology.2019; 84: 103252. CrossRef
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Genotyping genetically heterogeneousCyclospora cayetanensisinfections to complement epidemiological case linkage
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Identification of human pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Cryptosporidium parvum on the surfaces of vegetables and fruits in Henan, China
Junqiang Li, Ke Shi, Fangfang Sun, Tingwen Li, Rongjun Wang, Sumei Zhang, Fuchun Jian, Changshen Ning, Longxian Zhang
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Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update
Sonia Almeria, Hediye N. Cinar, Jitender P. Dubey
Microorganisms.2019; 7(9): 317. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium spp., prevalence, molecular characterisation and socio-demographic risk factors among immigrants in Qatar
Sonia Boughattas, Jerzy M. Behnke, Duaa Al-Sadeq, Ahmed Ismail, Marawan Abu-Madi, Christine A. Petersen
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(10): e0007750. CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Korea, 2013-2016
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Assessment of pesticide residues and microbial contamination in raw leafy green vegetables marketed in Italy
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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among Inhabitants of 2 Rural Areas in White Nile State, Sudan: Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):745-747.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.745

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, is found worldwide and is common in areas with low water hygiene. In February 2014, 866 stool samples were collected from the inhabitants of 2 rural areas in White Nile State, Sudan. These stool samples were assessed by performing modified acid-fast staining, followed by examination under a light microscope. The overall positive rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 13.3%. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area having water purification systems and in 14.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area not having water purification systems. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection between men and women (14.7% and 14.1%, respectively). The positive rate of oocysts by age was the highest among inhabitants in their 60s (40.0%). These findings suggest that the use of water purification systems is important for preventing Cryptosporidium infection among inhabitants of these rural areas in Sudan.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence in the general population in Guinea: first large-scale screening study
Timothé Guilavogui, Nausicaa Gantois, Jérémy Desramaut, Fode Ibrahima Cissé, Salif Cherif Touré, Bakary Luther Kourouma, Cristian Preda, Magali Chabé, Eric Viscogliosi, Gabriela Certad
Parasite.2024; 31: 70. CrossRef
Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea under five years admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, Kosti City, Sudan
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh, AbdElhadi M. Agena, Elham Elamin, Mohammed A. Suliman, Mohammed Elmadani, Asmaa B. Omara, Sahar A. Musa
BMC Infectious Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
First report and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and animals in Khartoum state, Sudan
Kaltoum Yagoub Adam, A. A. Ismail, M. A. Masri, A. A. Gameel
Veterinary World.2019; 12(1): 183. CrossRef
Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan
Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 135. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges
Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Una Ryan
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus gastroenteritis and change of incidence after rotavirus vaccination among children in Raparin Pediatrics Hospital, Erbil, Iraq
Sally S. Azeez, Hadi M. Alsakee
Medical Journal of Indonesia.2017; 26(3): 190. CrossRef

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Cryptosporidium hominis Infection Diagnosed by Real-Time PCR-RFLP: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Kyungjin Kim, Sejoung Yoon, Won-Ja Lee, Woo-Yoon Park, Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):353-355.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.353

Abstract
PDF

There are approximately 20 known species of the genus Cryptosporidium, and among these, 8 infect immunocompetent or immunocompromised humans. C. hominis and C. parvum most commonly infect humans. Differentiating between them is important for evaluating potential sources of infection. We report here the development of a simple and accurate real-time PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to distinguish between C. parvum and C. hominis. Using the CP2 gene as the target, we found that both Cryptosporidium species yielded 224 bp products. In the subsequent RFLP method using TaqI, 2 bands (99 and 125 bp) specific to C. hominis were detected. Using this method, we detected C. hominis infection in 1 of 21 patients with diarrhea, suggesting that this method could facilitate the detection of C. hominis infections.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019
Eell Ryoo
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2021; 64(6): 260. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium spp. Diagnosis and Research in the 21st Century
Jennifer K. O'Leary, Roy D. Sleator, Brigid Lucey
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2021; 24: e00131. CrossRef
Comparison of Three Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting the SSU rRNA Gene, the COWP Gene and the DnaJ-Like Protein Gene for the Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. in Stool Samples
Felix Weinreich, Andreas Hahn, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Torsten Feldt, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Hagen Frickmann, Ulrike Loderstädt
Pathogens.2021; 10(9): 1131. CrossRef
Lateral Flow Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Test with Stem Primers: Detection ofCryptosporidiumSpecies in Kenyan Children Presenting with Diarrhea
Timothy S. Mamba, Cecilia K. Mbae, Johnson Kinyua, Erastus Mulinge, Gitonga Nkanata Mburugu, Zablon K. Njiru
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Expression and Purification of gp40/15 Antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum Parasite in Escherichia coli: an Innovative Approach in Vaccine Production
Hossein Sobati, Habib Jasor-Gharebagh, Hossein Honari
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in Environmental Soil and Vegetables
Semie Hong, Kyungjin Kim, Sejoung Yoon, Woo-Yoon Park, Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(10): 1367. CrossRef

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Original Article

Monthly Occurrence of Vectors and Reservoir Rodents of Scrub Typhus in an Endemic Area of Jeollanam-do, Korea: Seung Hyun Lee, Young-Sun Lee, In Yong Lee, Jae Won Lim, Hee-Kwan Shin, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):327-331.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.327

Abstract
PDF

Monthly surveys were conducted to investigate the occurrence of chigger mites and seroprevalence of scrub typhus among small mammals in Jeollanam-do, the southwestern part of Korea, from November 2006 through October 2007. Fifty-eight small mammals, including 57 Apodemus agrarius (98.3%) and 1 Crocidura lasiura (1.7%), were captured, and a total of 4,675 chigger mites representing 4 genera and 8 species were collected from them. The chigger infestation rate among small mammals was 69.0%. The most predominant species in A. agrarius was Leptotrombidium scutellare (54.0%), followed by Leptotrombidium pallidum (39.4%), Leptotrombidium orientale (4.4%), Leptotrombidium palpale (1.1%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (0.6%), Eushoengastia koreaensis (0.3%), Neotrombicula gardellai (0.3%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (<0.1%). The chigger index of A. agrarius was the highest in October (740.0), followed by November (242.0), September (134.6), March (98.3), February (38.2), January (35.3), December (34.5), April (30.8), and May (1.7). The average antibody positive rate of scrub typhus in wild rodents was 50.0%. The seropositive rates were high in October (100.0%) and November (83.3%), whereas those in other months were relatively low (28.6-57.1%). The chigger index of L. scutellare rapidly increased in September to form an acuminate peak in October, followed by a gradual decline. These results suggest that the outbreak of scrub typhus in the southwestern part of Korean peninsula is mostly due to L. scutellare.

