Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Ho-Woo Nam"

Brief Communication

Allyl isothiocyanate exacerbates acute toxoplasmosis through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines: Qiu-Mei Lin, Hong-Bin Long, Jun-Ting He, Zhi-hao Zhang, Ho-Woo Nam, Fu-Shi Quan, Qi Zhong, Xu-Qing Liu, Zhao-Shou Yang; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):476-483.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24054

Abstract
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Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural product commonly used in food preservation and pharmaceutical applications. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, is prevalent globally while the impact of AITC on toxoplasmosis is unclear. We explored the effect of AITC on acute toxoplasmosis. We infected C57BL/6 mice with T. gondii type I RH strain following AITC administration. On the 4th day after infection, which corresponds to the initial stage of infection, we collected serum for the determination of inflammatory cytokine levels. The mice serum of the AITC-administered group contained significantly lower levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-23 subunit p19, IL-4, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The lifespan of the mice in the AITC-administered group was significantly reduced. In vitro experiments showed that AITC promoted the proliferation of intracellular T. gondii accompanied by the inhibition of IL-4, IL-1β, and IL-6 production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results showed that AITC facilitated T. gondii infection in the early stage by inhibiting the production of several inflammatory cytokines.

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Original Articles

Spatiotemporal Clusters and Trends of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Korea: Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Sang Haak Lee, Yeong Hoon Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):327-338.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.327

Abstract
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This study determined the recent status and trend of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) in the non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (non-HIV-PcP) and HIV (HIV-PcP) infected populations using data from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). SaTScan and Joinpoint were used for statistical analyses. Non-HIV-PcP cases showed an upward trend during the study period from 2010 to 2021, with the largest number in 2021 (551 cases). The upward trend was similar until 2020 after adjusting for the population. Seoul had the highest number of cases (1,597) in the non-HIV-PcP group, which was the same after adjusting for the population (162 cases/1,000,000). It was followed by Jeju-do (89 cases/1,000,000). The most likely cluster (MLC) for the non-HIV-PCP group was Seoul (Relative Risk (RR)=4.59, Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR)=825.531), followed by Jeju-do (RR=1.59, LLR=5.431). An upward trend was observed among the non-HIV-PcP group in the Jeju-do/Jeollanam-do/Jeollabuk-do/Gyeongsangnam-do/Busan/Daejeon/Daegu/Ulsan joint cluster (29.02%, LLR=11.638, P<0.001) located in the southern part of Korea. Both women and men in the non-HIV groups showed an overall upward trend of PcP during the study period. Men in the 60-69 age group had the highest annual percentage change (APC 41.8) during 2014-2019. In contrast, the HIV groups showed a falling trend of PcP recently. Men in the 60-69 age group had the most decrease (APC -17.6) during 2018-2021. This study provides an analytic basis for health measures and a nationwide epidemiological surveillance system for the management of PcP.

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Pneumonia incidence and determinants in South Punjab, Pakistan (2016–2020): a spatial epidemiological study at Tehsil-level
Ömer Ünsal, Oliver Gruebner, Munazza Fatima
International Journal of Health Geographics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Relationship between Clonorchis sinensis Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma in Korea: Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Yeong Hoon Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):261-271.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.261

This study provides an overview of the current status of clonorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and their relationship in Korea during 2012-2020. Data were obtained from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service of Korea. Cluster, trend, and correlation analyses were performed. Gyeongsangnam-do and Seoul had the highest average number of cases (1,026 and 4,208) and adjusted rate (306 and 424) for clonorchiasis and CCA, respectively. The most likely clusters (MLC) for clonorchiasis and CCA were Busan/Gyeongsangnam-do/Ulsan/Daegu/Gyeongsangbuk-do (Relative Risk; RR = 4.55, Likelihood Ratio; LLR = 9,131.115) joint cluster and Seoul (RR = 2.29, LLR = 7,602.472), respectively. The MLC for clonorchiasis was in the southeastern part of Korea, while that for CCA was in the southern part. Clonorchiasis showed a decreasing trend in the southeastern districts, while increased in the southwestern districts. Cities in the central region had a decreasing trend, while the western districts had an increasing trend. In most adults (30-59), infection rate of clonorchiasis showed a significant decrease until 2018, while thereafter increased, although not significant. CCA showed a sharply decreasing tendency. The incidence of clonorchiasis and CCA were positively correlated. In general, the correlation was weak (r = 0.39, P < 0.001), but it was strongly positive around the 4 river basins (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). This study might provide an analytic basis for developing an effective system against clonorchiasis and CCA.

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International trends in biliary tract cancer–related mortality, 2000–2022: An observational study of the World Health Organization Mortality Database
Quynh Thi Vu, Yoshito Nishimura, Ko Harada, Hiroki Ito, Tsukasa Higashionna, Akinari Maruo, Keisaku Harada, Tatsuaki Takeda, Hirofumi Hamano, Yoshito Zamami, Hideharu Hagiya, Toshihiro Koyama
Hepatology.2025; 82(3): 626. CrossRef
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Shabir Ahmad Rather, Zahoor Ahmad Wani, Rashaid Ali Mustafa, Pooja Bharti, Rukhsana Kousar, Mohammad Vikas Ashraf, Shoeb Ahmad, A A Shah, M A Hannan Khan
Mutagenesis.2025; 40(3): 465. CrossRef
GalNAc-siRNA conjugates mediate the silencing of the parasite-derived lncRNA: A novel therapeutic approach for liver fluke-induced liver fibrosis
Yangyuan Qiu, Xue Bai, Jingna Gao, Bin Tang, Mingyuan Liu, Jing Ding, Xiaolei Liu
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 319: 145580. CrossRef
Clonorchiasis misdiagnosed as hepatic space-occupying lesion: a case report
Peng Son, Fen Yeong Chen, Jun Er Chin Benedick, Ruiling Hui, Simin Guo
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2025; 113(4): 117027. CrossRef
Ivermectin Identified Using a High-Throughput Screening System Exhibits Anti-Clonorchis sinensis Activity in Rats
Soon-Ok Lee, Hyeryon Lee, Ki Back Chu, Jianhua Li, Sung-Jong Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Joo Hwan No, Fu-Shi Quan
Antibiotics.2025; 14(8): 837. CrossRef
Can flukes cause cancer? Insight into molecular links between parasites and carcinogenesis
Maria Paluch, Maja Cudzik, Aleksandra Kędra, Martyna Olszyna, Agata Dziura, Paulina Jaskulska, Grzegorz Król, Wioleta Kondziołka
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2025; 264: 111707. CrossRef
Genome-wide identification of histone lysine methyltransferases and their implications in the epigenetic regulation of eggshell formation-related genes in a trematode parasite Clonorchis sinensis
Min-Ji Park, Woon-Mok Sohn, Young-An Bae
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 98. CrossRef
A novel kit for enrichment of fecal helminth eggs
Eunsol Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 323. CrossRef
Risk factors for Clonorchis sinensis infections and control measures reinforced with focused interviews
Soon-Ok Lee, Fuhong Dai, Eun Joo Park, Yun Pyo Hong, Fu-Shi Quan, Jin-Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Spatiotemporal Clusters and Trend of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(2):97-107.
Published online April 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.97

Abstract
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This study was done to provide an overview of the latest trichomoniasis status in Korea by finding disease clusters and analyzing temporal trends during 2012-2020. Data were obtained from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) of Korea. SaTScan and Joinpoint programs were used for statistical analyses. Gyeonggi-do had the highest average population and highest number of cases. The high incidence of T. vaginalis infections were observed among women aged 40-49 and 30-39 years (33,830/year and 33,179/year, respectively). Similarly, the 40-49 and 30-39 age group in men showed the highest average cases (1,319/year and 1,282/year, respectively). Jeollabuk-do was the most likely cluster, followed by Busan/Gyeongsangnam-do/Ulsan/Daegu and Jeju-do and Gwangju. Urban and rural differences were prominent. Trichomoniasis has decreased significantly in most clusters, except for Incheon. Trichomoniasis was decreasing in women recently after peaking around 2014. Men showed different trends according to age. Trichomoniasis was increasing in the 10-39 age groups, but decreasing in the 40-59 age groups. This study might provide an analytic basis for future health measures, policy-makers, and health authorities in developing effective system for prevention of trichomoniasis.

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Clinical Characteristics of Vaginal Trichomoniasis Infection and Metronidazole Resistance in Vaginitis Patients
Guixue Lv, Xunrong Cao, Chunfeng Zheng
Infection and Drug Resistance.2025; Volume 18: 1161. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Among Women in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Shuang Li, Jiahui Xu, Sisi Ru, Changjun Hu, Chongyang Liu, Xingquan Sun, Heteng Guo, Xi Zhang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(4): 113. CrossRef
Molecular Identification Based on β-Tubulin of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Women in Babylon Province
Zainab Waddah Kermasha, Hayam Khalis Al-Masoudi, Suhaila Fadhil Mohammed
Medical Journal of Babylon.2024; 21(4): 1009. CrossRef
Prevalence and metronidazole resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis among Japanese women in 2021
Yumiko Saito-Nakano, Yuko Umeki, Chikako Shimokawa, Koichi Kobayashi, Koichi Hashimoto, Toshio Takada, Chinami Makii, Rie Hasebe, Yuri Yoshida, Riko Nakajima, Seiki Kobayashi, Hajime Hisaeda
IJID Regions.2023; 7: 130. CrossRef

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Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):585-593.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.585

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This study was done to provide an analytical overview on the latest malaria infection clusters by evaluating temporal trends during 2010-2019 in Korea. Incheon was the most likely cluster (MLC) for all cases of malaria during the total period. MLCs for P. falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, and clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation were Jeollanam-do, Incheon, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, respectively. Malaria was decreasing in most significant clusters, but Gwangju showed an increase for all cases of malaria, P. vivax and clinically diagnosed cases. Malaria overall, P. falciparum and P. vivax seem to be under control thanks to aggressive health measures. This study might provide a sound scientific basis for future control measures against malaria in Korea.

