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"Hak Sun Yu"

Brief Communication

Strain-dependent immune responses reveal a critical role of IL-17A in defense against Balamuthia mandrillaris
Yu Jin Jeong, Dong Gyu Han, Mi Kyung Park, Seo Yeong Choi, Shin Ae Kang, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):371-377.
Published online November 19, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25066
Balamuthia mandrillaris is a causative agent of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, a rare but often fatal condition. To investigate the role of T helper (Th) cell subsets in the immune response against B. mandrillaris, we examined 3 mouse strains with distinct immunological profiles: C57BL/6 (Th1-dominant), BALB/c (Th2-dominant), and ICR (balanced Th1/Th2). Mice were infected intranasally with 1×105 amoebae. Body weight and neurologic symtoms were monitored weekly, and cytokine expression was assessed biweekly over 6 weeks. Minimal weight loss and no mortality were observed in C57BL/6 mice, whereas BALB/c and ICR mice exhibited significant early and delayed mortality, respectively. Interleukin-17A expression was notably elevated in C57BL/6 mice compared with the other strains. These findings indicate that a robust Th17 response, particularly interleukin-17A production, is a critical component of the host defense against B. mandrillaris infection.
  • 335 View
  • 15 Download

Original Article

Microarray-based characterization of airway inflammation induced by environmental Acanthamoeba exposure versus the ovalbumin-alum model
Shin Ae Kang, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):327-339.
Published online November 19, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25050
The ovalbumin (OVA)-alum mouse model, which induces a Th2-biased immune response, is commonly used to study allergic airway inflammation. However, the artificial nature of this model limits its relevance to environmental or infection-related airway diseases. The free-living environmental protozoan Acanthamoeba is a potential trigger of airway inflammation, but its immune mechanisms remain largely unknown. To compare these 2 models of airway inflammation, this study carried out microarray-based transcriptomic analysis of lung tissue obtained from mice with OVA-alum treatment or intranasal Acanthamoeba exposure. Compared to controls, OVA-alum treatment induced broad transcriptional changes involving >2,900 probes (fold change ≥1.5); Acanthamoeba exposure led to a substantially weaker response, with <500 probes affected at the same threshold. Unlike the OVA-alum–treated group, the Acanthamoeba-exposed mice showed minimal overlap with only 5 genes significantly downregulated, suggesting a distinct immune activation profile. Downregulation of genes related to the immunoglobulin variable region (Ighv1-58 and Igkv3-10) and eosinophil function (Rnase2a) in the Acanthamoeba group suggest suppression of a typical Th2/humoral response. Heatmap and clustering analysis demonstrated clear separation between the Acanthamoeba, OVA-alum, and control groups. Taken together, these results suggest that Acanthamoeba induces a unique airway immune response that is markedly different from traditional Th2-dominant inflammation, and may be a more suitable model for studying environmentally-induced or infection-related respiratory diseases.
  • 264 View
  • 10 Download

Mini Review

Therapeutic potentials of Trichinella spiralis in immune disorders: From allergy to autoimmunity
Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):123-134.
Published online May 26, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24086
The incidence of immune system diseases is increasing globally, particularly in developed countries. The hygiene and old friend hypotheses suggest that the decreased incidence of helminth infections in these countries may underlie the rising prevalence of autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. The preventive and therapeutic potential of Trichinella spiralis, a helminthic parasite, has been well demonstrated in animal models of immune dysregulation-mediated diseases. This review comprehensively analyze how T. spiralis modulates immune responses across a spectrum of immune dysregulation. We systematically review the key research findings on the effects of T. spiralis infection on immune-related disease. T. spiralis has shown the ability to regulate host immune responses in autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory disorders, exerting anti-inflammatory effects and restoring immune homeostasis through various immunological pathways. Given its significant immunomodulatory potential, T. spiralis represents a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions against immune-mediated diseases, warranting further molecular investigations and clinical applications.
  • 2,175 View
  • 52 Download

Original Articles

Proteome identification of common immunological proteins of two nematode parasites
Shin Ae Kang, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):342-350.
Published online August 26, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24027
Although helminth parasites have different life cycles, their hosts share similar immune responses involving Th2 cell-type. Here, we extracted proteins from the larvae of Anisakis simplex complex and Trichinella spiralis to identify common and specific antigens (or allergens) associated with the Th2 immune response. We performed two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis and Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) experiments. We found 13 potentially immunogenic proteins, which included 5 spots specific to T. spiralis and 8 common to T. spiralis and A. simplex, by tandem mass spectrometry. These molecules were identified structurally as actin, tropomyosin, col cuticle N domain-containing protein, and heat shock proteins. We also identified molecules related to parasite-host immune modulation and interactions. Our results may contribute to reveal potential roles of immunological proteins in parasite-derived immune modulation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Therapeutic potentials of Trichinella spiralis in immune disorders: From allergy to autoimmunity
    Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 123.     CrossRef
  • Coupled transcriptome and proteome analysis of L3 and L4 developmental stages of Anisakis simplex s. s.: insights into target genes under glucose influence
    Iwona Polak, Robert Stryiński, Mateusz Maździarz, Lukasz Paukszto, Mónica Carrera, Iwona Bogacka, Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
    BMC Genomics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 2,123 View
  • 58 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Presence and diversity of free-living amoebae and their potential application as water quality indicators
Areum Choi, Ji Won Seong, Jeong Hyun Kim, Jun Young Lee, Hyun Jae Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Mi Jin Jeong, Seo Yeong Choi, Yu Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):180-192.
Published online May 27, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24020
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found in diverse environments, such as soils, rivers, and seas. Hence, they can be used as bioindicators to assess the water quality based solely on their presence. In this study, we determined the presence of FLA in river water by filtering water samples collected from various sites and culturing the resulting filtrates. FLA were detected in all the water samples with varying quality grades (Grades Ι-V). The significant increase in the size of the amoebae population with the deterioration in the water quality. Monoxenic cultures of the amoebae were performed, and genomic DNAs were isolated, among which 18S rDNAs were sequenced to identify the amoeba species. Of the 12 species identified, 10 belonged to the Acanthamoeba genus; of the remaining 2 species, one was identified as Vannella croatica and the other as a species of Vermamoeba. Acanthamoeba was detected in samples with Grades Ι to VI quality, whereas the Vermamoeba species was present only in Grade Ι water. V. croatica was found exclusively in water with Grade ΙΙ quality. Following morphological observations, genomic DNA was sequenced using 16S rDNA to determine whether the species of Acanthamoeba harbored endosymbionts. Most of the isolated Acanthamoeba contained endosymbionts, among which 4 species of endogenous bacteria were identified and examined using transmission electron microscopy. This study provides evidence that the distribution of amoebae other than Acanthamoeba may be associated with water quality. However, further confirmation will be required based on accurate water quality ratings and assessments using a more diverse range of FLA.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Isolation of Acanthamoeba Species and Bacterial Symbiont Variability in Puna Salt Plains, Argentina
    Ronnie Mooney, Kiri Rodgers, Sandro Carnicelli, Matías E. Carnevale, Maria Eugenia Farias, Fiona L. Henriquez
    Environmental Microbiology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Identifying Promising Novel Compounds Against Free-Living Amoebae: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
    Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Luiza Bernardes Chagas, Letícia F. G. Kinape, Paula Eliete Rodrigues Bitencourt, Custódio José Gaspar, Alexandre Coelho Borges Cheinquer, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Zanette, Jo
    Parasitologia.2025; 5(4): 56.     CrossRef
  • The Microbial Trojan Horse and Antimicrobial Resistance: Acanthamoeba as an Environmental Reservoir for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
    Ronnie Mooney, Erin Corbett, Elisa Giammarini, Kiri Rodgers, Carla Donet, Ernest Mui, Arhama T. A. Ansari, Ayush Ransingh, Pradnya S. Vernekar, Harleen K. Walia, Jyoti Sharma, John Connolly, Andrew Hursthouse, Suparna Mukherji, Soumyo Mukherji, Fiona L. H
    Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Le monde fascinant des amibes libres, des protistes aux multiples facettes
    Aurélie Delumeau, Nina Allouch, Isaure Quétel, Virginie Nerrière, Isabel Marcelino
    médecine/sciences.2025; 41(10): 743.     CrossRef
  • 3,091 View
  • 77 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Evaluating the activity of N-89 as an oral antimalarial drug
Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Takaaki Kubota, Yuji Kurosaki, Duc Tuan Cao, Gehan A. Rashed, Hye-Sook Kim
Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):282-291.
Published online August 21, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23044
Despite the recent progress in public health measures, malaria remains a troublesome disease that needs to be eradicated. It is essential to develop new antimalarial medications that are reliable and secure. This report evaluated the pharmacokinetics and antimalarial activity of 1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadecane (N-89) using the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in vivo. After a single oral dose (75 mg /kg) of N-89, its pharmacokinetic parameters were measured, and t1/2 was 0.97 h, Tmax was 0.75 h, and bioavailability was 7.01%. A plasma concentration of 8.1 ng/ml of N-89 was maintained for 8 h but could not be detected at 10 h. The dose inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (ED50) and ED90 values of oral N-89 obtained following a 4-day suppressive test were 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the plasma concentration of N-89, we evaluated the antimalarial activity and cure effects of oral N-89 at a dose of 75 mg/kg 3 times daily for 3 consecutive days in mice harboring more than 0.5% parasitemia. In all the N-89- treated groups, the parasites were eliminated on day 5 post-treatment, and all mice recovered without a parasite recurrence for 30 days. Additionally, administering oral N-89 at a low dose of 50 mg/kg was sufficient to cure mice from day 6 without parasite recurrence. This work was the first to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and antimalarial activity of N-89 as an oral drug. In the future, the following steps should be focused on developing N-89 for malaria treatments; its administration schedule and metabolic pathways should be investigated.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • The antimalarial activity of transdermal N-89 mediated by inhibiting ERC gene expression in P. Berghei-infected mice
    Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Masayuki Morita, Hye-Sook Kim
    Parasitology International.2025; 106: 103026.     CrossRef
  • Evaluating the effect of new antimalarial N-89 for gametocytes in P. berghei-infected mice
    Thi Quyen Dinh, Hiroaki Matsumori, Mamoru Niikura, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Hye-Sook Kim
    Parasitology International.2025; 109: 103093.     CrossRef
  • 4,815 View
  • 87 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Antimalarial effect of synthetic endoperoxide on synchronized Plasmodium chabaudi infected mice
Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-Ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Fumie Kobayashi, Hye-Sook Kim
Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):33-41.
Published online February 22, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22119
The discovery of new antimalarial drugs can be developed using asynchronized Plasmodium berghei malaria parasites in vivo in mice. Studies on a particular stage are also required to assess the effectiveness and mode of action of drugs. In this report, we used endoperoxide 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro [7.11] nonadec-4-yl) hexan-1-ol (N-251) as a model antimalarial compound on P. chabaudi parasites. We examined the antimalarial effect of N-251 against ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites and asynchronized P. berghei parasites using the 4-day suppressive test. The ED50 values were 27, 22, and 22 mg/kg, respectively, and the antimalarial activity of N-251 was verified in both rodent malaria parasites. To assess the stage-specific effect of N-251 in vivo, we evaluated the change of parasitemia and distribution of parasite stages using ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites with one-day drug administration for one life cycle. We discovered that the parasitemias decreased after 13 and 9 hours post-treatment in the ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich groups, respectively. Additionally, in the ring-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the ring-stage parasites hindered trophozoite parasite development. For the trophozoite-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the distribution of the trophozoite stage was maintained without a change in parasitemia until 9 hours. Because of these findings, it can be concluded that N-251 suppressed the trophozoite stage but not the ring stage. We report for the first time that N-251 specifically suppresses the trophozoite stage using P. chabaudi in mice. The results show that P. chabaudi is a reliable model for the characterization of stage-specific antimalarial effects.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • The Importance of Murine Models in Determining In Vivo Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy in Antimalarial Drug Discovery
    Glory Adebayo, Opeyemi I. Ayanda, Matthias Rottmann, Olusola S. Ajibaye, Gbolahan Oduselu, Julius Mulindwa, Olayinka O. Ajani, Oluwagbemiga Aina, Pascal Mäser, Ezekiel Adebiyi
    Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 424.     CrossRef
  • Evaluating the activity of N-89 as an oral antimalarial drug
    Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Takaaki Kubota, Yuji Kurosaki, Duc Tuan Cao, Gehan A. Rashed, Hye-Sook Kim
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 282.     CrossRef
  • 3,994 View
  • 149 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Brief Communication

