Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Acanthamoeba"

Original Articles

Identification of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 as a Regulator for Encystation of Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):133-138.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.133

Abstract
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Encystation is an essential process for Acanthamoeba survival under nutrient-limiting conditions and exposure to drugs. The expression of several genes has been observed to increase or decrease during encystation. Epigenetic processes involved in regulation of gene expression have been shown to play a role in several pathogenic parasites. In the present study, we identified the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a known epigenetic regulator, in Acanthamoeba castellanii. PRMT5 of A. castellanii (AcPRMT5) contained domains found in S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases and in PRMT5 arginine-N-methyltransferase. Expression levels of AcPRMT5 were increased during encystation of A. castellanii. The EGFP-PRMT5 fusion protein was mainly localized in the nucleus of trophozoites. A. castellanii transfected with siRNA designed against AcPRMT5 failed to form mature cysts. The findings of this study lead to a better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms behind the regulation of encystation in cyst-forming pathogenic protozoa.

Citations

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Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Oxidase enzyme genes are differentially expressed during Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment
Christian Q. Scheckhuber, Rebeca Damián Ferrara, Jesús Gómez-Montalvo, Sutherland K. Maciver, Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Acanthamoeba keratitis: new hopes for potential interventions for a curable but often refractory disease
Bader Saleem Alawfi, Naveed Ahmed Khan, David Lloyd, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
Expert Review of Ophthalmology.2024; 19(4): 271. CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in Acanthamoeba after ingestion of Legionella pneumophila and Escherichia coli
Eun-Kyung Moon, Min-Jeong Kim, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 232: 108188. CrossRef
Stimulation of Acanthamoeba castellanii excystment by enzyme treatment and consequences on trophozoite growth
Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Free-living amoebae and squatters in the wild: ecological and molecular features
Ascel Samba-Louaka, Vincent Delafont, Marie-Hélène Rodier, Estelle Cateau, Yann Héchard
FEMS Microbiology Reviews.2019; 43(4): 415. CrossRef
Encystation: the most prevalent and underinvestigated differentiation pathway of eukaryotes
Pauline Schaap, Christina Schilde
Microbiology.2018; 164(5): 727. CrossRef
Identification and Characterization of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 in Acanthamoeba castellanii
Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 109. CrossRef
DNA Methylation of Gene Expression in Acanthamoeba castellanii Encystation
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 115. CrossRef

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Lethal Effects of Helianthemum lippii (L.) on Acanthamoeba castellanii Cysts in Vitro: F.A. Badria, M.H. Hetta, Rania M. Sarhan, M.H. Ezz El-Din; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):243-249.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.243