Citations

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Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 473. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
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A Study on the Public Health Disasters using Meteorological Factor: Scrub Typhus in South Korea
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RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC LITERATURE, 1990–2015, ON WILDLIFE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES FROM THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
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Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis ofOrientia tsutsugamushiin Rodents and Mites from Central India
Ruchi Bhate, Nilesh Pansare, Sandeep P. Chaudhari, Sukhadeo B. Barbuddhe, Vijay K. Choudhary, Nitin V. Kurkure, Sunil W. Kolte
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2017; 17(11): 749. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Seasonal Indices of Chigger Mites on Small Mammals Collected on the East Coast of the Republic of Korea
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Journal of Parasitology.2016; 102(2): 193. CrossRef
Seroepidemiological Survey of Zoonotic Diseases in Small Mammals with PCR Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers, Gwangju, Korea
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In-Yong Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Yeon-Joo Choi, Sun-Hye Shin, Min-Kyung Choi, So-Hyun Kwon, E-Hyun Shin, Chan Park, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kyung-Hee Park, Won-Jong Jang
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Brief Communications

Comparison of Resistance to γ-Irradiation between Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris Using In Vivo Infection: Sejoung Yoon, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):423-426.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.423

Abstract
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In the genus Cryptosporidium, there are more than 14 species with different sizes and habitats, as well as different hosts. Among these, C. parvum and C. hominis are known to be human pathogens. As C. parvum can survive exposure to harsh environmental conditions, including various disinfectants or high doses of radiation, it is considered to be an important environmental pathogen that may be a threat to human health. However, the resistance of other Cryptosporidium species to various environmental conditions is unknown. In this study, resistance against γ-irradiation was compared between C. parvum and C. muris using in vivo infection in mice. The capability of C. muris to infect mice could be eliminated with 1,000 Gy of γ-irradiation, while C. parvum remained infective in mice after up to 1,000 Gy of γ-irradiation, although the peak number of oocysts per gram of feces decreased to 16% that of non-irradiated oocysts. The difference in radioresistance between these 2 Cryptosporidium species should be investigated by further studies.

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Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii
Julia Finkensieper, Florian Mayerle, Zaida Rentería-Solís, Jasmin Fertey, Gustavo R. Makert, Franziska Lange, Joana Besecke, Simone Schopf, Andre Poremba, Ulla König, Bastian Standfest, Martin Thoma, Arwid Daugschies, Sebastian Ulbert
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(8): 1819. CrossRef
Recombinant thioredoxin peroxidase from Cryptosporidium parvum has more powerful antioxidant activity than that from Cryptosporidium muris
Sejoung Yoon, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 131(3): 333. CrossRef

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PCR Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica Cysts in Stool Samples: Joung-Ho Moon, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jae-Ran Yu, Won-Ja Lee, Hyeng-Il Cheun; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):281-284.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.281

Abstract
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Amebiasis is a protozoan disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica and a potential health threat in areas where sanitation and hygiene are inappropriate. Highly sensitive PCR methods for detection of E. histolytica in clinical and environmental samples are extremely useful to control amebiasis and to promote public health. The present study compared several primer sets for small subunit (SSU) rDNA and histone genes of E. histolytica cysts. A 246 bp of the SSU rDNA gene of pure cysts contained in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in stool samples was successfully amplified by nested PCR, using the 1,147-246 bp primer set, of the primary PCR products which were pre-amplified using the 1,147 bp primer as the template. The detection limit of the nested PCR using the 1,147-246 primer set was 10 cysts in both groups (PBS and stool samples). The PCR to detect histone gene showed negative results. We propose that the nested PCR technique to detect SSU rDNA can be used as a highly sensitive genetic method to detect E. histolytica cysts in stool samples.

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Risk Factors Associated with Head Louse Infestation in Korea: Seobo Sim, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, In Yong Lee, Seung Hyun Lee, Soo-Youn Oh, Min Seo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):95-98.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.95

Abstract
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Head louse infestation (HLI) is one of the most frequently occurring parasitic diseases in children. This study was conducted to investigate the socioeconomic and personal factors influencing HLI in the Republic of Korea. A total of 2,210 questionnaires about various factors related to HLI were obtained from children in 17 primary schools throughout the country. The rate of HLI was significantly lower in children who lived together with mother or in a family where both parents worked. In addition, HLI was lower in children whose fathers or mothers were public officers or teachers. However, HLI was higher in children who had small families and washed their hair less often. Education levels of parents and the number of children in family were not significant. Improvement of socioeconomic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for reducing HLI.

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Original Articles

Ultrastructural Changes in Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Gamma Irradiation: Migyo Joung, Sejeong Yun, Mijoung Joung, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):25-31.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.25

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium parvum is known as one of the most highly resistant parasites to gamma irradiation. To morphologically have an insight on the radioresistance of this parasite, ultrastructural changes in C. parvum sporozoites were observed after gamma irradiation using various doses (1, 5, 10, and 25 kGy) following a range of post-irradiation incubation times (10 kGy for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr). The ultrastructures of C. parvum oocysts changed remarkably after a 10-kGy irradiation. Nuclear membrane changes and degranulation of dense granules were observed with high doses over 10 kGy, and morphological changes in micronemes and rhoptries were observed with very high doses over 25 kGy. Oocyst walls were not affected by irradiation, whereas the internal structures of sporozoites degenerated completely 96 hr post-irradiation using a dose of 10 kGy. From this study, morphological evidence of radioresistance of C. parvum has been supplemented.