Phylogenetic Characteristics of Fasciola hepatica Isolated from a Korean Patient
Mi Jin Jeong, Jae Kyun Park, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):367-370.
Published online October 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.367
Fascioliasis is a parasitic infection caused by liver flukes. Although several cases have been reported in Korea, phylogenetic analysis of isolates is lacking. In this study, a 66-year-old woman with right upper quadrant (RUQ) abdominal pain was diagnosed as fascioliasis involving abdominal muscle by imaging study. She received praziquantel treatment, but symptoms were not improved. Lateral movement of the abscess lesion was followed. Trematode parasite was surgically removed from the patient’s rectus abdominis muscle. The fluke was identified as Fasciola hepatica based on sequence analysis of 18S rDNA. To determine the phylogenetic position of this Fasciola strain (named Korean Fasciola 1; KF1), the cox1 gene (273 bp) was analyzed and compared with the genes of 17 F. hepatica strains isolated from cows, sheep, goats, and humans from various countries. Phylogenetic analysis showed that KF1 was closely related with the isolates from China goat.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Toxocara canis and Fasciola hepatica Co-Infection Leading to Hepatic Abscess: A Case Report
    Seung Wan Kim, Byoung Kuk Jang
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 3,718 View
  • 385 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

Trichinella Infection Ameliorated Vincristine-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice
Young Rae Jo, Hwan Tae Park, Hak Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong
Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):247-254.
Published online August 24, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.247
Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in treatment of malignancies. However, VCR has a limitation in use since it commonly causes a painful neuropathy (VCR-induced peripheral neuropathy, VIPN). Inflammatory cytokines secreted by immune cells such as macrophages can exacerbate allodynia and hyperalgesia, because inhibiting the inflammatory response is a treatment target for VIPN. In this study, we investigated whether Trichinella spiralis, a widely studied helminth for its immunomodulatory abilities, can alleviate VCR-induced allodynia. Von Frey test showed that T. spiralis infection improved mechanical allodynia at 10 days after VCR injection. We further observed whether the difference was due to mitigated axon degeneration, but no significant difference between the groups in axonal degeneration in sciatic nerves and intra-epidermal nerve fibers was found. Conversely, we observed that number of infiltrated macrophages was decreased in the sciatic nerves of the T. spiralis infected mice. Moreover, treatment of T. spiralis excretory-secretory products caused peritoneal macrophages to secrete decreased level of IL-1β. This study suggests that T. spiralis can relieve VCR-induced mechanical allodynia by suppressing neuroinflammation and that application of controllable degree of helminth may prove beneficial for VIPN treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Therapeutic potentials of Trichinella spiralis in immune disorders: From allergy to autoimmunity
    Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 123.     CrossRef
  • Alleviation of Rheumatoid Arthritis by Inducing IDO Expression with Trichinella spiralis Recombinant Protein 43
    Xiao Ma, Dongming Liu, Wenhao Yu, Caixia Han, Arif Siddiqui
    Journal of Immunology Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Helminth-Derived Products: Potential Applications and Challenges in Diabetes Mellitus Management
    Yunhuan Zhu, Xintong Chen, Hezheng Zheng, Qiman Ma, Keda Chen, Hongyu Li
    Journal of Inflammation Research.2024; Volume 17: 11789.     CrossRef
  • 4,065 View
  • 135 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Free-Living Amoeba Vermamoeba vermiformis Induces Allergic Airway Inflammation
Da-In Lee, Sung Hee Park, Shin-Ae Kang, Do Hyun Kim, Sun Hyun Kim, So Yeon Song, Sang Eun Lee, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):229-239.
Published online August 24, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.229
The high percentage of Vermamoeba was found in tap water in Korea. This study investigated whether Vermamoeba induced allergic airway inflammation in mice. We selected 2 free-living amoebas (FLAs) isolated from tap water, which included Korean FLA 5 (KFA5; Vermamoeba vermiformis) and 21 (an homolog of Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/ E2). We axenically cultured KFA5 and KFA21. We applied approximately 1 × 106 to mice’s nasal passages 6 times and investigated their pathogenicity. The airway resistance value was significantly increased after KFA5 and KFA21 treatments. The eosinophil recruitment and goblet cell hyperplasia were concomitantly observed in bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue in mice infected with KFA5 and KFA21. These infections also activated the Th2-related interleukin 25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokines gene expression in mouse lung epithelial cells. The CD4+ interleukin 4+ cell population was increased in the lung, and the secretion of Th2-, Th17-, and Th1-associated cytokines were upregulated during KFA5 and KFA21 infection in the spleen, lung-draining lymph nodes, and BAL fluid. The pathogenicity (allergenicity) of KFA5 and KFA21 might not have drastically changed during the long-term in vitro culture. Our results suggested that Vermamoeba could elicit allergic airway inflammation and may be an airway allergen.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • First report of biological contaminants in household water in the Philippines and long-term viability of Acanthamoeba species in one-year-old household water sediment
    Frederick R. Masangkay, Rafaella Maxine N. Almeda, Alianna Louise M. Abustan, Sarah Veronica F. Almendrala, Jan Camille B. Bathan, Jowey Shekainah C. Belandres, Maria Allana Angela M. Buenaventura, Lea May F. Cabansag, Gemina Bienne V. Caralian, Mikhaella
    Science of The Total Environment.2025; 989: 179818.     CrossRef
  • Presence and diversity of free-living amoebae and their potential application as water quality indicators
    Areum Choi, Ji Won Seong, Jeong Hyun Kim, Jun Young Lee, Hyun Jae Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Mi Jin Jeong, Seo Yeong Choi, Yu Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 180.     CrossRef
  • Global prevalence of free-living amoebae in solid matrices – A systematic review with meta-analysis
    Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Denise Leal dos Santos, Guilherme Brittes Benitez, Leosvilda Gomes Henriques Chaúque, Antônio Domingues Benetti, Régis Adriel Zanette, Marilise Brittes Rott
    Acta Tropica.2023; 247: 107006.     CrossRef
  • 3,736 View
  • 180 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Brief Communications