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List of occupational diseases among farmers in Korea: a literature review
Hansoo Song, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Ki Soo Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Sang Jin Park, Seong-yong Yoon, Kyeongsoo Kim, Dong-phil Choi, Hye-min Kim, Bounggyun Ju, Kanwoo Youn
Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e2. CrossRef
2024년 수도권역 말라리아 환자 및 군집사례 발생 현황
미정 고, 윤정 서, 현미 김, 경원 황
Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(47): 1867. CrossRef
Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kwang Shik Choi
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatio‐temporal incidence of malaria patients in Incheon Metropolitan City
Jung‐A An, Jeong Hyeon Lee, MyungDeok Kim-Jeon, Sung‐Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 609. CrossRef

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Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea: Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):251-256.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.251

Abstract
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We find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon of Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in the areas in 2019 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SaTScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelihood ratio. Jiseok-ri and Insa-ri were found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Seokmo-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. Yangji-ri and Igil-ri were found to be a cluster in Cheorwon-gun and Madal-ri and Baebong-ri were the cluster in Goseong-gun. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0286430. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea: Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):9-14.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.9

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Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence have been rapidly increasing in some parts of Korea. We analyzed prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), in the sera of 552 residents in Ganghwa-gun, 661 ones in Cheorwon-gun, and 305 ones in Goseong-gun, Korea in 2019. IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), glutathione-S-transferase-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. IgG seroprevalence was 28.1% in Ganghwa-gun, 19.5% in Cheorwon-gun and 35.7% in Goseong-gun. Odds ratios comparing Cheorwon vs Ganghwa was 0.63 (P=0.001) and Goesong versus Ganghwa was 1.47 (P=0.01) adjusting age and sex. Goseong had highest seroprevalence among the 3 counties both in crude rates and logistic regression. Although Cheorwon and Goseong are adjacent to the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, seroprevalence rate was much higher in Goseong. Further investigation on other DMZ-closed areas is necessary whether they have high prevalence rates compared to the other areas. T. gondii prevalence in Korea is still persists; proper health policy should be established.

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Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in pigs from various localities in Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 294. CrossRef

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Cluster of Parasite Infections by the Spatial Scan Analysis in Korea: Kyoung-Eun Bae, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):603-608.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.603

Abstract
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This study was performed to find out the clusters with high parasite infection risk to discuss the geographical pattern. Clusters were detected using SatScan software, which is a statistical spatial scan program using Kulldorff’s scan statistic. Information on the parasitic infection cases in Korea 2011-2019 were collected from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clusters of Ascaris lumbricoides infection were detected in Jeollabuk-do, and T. trichiura in Ulsan, Busan, and Gyeongsangnam-do. C. sinensis clusters were detected in Ulsan, Daegu, Busan, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. Clusters of intestinal trematodes were detected in Ulsan, Busan, and Gyeongsangnam-do. P. westermani cluster was found in Jeollabuk-do. E. vermicularis clusters were distributed in Gangwon-do, Jeju-do, Daegu, Daejeon, and Gwangju. This clustering information can be referred for surveillance and control on the parasitic infection outbreak in the infection-prone areas.

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Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea: Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):493-497.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.493

Abstract
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The purpose of this study is to find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in 2 islands of Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon in Ganghwa-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in 2 islands from 2010 to 2013 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SatScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelyhood ratio. Jiseok-ri was found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Ha-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.

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Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors: Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):249-255.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.249

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous, intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, infects an estimated one-third of the human population as well as a broad range of warm-blooded animals. We have observed that some tyrosine kinase inhibitors suppressed the growth of T. gondii within host ARPE-10 cells. Among them, afatinib, human epithermal growth factor receptor 2 and 4 (HER2/4) inhibitor, may be used as a therapeutic agent for inhibiting parasite growth with minimal adverse effects on host. In this report, we conducted a proteomic analysis to observe changes in host proteins that were altered via infection with T. gondii and the treatment of HER2/4 inhibitors. Secreting proteins were subjected to a procedure of micor basic reverse phase liquid chromatography, nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ingenuity pathway analysis serially. As a result, the expression level of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K, semaphorin 7A, a GPI membrane anchor, serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A, and calpain small subunit 1 proteins were significantly changed, and which were confirmed further by western blot analysis. Changes in various proteins, including these 4 proteins, can be used as a basis for explaining the effects of T. gondii infections and HER2/4 inhibitors.

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Host cell proteins modulated upon Toxoplasma infection identified using proteomic approaches: a molecular rationale
Sajad Rashidi, Carmen Vieira, Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Esmaeel Ghani, Mohammadreza Karimazar, Paul Nguewa, Raúl Manzano-Román
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(7): 1853. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Detection of Human Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Antibody with Recombinant Fragmented Ribosomal P Protein: Yeong Hoon Kim, Zhaoshou Yang, Jihoo Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Chom-Kyu Chong, Wagner Maricondi, Ronaldo F. Dias, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):435-437.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.435

Abstract
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Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and is endemic in many Latin American countries. Diagnosis is based on serologic testing and the WHO recommends two or more serological tests for confirmation. Acidic ribosomal P protein of T. cruzi showed strong reactivity against positive sera of patients, and we cloned the protein after fragmenting it to enhance its antigenicity and solubility. Twelve positive sera of Chagas disease patients were reacted with the fragmented ribosomal P protein using western blot. Detection rate and density for each fragment were determined. Fragments F1R1, F1R2, and F2R1 showed 100% rate of detection, and average density scoring of 2.00, 1.67, and 2.42 from a maximum of 3.0, respectively. Therefore, the F2R1 fragment of the ribosomal P protein of T. cruzi could be a promising antigen to use in the diagnosis of Chagas disease in endemic regions with high specificity and sensitivity.

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In vitro diagnostic methods of Chagas disease in the clinical laboratory: a scoping review
Luis C. Ascanio, Savannah Carroll, Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi, Juan David Ramírez
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A refined genome phage display methodology delineates the human antibody response in patients with Chagas disease
André Azevedo Reis Teixeira, Luis Rodriguez Carnero, Andréia Kuramoto, Fenny Hui Fen Tang, Carlos Hernique Gomes, Natalia Bueno Pereira, Léa Campos de Oliveira, Regina Garrini, Jhonatas Sirino Monteiro, João Carlos Setubal, Ester Cerdeira Sabino, Renata P
iScience.2021; 24(6): 102540. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among School Children in Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Upper Myanmar: Th? Lam Th?i, Hojong Jun, Seo-Hye Park, H??ng Giang L?, Jinyoung Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jung-Mi Kang, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Woo Nam, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):303-308.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.303

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. In this study, we analyzed seroprevalence of T. gondii among 467 school children living in the rural areas of Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among school children was 23.5%; 22.5% of children were positive for T. gondii IgG, 0.4% of children were positive for T. gondii IgM, and 0.6% of children were positive for both T. gondii IgG and IgM. Geographical factors did not significantly affect the seroprevalence frequency between Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. No significant difference was found between males (22.2%) and females (25.0%). The overall seroprevalence among school children differed by ages (10 years old [13.6%], 11-12 years old [19.8%], 13-14 years old [24.6%], and 15-16 years old [28.0%]), however, the result was not significant. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for T. gondii B1 gene for IgG-positive and IgM-positive blood samples were negative, indicating no direct evidence of active infection. These results collectively suggest that T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar was relatively high. Integrated and improved strategies including reinforced education on toxoplasmosis should be implemented to prevent and control T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar.

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A pre-existing Toxoplasma gondii infection exacerbates the pathophysiological response and extent of brain damage after traumatic brain injury in mice
Tamara L. Baker, David K. Wright, Alessandro D. Uboldi, Christopher J. Tonkin, Anh Vo, Trevor Wilson, Stuart J. McDonald, Richelle Mychasiuk, Bridgette D. Semple, Mujun Sun, Sandy R. Shultz
Journal of Neuroinflammation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among slaughterhouse workers in Yangon Region, Myanmar: A cross-sectional study
Nay Hein Sint, Ye Minn Htun, Tun Tun Win, Aye Sandar Mon, Thant Zaw Lwin, Lwin Oo Maung, Pyae Sone Win, Kaung Myat Naing, Thet Paing Zaw, Pyae Hpone Naing, Sai Nyan Lin Tun, Aung Aye Kyaw, Kyaw Wunna, Khine Khine Su, Kyaw Myo Tun, Atef Oreiby
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(4): e0284352. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii in lactating animals: potential risk to milk consuming population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S. Khan, K. Rafiq, M. N. Khabir, M. B. Khan, S. N. Khan, A. Khattak, S. Attaullah
Brazilian Journal of Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats and Its Zoonotic Potential for Public Health Significance
Mian Abdul Hafeez, Muntazir Mehdi, Faiza Aslam, Kamran Ashraf, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Abdur Rauf Khalid, Adeel Sattar, Syeda Fakhra Waheed, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Omar Obaid Alharbi, Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir, Umer Chaudhry, Mashal M. Almutairi
Pathogens.2022; 11(4): 437. CrossRef
Toxoplasma oocysts in the soil of public places worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bahman Maleki, Nayebali Ahmadi, Meysam Olfatifar, Mohammad Gorgipour, Ali Taghipour, Amir Abdoli, Ali Khorshidi, Masoud Foroutan, Aliyar Mirzapour
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2021; 115(5): 471. CrossRef
Potential linkage between Toxoplasma gondii infection and physical education scores of college students
Jun Cai, Zhijin Sheng, Yu Jin, Yinan Du, Xinlei Yan, Yong Yao, Musa Hassan
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0241653. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in household cats in Myanmar and molecular identification of parasites using feline faecal oocysts
Saw Bawm, Aye Zar Phyu, Hla Myet Chel, Lat Lat Htun, Ryo Nakao, Ken Katakura
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2020; 20: e00094. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among reproductive-aged women in Myanmar and evaluation of luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay
Khin Myo Aye, Eiji Nagayasu, Myat Htut Nyunt, Ni Ni Zaw, Kyaw Zin Thant, Myat Phone Kyaw, Haruhiko Maruyama
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Yellow Fever Non-Structural Protein 1: Yeong Hoon Kim, Tae-Yun Kim, Ji-Seon Park, Jin Suk Park, Jihoo Lee, Joungdae Moon, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ivan Neves Junior, Fernando Raphael Ferry, Hye-Jin Ahn, Lokraj Bhatt, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):283-290.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.283