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Discovery of New Microneme Proteins in Cryptosporidium parvum and Implication of the Roles of a Rhomboid Membrane Protein (CpROM1) in Host–Parasite Interaction
Xin Gao, Jigang Yin, Dongqiang Wang, Xiaohui Li, Ying Zhang, Chenchen Wang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Guan Zhu
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Multiplex PCR Detection of Waterborne Intestinal Protozoa: Microsporidia, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium: Seung-Hyun Lee, Migyo Joung, Sejoung Yoon, Kyoungjin Choi, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):297-301.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.297

Abstract
PDF

Recently, emerging waterborne protozoa, such as microsporidia, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium, have become a challenge to human health worldwide. Rapid, simple, and economical detection methods for these major waterborne protozoa in environmental and clinical samples are necessary to control infection and improve public health. In the present study, we developed a multiplex PCR test that is able to detect all these 3 major waterborne protozoa at the same time. Detection limits of the multiplex PCR method ranged from 10¹ to 10² oocysts or spores. The primers for microsporidia or Cryptosporidium used in this study can detect both Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, or both Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. Restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products with BsaBI or BsiEI makes it possible to distinguish the 2 species of microsporidia or Cryptosporidium, respectively. This simple, rapid, and cost-effective multiplex PCR method will be useful for detecting outbreaks or sporadic cases of waterborne protozoa infections.

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Involvement of Src Family Tyrosine Kinase in Apoptosis of Human Neutrophils Induced by Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica: Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):285-290.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.285

Abstract
PDF

Tyrosine kinases are one of the most important regulators for intracellular signal transduction related to inflammatory responses. However, there are no reports describing the effects of tyrosine kinases on neutrophil apoptosis induced by Entamoeba histolytica. In this study, isolated human neutrophils from peripheral blood were incubated with live trophozoites in the presence or absence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Entamoeba-induced receptor shedding of CD16 and PS externalization in neutrophils were inhibited by pre-incubation of neutrophils with the broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein or the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2. Entamoeba-induced ROS production was also inhibited by genistein or PP2. Moreover, genistein and PP2 blocked the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK in neutrophils induced by E. histolytica. These results suggest that Src tyrosine kinases may participate in the signaling event for ROS-dependent activation of MAPKs during neutrophil apoptosis induced by E. histolytica.

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Infection Status of Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients with Gastrointestinal Protozoa, Bacteria, and Viruses in the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jin-Hee Lee, Yi-Young Lim, Ji-Hye Jeon, Jae-Ran Yu, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee, Seung-Hak Cho, Deog-Yong Lee, Mi-Seon Park, Hye-Sook Jeong, Doo-Sung Chen, Yeong-Mi Ji, Mi-Hwa Kwon; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):113-120.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.113

Abstract
PDF

To understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the Republic of Korea. A total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. The positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. Especially, Cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed-infected with rotavirus among pediatric diarrheal patients (29.5 per 100 C. parvum positive cases), and Entamoeba histolytica was mixed-infected with Clostridium perfringens (10.3 per 100 E. histolytica positive cases) in protozoan-diarrheal patients. Those infected with rotavirus and C. perfringens constituted relatively high proportions among mixed infection cases from January to April. The positivity for rotavirus among viral infection for those aged ≤ 5 years was significantly higher, while C. perfringens among bacterial infection was higher for ≥ 50 years. The information for association of viral and bacterial infections with enteropathogenic protozoa in diarrheal patients may contribute to improvement of care for diarrhea as well as development of control strategies for diarrheal diseases in Korea.

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Brief Communications

Genotype of Toxoplasma gondii from Blood of Stray Cats in Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Hye-Youn Kim, Yun-Ah Kim, Ho Sa Lee, Ho Gun Rhie, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jae-Ran Yu, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):413-415.
Published online December 2, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.413

Abstract
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Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii has been performed in 23 PCR positive blood samples from stray cats in Korea. We used 2 separate PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of SAG2 gene, amplifying the 5'and 3'ends of the locus. The results revealed that all samples belonged to the type I clonal lineage. Although T. gondii organisms were not isolated from the samples, the results of the present study represent that stray cats with T. gondii infection should be seriously concerned in our environment. Adequate and continuous control programs of stray cats are needed to reduce the risk of transmission of T. gondii as a zoonotic infection threatening the public health.

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Comparative Sensitivity of PCR Primer Sets for Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee, Woo-Yoon Park; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):293-297.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.293

Abstract
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Improved methods for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental and clinical samples are urgently needed to improve detection of cryptosporidiosis. We compared the sensitivity of 7 PCR primer sets for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Each target gene was amplified by PCR or nested PCR with serially diluted DNA extracted from purified C. parvum oocysts. The target genes included Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP), small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), and random amplified polymorphic DNA. The detection limit of the PCR method ranged from 10³ to 10⁴ oocysts, and the nested PCR method was able to detect 10⁰ to 10² oocysts. A second-round amplification of target genes showed that the nested primer set specific for the COWP gene proved to be the most sensitive one compared to the other primer sets tested in this study and would therefore be useful for the detection of C. parvum.

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Original Article

A Hospital-Based Serological Survey of Cryptosporidiosis in the Republic of Korea: Jong-Kyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Sun Huh, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):219-225.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.219

Abstract
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The seroprevalence of cryptosporidiosis was examined using patients' sera collected from hospitals located in 4 different areas of the Republic of Korea. ELISA was used to measure antibody titers against Cryptosporidium parvum antigens from a total of 2,394 serum samples, which were collected randomly from patients in local hospitals; 1) Chungbuk National University Hospital, 2) Konkuk University Hospital, 3) local hospitals in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do (province), 4) Jeonnam National University Hospital, from 2002 through 2003. Of the 2,394 samples assayed, 34%, 26%, and 56% were positive for C. parvum-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies, respectively. Positive IgG titers were most common in sera from Jeonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, and positive IgM titers were most common in sera from Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do. The seropositivity was positively correlated with age for both the IgG and IgA antibodies but was negatively correlated with age for the IgM antibodies. Western blotting revealed that 92%, 83%, and 77% of sera positive for IgG, IgM, and IgA ELISA reacted with 27-kDa antigens, respectively. These results suggested that infection with Cryptosporidium in hospital patients occurs more commonly than previously reported in the Republic of Korea.