Phylogenetic Positioning of a Strongyloides stercoralis Isolate Recovered from a Korean Patient and Comparison with Other Asian Isolates
Jaeho Bae, Mi Jin Jeong, Dong hoon Shin, Hyun Woo Kim, Sung Ho Ahn, Jun Ho Choi, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):689-694.
Published online December 29, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.689
Strongyloidiasis is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis and is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. Although several strongyloidiasis cases have been reported in Korea, genetic analysis of Korean isolates is still incomplete. In this study, a parasite was isolated from a 61-year-old man diagnosed with strongyloidiasis during the treatment of lymphoma on his retroperitoneal lymph node. Diffuse symmetric wall thickening from the ascending to descending colon and a nematode-infected intestine was observed following microscopic examination. Genomic DNA was isolated from a patient tissue block, and S. stercoralis was identified by PCR and sequencing (18S rDNA). In order to determine phylogenetic location of a Korean isolate (named KS1), we analyzed cox1 gene (500-bp) and compared it with that from 47 previous S. stercoralis isolates (28 human isolates and 19 canid isolates) from Asian countries. Our results showed that phylogenetic tree could clearly be divided into 5 different groups according to hosts and regions. KS1 was most closely related with the Chinese isolates in terms of genetic distance.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Comparison of different PCR amplification targets for molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis
    F. Marquet, N. Mora, R.N. Incani, J. Jesus, N. Méndez, R. Mujica, H. Trosel, E. Ferrer
    Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Seropositivity Rates of Strongyloides stercoralis Antibody in the Southeastern Region of Republic of Korea: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
    Taehwa Kim, Seungjin Lim
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 181.     CrossRef
  • 5,217 View
  • 91 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Phylogenetic Characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato in Uzbekistan
Hye-Jin Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Myeong Heon Shin, Kyu-Jae Lee, Gab-Man Park, Uktamjon Suvonkulov, Dmitriy Kovalenko, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):205-210.
Published online April 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.205
Echinococcosis occurs mainly in areas with heavy livestock farming, such as Central Asia, America, and Australia. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infection causes echinococcosis in intermediate hosts, such as sheep, cattle, goats, camels, and horses. Numerous cases of echinococcosis occur in Uzbekistan as stock farming is a primary industry. Epidemiological and genetic studies of E. granulosus s.l. are very important for mitigating its impact on public health and the economy; however, there are no such studies on E. granulosus s.l. in Uzbekistan. In the present study, to determine which genotypes exist and are transmitted, we isolated Echinococcus sp. from definitive hosts (one isolate each from jackal and dog) and intermediate hosts (52 isolates from humans and 6 isolates from sheep) in Uzbekistan and analyzed the isolates by sequencing 2 mitochondrial DNA components (cox1 and nad1). The results showed that all of isolates except one belonged to the E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) G1 and G3 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on cox1 sequences showed that 42 isolates from humans, 6 isolates from sheep, and one isolate from jackal were the G1 genotype, whereas the remaining 8 isolates from human and the one isolate from dog were the G3 genotype. These results suggest that the G1 and G3 genotypes of E. granulosus s.s. are predominant in Uzbekistan, and both wild animals and domestic animals are important for maintaining their life cycle. Only one isolate from human sample was confirmed to be E. eqiinus (G4 genotype), which is known to be for the first time.

Citations

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  • Cystic echinococcosis due to Echinococcus equinus in a Swiss donkey
    Isabelle L. Piotrowski, Rosalie Fabian, Stefanie M. Ohlerth, Felix Grimm, Meret E. Wehrli Eser
    Equine Veterinary Education.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Morphological and molecular investigation of hydatid cyst isolated from small ruminants in Rasht, Iran
    Saeed Farokhpey, Soheil Sadr, Saeed Yaghfoori, Hassan Borji
    Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2025; 49(4): 944.     CrossRef
  • Echinococcus species in wildlife
    Thomas Romig, Marion Wassermann
    International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2024; 23: 100913.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of the Molecular Properties of Echinococcus granulosus Isolates from Various Hosts in Şanlıurfa Province
    Cemile Günbegi Çalışkan, Fadile Yıldız Zeyrek
    Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences.2024; 9(3): 383.     CrossRef
  • Cystic echinococcosis in donkeys in eastern Africa
    Erastus Mulinge, Eberhard Zeyhle, Cecilia Mbae, Lucy Gitau, Timothy Kaburu, Japhet Magambo, Ute Mackenstedt, Thomas Romig, Peter Kern, Marion Wassermann
    Parasitology.2023; 150(5): 468.     CrossRef
  • Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from canine in Northwest Iran
    Zabih Zarei, Behnam Mohammadi Ghalehbin, Behnaz Akhoundi, Mehdi Mohebali, Zahra Heidari
    Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2023; 47(4): 757.     CrossRef
  • Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in China: Epidemiological studies and systematic review
    Rui‐Qi Hua, Xiao‐Di Du, Xue He, Xiao‐Bin Gu, Yue Xie, Ran He, Jing Xu, Xue‐Rong Peng, Guang‐You Yang
    Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Species and genotypes belonging to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex causing human cystic echinococcosis in Europe (2000–2021): a systematic review
    Adriano Casulli, Alessandro Massolo, Urmas Saarma, Gérald Umhang, Federica Santolamazza, Azzurra Santoro
    Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Insights into Human Cystic Echinococcosis in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq: Characteristics and Molecular Identification of Cysts
    Araz Ramadhan Issa, Sardar Hassan Arif, Ayad Ahmad Mohammed, Federica Santolamazza, Azzurra Santoro, Wijdan Mohammed Salih Mero, Adriano Casulli
    Pathogens.2022; 11(4): 408.     CrossRef
  • Global distribution of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in domestic and wild canids: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Morteza Shams, Sasan Khazaei, Razi Naserifar, Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh, Davood Anvari, Fattaneh Montazeri, Majid Pirestani, Hamidreza Majidiani
    Parasitology.2022; 149(9): 1147.     CrossRef
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    Mughees Aizaz Alvi, Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
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  • Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rural Baluchistan, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
    Ihsan Ullah, Sadia Sattar, Ijaz Ali, Arshad Farid, Amin Ullah, Refaat A. Eid, Mohamed Samir A. Zaki, Muhammad Alaa Eldeen, Iftikhar Ahmed, Irfan Ullah
    Pathogens.2022; 12(1): 40.     CrossRef
  • Relevance of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class ll alleles in susceptibility or resistance to Echinococcus granulosus infection. Systematic review
    Facundo Martín Cardozo, Andrea Florencia Maglioco
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  • A case of human cystic echinococcosis acquired in Ireland
    Caroline Conlon, Conor Grant, Helen Tuite, Catherine Fleming, Eoin Slattery
    Parasitology International.2021; 81: 102249.     CrossRef
  • Occurrence of Echinococcusgranulosussensulato and Other Taeniids in Bhutan
    Puspa M. Sharma, Nirmal K. Thapa, Pema Tshomo, Tshewang Dema, Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas, Tenzin Tenzin, Ratna B. Gurung, Tshering Norbu, Lhatru Lhatru, Phurpa Namgyel, Chimi Jamtsho, Kinzang Dukpa, Yoenten Phuentshok, Krishna P. Sharma, Sonam Pelden, Pete
    Pathogens.2021; 10(3): 330.     CrossRef
  • Cystic echinococcosis in sheep and goats of Lebanon
    Gaelle Joanny, Naunain Mehmood, Giorgia Dessì, Claudia Tamponi, Francesca Nonnis, Chadi Hosri, Urmas Saarma, Antonio Varcasia, Antonio Scala
    Parasitology.2021; 148(7): 871.     CrossRef
  • Pulmonary hydatidosis genotypes isolates from human clinical surgery based on sequencing of mitochondrial genes in Fars, Iran
    Parviz Mardani, Ali Talebi Ezabadi, Bahareh Sedaghat, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
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  • An annotated checklist of the eukaryotic parasites of humans, exclusive of fungi and algae
    Blaine A. Mathison, Sarah G. H. Sapp
    ZooKeys.2021; 1069: 1.     CrossRef
  • A validated method to identify Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato at species level
    F. Santolamazza, A. Santoro, A. Possenti, S.M. Cacciò, A. Casulli
    Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104575.     CrossRef
  • 7,717 View
  • 161 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
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Identification of Free-Living Amoebas in Tap Water of Buildings with Storage Tanks in Korea
Da-In Lee, Sung Hee Park, Jong Hwan Baek, Jee Won Yoon, Soo Im Jin, Kwang Eon Han, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):191-194.
Published online April 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.191
Free-living amoebas (FLAs) can cause severe disease in humans and animals when they become infected. However, there are no accurate survey reports on the prevalence of FLAs in Korea. In this study, we collected 163 tap water samples from buildings, apartments, and restrooms of highway service areas in 7 Korean provinces with high population density. All these buildings and facilities have water storage tanks in common. The survey was separated into categories of buildings, apartments, and highway service areas. Five hundred milliliters of tap water from each building was collected and filtered with 0.2 ?m pore filter paper. The filters were incubated in agar plates with heated E. coli at 25°C. After axenization, genomic DNA was collected from each FLA, and species classification was performed using partial 18S-rDNA PCR-sequencing analysis. We found that 12.9% of tap water from buildings with storage tanks in Korea was contaminated with FLAs. The highway service areas had the highest contamination rate at 33.3%. All of the FLAs, except one, were genetically similar to Vermamoeba vermiformis (Hartmannella vermiformis). The remaining FLA (KFA21) was very similar to Acanthamoeba lugdunensis (KA/E26). Although cases of human infection by V. vermiformis are very rare, we must pay attention to the fact that one-third of tap water supplies in highway service areas have been contaminated.