Abstract
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A rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit was developed to detect non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of yellow fever virus (YFV) using monoclonal antibody. NS1 protein was purified from the cultured YFV and used to immunize mice. Monoclonal antibody to NS1 was selected and conjugated with colloidal gold to produce the YFV NS1 RDT kit. The YFV RDTs were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity using positive and negative samples of monkeys from Brazil and negative human blood samples from Korea. Among monoclonal antibodies, clones 3A11 and 3B7 proved most sensitive, and used for YFV RDT kit. Diagnostic accuracy of YFV RDT was fairly high; Sensitivity was 0.0% and specificity was 100% against Dengue viruses type 2 and 3, Zika, Chikungunya and Mayaro viruses. This YFV RDT kit could be employed as a test of choice for point-of-care diagnosis and large scale surveys of YFV infection under clinical or field conditions in endemic areas and on the globe.

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Synthesis of Truncated DNA Aptamer and Its Application to an Electrochemical Biosensor Consisting of an Aptamer and a MXene Heterolayer for Yellow Fever Virus
Nayeon Kwon, Siyun Lee, Moonbong Jang, Jin-Ho Lee, Chulhwan Park, Taek Lee
BioChip Journal.2024; 18(1): 93. CrossRef
Challenges in Direct Detection of Flaviviruses: A Review
Bruna de Paula Dias, Camila Cavadas Barbosa, Cyntia Silva Ferreira, Samara Mayra Soares Alves dos Santos, Orlando Alfredo Pineda Arrieta, Wellington Carvalho Malta, Maria Laura Maximiano Dias Gomes, Mariela Alves e Silva, Júlia de Matos Fonseca, Lysandro
Pathogens.2023; 12(5): 643. CrossRef
A Chikungunya Virus Multiepitope Recombinant Protein Expressed from the Binary System Insect Cell/Recombinant Baculovirus Is Useful for Laboratorial Diagnosis of Chikungunya
Leonardo Assis da Silva, Monique da Rocha Queiroz Lima, Brenda Rabello de Camargo, Dyeferson Kened da Silva Coelho Guimarães, Anabele Azevedo Lima Barbastefano, Raquel Curtinhas de Lima, Paulo Vieira Damasco, Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha, Luiz José de Souza,
Microorganisms.2022; 10(7): 1451. CrossRef

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Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets: Won Gi Yoo, Sun-Min Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Ji-Yun Lee, Fuhong Dai, Ho Choon Woo, Ho-Woo Nam, Tae Im Kim, Jeong-Hee Han, Dongmi Kwak, Yun Sang Cho, Seung-Won Kang, Tong-Soo Kim, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chunren Wang, Heejeong Youn, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):437-446.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.437

Abstract
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To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pork on the market in Korea, an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tissue fluid (CAU-tf-ELISA) was developed using a soluble extract of T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites. As the standard positive controls, the piglets were experimentally infected with T. gondii: Group A (1,000 cysts-containing bradyzoites), Group B (500 cysts-containing bradyzoites) and Group C (1.0×103 or 1.0×104 tachyzoites). The CAU-tf-ELISA demonstrated infection intensity-dependent positivity toward tissue fluids with average cut-off value 0.15: 100% for Group A, 93.8% for Group B and 40.6% for Group C. When tissue-specific cut-off values 0.066-0.199 were applied, CAU-tf-ELISA showed 96.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive and 90.0% negative predictive values. When compared with the same tissue fluids, performance of CAU-tf-ELISA was better than that of a commercial ELISA kit. Of the 583 Korea domestic pork samples tested, anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected from 9.1% of whole samples and 37.9% from skirt meat highest among pork parts. In the 386 imported frozen pork samples, 1.8% (skirt meat and shoulder blade) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies. In Korea, prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in the pork on retail markets appeared high, suggesting that regulations on pig farming and facilities are necessary to supply safe pork on the tables.

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Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
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S. Almeria, J.P. Dubey
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K. L. D. Tharaka D. Liyanage, Anke Wiethoelter, Jasmin Hufschmid, Abdul Jabbar
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WITHDRAWN: All about Toxoplasma gondii infections in pigs: the past decade
Jitender P. Dubey, Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar, Fernando H.A. Murata, Oliver C.H. Kwok, Dolores Hill, Yurong R. Yang, Chunlei Su
Veterinary Parasitology.2020; : 109182. CrossRef

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Development of a Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit to Detect IgG/IgM Antibody against Zika Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies to the Envelope and Non-structural Protein 1 of the Virus: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Yanaihara Pinchemel, Francis Reisdo?rfer, Joyce Brito Coelho, Ronaldo Ferreira Dias, Pan Kee Bae, Zuinara Pereira Maia Gusma?o, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):61-70.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.61

Abstract
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We developed a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kit for detecting IgG/IgM antibodies against Zika virus (ZIKV) using monoclonal antibodies to the envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of ZIKV. These proteins were produced using baculovirus expression vector with Sf9 cells. Monoclonal antibodies J2G7 to NS1 and J5E1 to E protein were selected and conjugated with colloidal gold to produce the Zika IgG/IgM RDT kit (Zika RDT). Comparisons with ELISA, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and PCR were done to investigate the analytical sensitivity of Zika RDT, which resulted in 100% identical results. Sensitivity and specificity of Zika RDT in a field test was determined using positive and negative samples from Brazil and Korea. The diagnostic accuracy of Zika RDT was fairly high; sensitivity and specificity for IgG was 99.0 and 99.3%, respectively, while for IgM it was 96.7 and 98.7%, respectively. Cross reaction with dengue virus was evaluated using anti-Dengue Mixed Titer Performance Panel (PVD201), in which the Zika RDT showed cross-reactions with DENV in 16.7% and 5.6% in IgG and IgM, respectively. Cross reactions were not observed with West Nile, yellow fever, and hepatitis C virus infected sera. Zika RDT kit is very simple to use, rapid to assay, and very sensitive, and highly specific. Therefore, it would serve as a choice of method for point-of-care diagnosis and large scale surveys of ZIKV infection under clinical or field conditions worldwide in endemic areas.

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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 105(11): 4663. CrossRef
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Patricia Batista Deroco, Dagwin Wachholz Junior, Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
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Alexandra Marisa Targovnik, Jorge Alejandro Simonin, Gregorio Juan Mc Callum, Ignacio Smith, Franco Uriel Cuccovia Warlet, María Victoria Nugnes, María Victoria Miranda, Mariano Nicolás Belaich
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Isaura Beatriz Borges Silva, Aldacilene Souza da Silva, Mariana Sequetin Cunha, Aline Diniz Cabral, Kelly Cristina Alves de Oliveira, Elizabeth De Gaspari, Carlos Roberto Prudencio
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Journal of Infection and Public Health.2019; 12(6): 794. CrossRef
Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Yellow Fever Non-Structural Protein 1
Yeong Hoon Kim, Tae-Yun Kim, Ji-Seon Park, Jin Suk Park, Jihoo Lee, Joungdae Moon, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ivan Neves Junior, Fernando Raphael Ferry, Hye-Jin Ahn, Lokraj Bhatt, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 283. CrossRef
Zika Fever: Development of Diagnostics, Prevention and Treatment
E. I. Kazachinskaya, D. V. Shan’shin, A. V. Ivanova
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Dong-Shan Yu, Tian-Hao Weng, Chen-Yu Hu, Zhi-Gang Wu, Yan-Hua Li, Lin-Fang Cheng, Nan-Ping Wu, Lan-Juan Li, Hang-Ping Yao
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Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells: Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):491-503.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.491

Abstract
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The effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were evaluated on growth inhibition of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii in host ARPE-19 cells. The number of tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) was counted after treatment with TKIs. T. gondii protein expression was assessed by western blot. Immunofluorescence assay was performed using Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and T. gondii GRA3 antibodies. The TKIs were divided into 3 groups; non-epidermal growth factor receptor (non-EGFR), anti-human EGFR 2 (anti-HER2), and anti-HER2/4 TKIs, respectively. Group I TKIs (nintedanib, AZD9291, and sunitinib) were unable to inhibit proliferation without destroying host cells. Group II TKIs (lapatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, and AG1478) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to control pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 20 μM and higher, without affecting host cells. Group III TKIs (neratinib, dacomitinib, afatinib, and pelitinib) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to pyrimethamine at 1-5 μM, but host cells were destroyed at 10-20 ?M. In Group I, TgHSP90 and SAG1 inhibitions were weak, and GRA3 expression was moderately inhibited. In Group II, TgHSP90 and SAG1 expressions seemed to be slightly enhanced, while GRA3 showed none to mild inhibition; however, AG1478 inhibited all proteins moderately. Protein expression was blocked in Group III, comparable to pyrimethamine. PDCD4 and GRA3 were well localized inside the nuclei in Group I, mildly disrupted in Group II, and were completely disrupted in Group III. This study suggests the possibility of a vital T. gondii TK having potential HER2/4 properties, thus anti-HER2/4 TKIs may inhibit intracellular parasite proliferation with minimal adverse effects on host cells.