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A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul
Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 461. CrossRef
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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera: Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):171-174.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.171

Abstract
PDF

The antigen location of Cryptosporidium parvum, which stimulates antibody formation in humans and animals, was investigated using infected human sera. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that antigenicity-inducing humoral immunity was located at various developmental stages of parasites, including asexual, sexual stages, and oocysts. The amount of antigen-stimulating IgG antibodies was particularly high on the oocyst wall. The sporozoite surface was shown to give stimulation on IgG and IgM antibody formation. Trophozoites implicated the lowest antigenicity to humoral immunity, both IgG and IgM, by showing the least amount of gold labeling. Immunogold labeling also provided clues that antigens were presented to the host-cell cytoplasm via feeder organelles and host-parasite junctions.

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Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor ofCryptosporidium parvum
J.-M. KANG, H.-L. JU, J.-R. YU, W.-M. SOHN, B.-K. NA
Parasitology.2012; 139(8): 1029. CrossRef

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Original Article

Quantitative Evaluation of Infectivity Change of Cryptosporidium parvum after Gamma Irradiation: Soo-Ung Lee, Mikyo Joung, Taekyoung Nam, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):7-11.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.7

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium parvum is a well-known waterborne and opportunistic intracellular protozoan parasite that causes diarrheal illness. In this study, we quantitatively investigated reduction of the infectivity of C. parvum after gamma irradiation and repair of the infectivity during incubation time after irradiation. C. parvum oocysts were subjected to gamma irradiation at various doses (1, 5, 10, and 25 kGy), and the in vitro infectivity was measured by real-time PCR every day up to 7 days after irradiation. The in vitro infectivity of C. parvum on human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-8) was effectively reduced (> 2 log₁₀) by irradiation at 10 kGy or more. However, in the experiment to find out repair of the infectivity, recovery was not noted until day 7 post-incubation.

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Ultrastructural Changes inCryptosporidium parvumOocysts by Gamma Irradiation
Migyo Joung, Sejeong Yun, Mijoung Joung, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 25. CrossRef
Effect of Infrared Irradiation of Oocysts on the Pathology of Experimental Cryptosporidiosis in Apparently Normal and Immunosuppressed Mice
Hafidh I. Al-Sadi, Saevan S. Al-Mahm
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Rejoining of gamma-ray-induced DNA damage in Cryptosporidium parvum measured by the comet assay
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Experimental Parasitology.2010; 125(3): 230. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Ultrastructural Localization of Toxocara canis Larval Antigen Reacted with a Seropositive Human Serum: Soo-Ung Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):65-68.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.65

Abstract
PDF

Excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis larvae have been considered as a major functional antigen in immune responses against toxocariasis. We studied ultrastructural localization of T. canis second-stage larval antigen using a seropositive human serum under immunogold electron microscopy. High-density gold particles were observed in the secretory cells, excretory duct, intestinal epithelium, and cuticle of the larval worm sections. The distribution of the positive reactions in the larval worms suggests that the nature of the antigen is excretory-secretory antigen including waste metabolites and secretory enzymes.

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Identification of parasite DNA in common bile duct stones by PCR and DNA sequencing: Ji Sun Jang, Kyung Ho Kim, Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):301-306.
Published online December 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.301

Abstract
PDF

We attempted to identify parasite DNA in the biliary stones of humans via PCR and DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA was isolated from each of 15 common bile duct (CBD) stones and 5 gallbladder (GB) stones. The patients who had the CBD stones suffered from cholangitis, and the patients with GB stones showed acute cholecystitis, respectively. The 28S and 18S rDNA genes were amplified successfully from 3 and/or 1 common bile duct stone samples, and then cloned and sequenced. The 28S and 18S rDNA sequences were highly conserved among isolates. Identity of the obtained 28S D1 rDNA with that of Clonorchis sinensis was higher than 97.6%, and identity of the 18S rDNA with that of other Ascarididae was 97.9%. Almost no intra-specific variations were detected in the 28S and 18S rDNA with the exception of a few nucleotide variations, i.e., substitution and deletion. These findings suggest that C. sinensis and Ascaris lumbricoides may be related with the biliary stone formation and development.

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Time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):225-228.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.225

Abstract
PDF

We observed the time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice (3-week-old C57BL/6J females) infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocyst shedding was verified by modified acid-fast staining. The individually collected mouse sera were assessed for C. parvum IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 5 to 25 weeks after infection. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts were shed from day 5 to 51 post-infection (PI). The IgM antibody titers to C. parvum peaked at week 5 PI, whereas the IgG antibody titers achieved maximum levels at week 25 PI. The results revealed that IgM responses to C. parvum infection occurred during the early stage of infection and overlapped with the oocyst shedding period, whereas IgG responses occurred during the late stage and was not correlated with oocyst shedding. Hence, IgM antibody detection may prove helpful for the diagnosis of acute cryptosporidiosis, and IgG antibody detection may prove effective for the detection of past infection and endemicity.

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Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 190(3-4): 411. CrossRef

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Intestinal protozoan infections and echinococcosis in the inhabitants of Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia (2003): Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Il Kim, Choijamts Gotov, Radnaabazar Janchiv, Jeong-Sun Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):171-174.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.171

Abstract
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The status of intestinal parasitic infections and seroprevalence of cystic echinococcosis in the inhabitants in Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia, was observed with stool and serum samples from 165 and 683 residents from August 9 to August 15, 2003. A total of 10 inhabitants (6.1%) were found to be infected with protozoan cysts or oocysts by stool examinations; 7, 1 and 2 cases with Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. A total of 62 people (9.1%) revealed significantly high levels of specific antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The surveyed areas are rural areas and the sanitized tab water is not available. There is a possibility of endemic transmission of water-borne protozoan diseases in these areas. The clinical echinococcosis is needed to be searched from the seropositive inhabitants.