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  • A socioenvironmental approach to the nosogenic potential of freshwaters with presence of thermotolerant free-living amoebae in Costa Rica
    Johan Alvarado-Ocampo, Juan José Romero Zúñiga, Julián Castro, Frida Chaves Monge, Marco Ruiz Campos, Alexa Bustamante Cortés, Elizabeth Abrahams Sandí, Lissette Retana Moreira
    Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Presence and diversity of free-living amoebae and their potential application as water quality indicators
    Areum Choi, Ji Won Seong, Jeong Hyun Kim, Jun Young Lee, Hyun Jae Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Mi Jin Jeong, Seo Yeong Choi, Yu Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 180.     CrossRef
  • A Narrative Review of Acanthamoeba Isolates in Malaysia: Challenges in Infection Management and Natural Therapeutic Advancements
    Mohammad Wisman Abdul Hamid, Roslaini Bin Abd Majid, Victor Fiezal Knight Victor Ernest, Nik Noorul Shakira Mohamed Shakrin, Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah, Mainul Haque
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Kyu Young Shim, Jong Hwa Jun
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  • Well water sources simultaneous contamination with Cryptosporidium and Acanthamoeba in East-Southeast Asia and Acanthamoeba spp. in biofilms in the Philippines
    Frederick R. Masangkay, Giovanni D. Milanez, Joseph D. Dionisio, Luzelle Anne G.-L. Ormita, Abel V. Alvarez, Panagiotis Karanis
    Science of The Total Environment.2022; 837: 155752.     CrossRef
  • Recognition of Cell Wall Mannosylated Components as a Conserved Feature for Fungal Entrance, Adaptation and Survival Within Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Murine Macrophages
    Marina da Silva Ferreira, Susana Ruiz Mendoza, Diego de Souza Gonçalves, Claudia Rodríguez-de la Noval, Leandro Honorato, Leonardo Nimrichter, Luís Felipe Costa Ramos, Fábio C. S. Nogueira, Gilberto B. Domont, José Mauro Peralta, Allan J. Guimarães
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Free-living amoebae in an oil refinery wastewater treatment facility
    Saeid Andalib, Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi, Maryam Niyyati, Farzaneh Shalileh, Sara Nemati, Soheila Rouhani, Mohammad Reza Zali, Hamed Mirjalali, Panagiotis Karanis
    Science of The Total Environment.2022; 839: 156301.     CrossRef
  • Free-Living Amoeba Vermamoeba vermiformis Induces Allergic Airway Inflammation
    Da-In Lee, Sung Hee Park, Shin-Ae Kang, Do Hyun Kim, Sun Hyun Kim, So Yeon Song, Sang Eun Lee, Hak Sun Yu
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(4): 229.     CrossRef
  • The increasing importance of Vermamoebavermiformis
    Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Zinb Makhlouf, Naveed Ahmed Khan
    Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 8,098 View
  • 155 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
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Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Dogs and Two Species of Wild Animals from Samarkand Region of Uzbekistan
Tai-Soon Yong, Kyu-Jae Lee, Myeong Heon Shin, Hak Sun Yu, Uktamjon Suvonkulov, Turycin Bladimir Sergeevich, Azamat Shamsiev, Gab-Man Park
Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):549-552.
Published online October 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.549
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasitic infections and associated risk factors for the human infection among the people of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Infection status of helminths including Echinococcus granulosus was surveyed in domestic and wild animals from 4 sites in the Samarkand region, Uzbekistan during 2015-2018. Fecal samples of each animal were examined with the formalin-ether sedimentation technique and the recovery of intestinal helminths was performed with naked eyes and a stereomicroscope in total 1,761 animals (1,755 dogs, 1 golden jackal, and 5 Corsac foxes). Total 658 adult worms of E. granulosus were detected in 28 (1.6%) dogs and 1 (100%) golden jackal. More than 6 species of helminths, i.e., Taenia hydatigena, Dipylidium caninum, Diplopylidium nolleri, Mesocestoides lineatus, Toxocara canis, and Trichuris vulpis, were found from 18 (1.0%) dogs. Six (T. hydatigena, Toxascaris leonina, Alaria alata, Uncinaria stenocephala, D. caninum, and M. lineatus) and 2 (D. nolleri and M. lineatus) species of helminths were also detected from 5 Corsac foxes and 1 golden jackal, respectively. Taeniid eggs were found in 2 (20%) out of 10 soil samples. In the present study, it was confirmed that the prevalences of helminths including E. granulosus are not so high in domestic and wild animals. Nevertheless, the awareness on the zoonotic helminth infections should be continuously maintained in Uzbekistan for the prevention of human infection.

Citations

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  • Molecular identification and phylogenetic positioning of nematodes Toxocara canis, T. cati (Ascarididae) and Toxascaris leonina (Toxocaridae) from domestic and wild carnivores in the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan
    A. E. Kuchboev, A. G. Sotiboldiyev, B. K. Ruziev, A. A. Safarov
    Biosystems Diversity.2025; 33(3): e2538.     CrossRef
  • High-Quality Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac) Reveals Adaptation to Semiarid and Harsh Environments
    Zhihao Zhang, Tian Xia, Shengyang Zhou, Xiufeng Yang, Tianshu Lyu, Lidong Wang, Jiaohui Fang, Qi Wang, Huashan Dou, Honghai Zhang
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(11): 9599.     CrossRef
  • Time series modeling of animal bites
    Fatemeh Rostampour, Sima Masoudi
    Journal of Acute Disease.2023; 12(3): 121.     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic tools for the detection of taeniid eggs in different environmental matrices: A systematic review.
    Ganna Saelens, Lucy Robertson, Sarah Gabriël
    Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2022; 26: e00145.     CrossRef
  • Fleas from the Silk Road in Central Asia: identification of Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides orientis on owned dogs in Uzbekistan using molecular identification and geometric morphometrics
    Georgiana Deak, Alisher Safarov, Xi Carria Xie, Runting Wang, Andrei Daniel Mihalca, Jan Šlapeta
    Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Control of cystic echinococcosis in the Middle Atlas, Morocco: Field evaluation of the EG95 vaccine in sheep and cesticide treatment in dogs
    Fatimaezzahra Amarir, Abdelkbir Rhalem, Abderrahim Sadak, Marianne Raes, Mohamed Oukessou, Aouatif Saadi, Mohammed Bouslikhane, Charles G. Gauci, Marshall W. Lightowlers, Nathalie Kirschvink, Tanguy Marcotty, María-Gloria Basáñez
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(3): e0009253.     CrossRef
  • Co-infection of Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis in different aged dogs: Influence on the haematological indices
    I. V. Saichenko, A. A. Antipov, T. I. Bakhur, L. V. Bezditko, S. S. Shmayun
    Biosystems Diversity.2021; 29(2): 129.     CrossRef
  • Spread and seasonal dynamics of dogs helminthiasis in BilaTserkva district
    I. Saichenko
    Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini.2021; (1(165)): 119.     CrossRef
  • Monitoring of parasitic diseases of dogs
    Bogdan Morozov, Andrii Berezovskyi
    EUREKA: Health Sciences.2021; (4): 109.     CrossRef
  • An epizootic situation is in relation to the nematodosiss of gastroenteric channel of dogs
    I. Saichenko, A. Antipov
    Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini.2020; (1(154)): 54.     CrossRef
  • 7,165 View
  • 140 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
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Practical Algorisms for PCR-RFLP-Based Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato
Hye-Jin Kim, Tae-Soon Yong, Myeong Heon Shin, Kyu-Jae Lee, Gab-Man Park, Uktamjon Suvonkulov, Dmitriy Kovalenko, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):679-684.
Published online December 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.679
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a causative agent of cystic echinococcosis or cystic hydatid disease in humans and domestic and wild animals. The disease is a serious health problem in countries associated with poverty and poor hygiene practices, particularly in livestock raising. We introduced a practical algorism for genotyping the parasite, which may be useful to many developing countries. To evaluate the efficiency of the algorism, we genotyped 3 unknown strains isolated from human patients. We found that unknowns 1 and 3 were included in G1, G2, and G3 genotypes group and unknown 2 was included in G4 genotype (Echinococcus equinus) according to the algorisms. We confirmed these results by sequencing the 3 unknown isolates cox1 and nad1 PCR products. In conclusion, these new algorisms are very fast genotype identification tools that are suitable for evaluating E. granulosus s.l. isolated from livestock or livestock holders, particularly in developing countries.

Citations

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  • Primary cerebral cystic echinococcosis in a child from Roman countryside: Source attribution and scoping review of cases from the literature
    Adriano Casulli, Stefania Pane, Franco Randi, Paola Scaramozzino, Andrea Carvelli, Carlo Efisio Marras, Andrea Carai, Azzurra Santoro, Federica Santolamazza, Francesca Tamarozzi, Lorenza Putignani, Solange Bresson-Hadni
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2023; 17(9): e0011612.     CrossRef
  • A validated method to identify Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato at species level
    F. Santolamazza, A. Santoro, A. Possenti, S.M. Cacciò, A. Casulli
    Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104575.     CrossRef
  • A pilot comparative study between serological and genetic investigations in relationship to clinical outcomes on patients with cystic echinococcosis
    Nu. Altintas, S. A. Karamil, O. Turkum, M. Akil, A. Sakarya, H. Bozkaya, J. Šoltys, Na. Altintas
    Helminthologia.2020; 57(2): 91.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of PCR‐HRM, RFLP, and direct sequencing as simple and cost‐effective methods to detect common EGFR mutations in plasma cell–free DNA of non–small cell lung cancer patients
    Jamal Zaini, Elisna Syahruddin, Muhammad Yunus, Sita Laksmi Andarini, Achmad Hudoyo, Najmiatul Masykura, Refniwita Yasril, Asep Ridwanuloh, Heriawaty Hidajat, Fariz Nurwidya, Sony Suharsono, Ahmad R.H. Utomo
    Cancer Reports.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 182 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
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Original Articles

Activation and Recruitment of Regulatory T Cells via Chemokine Receptor Activation in Trichinella spiralis-Infected Mice
Jeong-Bin Ahn, Shin Ae Kang, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):163-171.
Published online April 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.163
As most infections by the helminth parasite elicit the recruitment of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (Treg) cells, many scientists have suggested that these cells could be used for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammation and associated diseases. In order to investigate the distribution and alteration of activated Treg cells, we compared the expression levels of Treg cell activation markers in the ileum and gastrocnemius tissues 1, 2, and 4 weeks after infection. The number of Treg cells was monitored using GFP-coded Foxp3 transgenic mice. In mice at 1 week after Trichinella spiralis infection, the number of activated Treg cells was higher than in the control group. In mice at 2 weeks after infection, there was a significant increase in the number of cells expressing Foxp3 and CTLA-4 when compared to the control group and mice at 1 week after infection. At 4 weeks after infection, T. spiralis was easily identifiable in nurse cells in mouse muscles. In the intestine, the expression of Gzmb and Klrg1 decreased over time and that of Capg remained unchanged for the first and second week, then decreased in the 4th week. However, in the muscles, the expression of most chemokine genes was increased due to T. spiralis infection, in particular the expression levels of Gzmb, OX40, and CTLA-4 increased until week 4. In addition, increased gene expression of all chemokine receptors in muscle, CXCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR9, and CCR10, was observed up until the 4th week. In conclusion, various chemokine receptors showed increased expressions combined with recruitment of Treg cells in the muscle tissue.