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Francesca Arrighi, Arianna Granese, Paola Chimenti, Paolo Guglielmi
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Latent Toxoplasmosis among Breast Cancer Patients in Jahrom, South of Iran
Marzeieh Haghbin, Salar Maani, Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh, Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, Heshmatollah Shakeri, Ali Taghipour, Shahab Falahi, Azra Kenarkoohi, Milad Badri, Amir Abdoli, Mubashir Javed Mintoo
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European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 233: 114249. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT in Residents near the DMZ (demilitarized zone) of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):385-389.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.385

Abstract
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, which partly includes the demilitarized zone (DMZ), were surveyed for 4 years and evaluated by RDT using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1A). Sera from 1336, 583, 526, and 583 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The total positive seroprevalence was 19.3, 21.9, 23.4, and 26.8% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The positive seroprevalence in men (23.6, 27.5, 29.5, 34.6%) was far higher than women (14.1, 18.3, 19.4, 21.4%), from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun may have been influenced in part by its geographical locality of the area as it includes the DMZ, where civilian access is strictly limited, thus creating a relatively isolated area that is a well-preserved habitat. Further research is necessary to study the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this area.

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Is the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis declining?
Gregory Colin Milne, Joanne P. Webster, Martin Walker
Trends in Parasitology.2023; 39(1): 26. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0286430. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Distribution of toxoplasmosis among different groups of the population of the Оmsk Region
O.Yu. Starostina, Yu.I. Patsula, A.Kh. Nurpeisova
ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT.2019; : 51. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis with ELISA and Rapid Diagnostic Test among Residents in Gyodong-do, Inchon city, Korea: A Four-Year Follow-up: Yeong Hoon Kim, Ji hoo Lee, Seong kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):247-254.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.247

Abstract
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ELISA has been used for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, but it is being gradually replaced by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). We compared and analyzed ELISA and RDT results using the sera collected during 4 consecutive years from residents of Gyodong-do (Island), Incheon-city, Korea. Sera from 921, 993, 940, and 838 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis (2010-2013). ELISA was performed by using a crude extract of T. gondii RH strain antigen and IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), GST-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. Comparison between groups was analyzed by the Student’s t-test. The positive seroprevalence surged from 14.7% (135/921, 2010), 23.1% (231/993, 2011), 23.6% (222/940, 2012), and 32.1% (269/838, 2013) by ELISA. In contrast, RDT showed a more moderate increasing trend from 21.7% (200/921, 2010), 25.5% (253/993, 2011), 28.9% (272/940, 2012) and 33.1% (277/838, 2013). Discrepancies between ELISA and RDT were noted near the cut-off value. At the OD 0.15-0.24 range, RDT could detect 16.1% (169/1051) more positives, which suggests an early or acute toxoplasmosis, but at the OD 0.25-0.34 range, ELISA could detect 35.9% (92/256) more positives of possible chronic infections. Over the OD > 0.35 ELISA and RDT agreed in the majority of the cases. This surge in seroprevalence may be caused by the organic agriculture in addition to eating behavior or increase in pets among Koreans. These facts may be applied on a full-scale national survey using RDT to supplement ELISA to define the characteristics of the infection.

Citations

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Is the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis declining?
Gregory Colin Milne, Joanne P. Webster, Martin Walker
Trends in Parasitology.2023; 39(1): 26. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea
Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 493. CrossRef
Evaluation of a Newly Designed Immunochromatographic Test using Gold Nanoparticles and Recombinant Antigen gra7 for Rapid Diagnosis of Human Toxoplasmosis
Hassan Morovati, Seyyed javad Seyyedtabaei, Mehrdad Gholamzad
Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2020; 14(1): 101. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets
Won Gi Yoo, Sun-Min Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Ji-Yun Lee, Fuhong Dai, Ho Choon Woo, Ho-Woo Nam, Tae Im Kim, Jeong-Hee Han, Dongmi Kwak, Yun Sang Cho, Seung-Won Kang, Tong-Soo Kim, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chunren Wang, Heejeong Youn, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 437. CrossRef

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High Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT among the Residents of Seokmo-do (Island) in Ganghwa-Gun, Incheon City, Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):9-13.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.9

Abstract
PDF

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Seokmo-do (Island) in Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea was surveyed for 4 years by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), GST-linker-SAG1A. Sera from 312, 343, 390, and 362 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. Total positive seroprevalence regardless of gender was 29.2, 35.3, 38.7, and 45.3% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. Positive seroprevalence in male adults was 43.9, 48.2, 45.4, and 55.3%, which was far higher than that of the corresponding female adults which was 20.7, 29.2, 33.9, and 38.9%, from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Seokmo-do may have been caused in part by peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the island as it is a relatively isolated area preserving its natural habitat while also being connected by a bridge to the mainland. Further study is necessary to find out symptomatic patients and to confirm the risk factors.

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Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records
Do-Won Ham, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Hun Shin, Yong Joon Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Seung Mi Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Ho-Sung Lee, Kyung-Won Hwang, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(4): 424. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Serological and molecular rapid diagnostic tests for Toxoplasma infection in humans and animals
Amjad Hayat Khan, Rahmah Noordin
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2020; 39(1): 19. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea
Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 493. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Western Blot Detection of Human Anti-Chikungunya Virus Antibody with Recombinant Envelope 2 Protein: Zhaoshou Yang, Jihoo Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ronaldo F. Dias, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):239-241.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.239

Abstract
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a tropical pathogen, has re-emerged and has massive outbreaks abruptly all over the world. Containing many dominant epitopes, the envelope E2 protein of CHIKV has been explored for the vaccination or diagnosis. In the present study, the antigenicity of a recombinant expressed intrinsically disorder domain (IUD) of E2 was tested for the detection of the antibody against CHIKV through western blot method. The gene of the IUD of E2 was inserted into 2 different vectors and expressed as recombinant GST-E2 and recombinant MBP-E2 fusion protein, respectively. Two kinds of fusion proteins were tested with 30 CHIKV patient sera and 30 normal sera, respectively. Both proteins were detected by 25 patients sera (83.3%) and 1 normal serum (3.3%). This test showed a relatively high sensitivity and very high specificity of the recombinant E2 proteins to be used as diagnostic antigens against CHIKV infection.

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Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Techniques of Medical Viruses
Daniel Hussien Reta, Tesfaye Sisay Tessema, Addis Simachew Ashenef, Adey Feleke Desta, Wajana Lako Labisso, Solomon Tebeje Gizaw, Solomon Mequanente Abay, Daniel Seifu Melka, Fisseha Alemu Reta
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Original Article

Afatinib Reduces STAT6 Signaling of Host ARPE-19 Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):31-38.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.31

Abstract
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Specific gene expressions of host cells by spontaneous STAT6 phosphorylation are major strategy for the survival of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii against parasiticidal events through STAT1 phosphorylation by infection provoked IFN-γ. We determined the effects of small molecules of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on the growth of T. gondii and on the relationship with STAT1 and STAT6 phosphorylation in ARPE-19 cells. We counted the number of T. gondii RH tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after treatment with TKIs at 12-hr intervals for 72 hr. The change of STAT6 phosphorylation was assessed via western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Among the tested TKIs, Afatinib (pan ErbB/EGFR inhibitor, 5 ?M) inhibited 98.0% of the growth of T. gondii, which was comparable to pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 96.9% and followed by Erlotinib (ErbB1/EGFR inhibitor, 20 ?M) at 33.8% and Sunitinib (PDGFR or c-Kit inhibitor, 10 ?M) at 21.3%. In the early stage of the infection (2, 4, and 8 hr after T. gondii challenge), Afatinib inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 in western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Both JAK1 and JAK3, the upper hierarchical kinases of cytokine signaling, were strongly phosphorylated at 2 hr and then disappeared entirely after 4 hr. Some TKIs, especially the EGFR inhibitors, might play an important role in the inhibition of intracellular replication of T. gondii through the inhibition of the direct phosphorylation of STAT6 by T. gondii.

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Small molecule kinase inhibitor altiratinib inhibits brain cyst forming bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(2): e2409001. CrossRef
iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Analysis Exposes Molecular Changes in the Small Intestinal Epithelia of Cats after Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Bintao Zhai, Yu-Meng Meng, Shi-Chen Xie, Jun-Jie Peng, Yang Liu, Yanhua Qiu, Lu Wang, Jiyu Zhang, Jun-Jun He
Animals.2023; 13(22): 3537. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef
A Human Proteome Array Approach to Identifying Key Host Proteins Targeted by Toxoplasma Kinase ROP18
Zhaoshou Yang, Yongheng Hou, Taofang Hao, Hee-Sool Rho, Jun Wan, Yizhao Luan, Xin Gao, Jianping Yao, Aihua Pan, Zhi Xie, Jiang Qian, Wanqin Liao, Heng Zhu, Xingwang Zhou
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.2017; 16(3): 469. CrossRef
Adverse Event Profile of Pyrimethamine-Based Therapy in Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review
Ruben R. Ben-Harari, Elizabeth Goodwin, Julio Casoy
Drugs in R&D.2017; 17(4): 523. CrossRef
Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 491. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Chronic Toxoplasmosis Modulates the Induction of Contact Hypersensitivity by TNCB in Mouse Model: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):755-757.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.755

Abstract
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Mouse models of chronic toxoplasmosis and atopic dermatitis (AD) were combined to clarify the effect of opportunistic Toxoplama gondii infection on the development of AD. AD was induced as a chronic contact hypersensitivity (CHS) with repeated challenge of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) on the dorsal skin of mice. TNCB induced skin thickness increases in both normal and toxoplasmic mice. The changing patterns were different from the sigmoidal which saturated at 20 days in normal mice to the convex saturated at 12 days in toxoplasmic mice with the crossing at 18 days. Compared to normal mice, toxoplasmic mice presented CHS more severely in earlier times and then moderately in later times. These data suggest that host immune modification by T. gondii infection enhances CHS in early times of atopic stimulation but soothes the reaction of CHS in later times in mouse model.