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Patients with cystic echinococcosis in the three national referral centers of Mongolia: A model for CE management assessment
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Prevalence of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in non-HIV patients in Jeollanam-do, Korea: Jong-Kyu Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(3):111-114.
Published online September 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.111

Abstract
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The present study investigated the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium parvum as a cause of diarrhea. We examined 942 stools of unidentified reasons occurring in patients in whom no immunosuppression had been detected. We examined the stools for Cryptosporidium parvum via modified acid-fast staining. The clinical records of all of the positive patients were then analyzed. Nine (1%) of the stools among the 942 diarrheal patients were positive for C. parvum. The positive rate in the males was 1.1% (6/522) and the positive rate of the females was 0.7% (3/420). Age distribution revealed that the highest positive rates were in patients in their sixties, with a positive rate of 2.5% (4/158). In the clinical tests, levels of c-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and neutrophil proportions were normally increased in the peripheral blood, whereas the lymphocyte proportion exhibited a tendency towards decrease. The pathological findings were compatible with an inflammatory reaction in the host.

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Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):45-47.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.45

Abstract
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To investigate the infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum, 589 fecal samples were collected from pigs raised at farm in Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do. Of the 589 pig fecal samples, 62 (10.5%) were positive for C. parvum. The area showing the highest positive rate was Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (14.0%), and the lowest (0%) Salmi-myon, Chungcheongbuk-do. The positive rate of C. parvum in Judok-eup increased from 12.7% in the winter to 22.1% in the summer. The results of this study suggest that the pigs may be a source of human C. parvum infection.

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Original Articles

In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line: Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):27-34.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.27

Abstract
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We investigated the optimal culture conditions for Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line by determining the effects of medium pH and of selected supplements on the development of C. muris. The optimum pH of the culture medium required for the development of C. muris was determined to be 6.6. The number of parasites significantly increased during cultivation for 72 hr (p < 0.05) at this level. On the other hand, numbers decreased linearly after 24 hr of incubation at pH 7.5. When cultured in different concentrations of serum, C. muris in media containing 5% FBS induced 4-7 times more parasites than in 1% or 10% serum. Of the six medium supplements examined, only 1 mM pyruvate enhanced the number of C. muris in vitro. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed the developmental stages of C. muris in the cytoplasm of the cells, not in an extracytoplasmic location. The growth of C. muris in AGS cells provides a means of investigating its biological characteristics and of testing its response to therapeutic agents. However, a more optimized culture system is needed for the recovery of oocysts on a large scale in vitro.

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Bailey M. Magers, Kyle D. Brumfield, Moiz Usmani, Rita R. Colwell, Antarpreet S. Jutla
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Response of cell lines to actual and simulated inoculation with Cryptosporidium proliferans
Janka Melicherová, Lada Hofmannová, Andrea Valigurová
European Journal of Protistology.2018; 62: 101. CrossRef
The fine structure of sexual stage development and sporogony ofCryptosporidium parvumin cell-free culture
HEBATALLA M. ALDEYARBI, PANAGIOTIS KARANIS
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Yukimasa Ooi, Eriko Daikoku, Hong Wu, Hiroaki Aoki, Chizuko Morita, Takashi Nakano, Takehiro Kohno, Tomohiko Takasaki, Kouichi Sano
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Parasitology Research.2009; 105(5): 1419. CrossRef

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Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the villagers and domestic animals in several rural areas of Korea: Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Kyu Lee, Min Seo, Seok-Il Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sun Huh, Hae-Yeon Choi, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):1-6.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.1

Abstract
PDF

The present study was undertaken to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium parvum in the villagers and the reservoir hosts in several rural areas in Korea. A total 5,262 fecal samples were collected from the inhabitants residing at Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do between the dates of September, 2001 to June, 2002. In addition, 1,453 fecal samples were collected from livestock reared in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do and Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do. All the fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined by light microscopy after modified acid-fast staining. The overall positive rate of human cryptosporidiosis was 3.3%. Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do showed a 8.2% positive rate and appeared as the highest endemic area among the surveyed areas. Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do showed a 0.4% positive rate and was the lowest endemic area. The positive rate of livestock infection in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do was 94%, which was more than ten times higher than that of Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (9.3%). From these results, it was revealed that cryptosporidiosis was an endemic disease in some rural areas of Korea, and the livestock could be an important source of human infection.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 219. CrossRef
Evaluation of staining techniques, antigen detection and nested PCR for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients
Kirti Kaushik, Sumeeta Khurana, Ajay Wanchu, Nancy Malla
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Chadaporn Nuchjangreed, Kajohn Boonrod, Jerry Ongerth, Panagiotis Karanis
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Intestinal Immune Response to HumanCryptosporidiumsp. Infection
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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran
Mohammad Mirzaei
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(2): 133. CrossRef
Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cryptosporidiosis in Young Children in Iran
A.A. Moghaddam
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.2007; 10(7): 1108. CrossRef
Genotypic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Oocysts Isolated from Healthy People in Three Different Counties of Korea
Hyeng-il CHEUN, Taek-kyeun CHOI, Gyung-tae CHUNG, Shin-hyeong CHO, Young-hee LEE, Isao KIMATA, Tong-soo KIM
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2007; 69(10): 1099. CrossRef
A survey of cryptosporidiosis among 2,541 residents of 25 coastal islands in Jeollanam-do (Province), Republic of Korea
Jae-Hwan Park, Hyo-Jin Kim, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(4): 367. CrossRef
Prevalence of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in non-HIV patients in Jeollanam-do, Korea
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Genotype and animal infectivity of a human isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Republic of Korea
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(2): 85. CrossRef
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Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2004; 47(6): 512. CrossRef

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Ultrastructural localization of 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase in adult Clonorchis sinensis: Sung-Jong Hong, Jae-Ran Yu, Shin-Yong Kang; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):173-176.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.173

Abstract
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Glutathione S-transferase (28GST) with molecular mass of 28 kDa is an anti-oxidant enzyme abundant in Clonorchis sinensis. In adult C. sinensis, 28GST was localized in tegumental syncytium, cytons, parenchyma, and sperm tails examined by immunoelectron microscopy. C. sinensis 28GST was earlier found to neutralize bio-reactive compounds and to be rich in eggs. Accordingly, it is suggested that 28GST plays important roles in phase II defense system and physiological roles in worm fecundity of C. sinensis.