Citations

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  • Trichinella spiralis adult excretory-secretory antigen promotes peripheral regulatory T cell differentiation and attenuates experimental colitis via TGF-β-like mechanisms
    Xi-Meng Sun, Ze-Ni Luo, Wei Wang, Chun-Yue Hao, Zhi-Ang Li, Saeed El-Ashram, Xin-Ping Zhu
    Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Insights from human disease and experimental models of helminthiasis
    Lucas Kraemer, Derek M. McKay, Remo Castro Russo, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
    Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews.2022; 66: 38.     CrossRef
  • Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success
    F. Bruschi, D.S. Ashour, A.A. Othman
    Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2022; 27: e00164.     CrossRef
  • Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential
    Madeleine P. J. White, Caitlin M. McManus, Rick M. Maizels
    Immunology.2020; 160(3): 248.     CrossRef
  • Trichinella spiralis:inflammation modulator
    Jing Ding, Xiaolei Liu, Xue Bai, Yang Wang, Jian Li, Chun Wang, Shicun Li, Mingyuan Liu, Xuelin Wang
    Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effect of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 on the Efficacy of the Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Vaccine Against Schistosoma japonicum
    Chun-lian Tang, Qun Pan, Ya-ping Xie, Ying Xiong, Rong-hui Zhang, Jin Huang
    Frontiers in Immunology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Regulatory effect of two Trichinella spiralis serine protease inhibitors on the host’s immune system
    Jingyun Xu, Pengcheng Yu, Lijia Wu, Mingxu Liu, Yixin Lu
    Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The opposite roles of PAS-5 and Galectin-1 in immune response during the early infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
    Lan-Zhu Yan, Xiao-Meng Shi, Yan-Wen Zu, Yuan-Yuan Shen, Xi-Xi Chen, Meng-Jing Zhao, Xing-Pan Li, Bao-Long Yan, Hui-Cong Huang
    Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 10,179 View
  • 129 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression during Trichinella spiralis Infection
Sin Kim, Mi Kyung Park, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):431-438.
Published online August 25, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.431
In Trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-related and regulatory T (Treg) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. In order to clarify which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse TLR genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during T. spiralis infection. In addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to Th2 and Treg cell mediated immune responses, were analyzed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/TIR-associated proteins (TIRAP) and Toll receptor-associated activator of interferons (TRIF) adapter protein deficient and wild type (WT) mice. The results showed significantly increased TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression in the small intestine after 2 weeks of T. spiralis infection. In the muscle, TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 gene expression significantly increased after 4 weeks of infection. Only the expression of the TLR4 and TLR9 genes was significantly elevated in WT MEF cells after treatment with excretory-secretory (ES) proteins. Gene expression for Th2 chemokine genes were highly enhanced by ES proteins in WT MEF cells, while this elevation was slightly reduced in MyD88/TIRAP-/- MEF cells, and quite substantially decreased in TRIF-/- MEF cells. In contrast, IL-10 and TGF-β expression levels were not elevated in MyD88/TIRAP-/- MEF cells. In conclusion, we suggest that TLR4 and TLR9 might be closely linked to Th2 cell and Treg cell mediated immune responses, although additional data are needed to convincingly prove this observation.

Citations

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  • A Novel Trichinella spiralis Galectin Strengthens the Macrophage ADCC Killing of Larvae via Driving M1 Polarization
    Minmin Weng, Ru Zhang, Zhaoyu Zhang, Jinyi Wu, Wenwen Zheng, Qiqi Lu, Shaorong Long, Ruodan Liu, Zhongquan Wang, Jing Cui
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(20): 10920.     CrossRef
  • Trichinella spiralis galectin binding to toll-like receptor 4 induces intestinal inflammation and mediates larval invasion of gut mucosa
    Kai Ning Ma, Yao Zhang, Zhao Yu Zhang, Bo Ning Wang, Yan Yan Song, Lu Lu Han, Xin Zhuo Zhang, Shao Rong Long, Jing Cui, Zhong Quan Wang
    Veterinary Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Trichinella spiralis nurse cell formation is regulated via CCR7+ dendritic cells
    Mi‐Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Min‐Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
    Parasite Immunology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Anisakis simplex: Immunomodulatory effects of larval antigens on the activation of Toll like Receptors
    Vega Zamora, Juan Carlos Andreu-Ballester, Marta Rodero, Carmen Cuéllar
    International Immunopharmacology.2021; 100: 108120.     CrossRef
  • Effects of TLR agonists on immune responses in Trichinella spiralis infected mice
    Bin Tang, Xiaolei Liu, Mingyuan Liu, Xue Bai, Yang Wang, Jing Ding, Xuelin Wang
    Parasitology Research.2020; 119(8): 2505.     CrossRef
  • Trichinella spiralis:inflammation modulator
    Jing Ding, Xiaolei Liu, Xue Bai, Yang Wang, Jian Li, Chun Wang, Shicun Li, Mingyuan Liu, Xuelin Wang
    Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Changes in the expression of TLR2 during the intestinal phase of trichinellosis
    Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera, Monika Derda, Elżbieta Wandurska-Nowak, Paweł P. Jagodziński, Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Edward Hadaś
    Journal of Veterinary Research.2020; 64(2): 269.     CrossRef
  • Toll-like receptor signal is required in maintenance of immune suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells
    Miao Zhao, Hao-Tao Zeng, Gui Yang, Xiao-Rui Geng, Yuan-Yi Zhang, Fei Ma, Jiang-Qi Liu, Zhi-Qiang Liu, Mei-Zhen Zhao, Li-Hua Mo, Xiang-Qian Luo, Xiao-Wen Zhang, Da-Bo Liu, Ping-Chang Yang
    Immunology Letters.2019; 210: 47.     CrossRef
  • Trichinella spiralis: impact on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene during the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis
    Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera, Elżbieta Wandurska-Nowak, Monika Derda, Wiesława Jankowska, Paweł P. Jagodziński, Edward Hadaś
    Journal of Veterinary Research.2018; 62(4): 493.     CrossRef
  • Modulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages following Trichinella spiralis infection
    C. Han, J. Xu, Ch. Liu, X. Li, P. Zhai, A. Hashan, M. Song
    Helminthologia.2018; 55(3): 195.     CrossRef
  • 10,306 View
  • 142 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Brief Communication

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting 18S Ribosomal DNA for Rapid Detection of Azumiobodo hoyamushi (Kinetoplastea)
Su-Min Song, Dinzouna-Boutamba Sylvatrie-Danne, So-Young Joo, Yun Kyung Shin, Hak Sun Yu, Yong-Seok Lee, Ji-Eon Jung, Noboru Inoue, Won Kee Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):305-310.
Published online June 26, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.305

Ascidian soft tunic syndrome (AsSTS) caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi (A. hoyamushi) is a serious aquaculture problem that results in mass mortality of ascidians. Accordingly, the early and accurate detection of A. hoyamushi would contribute substantially to disease management and prevention of transmission. Recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was adopted for clinical diagnosis of a range of infectious diseases. Here, the authors describe a rapid and efficient LAMP-based method targeting the 18S rDNA gene for detection of A. hoyamushi using ascidian DNA for the diagnosis of AsSTS. A. hoyamushi LAMP assay amplified the DNA of 0.01 parasites per reaction and detected A. hoyamushi in 10 ng of ascidian DNA. To validate A. hoyamushi 18S rDNA LAMP assays, AsSTS-suspected and non-diseased ascidians were examined by microscopy, PCR, and by using the LAMP assay. When PCR was used as a gold standard, the LAMP assay showed good agreement in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). In the present study, a LAMP assay based on directly heat-treated samples was found to be as efficient as DNA extraction using a commercial kit for detecting A. hoyamushi. Taken together, this study shows the devised A. hoyamushi LAMP assay could be used to diagnose AsSTS in a straightforward, sensitive, and specific manner, that it could be used for forecasting, surveillance, and quarantine of AsSTS.

Citations

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  • Measurement of Tunic Hardness in an Edible Ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, with Remarks on Soft Tunic Syndrome
    Euichi Hirose, Kei Nakayama, Tetsuya Yanagida, Akatsuki Nawata, Shin-Ichi Kitamura
    Zoological Science.2018; 35(6): 548.     CrossRef
  • 9,443 View
  • 92 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Case Report

Intramuscular Sparganosis in the Gastrocnemius Muscle: A Case Report
Jeung Il Kim, Tae Wan Kim, Sung Min Hong, Tae Yong Moon, In Sook Lee, Kyung Un Choi, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):69-73.
Published online February 19, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.69

Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by the plerocercoid tapeworm larva of the genus Spirometra. Although the destination of the larva is often a tissue or muscle in the chest, abdominal wall, extremities, eyes, brain, urinary tract, spinal canal, and scrotum, intramuscular sparganosis is uncommon and therefore is difficult to distinguish from a soft tissue tumor. We report a case of intramuscular sparganosis involving the gastrocnemius muscle in an elderly patient who was diagnosed using ultrasonography and MRI and treated by surgical excision. At approximately 1 cm near the schwannoma at the right distal sciatic nerve, several spargana worms were detected and removed.