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Effect of orally administered exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC on a mouse model of dermatitis induced by repeated exposure to 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene
Yayoi Gotoh, Shiho Suzuki, Midori Amako, Shinichi Kitamura, Toshiya Toda
Journal of Functional Foods.2017; 35: 43. CrossRef

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Original Article

Relationship between Antibody-Positive Rate against Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein and Incidence of Malaria: Hyeong-Woo Lee, Yoon-Joong Kang, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jhang Ho Pak, Ho-Woo Nam, Yun-Kyu Park, Youngjoo Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):169-175.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.169

Abstract
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The relationship between anti-Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibody levels and the prevalence of malaria in epidemic areas of South Korea was evaluated. Blood samples were collected from inhabitants of Gimpo-si (city), Paju-si, and Yeoncheon-gun (county) in Gyeonggi-do (province), as well as Cheorwon-gun in Gangwon-do from November to December 2004. Microscopic examinations were used to identify malaria parasites. ELISA was used to quantitate anti-circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibodies against P. vivax. A total of 1,774 blood samples were collected. The overall CSP-ELISA-positive rate was 7.7% (n=139). The annual parasite incidences (APIs) in these areas gradually decreased from 2004 to 2005 (1.09 and 0.80, respectively). The positive rate in Gimpo (10.4%, 44/425) was the highest identified by CSP-ELISA. The highest API was found in Yeoncheon, followed by Cheorwon, Paju, and Gimpo in both years. The positive rates of CSP-ELISA were closely related to the APIs in the study areas. These results suggest that seroepidemiological studies based on CSP may be helpful in estimating the malaria prevalence in certain areas. In addition, this assay can be used to establish and evaluate malaria control and eradication programs in affected areas.

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Updated global distribution of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein variants and their correlation with vector susceptibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Marrara P. Sampaio, Marcelo Cerilo-Filho, Yasmin de A․G․do Amaral, Maria Naely G. Almeida, Rayanne I. Correa, Dulce J.V. Fernando, Nathália F. Reis, Leonardo A. Miceli, José R.S. Silva, Luciane M. Storti-Melo, Andréa R.S. Baptista, Ricardo L.D. Machado
Acta Tropica.2025; 261: 107508. CrossRef
Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 791. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Gefitinib Inhibits the Growth of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):439-441.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.439

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis with symptoms of congenital neurological and ocular diseases and acquired lymphadenitis, retinochoroiditis, and meningoencephalitis. Small molecules which block the activity of protein kinases were tested in in vitro culture of T. gondii to find new therapeutic drugs of safer and more effective than the combined administration of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine that sometimes provoke lethal Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Among them, Gefitinib and Crizotinib inhibited intracellular growth of T. gondii in HeLa cells by counting the number of T. gondii per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane whereas Sunitinib did not. Gefitinib inhibited the growth of T. gondii in a dose-dependent manner over 5 ?M up to the tolerable concentration of HeLa cells and halted the division of the parasite immediately from the time point of treatment. Gefitinib inhibition suggests that tyrosine kinases of EGFR family or other homologous kinases of the parasite itself may be the target to cause the block of T. gondii growth.

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Austin Lui, Jordan Vanleuven, David Perekopskiy, Dewey Liu, Desiree Xu, Omar Alzayat, Taiseer Elgokhy, Timothy Do, Meghan Gann, Ryan Martin, Da-Zhi Liu
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George Ghartey-Kwansah, Benjamin Aboagye, Frank Adu-Nti, Yeboah Kwaku Opoku, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
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Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef
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Robert J. Evans, Varadharajan Sundaramurthy, Eva-Maria Frickel
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Barbara Clough, Eva-Maria Frickel
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Xiaoxia Jin, Guojiang Li, Xichen Zhang, Pengtao Gong, Yanhui Yu, Jianhua Li
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Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 491. CrossRef
Human toxoplasmosis–Searching for novel chemotherapeutics
Magdalena Antczak, Katarzyna Dzitko, Henryka Długońska
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Original Articles

High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains of Toxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):367-376.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.367

Abstract
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Recombinant antigenic proteins of Toxoplasma gondii are alternative source of antigens which are easily obtainable for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. In this study, highly antigenic secretory organellar proteins, dense granular GRA2 and GRA3, rhoptrial ROP2, and micronemal MIC2, were analyzed by bioinformatics approach to express as water-soluble forms of antigenic domains. The transmembrane region and disorder tendency of 4 secretory proteins were predicted to clone the genes into pGEX-4T-1 vector. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into BL21 (DE3) pLysS E. coli, and GST fusion proteins were expressed with IPTG. As a result, GST fusion proteins with GRA2_25-105, GRA3_39-138, ROP2_324-561, and MIC2_1-284 domains had respectively higher value of IgG avidity. The rGST-GRA2_25-105 and rGST-GRA3_39-138 were soluble, while rGST-ROP2_324-561 and rGST-MIC2_1-284 were not. GRA2_31-71, intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of GRA2, was used as a linker to enhance the solubility. The rGST-GRA2_31-71-ROP2_324-561, a chimeric protein, appeared to be soluble. Moreover, rGST-GRA2_31-71-MIC2_1-284 was also soluble and had higher IgG avidity comparing to rGST-MIC2_1-284. These 4 highly expressed and water-soluble recombinant antigenic proteins may be promising candidates to improve the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in addition to the major surface antigen of SAG1.

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Single Cell Expression Systems for the Production of Recombinant Proteins for Immunodiagnosis and Immunoprophylaxis of Toxoplasmosis
Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
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A vaccine using Anaplasma marginale subdominant type IV secretion system recombinant proteins was not protective against a virulent challenge
Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Matilde N. Mazzucco, Marcelo L. Signorini, Ignacio E. Echaide, Susana T. de Echaide, María E. Primo, Paulo Lee Ho
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(2): e0229301. CrossRef
Development of a novel fusion protein with Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale MSP5 improved performance of Anaplasma antibody detection by cELISA in infected and vaccinated cattle
María E. Primo, Carolina S. Thompson, Beatriz S. Valentini, Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Atilio J. Mangold, Susana T. de Echaide, Ulrike Gertrud Munderloh
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(1): e0211149. CrossRef
TheToxoplasma gondiidense granule protein TgGRA3 interacts with host Golgi and dysregulates anterograde transport
Maika S. Deffieu, Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi, Christian Slomianny, Stanislas Tomavo
Biology Open.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Probability of Antibody Formation against Circumsporozoite Protein of Plasmodium vivax among Korean Malaria Patients: Ho-Woo Nam, Kyoung Ju Song, Hye Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):143-149.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.143

Abstract
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To evaluate the seroprevalence against circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium vivax in sera of Korean patients, the central repeating domain (CRD) of CSP was cloned and analyzed. From the genomic DNA of patient's blood, 2 kinds of CSPs were identified to belong to a VK210 type, which is the dominant repeating of GDRA(D/A)GQPA, and named as PvCSPA and PvCSPB. Recombinantly expressed his-tagged PvCSPA or PvCSPB in Escherichia coli reacted well against sera of patients in western blot, with the detecting rate of 47.9% (58/121), which included 15 cases positive for PvCSPA, 6 cases positive for PvCSPB, and 37 cases for both. The mixture of PvCSPA and PvCSPB was loaded to a rapid diagnostic test kit (RDT) and applied with the same set of patient sera, which resulted in detection rates of 57.0% (69/121). When the protein sequences of PvCSPA were compared with those of P. vivax in endemic regions of India and Uganda, they were compatibly homologous to PvCSPA with minor mutations. These results suggested that the recombinant PvCSPA and PvCSPB loaded RDT may be a milestone in latent diagnosis which has been a hot issue of domestic malaria and important for radical therapy in overlapped infections with P. falciparum in tropical and subtropical areas. During the biological process of malarial infection, exposure of CSP to antigen-antibody reaction up to 57.0% is the first report in Korea.

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Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
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A Dual, Systematic Approach to Malaria Diagnostic Biomarker Discovery
Seda Yerlikaya, Ewurama D A Owusu, Augustina Frimpong, Robert Kirk DeLisle, Xavier C Ding
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2022; 74(1): 40. CrossRef
Structure-genetic diversity and recombinant protein of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of vivax malaria antigen: A potential malaria vaccine candidate
Vahid Raissi, Soudabeh Etemadi, Muhammad Ibrahim Getso, Ahmad Mehravaran, Omid Raiesi
Gene Reports.2021; 23: 101132. CrossRef
Serological responses to a soluble recombinant circumsporozoite protein-VK210 of Plasmodium vivax (rPvCSP-VK210) among Iranian malaria patients
Mehdi Nateghpour, Soudabeh Etemadi, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Hamid Eslami, Mehdi Mohebali, Leila Farivar
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Francis D. Krampa, Yaw Aniweh, Prosper Kanyong, Gordon A. Awandare
Sensors.2020; 20(3): 799. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Causing Epidemic Malaria in the Republic of Korea
Young Yil Bahk, Jeonga Kim, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 545. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax msp-3α polymorphisms: analysis in the Indian subcontinent
Anju Verma, Hema Joshi, Vineeta Singh, Anup Anvikar, Neena Valecha
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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A Rapid Diagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis using Recombinant Antigenic N-terminal Half of SAG1 Linked with Intrinsically Unstructured Domain of GRA2 Protein: Kyoung Ju Song, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Jin-Soo Kim, Kyung Chan Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):503-510.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.503

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite with a broad host range of most warm-blooded mammals including humans, of which one-thirds of the human population has been infected worldwide which can cause congenital defects, abortion, and neonatal complications. Here, we developed a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for T. gondii infection. Antigenic N-terminal half of the major surface antigen (SAG1) was linked with intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of dense granule protein 2 (GRA2). The recombinant GST-GRA2-SAG1A protein was successfully expressed and purified as 51 kDa of molecular weight. Furthermore, antigenicity and solubility of the rGST-GRA2-SAG1A protein were significantly increased. The overall specificity and sensitivity of GST-GRA2-SAG1A loaded RDT (TgRDT) were estimated as 100% and 97.1% by comparing with ELISA result which uses T. gondii whole cell lysates as the antigen. The TgRDT tested with Uganda people sera for field trial and showed 31.9% of seroprevalence against T. gondii antibody. The TgRDT is proved to be a kit for rapid and easy to use with high accuracy, which would be a suitable serodiagnostic tool for toxoplasmosis.