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Brief Communications

Enzooticity of the dogs, the reservoir host of Thelazia callipaeda, in Korea: Min Seo, Jae-Ran Yu, Hyun-Young Park, Sun Huh, Sang-Kun Kim, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(2):101-103.
Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.2.101

Abstract
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The reservoir hosts of Thelazia callipaeda were examined. The eyes of the 76 dogs raised at farm, 78 military dogs (shepherds), 96 cattle, and 105 pigs were investigated for the presence of eyeworm. Among them, six worms of T. callipaeda were collected from two dogs raised at farm (2.7%), and 188 worms from 26 shepherds (33.5%). No worms were recovered from the cattle or pigs. These results suggest that the dogs, especially the military dogs are serving as a reservoir host of T. callipaeda in Korea.

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Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida) infections in 2 wildlife species, Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides, in Korea
Jinho Jang, Young-Seok Park, YoungMin Yun, Keeseon S. Eom, Seongjun Choe
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Xiaoxing Wei, Bo Liu, Yijian Li, Ke Wang, Lixia Gao, Yuli Yang
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Mitochondrial Genome of the Eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida), as the First Representative from the Family Thelaziidae
Guo-Hua Liu, Robin B. Gasser, Domenico Otranto, Min-Jun Xu, Ji-Long Shen, Namitha Mohandas, Dong-Hui Zhou, Xing-Quan Zhu, Peter U. Fischer
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Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye
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Heejeong Youn
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Human Thelaziosis—A Neglected Parasitic Disease of the Eye
Jilong Shen, Robin B. Gasser, Deyong Chu, Zengxian Wang, Xiaosong Yuan, Cinzia Cantacessi, Domenico Otranto
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An epidemiological survey on Cryptosporidium parvum infection of inhabitants in Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do: Min Seo, Sun Huh, Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):201-203.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.201

Abstract
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The present study was undertaken to know the infection status of Cryptosporidium parvum among the residents of Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do in 1993. Total 461 fecal samples were collected from the inhabitants residing in Chorwon-gun during the period of August 12 to September 14, 1993. Fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined after modified acid fast staining. Of the 461 fecal samples, 9 (1.9%) were positive for C. parvum oocysts. The positive cases were limited to thirties (4) patients, forties (3), and sixties (2), and no oocyst was detected in other age groups. The oocyst positive rate for male was 1.4% and that of female was 2.6%.

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Mok-Young Lee, Sang-Jung Park, Eun-Joo Cho, Su-Jeong Park, Sun-Hee Han, Oh-Sang Kwon
Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2013; 39(1): 32. CrossRef
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Shinje Moon, Wooseok Kwak, Sangwon Lee, Won Kim, Jaeyeon Oh, Seung-Ki Youn
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(7): 983. CrossRef
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Jae-Ran Yu
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Jong-Kyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Sun Huh, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
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Heejeong Youn
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Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera
Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
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Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai, Yung-Oh Shin, Min Seo
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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran
Mohammad Mirzaei
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(2): 133. CrossRef
Genotypic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Oocysts Isolated from Healthy People in Three Different Counties of Korea
Hyeng-il CHEUN, Taek-kyeun CHOI, Gyung-tae CHUNG, Shin-hyeong CHO, Young-hee LEE, Isao KIMATA, Tong-soo KIM
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2007; 69(10): 1099. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(4): 367. CrossRef
Genotype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. prevalent in a rural village in Hwasun-gun, Republic of Korea
Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(1): 27. CrossRef
Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum
Jae-Ran Yu, Min Seo
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Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the villagers and domestic animals in several rural areas of Korea
Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Kyu Lee, Min Seo, Seok-Il Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sun Huh, Hae-Yeon Choi, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 1. CrossRef

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A human case of gastric infection by Pseudoterranova decipiens larva: Jae-Ran Yu, Min Seo, Young-Wook Kim, Mee-Hee Oh, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):193-196.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.193

Abstract
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We report a case of gastric pseudoterranoviasis proven by gastrofiberscopy on Dec. 13, 1994. The 34-year-old male patient, residing in Chungju-shi, was admitted to Konkuk University Hospital complaining of prickling epigastric pain. The symptoms suddenly attacked him two days after eating raw marine fish at Chonan-shi. By the gastrofiberscopic examination, a long white-yellowish nematode was found from the fundus region of stomach. The worm was 34.50 × 0.84 mm in size, and was identified as a 3rd stage larva of Pseudoterranova decipiens judging from the position of the intestinal cecum. This is the 12th confirmed case of human pseudoterranoviasis in Korea.

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Original Articles

Localization of cytoskeletal proteins in Pneumocystis carinii by immuno-electron microscopy: Jae-Ran Yu, Jae-Kyong Pyon, Min Seo, Byung-Suk Jung, Sang Rock Cho, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):13-21.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.13

Abstract
PDF

Pneumocystis carinii causes serious pulmonary infection in immunosuppressed patients. This study was undertaken to observe the cytoskeletal proteins of P. carinii by immuno-electron microscopy. P. carinii infection was experimentally induced by immunosuppression of Sprague-Dawley rats for seven weeks, and their lungs were used for the observations of this study. The gold particles localized actin, tropomyosin, and tubulin. The actin was irregularly scattered in the cytoplasm of the trophic forms but was much more concentrated in the inner space of the cell wall of the cystic forms called the inner electron-lucent layer. No significant amount of tropomyosin was observed in either trophic forms or cystic forms. The tubulin was distributed along the peripheral cytoplasm and filopodia of both the trophic and cystic forms rather than in the inner side of the cytoplasm. Particularly, in the cystic forms, the amount of tubulin was increased and located mainly in the inner electron-lucent layer of the cell wall where the actin was concentrated as well. The results of this study showed that the cell wall of P. carinii cystic forms is a structure whose inner side is rich in actin and tubulin. The location of the actin and tubulin in P. carinii suggests that the main role of these proteins is an involvement in the protection of cystic forms from the outside environment by maintaining rigidity of the cystic forms.