Citations

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  • Sparganosis – An Esoteric Infection
    Preethy Edavaloth, Vishnu Prabhakar, Sahjid Mukhida, Shahzad Beg Mirza
    Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth.2024; 17(Suppl 1): S239.     CrossRef
  • Miyozite Neden Olan Parazitler
    Süleyman Kaan Öner, Sevil Alkan Çeviker, Numan Kuyubaşı
    Black Sea Journal of Health Science.2023; 6(3): 498.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Sparganosis in Asia
    Wei Liu, Tengfang Gong, Shuyu Chen, Quan Liu, Haoying Zhou, Junlin He, Yong Wu, Fen Li, Yisong Liu
    Animals.2022; 12(12): 1578.     CrossRef
  • Sparganosis mimicking a soft-tissue tumor
    Shiwangi Sharma, Rakesh Kumar Mahajan, Hira Ram, M. Karikalan, Arvind Achra
    Tropical Parasitology.2021; 11(1): 49.     CrossRef
  • Apparent Sparganosis Presenting as a Palpable Neck Mass: A Case Report and Review of Literature
    Minhee Hwang, Hye Jin Baek, Sang Min Lee
    Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2020; 81(5): 1210.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Manifestation of a Patient With Forehead Sparganosis
    Soung Min Kim, Emmanuel Kofi Amponsah, Mi Young Eo, Yun Ju Cho, Suk Keun Lee
    Journal of Craniofacial Surgery.2017; 28(4): 1081.     CrossRef
  • Multifocal Sparganosis Mimicking Lymphoma Involvement: Multimodal Imaging Findings of Ultrasonography, CT, MRI, and Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography
    So Young Heo, Ji Yeon Park, Noh Hyuck Park, Chan Sub Park, Taejung Kwon, Seong Yoon Yi, Hyun Jung Jun
    Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2016; 74(1): 55.     CrossRef
  • Human sparganosis, a neglected food borne zoonosis
    Quan Liu, Ming-Wei Li, Ze-Dong Wang, Guang-Hui Zhao, Xing-Quan Zhu
    The Lancet Infectious Diseases.2015; 15(10): 1226.     CrossRef
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Brief Communication

Alteration of Cytokine Production during Visceral Larva Migrans by Toxascaris leonina in Mice
Shin Ae Kang, Mi-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):583-588.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.583

To determine alteration of immune responses during visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by Toxascaris leonina at several time points, we experimentally infected mice with embryonated eggs of T. leonina and measured T-helper (Th) cell-related serial cytokine production after infection. At day 5 post infection (PI), most larvae were detected from the lungs, spleen, intestine, and muscle. Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and CCL11 (eotaxin) showed a significant increase in most infected organs, except the intestine. However, expression of the CXCL1 (Gro-α) gene was most highly enhanced in the intestine at day 14 PI. Th1-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes showed increases at day 28 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 42 PI. Th2-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes also showed an increase after infection; in particular, IL-5 level showed a significant increase at day 14 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 28 PI. However, levels of Th17-related cytokines, IL-6 and IL-17A, showed gradual increases until day 42 PI. In conclusion, Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokine production might be important in immune responses against T. leonina VLM in experimental mice.

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  • Histopathological lesions caused by experimental Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina infections in farm mink (Neovison vison)
    Maciej Klockiewicz, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Ewa Długosz
    Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 205.     CrossRef
  • Experimental infection with T. canis and T. leonina in farm mink (Neovison vison)
    Maciej Klockiewicz, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Justyna Bartosik, Ewa Długosz
    Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 197.     CrossRef
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Original Article

Comparison of Functional Gene Annotation of Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis using CLC Genomics Workbench
Ki Uk Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Ho-jin Jung, Kyung-Yun Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):525-530.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.525

The ascarids, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, are probably the most common gastrointestinal helminths encountered in dogs. In order to understand biological differences of 2 ascarids, we analyzed gene expression profiles of female adults of T. canis and T. leonina using CLC Genomics Workbench, and the results were compared with those of free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A total of 2,880 and 7,949 ESTs were collected from T. leonina and T. canis, respectively. The length of ESTs ranged from 106 to 4,637 bp with an average insert size of 820 bp. Overall, our results showed that most functional gene annotations of 2 ascarids were quite similar to each other in 3 major categories, i.e., cellular component, biological process, and molecular function. Although some different transcript expression categories were found, the distance was short and it was not enough to explain their different lifestyles. However, we found distinguished transcript differences between ascarid parasites and free-living nematodes. Understanding evolutionary genetic changes might be helpful for studies of the lifestyle and evolution of parasites.

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    Alida van Dijk, Andi M. Wilson, Bianke Marx, Bianca Hough, Benedicta Swalarsk-Parry, Lieschen De Vos, Michael J. Wingfield, Brenda D. Wingfield, Emma T. Steenkamp
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Brief Communications

Environmental Factors Related to Enterobiasis in a Southeast Region of Korea
Dong-Hee Kim, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Bo Young Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):139-142.
Published online February 18, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.139

Pinworm infection can occur through contact with contaminated surfaces followed by ingestion or even through inhalation of infective eggs. We have limited information regarding environmental contamination by eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. In order to determine environmental risk factors associated with the rate of E. vermicularis infection, we investigated possible environmental risk factors using a questionnaire from 46 kindergartens in 3 different cities of the southeast area of Korea. In total, using the cellotape anal swab technique, 3,422 children were examined for E. vermicularis infection. We evaluated E. vermicularis egg of books, educational materials, toys, room door handles, dusts of window edges, desks, chairs, tables, and dusts of classrooms. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 6.0%, and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 16.9%. We found that 78.9% of egg positive kindergartens were managed by private foundations, which was significantly higher, compared with kindergartens managed by public foundations or the nation. Compared with public or national kindergartens, most private kindergartens were located in residential areas and the number of children in these areas was significantly higher. In conclusion, numbers of children in kindergartens was found to be an environmental risk factor associated with transmission of enterobiasis in Korea.

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Trichinella spiralis Infection Suppressed Gut Inflammation with CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T Cell Recruitment
Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Seon Hee Choi, Soon Cheol Ahn, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):385-390.
Published online November 26, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.385

In order to know the effect of pre-existing Trichinella spiralis infection on experimentally induced intestinal inflammation and immune responses, we induced colitis in T. spiralis-infected mice and observed the severity of colitis and the levels of Th1, Th2, and regulatory cytokines and recruitment of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (regulatory T; Treg) cells. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with 250 muscle larvae; after 4 weeks, induction of experimental colitis was performed using 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). During the induction period, we observed severity of colitis, including weight loss and status of stool, and evaluated the disease activity index (DAI). A significantly low DAI and degree of weight loss were observed in infected mice, compared with uninfected mice. In addition, colon length in infected mice was not contracted, compared with uninfected mice. We also observed a significant increase in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IFN-γ, in spleen lymphocytes treated with DSS; however, such an increase was not observed in infected mice treated with DSS. Of particular interest, production of regulatory cytokines, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, in spleen lymphocytes showed a significant increase in mice infected with T. spiralis. A similar result was observed in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Subsets of the population of Treg cells in MLN and spleen showed significant increases in mice infected with T. spiralis. In conclusion, T. spiralis infection can inhibit the DSS-induced colitis in mice by enhancing the regulatory cytokine and Treg cells recruitment.

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Expression and Characterization of α-Methylacyl CoA Racemase from Anisakis simplex Larvae
Bong Jin Kim, Sun Mi Kim, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Yong Seok Lee, Hee Jae Cha, Meesun Ock
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):165-171.
Published online May 24, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.165

Larval excretory-secretory products of Anisakis simplex are known to cause allergic reactions in humans. A cDNA library of A. simplex 3rd-stage larvae (L3) was immunoscreened with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against A. simplex L3 excretory-secretory products to identify an antigen that elicits the immune response. One cDNA clone, designated as α-methylacyl CoA racemase (Amacr) contained a 1,412 bp cDNA transcript with a single open reading frame that encoded 418 amino acids. A. simplex Amacr showed a high degree of homology compared to Amacr orthologs from other species. Amacr mRNA was highly and constitutively expressed regardless of temperature (10-40℃) and time (24-48 hr). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Amacr was expressed mainly in the ventriculus of A. simplex larvae. The Amacr protein produced in large quantities from the ventriculus is probably responsible for many functions in the development and growth of A. simplex larvae.

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Original Articles

A 24 kDa Excretory-Secretory Protein of Anisakis simplex Larvae Could Elicit Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice
Hye-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Yun Seong Kim, Ki Uk Kim, Min Ki Lee, Mee Sun Ock, Hee Jae Cha, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):373-380.
Published online December 16, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.373

We have reported that a 24 kDa protein (22U homologous; As22U) of Anisakis simplex larvae could elicit several Th2-related chemokine gene expressions in the intestinal epithelial cell line which means that As22U may play a role as an allergen. In order to determine the contribution of As22U to allergic reactions, we treated mice with 6 times intra-nasal application of recombinant As22U (rAs22U). In the group challenged with rAs22U and ovalbumin (OVA), the number of eosinophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly increased, as compared to the group receiving only OVA. In addition, mice treated with rAs22U and OVA showed significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness. Thus, severe inflammation around the airway and immune cell recruitment was observed in mice treated with rAs22U plus OVA. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines in the BALF increased significantly after treatment with rAs22U and OVA. Similarly, the levels of anti-OVA specific IgE and IgG1 increased in mice treated with rAs22U and OVA, compared to those treated only with OVA. The Gro-α (CXCL1) gene expression in mouse lung epithelial cells increased instantly after treatment with rAs22U, and allergy-specific chemokines eotaxin (CCL11) and thymus-and-activation-regulated-chemokine (CCL17) gene expressions significantly increased at 6 hr after treatment. In conclusion, rAs22U may induce airway allergic inflammation, as the result of enhanced Th2 and Th17 responses.

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Parasitic Helminth Cystatin Inhibits DSS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation Via IL-10+F4/80+ Macrophage Recruitment
Sung Won Jang, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Soon Cheol Ahn, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):245-254.
Published online September 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.245

Many immune down-regulatory molecules have been isolated from parasites, including cystatin (cystain protease inhibitor). In a previous study, we isolated and characterized Type I cystatin (CsStefin-1) of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. To investigate whether the CsStefin-1 might be a new host immune modulator, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and treated them with recombinant CsStefin-1 (rCsStefin-1). The disease activity index (DAI) increased in DSS only-treated mice. In contrast, the DAI value was significantly reduced in rCsStefin-1-treated mice than DSS only-treated mice. In addition, the colon length of DSS only-treated mice was shorter than that of rCsStefin-1 treated mice. The secretion levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were significantly increased by DSS treatment, but the level of TNF-α in MLNs was significantly decreased by rCsStefin-1 treatment. IL-10 production in both spleen and MLNs was significantly increased, and IL-10+F4/80+ macrophage cells were significantly increased in the spleen and MLNs of rCsStefin-1 treated mice after DSS treatment. In conclusion, rCsStefin-1 could reduce the intestinal inflammation occurring after DSS treatment, these effects might be related with recruitment of IL-10 secreting macrophages.