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba spp. commonly cause Acanthamoeba keratitis which is typically associated with the wear of contact lenses. Therefore, finding an economic, efficient, and safe therapy of natural origin is of outmost importance. This study examined the in vitro lethal potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Helianthemum lippii (L.) (sun roses) against Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts isolated from patients with amoebic keratitis. Both extracts proved to be potent as regard to their lethal effects on A. castellanii cysts with comparable results to chlorhexidine. The ethyl acetate was more promising with cumulative lethality. It showed a highly significant lethal percentage along the duration of treatment. The analysis of the more potent ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 2.96 mg/100 g of total phenolics, 0.289 mg/100 ml of total flavonoids and 37 mg/100 mg of total tannins which highlighted their phytomedicinal role.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effectiveness of phytoproducts against pathogenic free-living amoebae - A scoping and critical review paving the way toward plant-based pharmaceuticals
Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Eduardo Brittes Rott, Felipe Brittes Rott, Ana Paula Marçal Copetti Leite, Guilherme Brittes Benitez, Neuana Fernando Neuana, José Roberto Goldim, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Za
Fitoterapia.2025; 182: 106404. CrossRef
Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Frankenia Species: A Review
Meyada Khaled, Rachid Ouache, Patrick Pale, Hassina Harkat
Molecules.2024; 29(5): 980. CrossRef
Phytochemical on-line screening and in silico study of Helianthemum confertum: antioxidant activity, DFT, MD simulation, ADME/T analysis, and xanthine oxidase binding
Yasmine Chemam, Samir Benayache, Abdeslem Bouzina, Eric Marchioni, Omar Sekiou, Houria Bentoumi, Minjie Zhao, Zihad Bouslama, Nour-Eddine Aouf, Fadila Benayache
RSC Advances.2024; 14(31): 22209. CrossRef
Medicinal, Pharmacological and Biochemical Progress on the Study of Genus Helianthemum: A Review
Soumia Mouffouk, Chaima Mouffouk, Sara Mouffouk, Hamada Haba
Current Chemical Biology.2023; 17(3): 147. CrossRef
Phytochemical-rich extracts of Helianthemum lippii possess antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-biofilm activities
Fabiana Plescia, Fabio Venturella, Antonella D’Anneo, Valentina Catania, Maria Letizia Gargano, Giulia Polito, Domenico Schillaci, Antonio Palumbo Piccionello, Marianna Lauricella, Giuseppe Venturella, Demetrio Raffa
Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology.2022; 156(6): 1314. CrossRef
Natural Products for Targeting Acanthamoeba spp.
Yassmin Isse Wehelie, Aishath Leesha Nasih, Ayaz Anwar, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Sutherland Maciver, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Anti-Infective Agents.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-Acanthamoeba castellanii activity of alkaloid-enriched extracts and lycorine from the Amaryllidaceae species
Maressa Dietrich Rosa, Jean Paulo de Andrade, Adriana Oliveira Costa, Raphael Conti, Jaume Bastida, Warley de Souza Borges, Cinthia Furst
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro amoebicidal effect of Aloe vera ethanol extract and honey against Acanthamoeba spp. cysts
Ghada Mohamed Kadry, Mousa A. M. Ismail, Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed, Hanan S. El-Kholy, Dina M. Hamdy El-Akkad
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(1): 159. CrossRef
In vitro Propagation to Conserve the Local Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant Helianthemum germanicopolitanum Bornm.
Emine Kapdan, Mehmet Sezgin
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Chemical composition, in vitro antiparasitic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Frankenia thymifolia Desf.
Imad Mennai, Mourad Hanfer, Chahrazed Esseid, Samir Benayache, Souad Ameddah, Ahmed Menad, Fadila Benayache
Natural Product Research.2020; 34(23): 3363. CrossRef
Characterization of ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Helianthemum lippii and their effect on the smooth muscle of the rat distal colon
Nihed Djemam, Somia Lassed, Fatih Gül, Muhammed Altun, Marisa Monteiro, Daniela Menezes-Pinto, Samir Benayache, Fadila Benayache, Djamila Zama, Ibrahim Demirtas, Manuela Morato
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2020; 252: 112613. CrossRef
Amoebicidal and Amoebistatic Effects of Artemisia argyi Methanolic Extracts on Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts
Onur Kolören, Zeynep Kolören, Zülal Atli Şekeroğlu, Melek Çolayvaz, Panagiotis Karanis
Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(1): 63. CrossRef
Preparation of Poly (dl-Lactide-co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Periglaucine A and Betulinic Acid for In Vitro Anti-Acanthamoeba and Cytotoxicity Activities
Tooba Mahboob, Muhammad Nawaz, Tan Tian-Chye, Chandramathi Samudi, Christophe Wiart, Veeranoot Nissapatorn
Pathogens.2018; 7(3): 62. CrossRef
Computational study of some amoebicidal phytochemicals against heat shock protein of Naegleria fowleri
Zarrin Basharat, Shumaila Zaib, Azra Yasmin
Gene Reports.2017; 6: 158. CrossRef

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Down-Regulation of Cellulose Synthase Inhibits the Formation of Endocysts in Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):131-135.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.131