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A Molecular Window into the Biology and Epidemiology of Pneumocystis spp
Liang Ma, Ousmane H. Cissé, Joseph A. Kovacs
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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The effect of microfilament inhibitor on the Cryptosporidium infection in vitro: Jae-Ran Yu, Sung-Don Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):257-261.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.257

Abstract
PDF

This study was focused on the effects of microfilament inhibitor, Cytochalasin D (CD) on the invasiveness of sporozoites of Cryptosporidium spp. into the host cells. MDCK and AGS cell lines were used as host cells for C. parvum and C. muris, respectively. When MDCK cells were pretreated with CD for 1 hr before inoculation of the sporozoites, C. parvum infection was significantly inhibited when compared to the control cells. These inhibitory effects of CD on the rate of infection were dose-dependent. In addition, C. muris infection was hampered when AGS cell lines were pretreated with CD. However, the capability of invasiveness of the sporozoites into the host cells was not greatly influenced by the pretreatment of sporozoites with CD before infection. These results suggest that microfilaments of host cells, rather than parasites, play an important role for the invasion of Cryptosporidium spp.

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Transcriptome analysis of pig intestinal cell monolayers infected with Cryptosporidium parvum asexual stages
Marzieh Ezzaty Mirhashemi, Farzad Noubary, Susan Chapman-Bonofiglio, Saul Tzipori, Gordon S. Huggins, Giovanni Widmer
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Annunziata Giangaspero, Federica Berrilli, Olga Brandonisio
Parasitology Research.2007; 101(5): 1169. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium parvum regulation of human epithelial cell gene expression
Mingqi Deng, Cheryl A Lancto, Mitchell S Abrahamsen
International Journal for Parasitology.2004; 34(1): 73. CrossRef
In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line
Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 27. CrossRef

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Purification of a 68-kDa cysteine proteinase from crude extract of Pneumocystis carinii: Min-Ho Choi, Byung-Suk Chung, Young-Bae Chung, Jae-Ran Yu, Sang Rock Cho, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):159-166.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.159

Abstract
PDF

The present study intended to verify activities of cysteine proteinase of Pneumocystis carinii from rats and to purify the enzyme. In order to exclude the contamination of host-derived enzymes, concentrates of P. carinii was primarily treated with a mixture of proteinase inhibitors before lysis of P. carinii. A 68-kDa cysteine proteinase was finally purified from the crude extract of P. carinii by 4 sequential chromatographic methods. The enzyme showed an optimal activity at pH 5.5 in 0.1 M sodium acetate, and its activity was specifically inhibited by L-trans-epoxysuccinylleucylamido (4-guanidino) butane (E-64) and iodoacetic acid, suggesting that the enzyme is a cysteine proteinase. The 68-kDa proteinase weakly digested macromolecules such as collagen, hemoglobin and fibronectin. The present study demonstrated the activity of cysteine proteinase at the 68-kDa band of P. carinii, and purified and characterized the molecule.

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Philippe M. Hauser, Frédéric X. Burdet, Ousmane H. Cissé, Laurent Keller, Patrick Taffé, Dominique Sanglard, Marco Pagni, Jason E. Stajich
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Cassie C. Kennedy, Theodore J. Kottom, Andrew H. Limper
Infection and Immunity.2009; 77(8): 3328. CrossRef

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Genetic heterogeneity of Pneumocystis carinii from rats of several regions and strains: Byung-Suk Chung, Yun-Kyu Pars, Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jin Kim, Xiaohua Shi, Sang Rock Cho, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):151-158.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.151

Abstract
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Pneumocystis carinii is a major opportunistic pathogen which has been found in the lungs of a wide variety of mammalian host species, and the fact suggests the possibility of intraspecific variation. Until now, P. carinii from different mammalian species are differentiated as subspecies, and the rats are known to be infected by two subspecies. The present study investigated genetic heterogeneity of P. carinii isolates from two strains of rats in Korea and China by molecular karyotyping, RFLP and sequencing analysis. Karyotypes of P. carinii were grouped into three, two from two strains of rats in Korea and one from rats in China. However RFLP of PCR product of ribosomal and MSG gene of the P. carinii isolates showed same pattern. The sequence homology rates of α-tubulin DNA of the P. carinii isolates were 96% in Seoul Wistar rats, 93% in Seoul Sprague-Dawley rats, and 85% in Chinese Sprague-Dawley rats. The present finding confirmed that P. carinii from rats in Korea are grouped into two karyotype strains which are different from that of P. carinii from rats in China. The Chinese isolate shows a little different sequences of α-tubulin DNA.

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Intraspecific variability in several isolates of Philasterides dicentrarchi (syn. Miamiensis avidus), a scuticociliate parasite of farmed turbot
Belén Budiño, Jesús Lamas, María P. Pata, Juan A. Arranz, Manuel L. Sanmartín, José Leiro
Veterinary Parasitology.2011; 175(3-4): 260. CrossRef
Analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 Sequences of Pneumocystis jiroveci from Clinical Specimens
Jae-Seok Kim, Yong-Kyun Kim, Ji Young Park, Eun Kyung Mo, Han Sung Kim, Wonkeun Song, Hyoun Chan Cho, Kyu Man Lee
Chonnam Medical Journal.2008; 44(2): 82. CrossRef

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In vitro infection of Cryptosporidium parvum to four different cell lines: Jae-Ran Yu, Sung-Don Choi, Young-Wook Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(2):59-64.
Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.2.59

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To determine a suitable condition for in vitro infection model of Cryptosporidium parvum, four different cell lines, AGS, MDCK, HCT-8 and Caco-2, were used as host cell lines which were cultured at various concentrations of added supplements. These supplement include fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium choleate, ascorbic acid, folic acid, calcium pantothenate, para-aminobenzoic acid and pyruvate and their effects on the cell lines which were infected with C. parvum were evaluated. The results of this study showed that the AGS cell line was most susceptible to C. parvum whereas the Caco-2 cells appeared to be least susceptible to C. parvum. In regards to the serum condition, 10% FBS was suitable for the growth of AGS and HCT-8 cells, and 1% FBS was good for the growth of the MDCK cells when they were inoculated with C. parvum. Vitamines had a positive effect on the AGS cells, and pyruvate also showed positive effects on all of the cell lines except for Caco-2. Modified medium for each cell line was prepared by adding appropriate amounts of each supplement which resulted in the highest parasite infection number. Modified media increased the number of parasites infected on AGS cells to 2.3-fold higher when compared to the control media. In this study, we found that the AGS cell line was a suitable host model for evaluating C. parvum in vitro study and the media contents for the optimal infection conditions were suggested.