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Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is Involved in Th2 Responses against Trichinella spiralis Infection
Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Hye-Kyung Park, Yun Seong Kim, Ki Uk Kim, Soon Cheol Ahn, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):235-243.
Published online September 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.235

In order to get a better understanding of the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in type 2 helper T (Th2) cell responses against Trichinella spiralis infection, we analyzed Th2 responses in T. spiralis-infected PAR2 knockout (KO) mice. The levels of the Th2 cell-secreted cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were markedly reduced in the PAR2 KO mice as compared to the wild type mice following infection with T. spiralis. The serum levels of parasite-specific IgE increased significantly in the wild type mice as the result of T. spiralis infection, but this level was not significantly increased in PAR2 KO mice. The expression level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and eotaxin gene (the genes were recently known as Th2 response initiators) of mouse intestinal epithelial cells were increased as the result of treatment with T. spiralis excretory-secretory proteins. However, the expression of these chemokine genes was inhibited by protease inhibitor treatments. In conclusion, PAR2 might involve in Th2 responses against T. spiralis infection.

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Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Anisakis simplex Larvae among Health-Examined Residents in Three Hospitals of Southern Parts of Korea
Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Seon Hee Choi, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Meesun Ock
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):139-144.
Published online June 14, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.139

The present study was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of larval Anisakis simplex infection among the residents health-examined in 3 hospitals in southern parts of Korea. A total of 498 serum samples (1 serum per person) were collected in 3 hospitals in Busan Metropolitan city, Masan city, and Geoje city in Gyeongsangnam-do (Province) and were examined by IgE-ELISA and IgE-western blotting with larval A. simplex crude extract and excretory-secretory products (ESP). The prevalence of antibody positivity was 5.0% and 6.6% with ELISA against crude extracts and ESP, respectively. It was also revealed that infection occurred throughout all age groups and higher in females than in males. A specific protein band of 130 kDa was detected from 10 patients with western blot analysis against crude extract and ESP among those who showed positive results by ELISA. Our study showed for the first time the seroprevalence of anisakiasis in Korea. The allergen of 130 kDa can be a candidate for serologic diagnosis of anisakiasis.

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Case Report

A Pulmonary Paragonimiasis Case Mimicking Metastatic Pulmonary Tumor
Ki Uk Kim, Kwangha Lee, Hye-Kyung Park, Yeon Joo Jeong, Hak Sun Yu, Min Ki Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):69-72.
Published online March 18, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.69

Pulmonary paragonimiasis is a relatively rare cause of lung disease revealing a wide variety of radiologic findings, such as air-space consolidation, nodules, and cysts. We describe here a case of pulmonary paragonimiasis in a 27-year-old woman who presented with a 2-month history of cough and sputum. Based on chest computed tomography (CT) scans and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) findings, the patient was suspected to have a metastatic lung tumor. However, she was diagnosed as having Paragonimus westermani infection by an immunoserological examination using ELISA. Follow-up chest X-ray and CT scans after chemotherapy with praziquantel showed an obvious improvement. There have been several reported cases of pulmonary paragonimiasis mimicking lung tumors on FDG-PET. However, all of them were suspected as primary lung tumors. To our knowledge, this patient represents the first case of paragonimiasis mimicking metastatic lung disease on FDG-PET CT imaging.

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Original Articles
Anisakis simplex Larvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea
Seon Hee Choi, Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):39-44.
Published online March 18, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

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  • Comparative study of Taqman-based qPCR assay for the detection of Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens
    Mi-Gyeong Kim, Min Ji Hong, Doo Won Seo, Hyun Mi Jung, Hyun-Ja Han, Seung Hwan Kim, Insun Joo, Elingarami Sauli
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Parents' Knowledge about Enterobiasis Might Be One of the Most Important Risk Factors for Enterobiasis in Children
Dong-Hee Kim, Hyun-Mi Son, Joo Young Kim, Min Kyoung Cho, Mee Kyung Park, Sin Ye Kang, Bo Young Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):121-126.
Published online June 17, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.121

To know the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection and what are the most important risk factors, we evaluated the incidence and risk factors of enterobiasis among children attended in kindergartens in Busan metropolitan city, Republic of Korea. A total of 1,674 children from 21 kindergartens in 11 of 16 autonomous districts of Busan were evaluated for E. vermicularis infection by the cellotape anal swab technique. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 10.7% (179/1,674), and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 32.4%. There was an increasing tendency of the egg positive rate according to the population density; the higher the population density communities had, the higher egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was detected (P = 0.001). Among personal hygiene factors involving children, thumb-sucking (P = 0.036) and fingernail-trimming (P = 0.024) were highly associated with enterobiasis. In addition, taking anthelmintic medications against E. vermicularis infection was strongly associated with enterobiasis (P = 0.014). Moreover, parents' knowledge of enterobiasis was correlated significantly with the incidence of enterobiasis of their children (P = 0.006). In conclusion, we need to consider not only personal hygiene but also parents' knowledge about enterobiasis as a factor in order to develop new strategies for elimination or to complete reduction of enterobiasis in Korea.

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Endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba Isolated from Domestic Tap Water in Korea
Seon Hee Choi, Min Kyoung Cho, Soon Cheol Ahn, Ji Eun Lee, Jong Soo Lee, Dong-Hee Kim, Ying-Hua Xuan, Yeon Chul Hong, Hyun Hee Kong, Dong Il Chung, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):337-344.
Published online December 1, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.337

In a previous study, we reported our discovery of Acanthamoeba contamination in domestic tap water; in that study, we determined that some Acanthamoeba strains harbor endosymbiotic bacteria, via our molecular characterization by mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (Mt DNA RFLP). Five (29.4%) among 17 Acanthamoeba isolates contained endosymbionts in their cytoplasm, as demonstrated via orcein staining. In order to estimate their pathogenicity, we conducted a genetic characterization of the endosymbionts in Acanthamoeba isolated from domestic tap water via 16S rDNA sequencing. The endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba sp. KA/WP3 and KA/WP4 evidenced the highest level of similarity, at 97% of the recently published 16S rDNA sequence of the bacterium, Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus. The endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba sp. KA/WP8 and KA/WP12 shared a 97% sequence similarity with each other, and were also highly similar to Candidatus Odyssella thessalonicensis, a member of the α-proteobacteria. The endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. KA/WP9 exhibits a high degree of similarity (85-95%) with genus Methylophilus, which is not yet known to harbor any endosymbionts. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, to show that Methylophilus spp. can live in the cytoplasm of Acanthamoeba.

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Expressed Sequence Tags of Trichinella spiralis Muscle Stage Larvae
Hae Kyung Park, Seong Won Chang, Se Won Kang, Min Kyoung Cho, Sun Hee Choi, Yeon Chul Hong, Yong Seok Lee, Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(2):59-63.
Published online June 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.2.59

In order to obtain greater insight into the relevant genomic expression patterns of Trichinella spiralis, 992 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were collected from a cDNA library of T. spiralis muscle stage larvae and assembled into 60 clusters and 385 singletons. Of them, 445 (44.7%) ESTs were annotated to their homologous genes, and small fractions were matched to known genes of nematodes. The annotated ESTs were classified into 25 eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG). Cytochrome C oxidase (34 clones) was found to be most frequent species.

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    Bin Tang, Mingyuan Liu, Libo Wang, Shenye Yu, Haining Shi, Pascal Boireau, Vasile Cozma, Xiuping Wu, Xiaolei Liu
    Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Molecular characterization of 45kDa aspartic protease of Trichinella spiralis
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  • Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is Involved in Th2 Responses againstTrichinella spiralisInfection
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    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 235.     CrossRef
  • Identification of host immune regulation candidate genes of Toxascaris leonina by expression sequenced tags (ESTs) analysis
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A serological survey of Dirofilaria immitis infection in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and effects of chemoprophylaxis
Kang Hyun Byeon, Bong Jin Kim, Sun-Mi Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Mee-Sun Ock
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):27-32.
Published online March 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.27

The status of Dirofilaria immitis infection was assessed in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and chemoprophylactic effects of microfilaricidal medication were evaluated. A total of 294 pet dogs older than 6 mo were examined, 217 of which had been maintained indoors, and 77 had been kept outdoors. The SnapR kit and direct microscopic examinations of the peripheral blood were used. The mean overall parasite positive rates were 10.2% and 6.5%, respectively. Outdoor dogs evidenced adult worm infection rate of 31.2% and microfilaria infection rate of 18.2%. The indoor dogs, however, evidenced adult worm infection rate of 2.8% and microfilaria infection rate of 2.3%. The prevalence in males was more than 2 times that of females. The changing pattern of infection rates by age evidenced a gradual increase, from 2- to 6-year-old dogs, after which, a decrease in infection rates was noted. With regard to chemoprophylaxis, the infection rates of complete and incomplete chemoprophylaxis groups were found to be 2-3 times lower than that of the non-chemoprophylaxis group. The results of the present study indicate that the risk of exposure to D. immitis in pet dogs is quite high, particularly in male outdoor dogs, and chemoprophylactic measures were quite effective.