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Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Serological and molecular rapid diagnostic tests for Toxoplasma infection in humans and animals
Amjad Hayat Khan, Rahmah Noordin
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2020; 39(1): 19. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea
Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 493. CrossRef
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Juntao Luo, Jingyi Wan, Ziru Tang, Shuang Shen
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Clinical Features and Treatment of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):393-399.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.393

Abstract
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Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the infection with Toxoplasma gondii through congenital or acquired routes. Once the parasite reaches the retina, it proliferates within host cells followed by rupture of the host cells and invasion into neighboring cells to make primary lesions. Sometimes the restricted parasite by the host immunity in the first scar is activated to infect another lesion nearby the scar. Blurred vision is the main complaint of ocular toxoplasmic patients and can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies or parasite DNA. Ocular toxoplasmosis needs therapy with several combinations of drugs to eliminate the parasite and accompanying inflammation; if not treated it sometimes leads to loss of vision. We describe here clinical features and currently available chemotherapy of ocular toxoplasmosis.

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Original Article

Serologic Survey of Toxoplasmosis in Seoul and Jeju-do, and a Brief Review of Its Seroprevalence in Korea: Hyemi Lim, Sang-Eun Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Ki Kim, Mi Youn Lee, Ho-Woo Nam, Jong-Gyun Shin, Cheong-Ha Yun, Han-Ik Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):287-293.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.287

Abstract
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Knowledge of the prevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection is required in the Republic of Korea. In this study, we surveyed the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and analyzed the risk factors associated with seropositivity among residents in 2 administrative districts; Seoul and the island of Jeju-do, which have contrasting epidemiologic characteristics. Sera and blood collected from 2,150 residents (1,114 in Seoul and 1,036 in Jeju-do) were checked for IgG antibody titers using ELISA and for the T. gondii B1 gene using PCR. In addition, participants completed a questionnaire that solicited information on gender, age, occupation, eating habits, history of contact with animals, and travel abroad. The T. gondii B1 gene was not detected in all residents examined. However, ELISA showed 8.0% (89 of 1,114 sera) positive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii in Seoul and 11.3% (117 of 1,036 sera) in Jeju-do. In both districts, the positive rates were higher in males than in females, and those 40-79 years of age showed higher rates than other ages. In Seoul, residents older than 70 years of age showed the highest positive rate, 14.9%, whereas in Jeju-do the highest prevalence, 15.6%, was in those in their sixties. The higher seropositive rate in Jeju-do than in Seoul may be related to eating habits and occupations. The present results and a review of related literature are indicative of an increased seroprevalence of T. gondii in Korea in recent years.

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in the Residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Hye-Jin Ahn, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):225-227.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.225

Abstract
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The seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis was surveyed among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do by means of ELISA using a crude extract antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 1,661 adult residents (866 males and 795 females) were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 17.0% positive rate (282 sera). The positive rate was significantly different between the sex; 20.6% for males and 13.1% for females (P<0.05). The positive rates were higher in fifties of males (28.7%) and forties of females (20.0%). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun residents is regarded as the highest among the surveys of different geographical regions of Korea. This high positive rate may due in part to peculiar geographical locality of the surveyed area near the naturally well preserved demilitarized zone (DMZ) or presumably consumption of the pork imported from high endemic nations. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun.

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Original Articles

A Surge in the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Islands in Gangwha-gun, Incheon, Korea: Zhaoshou Yang, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Hye-Jin Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):191-197.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.191

Abstract
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Seroepidemiological changes of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of the islands of Gangwha-gun, Incheon for 2 years were surveyed and evaluated by ELISA using a crude extract antigen. In 2010, sera of 919 adult residents in Gyodong-myeon and 313 adults in Samsan-myeon were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 14.5% (133 sera) and 19.8% (62 sera) positive rates, respectively. In 2011, sera of 955 adults in Gyodong-myeon and 341 adults in Samsan-myeon were examined, which showed an increase of positive rates to 23.8% (227 sera) and 31.7% (108 sera), respectively. Totally, the seroprevalence of the first year was 15.8% and it increased rapidly to 25.8% in the second year. The positive rates of both sexes increased simultaneously with the significant ratio of males to females by 1.7-2.2 fold (P<0.05). In both myeons, 661 sera were collected every year and showed changes in optical density (OD) in 177 sera; newly found as positives in 73 persons (11.0%), negative conversion in 10 persons (1.5%), and maintained or increased in 94 persons (14.2%). This rapid increase in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Gangwha islands may be due to in part peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the islands and presumably the consumption of the pork bred domestically within the islands or imported from high endemic nations. It is necessary to find out symptomatic toxoplasmic patients and confirm the risk factors for further infection in the islands of Gangwha-gun.

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Anti-Apoptotic Effects of SERPIN B3 and B4 via STAT6 Activation in Macrophages after Infection with Toxoplasma gondii: Kyoung Ju Song, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):1-6.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.1

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii penetrates all kinds of nucleated eukaryotic cells but modulates host cells differently for its intracellular survival. In a previous study, we found out that serine protease inhibitors B3 and B4 (SERPIN B3/B4 because of their very high homology) were significantly induced in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with T. gondii through activation of STAT6. In this study, to evaluate the effects of the induced SERPIN B3/B4 on the apoptosis of T. gondii-infected THP-1 cells, we designed and tested various small interfering (si-) RNAs of SERPIN B3 or B4 in staurosporine-induced apoptosis of THP-1 cells. Anti-apoptotic characteristics of THP-1 cells after infection with T. gondii disappeared when SERPIN B3/B4 were knock-downed with gene specific si-RNAs transfected into THP-1 cells as detected by the cleaved caspase 3, poly-ADP ribose polymerase and DNA fragmentation. This anti-apoptotic effect was confirmed in SERPIN B3/B4 overexpressed HeLa cells. We also investigated whether inhibition of STAT6 affects the function of SERPIN B3/B4, and vice versa. Inhibition of SERPIN B3/B4 did not influence STAT6 expression but SERPIN B3/B4 expression was inhibited by STAT6 si-RNA transfection, which confirmed that SERPIN B3/B4 was induced under the control of STAT6 activation. These results suggest that T. gondii induces SERPIN B3/B4 expression via STAT6 activation to inhibit the apoptosis of infected THP-1 cells for longer survival of the intracellular parasites themselves.

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Brief Communication

Maintained Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Jeju Island, Korea: Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Kyutaeg Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Yeon-Pyo Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hak-Yong Kim, A-Ra Ko, Yong-Joo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):309-311.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.309

Abstract
PDF

Seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis among the residents of Jeju island was surveyed and evaluated by ELISA with crude extract of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 2,348 residents (male 1,157 and female 1,191) were collected and checked for the IgG antibody titers, which showed 13.2% positive rate (309 sera). The positive rates were increasing gradually according to the age from 4.3% in teenage to 20.6% in seventies. The positive rates were significantly different between the sex by 16.2% for male and 10.2% for female (P<0.05). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Jeju island residents is regarded relatively higher than any other regions of Korea. And the high positive rate may be maintained continuously among Jeju island residents without any clear reasons until now but due to some parts peculiar socio-cultural tradition of Jeju island. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis of Jeju island.

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Original Article

Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Serodiagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis of Cats Using Recombinant SAG1 Antigen: Chom-Kyu Chong, Wooseog Jeong, Hak-Yong Kim, Dong-Jun An, Hye-Young Jeoung, Jeong-Eun Ryu, A-Ra Ko, Yong-Joo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Zhaoshou Yang, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):207-212.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.207

Abstract
PDF

Rapid serodiagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats are urgently needed for effective control of transmission routes toward human infections. In this work, 4 recombinant T. gondii antigens (SAG1, SAG2, GRA3, and GRA6) were produced and tested for the development of rapid diagnostic test (RDT). The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, affinity-purified, and applied onto the nitrocellulose membrane of the test strip. The recombinant SAG1 (rSAG1) showed the strongest antigenic activity and highest specificity among them. We also performed clinical evaluation of the rSAG1-loaded RDT in 182 cat sera (55 household and 127 stray cats). The kit showed 0.88 of kappa value comparing with a commercialized ELISA kit, which indicated a significant correlation between rSAG1-loaded RDT and the ELISA kit. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the RDT were 100% (23/23) and 99.4% (158/159), respectively. The rSAG1-loaded RDT is rapid, easy to use, and highly accurate. Thus, it would be a suitable diagnostic tool for rapid detection of antibodies in T. gondii-infected cats under field conditions.