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In vitro and in vivo anti-Cryptosporidium and anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera gel in dexamethasone immunosuppressed mice
Alyaa Farid, Aya Tawfik, Basil Elsioufy, Gehan Safwat
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2021; 17: 156. CrossRef
Response of cell lines to actual and simulated inoculation with Cryptosporidium proliferans
Janka Melicherová, Lada Hofmannová, Andrea Valigurová
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A new in vitro model using small intestinal epithelial cells to enhance infection of Cryptosporidium parvum
Eunice A. Varughese, Christina L. Bennett-Stamper, Larry J. Wymer, Jagjit S. Yadav
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Evolution of Cryptosporidium in vitro culture
P. Karanis, H.M. Aldeyarbi
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Morphology and infectivity of virus that persistently caused infection in an AGS cell line
Yukimasa Ooi, Eriko Daikoku, Hong Wu, Hiroaki Aoki, Chizuko Morita, Takashi Nakano, Takehiro Kohno, Tomohiko Takasaki, Kouichi Sano
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K.M. Woods, S.J. Upton
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Cryptosporidium p30, a Galactose/N-Acetylgalactosamine-specific Lectin, Mediates Infection in Vitro
Najma Bhat, Angela Joe, Mercio PereiraPerrin, Honorine D. Ward
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In vitro culture of Cryptosporidium muris in a human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line
Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
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MICROBIAL ADHESION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM SPOROZOITES: PURIFICATION OF AN INHIBITORY LIPID FROM BOVINE MUCOSA
Julie K. Johnson, Joann Schmidt, Howard B. Gelberg, Mark S. Kuhlenschmidt
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IcsB, secreted via the type III secretion system, is chaperoned by IpgA and required at the post‐invasion stage of Shigella pathogenicity
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The effect of microfilament inhibitor on the Cryptosporidium infection in vitro
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(4): 257. CrossRef

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Variation of antigenicity and serological reaction to Pneumocystis carinii in Korea: Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Seoung-Wan Chae, Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jin Kim, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):109-115.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.109

Abstract
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The present study observed the variation of antigenicity of Pneumocystis carinii and serum IgG antibody reaction to the antigens from different localities in Korea. Antigens of rat P. carinii and sera of inhabitants were collected at Chunchon, Chungju, Kwangju, and Seoul during 1995-1996. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and immunoblot were used for immune reaction. Absorbance of 1,294 human sera ranged between 0.01 and 0.93. Sera from Chunchon showed higher absorbances than those from other areas. Immunoblotting revealed IgG antibody reactions to 116, 100, and 45-55 kDa antigenic bands of rat P. carinii, but the frequencies of positive reaction to individual bands were variable by localities. Total 62.6% of the sera showed the reaction to 116 kDa band while 37.7% reacted to 100 kDa band and 32.0% to 45-55 kDa bands. For the reaction to 116 kDa, the reaction rate was 60.0% to 82.6% by localities. It is found that the reaction rates of the human sera to rat P. carinii antigen are variable according to the localities. Also, the high molecular antigen of 116 kDa of rat P. carinii is the most frequent antigenic band reacting to human sera.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with PriorPneumocystisPneumonia Exhibit Increased Serologic Reactivity to Several Major Surface Glycoprotein Clones
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Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2006; 13(10): 1071. CrossRef

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Distribution of actin and tropomyosin in Cryptosporidium muris: Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):227-234.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.227

Abstract
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Actin and tropomyosin of Cryptosporidium muris were localized by immunogold labeling. Two kinds of antibodies for actin labeling were used. The polyclonal antibody to skeletal muscle (chicken back muscle) actin was labeled on the pellicle and cytoplasmic vacuoles of parasites. The feeder organelle has showed a small amount of polyclonal actin antibody labeling as well. Whereas the monoclonal antibody to smooth muscle (chicken gizzard muscle) actin was chiefly labeled on the filamentous cytoplasm of parasites. The apical portion of host gastric epithelial cell cytoplasm was also labeled by smooth muscle actin together. The polyclonal antibody to tropomyosin was much more labeled at C. muris than host cells, so it could be easily identified even with low magnification (×2,000). The tropomyosin was observed along the pellicle, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and around the nucleus also. The skeletal muscle type actin seems to play a role in various cellular functions with tropomyosin in C. muris; on the other hand, the smooth muscle type actin was located mainly on the filamentous cytoplasm and supported the parasites' firm attachment to host cells. Tropomyosin on the pellicle was thought to be able to stimulate the host as a major antigen through continuous shedding out by the escape of sporozoites or merozoites from their mother cells.

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Surface ultrastructure of Metagonimus miyatai metacercariae and adults: Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Je Kang, Sung-Yil Choi, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Ran Yu, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):217-225.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.217

Abstract
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A scanning electron microscopic study was performed to observe surface ultrastructures of excysted metacercariae and adults of Metagonimus miyatai. Metacercariae were collected from the scale of the pale chub (Zacco platypus), and adult flukes were harvested 1-4 weeks after infection to rats. In excysted metacercariae, the oral sucker was devoid of tegumental spines and had type I and type II sensory papillae. Anteriorly to the ventral sucker, spines were dense and digitated into 5-7 points, whereas near the posterior end of the body spines were sparse and digitated into 2-3 points. In one-week adults, 7 type II sensory papillae were arranged around the lip of the oral sucker, and at inner side of the lip one pair of small and two pairs of large type 1 sensory papillae were seen on each side. The distribution of tegumental spines was similar to that of metacercariae, but they were more differentiated with 9-11 pointed tips. In two- to four-week old adults, the surface ultrastructure was nearly the same as in one-week old adults, however, sperms were frequently seen entering into the Laurer's canal. Conclusively, the surface ultrastructure of M. miyatai was generally similar to that of M. yokogawai, however, differentiation of tegumental spines and distribution of sensory papillae around the oral sucker were different between the two species, which may be of taxonomic significance.

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