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    Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2023; 4: 100148.     CrossRef
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  • Incidence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs presented at University of Nigeria, Nsukka Veterinary Teaching Hospital using wet smear and buffy coat techniques
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    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease.2016; 6(8): 627.     CrossRef
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    Shuai Wang, Nian Zhang, Zhenchao Zhang, Dong Wang, Zhijun Yao, Haizhu Zhang, Jingbo Ma, Bin Zheng, Hongbin Ren, Shiguo Liu
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Natural occurrence of Mycobacterium as an endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba isolated from a contact lens storage case
Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Yeon-Chul Hong, Seong-Yong Seol, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):11-18.
Published online March 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.11

Recent in vitro studies have revealed that a certain Mycobacterium can survive and multiply within free-living amoebae. It is believed that protozoans function as host cells for the intracellular replication and evasion of Mycobacterium spp. under harmful conditions. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of a bacterium naturally observed within an amoeba isolate acquired from a contact lens storage case. The bacterium multiplied within Acanthamoeba, but exerted no cytopathic effects on the amoeba during a 6-year amoebic culture. Trasnmission electron microscopy showed that the bacteria were randomly distributed within the cytoplasm of trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba. On the basis of the results of 18S rRNA gene analysis, the amoeba was identified as A. lugdunensis. A 16S rRNA gene analysis placed this bacterium within the genus Mycobacterium. The bacterium evidenced positive reactivity for acid-fast and fluorescent acid-fast stains. The bacterium was capable of growth on the Middlebrook 7H11-Mycobacterium-specific agar. The identification and characterization of bacterial endosymbionts of free-living protozoa bears significant implications for our understanding of the ecology and the identification of other atypical mycobacterial pathogens.

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  • A Comparative Genomic Approach to Determine the Virulence Factors and Horizontal Gene Transfer Events of Clinical Acanthamoeba Isolates
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    Clarissa van der Loo, Catheleen Bartie, Tobias George Barnard, Natasha Potgieter
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  • Co-Existence of Free-Living Amoebae and Potential Human Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Rural Household Water Storage Containers
    Natasha Potgieter, Clarissa van der Loo, Tobias George Barnard
    Biology.2021; 10(12): 1228.     CrossRef
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  • Repertoire of free-living protozoa in contact lens solutions
    Ibtissem Bouchoucha, Aurore Aziz, Louis Hoffart, Michel Drancourt
    BMC Ophthalmology.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Current and Past Strategies for Bacterial Culture in Clinical Microbiology
    Jean-Christophe Lagier, Sophie Edouard, Isabelle Pagnier, Oleg Mediannikov, Michel Drancourt, Didier Raoult
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    M. Drancourt
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2014; 77: 119.     CrossRef
  • Molecular characterization and ultrastructure of a new amoeba endoparasite belonging to the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex
    Daniele Corsaro, Karl-Dieter Müller, Rolf Michel
    Experimental Parasitology.2013; 133(4): 383.     CrossRef
  • Identification of Free-Living Amoebae and Amoeba-Associated Bacteria from Reservoirs and Water Treatment Plants by Molecular Techniques
    Alicia Garcia, Pilar Goñi, Joanna Cieloszyk, Maria Teresa Fernandez, Laura Calvo-Beguería, Encarnacion Rubio, Maria Francisca Fillat, Maria Luisa Peleato, Antonio Clavel
    Environmental Science & Technology.2013; 47(7): 3132.     CrossRef
  • Cooccurrence of Free-Living Amoebae and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Hospital Water Networks, and Preferential Growth of Mycobacterium avium in Acanthamoeba lenticulata
    Alida R. Ovrutsky, Edward D. Chan, Marinka Kartalija, Xiyuan Bai, Mary Jackson, Sara Gibbs, Joseph O. Falkinham, Michael D. Iseman, Paul R. Reynolds, Gerald McDonnell, Vincent Thomas
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2013; 79(10): 3185.     CrossRef
  • Detection of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Clinical Acanthamoeba Isolates
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    Daniele Corsaro, Gemma Saucedo Pages, Vicente Catalan, Jean-François Loret, Gilbert Greub
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  • Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality
    Vincent Thomas, Gerald McDonnell, Stephen P. Denyer, Jean-Yves Maillard
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  • Free-living amoebae, a training field for macrophage resistance of mycobacteria
    I.B. Salah, E. Ghigo, M. Drancourt
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  • Endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba Isolated from Domestic Tap Water in Korea
    Seon Hee Choi, Min Kyoung Cho, Soon Cheol Ahn, Ji Eun Lee, Jong Soo Lee, Dong-Hee Kim, Ying-Hua Xuan, Yeon Chul Hong, Hyun Hee Kong, Dong Il Chung, Hak Sun Yu
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(4): 337.     CrossRef
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    Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2008; 74(21): 6547.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between mycobacteria and amoebae: ecological and epidemiological concerns
    V. Thomas, G. McDonnell
    Letters in Applied Microbiology.2007; 45(4): 349.     CrossRef
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Molecular characterization of bacterial endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba isolates from infected corneas of Korean patients
Ying-Hua Xuan, Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Sung-Yong Seol, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):1-9.
Published online March 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.1

The endosymbionts of 4 strains of Acanthamoeba (KA/E9, KA/E21, KA/E22, and KA/E23) isolated from the infected corneas of Korean patients were characterized via orcein stain, transmission electron microscopic examination, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Double membrane-bound, rod-shaped endosymbionts were distributed randomly throughout both the trophozoites and cysts of each of Acanthamoeba isolates. The endosymbionts of KA/E9, KA/E22, and KA/E23 were surrounded by electron-translucent areas. No lacunae-like structures were observed in the endosymbionts of KA/E21, the bacterial cell walls of which were studded with host ribosomes. Comparative analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences showed that the endosymbionts of KA/E9, KA/E22 and KA/E23 were closely related to Caedibacter caryophilus, whereas the KA/E21 endosymbiont was assigned to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum. In the 4 strains of Acanthamoeba, the hosts of the endosymbionts were identified as belonging to the Acanthamoeba castellanii complex, which corresponds to the T4 genotype. Acanthamoeba KA/E21 evidenced characteristics almost identical to those of KA/E6, with the exception of the existence of endosymbionts. The discovery of these endosymbionts from Acanthamoeba may prove essential to future studies focusing on interactions between the endosymbionts and the amoebic hosts.

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Comparison of specific activity and cytopathic effects of purified 33 kDa serine proteinase from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence
Won-Tae Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Young-Ran Ha, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu, Dong-Il Chung
Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):321-330.
Published online December 20, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.321

The pathogenic mechanism of granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and amebic keratitis (AK) by Acanthamoeba has yet to be clarified. Protease has been recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GAE and AK. In the present study, we have compared specific activity and cytopathic effects (CPE) of purified 33 kDa serine proteinases from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence (A. healyi OC-3A, A. lugdunensis KA/E2, and A. castellanii Neff). Trophozoites of the 3 strains revealed different degrees of CPE on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. The effect was remarkably reduced by adding phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), a serine proteinase inhibitor. This result indicated that PMSF-susceptible proteinase is the main component causing cytopathy to HCE cells by Acanthamoeba. The purified 33 kDa serine proteinase showed strong activity toward HCE cells and extracellular matrix proteins. The purified proteinase from OC-3A, the most virulent strain, demonstrated the highest enzyme activity compared to KA/E2, an ocular isolate, and Neff, a soil isolate. Polyclonal antibodies against the purified 33 kDa serine proteinase inhibit almost completely the proteolytic activity of culture supernatant of Acanthamoeba. In line with these results, the 33 kDa serine proteinase is suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis and to be the main component of virulence factor of Acanthamoeba.

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Molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba isolated from amebic keratitis related to orthokeratology lens overnight wear
Sun Joo Lee, Hae Jin Jeong, Ji Eun Lee, Jong Soo Lee, Ying Hua Xuan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung, Mee-Sun Ock, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):313-320.
Published online December 20, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.313

In an effort to characterize, on the molecular scale, the Acanthamoeba initially isolated from the cornea of an amoebic keratitis patient associated with overnight-wear orthokeratology lens in Korea, we conducted mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism, 18S rDNA sequencing, and drug sensitivity analyses on the isolate (KA/PE1). The patient was treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine and oral itraconazole, which resulted in resolution of the patient's ocular inflammation. The majority of the molecular characteristics of the KA/PE1 were determined to be identical, or quite similar, to those of A. castellanii Ma strain, which had been isolated also from amoebic keratitis. The risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis as a potential complication of overnight orthokeratology is briefly discussed.

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Expressed sequence tags analysis of Blattella germanica
Hyang Suk Chung, Tai Hyun Yu, Bong Jin Kim, Sun Mi Kim, Joo Yeong Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Mee Sun Ock
Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(4):149-156.
Published online December 20, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.4.149

Four hundred and sixty five randomly selected clones from a cDNA library of Blattella germanica were partially sequenced and searched using BLAST as a means of analyzing the transcribed sequences of its genome. A total of 363 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from 465 clones after editing and trimming the vector and ambiguous sequences. About 42% (154/363) of these clones showed significant homology with other data base registered genes. These new B. germanica genes constituted a broad range of transcripts distributed among ribosomal proteins, energy metabolism, allergens, proteases, protease inhibitors, enzymes, translation, cell signaling pathways, and proteins of unknown function. Eighty clones were not well-matched by database searches, and these represent new B. germanica-specific ESTs. Some genes which drew our attention are discussed. The information obtained increases our understanding of the B. germanica genome.

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The role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases in Korea
Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):47-50.
Published online June 20, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.47

A survey was carried out from August to December 2004 in Pusan, Korea to document the presence of free-living amoeba (FLA), including the genus Acanthamoeba, in both contact lens storage cases and domestic tap water. Acanthamoeba was isolated from 5 (4.2%) in 120 contact lens storage cases. Four house tap water samples from residents, whose contact lens storage cases had been contaminated by Acanthamoeba, were also found to be contaminated with Acanthamoeba. Therefore, the contamination rate of FLA and Acanthamoeba in domestic tap water was investigated in order to examine the role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination of contact lens storage cases. FLA and Acanthamoeba were identified in 97 (46.8%) and 16 (7.7%) of the 207 domestic tap water samples, respectively. There were no significant differences between the contamination rates of FLA in tap water according to the filtration plant of origin. No FLA was detected in the tap water directly supplied by the water purification plants. Water storage tanks appear to promote FLA colonization, including Acanthamoeba, in domestic tap water. This increases the risk of Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases as well as increasing the risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

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