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Case Report

Clinical Features of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Korean Patients: Young-Hoon Park, Jae-Hyung Han, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):167-171.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.167

Abstract
PDF

We report here the records of 10 consecutive Korean patients (10 eyes) with ocular toxoplasmosis which showed the typical clinical manifestations with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii specific IgG antibodies by micro-ELISA between 2006 and 2010. Nine patients were males and 1 was female; their age was 50.5±13.8 years. The most common accompanying signs were vitritis (100%), anterior uveitis (70%), and scattered white deposit (80%). Pre-existing retinochoroidal scar was found in 1 (10%) patient. All patients received antiparasitic chemotherapy and systemic corticosteroid treatment, which resolved the presenting attack and recovered the visual acuity better than initial one in 9 patients and worse in 1. Optic atrophy, cataract, and retinal neovascularization were observed during the follow-up period and recurrence was detected in 3 eyes (30%) 6 to 20 months after the initial attack. In Korea, although rarely detected and reported, ocular toxoplasmosis needs more attention in clinical field of retinal diseases.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 309. CrossRef

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Original Article

Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression of Spleen Dendritic Cells in Mouse Toxoplasmosis: Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):109-114.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.109

Abstract
PDF

Dendritic cells have been known as a member of strong innate immune cells against infectious organelles. In this study, we evaluated the cytokine expression of splenic dendritic cells in chronic mouse toxoplasmosis by tissue cyst-forming Me49 strain and demonstrated the distribution of lymphoid dendritic cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 increased rapidly at week 1 post-infection (PI) and peaked at week 3 PI. Serum IL-10 level followed the similar patterns. FACS analysis showed that the number of CD8α⁺/CD11c⁺ splenic dendritic cells increased at week 1 and peaked at week 3 PI. In conclusion, mouse splenic dendritic cells showed early and rapid cytokine changes and may have important protective roles in early phases of murine toxoplasmosis.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Stray and Household Cats in Regions of Seoul, Korea: Sang-Eun Lee, Jae-Yeong Kim, Yun-Ah Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hye-Jin Ahn, Heung-Myong Woo, Won-Ja Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):267-270.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.267

Abstract
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The principal
objective
of this study was to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in household and stray cats in Seoul, Republic of Korea. We collected blood samples from 72 stray and 80 household cats, and all samples were examined by ELISA and nested PCR. The overall positive rates of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats were 38.9% (28/72), with 15.3% (11/72) in ELISA and 30.6% (22/72) in PCR. The positive rate in male stray cats was slightly higher than that of female stray cats. The highest positive rate of T. gondii infection was noted in Gangnam and Songpa populations in ELISA and in Gwangjin population in PCR. In household cats, however, we could not detect any specific antibodies or DNA for T. gondii. In conclusion, we recognized that the infection rate of toxoplasmosis in stray cats in Seoul was considerably high but household cats were free from infection.

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Mini Review

GRA Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii: Maintenance of Host-Parasite Interactions across the Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane: Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S29.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S29

Abstract
PDF

The dense granule of Toxoplasma gondii is a secretory vesicular organelle of which the proteins participate in the modification of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and PV membrane for the maintenance of intracellular parasitism in almost all nucleated host cells. In this review, the archives on the research of GRA proteins are reviewed on the foci of finding GRA proteins, characterizing molecular aspects, usefulness in diagnostic antigen, and vaccine trials in addition to some functions in host-parasite interactions.

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Original Articles

IL-4 Independent Nuclear Translocalization of STAT6 in HeLa Cells by Entry of Toxoplasma gondii: Hye-Jin Ahn, Ji Yeon Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):117-124.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.117

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii provokes rapid and sustained nuclear translocation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in HeLa cells. We observed activation of STAT6 as early as 2 hr after infection with T. gondii by the nuclear translocation of fluorescence expressed from exogenously transfected pDsRed2-STAT6 plasmid and by the detection of phosphotyrosine-STAT6 in Western blot. STAT6 activation occurred only by infection with live tachyzoites but not by co-culture with killed tachyzoites or soluble T. gondii extracts. STAT6 phosphorylation was inhibited by small interfering RNA of STAT6 (siSTAT6). In view of the fact that STAT6 is a central mediator of IL-4 induced gene expression, activation of STAT6 by T. gondii infection resembles that infected host cells has been stimulated by IL-4 treatment. STAT1 was affected to increase the transcription and expression by the treatment of siSTAT6. STAT6 activation was not affected by any excess SOCS's whereas that with IL-4 was inhibited by SOCS-1 and SOCS-3. T. gondii infection induced Eotaxin-3 gene expression which was reduced by IFN-γ. These results demonstrate that T. gondii exploits host STAT6 to take away various harmful reactions by IFN-γ. This shows, for the first time, IL-4-like action by T. gondii infection modulates microbicidal action by IFN-γ in infected cells.

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Chong Wang, Caixia Zhu, Fang Wei, Shujun Gao, Liming Zhang, Yuhong Li, Yanling Feng, Yin Tong, Jianqing Xu, Bin Wang, Zhenghong Yuan, Erle S. Robertson, Qiliang Cai, Paul D. Ling
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Interaction between Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane-associated GRA3 and Calcium Modulating Ligand of Host Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum in the Parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii: Ji Yeon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Kyung Ju Ryu, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):209-216.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.209

Abstract
PDF

A monoclonal antibody against Toxoplasma gondii of Tg556 clone (Tg556) blotted a 29 kDa protein, which was localized in the dense granules of tachyzoites and secreted into the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after infection to host cells. A cDNA fragment encoding the protein was obtained by screening a T. gondii cDNA expression library with Tg556, and the full-length was completed by 5'-RACE of 2,086 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 669 bp. The ORF encoded a polypeptide of 222 amino acids homologous to the revised GRA3 but not to the first reported one. The polypeptide has 3 hydrophobic moieties of an N-terminal stop transfer sequence and 2 transmembrane domains (TMD) in posterior half of the sequence, a cytoplasmic localization motif after the second TMD and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrival motif in the C-terminal end, which suggests GRA3 as a type III transmembrane protein. With the ORF of GRA3, yeast two-hybrid assay was performed in HeLa cDNA expression library, which resulted in the interaction of GRA3 with calcium modulating ligand (CAMLG), a type II transmembrane protein of ER. The specific binding of GRA3 and CAMLG was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. The localities of fluorescence transfectionally expressed from GRA3 and CAMLG plasmids were overlapped completely in HeLa cell cytoplasm. In immunofluorescence assay, GRA3 and CAMLG were shown to be co-localized in the PVM of host cells. Structural binding of PVM-inserted GRA3 to CAMLG of ER suggested the receptor-ligand of ER recruitment to PVM during the parasitism of T. gondii.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Stray Cats of Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Hye-Youn Kim, Yun-Ah Kim, Seungwon Kang, Ho Sa Lee, Ho Gun Rhie, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):199-201.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.199

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic protozoan with a worldwide distribution. It infects humans as well as a broad spectrum of vertebrate hosts. Cats and wild felidae play crucial roles in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. This study was performed to survey the prevalence of T. gondii infection among stray cats in the Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. A total of 174 stray cat blood samples were collected from Gwacheon-si (n = 20), Bucheon-si (82), and Yangju-si (72). Positive sera for T. gondii were identified in 14 samples (8.1%) exclusively via the latex agglutination test, 28 (16.1%) via ELISA, and 23 (13.2%) via PCR analysis. The overall infection rate of female stray cats (29.2%) presented as higher than that of male cats (24.0%). This study suggests that T. gondii is widespread in the stray cat population of Gyeonggi-do, Korea. It is urgently needed to control urban stray cat population and to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission of toxoplasmosis to other animal hosts and humans.

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Original Articles

Nucleolar translocalization of GRA10 of Toxoplasma gondii transfectionally expressed in HeLa cells: Hye-Jin Ahn, Sehra Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):165-174.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.165

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii GRA10 expressed as a GFP-GRA10 fusion protein in HeLa cells moved to the nucleoli within the nucleus rapidly and entirely. GRA10 was concentrated specifically in the dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus morphologically by the overlap of GFP-GRA10 transfection image with IFA images by monoclonal antibodies against GRA10 (Tg378), B23 (nucleophosmin) and C23 (nucleolin). The nucleolar translocalization of GRA10 was caused by a putative nucleolar localizing sequence (NoLS) of GRA10. Interaction of GRA10 with TATA-binding protein associated factor 1B (TAF1B) in the yeast two-hybrid technique was confirmed by GST pull-down assay and immunoprecipitation assay. GRA10 and TAF1B were also co-localized in the nucleolus after co-transfection. The nucleolar condensation of GRA10 was affected by actinomycin D. Expressed GFP-GRA10 was evenly distributed over the nucleoplasm and the nucleolar locations remained as hollows in the nucleoplasm under a low dose of actinomycin D. Nucleolar localizing and interacting of GRA10 with TAF1B suggested the participation of GRA10 in rRNA synthesis of host cells to favor the parasitism of T. gondii.

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Neurological and behavioral abnormalities, ventricular dilatation, altered cellular functions, inflammation, and neuronal injury in brains of mice due to common, persistent, parasitic infection
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Interactions between secreted GRA proteins and host cell proteins across the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane in the parasitism of Toxoplasma gondii: Hye-Jin Ahn, Sehra Kim, Hee-Eun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):303-312.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.303

Abstract
PDF

Interactions between GRA proteins of dense granules in Toxoplasma gondii and host cell proteins were analyzed by yeast two-hybrid technique. The cMyc-GRA fusion proteins expressed from pGBKT7 plasmid in Y187 yeast were bound to host cell proteins from pGADT7-Rec-HeLa cDNA library transformed to AH109 yeast by mating method. By the selection procedures, a total of 939 colonies of the SD/-AHLT culture, 348 colonies of the X-α-gal positive and PCR, 157 colonies of the X-β-gal assay were chosen for sequencing the cDNA and finally 90 colonies containing ORF were selected to analyze the interactions. GRA proteins interacted with a variety of host cell proteins such as enzymes, structural and functional proteins of organellar proteins of broad spectrum. Several specific bindings of each GRA protein to host proteins were discussed presumptively the role of GRA proteins after secreting into the parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) and the PV membrane in the parasitism of this parasite.

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Brief Communications

Molecular cloning of a rhoptry protein (ROP6) secreted from Toxoplasma gondii: Hye-Jin Ahn, Sehra Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):251-254.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.251

Abstract
PDF

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) Tg786 against Toxoplasma gondii has been found to detect a 42-kDa rhoptry protein (ROP6) which showed protease activity and host cell binding characteristics after secretion. Using the mAb, a colony containing a 3'-UTR was probed in a T. gondii cDNA expression library. A full length cDNA sequence of the rhoptry protein was completed after 5'-RACE, which consisted of 1,908 bp with a 1,443 bp ORF. The deduced amino acid sequence of ROP6 consisted of a polypeptide of 480 amino acids without significant homology to any other known proteins. This sequence contains an amino terminal stop transfer sequence downstream of a short neutral sequence, hydrophilic middle sequence, and hydrophobic carboxy terminus. It is suggested that the ROP6 is inserted into the rhoptry membrane with both N- and C-termini.

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Journal of Microbiological Methods.2019; 165: 105696. CrossRef
Rhoptry protein 6 from Toxoplasma gondii is an intrinsically disordered protein
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Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.2007; 39(7): 475. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Korean pregnant women: Kyoung-Ju Song, Jong-Chul Shin, Ho-Joon Shin, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):69-71.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.69

Abstract
PDF

This study was performed in order to evaluate the sero-epidemiological status of toxoplasmosis in pregnant Korean women. Among 5,175 sera and 750 amniotic fluid samples obtained from pregnant women, 41 serum samples (0.79%) and 10 (1.33%) amniotic fluid samples tested positive for IgG antibodies by ELISA. Fifty one cases showing a score more than 0.25 on ELISA were tested for PCR reaction against the SAG1 gene. Only one case of the 51 ELISA positive cases exhibited a positive reaction on all tests. This case had a history of acute nephropyelitis during early pregnancy, but fortunately, had delivered a phenotypically healthy baby. In this study, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be comparatively low, consistent with previous reports from Korea. However our trials, performed with a variety of diagnostic tools, were considered to be useful for the precise diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

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Original Article

ELISA detection of vivax malaria with recombinant multiple stage-specific antigens and its application to survey of residents in endemic areas: Sera Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):203-207.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.203

Abstract
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An ELISA was developed for the diagnosis of vivax malaria using multiple stage-specific recombinant antigens of Plasmodium vivax. The DNA from the whole blood of a malaria patient was used as template to amplify the coding regions for the antigenic domains of circumsporozoite protein (CSP-1), merozoite surface protein (MSP-1), apical merozoite antigen (AMA-1), serine repeat antigen (SERA), and exported antigen (EXP-1). Each amplified DNA fragment was inserted into pQE30 plasmid to induce the expression of His-tagged protein in Escherichia coli (M15 strain) by IPTG. His-tagged proteins were purified by Ni-NTA metal-affinity chromatography and used as antigens for ELISA with patient sera that were confirmed previously by blood smear examinations. When applied to patient sera, 122 (80.3%) out of 152 vivax malaria cases reacted to at least one antigen, while no reactions were observed with 128 uninfected serum samples. We applied this ELISA to the screening of 3,262 civilian residents in endemic regions near the DMZ, which resulted in 236 positively detected (7.2%) cases. This method can be applied to serological diagnosis and mass screening in endemic regions, or can be used as a safety test for transfusion blood in endemic areas.

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Brief Communication

ELISA detection of IgG antibody against a recombinant major surface antigen (Nc-p43) fragment of Neospora caninum in bovine sera: Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(3):175-177.
Published online September 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.175

Abstract
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An ELISA was established to measure bovine IgG directed against the recombinant antigenic determinant of Nc-p43, a major surface antigen of Neospora caninum. In a previous study, two thirds of the C-terminal of the molecule was expressed as a 6 × His tagged protein (Ncp43P) for ELISA using 2/3 of the N-terminal of SAG1 from Toxoplasma gondii as a control (TgSAG1A). Among 852 cattle sera collected from stock farms scattered nation-wide, 103 sera (12.1%) were found to react with Ncp43P positively, but no positive reaction was observed with TgSAG1A. This study shows that Ncp43P could be available as an efficient antigen for the diagnosis of neosporosis in cattle. Furthermore, it together with TgSAG1A, could be useful for the differential diagnosis of N. caninum and T. gondii infections in other mammals.

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Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2015; 24(2): 148. CrossRef
Diagnostic Potential of Anti-rNcp-43 Polyclonal Antibodies for the Detection of Neospora caninum
Gizele Lima de Sá, Diene de Borba Pacheco, Leonardo Garcia Monte, Francine Alves Sinnott, Marina Amaral Xavier, Caroline Rizzi, Sibele Borsuk, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne, Renato Andreotti, Cláudia Pinho Hartleben
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Expression ofNeospora caninumNcSRS2 surface protein inPichia pastorisand its application for serodiagnosis ofNeosporainfection
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Development of an indirect ELISA-NcSRS2 for detection of Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle
Sibele Borsuk, Renato Andreotti, Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite, Luciano da Silva Pinto, Simone Simionatto, Claudia Pinho Hartleben, Marcelo Goetze, Leandra Marla Oshiro, Maria de Fátima Cepa Matos, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne
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Serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle using a recombinant tNcSRS2 protein-based ELISA
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Clinical Proteomics.2004;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Protease activity of 80 kDa protein secreted from the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii: Kyoung-Ju Song, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(3):165-169.
Published online September 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.165

Abstract
PDF

This study describes the characterization of 80 kDa protease showing gelationlytic property among three proteases in the excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) from Toxoplasma gondii. The protease activity was detected in the ESP but not in the somatic extract of RH tachyzoites. This protease was active only in the presence of calcium ion but not other divalent cationic ions such as Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺, implying that Ca²⁺ is critical factor for the activation of the protease. The 80 kDa protease was optimally active at pH 7.5. Its gelatinolytic activity was maximal at 37℃, and significant level of enzyme activity of the protease remained after heat treatment at 56℃ for 30 min or 100℃ for 10 min. This thermostable enzyme was strongly inhibited by metal chelators, i.e., EDTA, EGTA, and 1,10-phenanthroline. Thus, the 80 kDa protease n the ESP secreted by T. gondii was classified as a calcium dependent neutral metalloprotease.

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Purification and characterization of cysteine protease of Sarcocystis fusiformis from infected Egyptian water buffaloes
Amal Z. Barakat, Azza M. Abdel-Aty, Marwa K. Ibrahim, Hala A. Salah, Usama M. Hegazy, Rasha A. M. Azouz, Roqaya I. Bassuiny, Raafat M. Shaapan, Saleh A. Mohamed
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro activity of N-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-2-amines against tachyzoites and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
Erica S. Martins-Duarte, Juliana de Araujo Portes, Ramon Borges da Silva, Hugo Silva Pires, Simon J. Garden, Wanderley de Souza
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry.2021; 50: 116467. CrossRef
Characterization of metalloproteases and serine proteases of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and their effect on epithelial cells
Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores, Rosalba Cruz-Mirón, Rossana Arroyo, Mónica E. Mondragón-Castelán, Tais Nopal-Guerrero, Sirenia González-Pozos, Emmanuel Ríos-Castro, Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
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Host-Toxoplasma gondii Coadaptation Leads to Fine Tuning of the Immune Response
Thaís Rigueti Brasil, Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima, Alexandre Morrot, Andrea Cristina Vetö Arnholdt
Frontiers in Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii: Effects of neuwiedase, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops neuwiedi snake venom, on the invasion and replication of human fibroblasts in vitro
Luciana Machado Bastos, Robson J. Oliveira Júnior, Deise Aparecida Oliveira Silva, José Roberto Mineo, Carlos Ueira Vieira, David Nascimento Silva Teixeira, Maria Inês Homsi-Brandeburgo, Veridiana Melo Rodrigues, Amélia Hamaguchi
Experimental Parasitology.2008; 120(4): 391. CrossRef

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Laboratory passage and characterization of an isolate of Toxoplasma gondii from an ocular patient in Korea: Jong-Yil Chai, Aifen Lin, Eun-Hee Shin, Myoung-Don Oh, Eun-Taek Han, Ho-Woo Nam, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(3):147-154.
Published online September 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.147

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were isolated from the blood of an ocular patient, and have been successfully passaged in the laboratory, for over a year, by peritoneal inoculation in mice. The isolated parasite was designated the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) and its characteristics were compared with those of the RH strain, a well-known virulent strain originating from a child who suffered from encephalitis. The morphology, pathogenicity, infectivity and cell culture characteristics of the KI-1 were similar to those of the RH strain. Both RH and KI-1 antigens were detected by an anti-T. gondii monoclonal antibody (mAb), Tg563, against the major surface protein SAG1 (30 kDa), whereas no reaction was observed against an anti-Neospora caninum mAb, 12B4. The KI-1 was confirmed as an isolate of T. gondii. A long-term laboratory maintenance and characterization of a local T. gondii isolate is reported for the first time in the Republic of Korea.

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Molecular cloning of ribosomal P protein in Toxoplasma gondii and the availability to detect antibody against recombinant protein in toxoplasmosis patients: Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(2):89-96.
Published online June 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.2.89

Abstract
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Among the panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Toxoplasma gondii, mAb of Tg621 (Tg621) clone blotted 38 kDa protein which localized in the cytoplasm of tachyzoites by immunofluorescence microscopy. The protein was not released into the parasitophorous vacuole during or after invasion. The cDNA fragment encoding the protein was obtained by screening a T. gondii cDNA expression library with Tg621. The full length cDNA sequence was completed with 5'-RACE as 1,592 bp, which contained open reading frame of 942 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of Tg621 consisted of a polypeptide of 313 amino acids, with significant homology to ribosomal P proteins (RPP) of other organisms especially high to those of apicomplexan species. The expressed and purified TgRPP was assayed in western blot with the sera of toxoplasmosis patients and normal sera, which resulted in the 74.0% of positive reactions in toxoplasmosis patients whereas 8.3% in normal group. Therefore, the antibody formation against TgRPP in toxoplasmosis patients was regarded as specific for T. gondii infection and suggested a potential autoantibody.

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