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba cysts are resistant to unfavorable physiological conditions and various disinfectants. Acanthamoeba cysts have 2 walls containing various sugar moieties, and in particular, one third of the inner wall is composed of cellulose. In this study, it has been shown that down-regulation of cellulose synthase by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly inhibits the formation of mature Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts. Calcofluor white staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed that siRNA transfected amoeba failed to form an inner wall during encystation and thus are likely to be more vulnerable. In addition, the expression of xylose isomerase, which is involved in cyst wall formation, was not altered in cellulose synthase down-regulated amoeba, indicating that cellulose synthase is a crucial factor for inner wall formation by Acanthamoeba during encystation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Genetic manipulation of giant viruses and their host, Acanthamoeba castellanii
Nadege Philippe, Avi Shukla, Chantal Abergel, Hugo Bisio
Nature Protocols.2024; 19(1): 3. CrossRef
Oxidase enzyme genes are differentially expressed during Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment
Christian Q. Scheckhuber, Rebeca Damián Ferrara, Jesús Gómez-Montalvo, Sutherland K. Maciver, Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of propolis extract and eye drop solutions to suppress encystation and excystation of Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001-T4 genotype
Suthinee Sangkanu, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Roghayeh Norouzi, Julalak Chuprom, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sirirat Surinkaew, Rachasak Boonhok, Alok K. Paul, Tooba Mahboob, Imran Sama-ae, Sonia M. R. Oliveira, Tajudeen O. Jimoh, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Polra
PeerJ.2024; 12: e16937. CrossRef
Human Conjunctival Transcriptome in Acanthamoeba Keratitis: An Exploratory Study
Gerami D. Seitzman, Jeremy D. Keenan, Thomas M. Lietman, Kevin Ruder, Lina Zhong, Cindi Chen, YuHeng Liu, Danny Yu, Thomas Abraham, Armin Hinterwirth, Thuy Doan
Cornea.2024; 43(10): 1272. CrossRef
Evolution of giant pandoravirus revealed by CRISPR/Cas9
Hugo Bisio, Matthieu Legendre, Claire Giry, Nadege Philippe, Jean-Marie Alempic, Sandra Jeudy, Chantal Abergel
Nature Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-Acanthamoeba activity of a semi-synthetic mangostin derivative and its ability in removal of Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001 on contact lens
Julalak Chuprom, Suthinee Sangkanu, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Rachasak Boonhok, Wilawan Mahabusarakam, L. Ravithej Singh, Ekachai Dumkliang, Kritamorn Jitrangsri, Alok K. Paul, Sirirat Surinkaew, Polrat Wilairatana, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatu
PeerJ.2022; 10: e14468. CrossRef
Peganum harmala Extract Has Antiamoebic Activity to Acanthamoeba triangularis Trophozoites and Changes Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Julalak Chuprom, Mayuna Srisuphanunt, Roghayeh Norouzi, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Chr
Pathogens.2021; 10(7): 842. CrossRef
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Ruixuan Zhang, Hisashi Endo, Masaharu Takemura, Hiroyuki Ogata, Samuel K. Campos
Microbiology Spectrum.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Paradoxical Pro-inflammatory Responses by Human Macrophages to an Amoebae Host-Adapted Legionella Effector
Christopher Price, Snake Jones, Mirna Mihelcic, Marina Santic, Yousef Abu Kwaik
Cell Host & Microbe.2020; 27(4): 571. CrossRef
Encystment Induces Down-Regulation of an Acetyltransferase-Like Gene in Acanthamoeba castellanii
Steven Rolland, Luce Mengue, Cyril Noël, Stéphanie Crapart, Anne Mercier, Willy Aucher, Yann Héchard, Ascel Samba-Louaka
Pathogens.2020; 9(5): 321. CrossRef
The role of the Acanthamoeba castellanii Sir2-like protein in the growth and encystation of Acanthamoeba
So-Young Joo, Ja Moon Aung, Minsang Shin, Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Cellulose fibrils formation and organisation of cytoskeleton during encystment are essential for Acanthamoeba cyst wall architecture
Mária Garajová, Martin Mrva, Naděžda Vaškovicová, Michal Martinka, Janka Melicherová, Andrea Valigurová
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The most abundant cyst wall proteins of Acanthamoeba castellanii are lectins that bind cellulose and localize to distinct structures in developing and mature cyst walls
Pamela Magistrado-Coxen, Yousuf Aqeel, Angelo Lopez, John R. Haserick, Breeanna R. Urbanowicz, Catherine E. Costello, John Samuelson, Photini Sinnis
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(5): e0007352. CrossRef
A review of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the middle East and Iran
MohammadHossein Feiz Haddad, Azar Shokri, Habib Habibpour, SeyedeManizhe Heidar Neiadi
Journal of Acute Disease.2019; 8(4): 133. CrossRef
Encystation: the most prevalent and underinvestigated differentiation pathway of eukaryotes
Pauline Schaap, Christina Schilde
Microbiology.2018; 164(5): 727. CrossRef
Molecular and biochemical characterization of key enzymes in the cysteine and serine metabolic pathways of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Duo Wu, Meng Feng, Zhi-xin Wang, Ke Qiao, Hiroshi Tachibana, Xun-jia Cheng
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
DNA Methylation of Gene Expression in Acanthamoeba castellanii Encystation
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 115. CrossRef
In-vitro development of an effective treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis
Á. Ortillés, J. Belloc, E. Rubio, M.T. Fernández, M. Benito, J.Á. Cristóbal, B. Calvo, P. Goñi
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2017; 50(3): 325. CrossRef
Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis
N. R. Marchenko, Evg. A. Kasparova
Vestnik oftal'mologii.2016; 132(5): 110. CrossRef
Cellulose degradation: a therapeutic strategy in the improved treatment of Acanthamoeba infections
Sahreena Lakhundi, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
An update onAcanthamoebakeratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment
Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Naveed A. Khan, Julia Walochnik
Parasite.2015; 22: 10. CrossRef
Potential Value of Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitors Combined With PHMB in the Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong
Cornea.2015; 34(12): 1593. CrossRef

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24 Web of Science
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Identification of Atg8 Isoform in Encysting Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):497-502.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.497

Abstract
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Autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) is an essential component of autophagy formation and encystment of cyst-forming parasites, and some protozoa, such as, Acanthamoeba, Entamoeba, and Dictyostelium, have been reported to possess a type of Atg8. In this study, an isoform of Atg8 was identified and characterized in Acanthamoeba castellanii (AcAtg8b). AcAtg8b protein was found to encode 132 amino acids and to be longer than AcAtg8 protein, which encoded 117 amino acids. Real-time PCR analysis showed high expression levels of AcAtg8b and AcAtg8 during encystation. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that AcAtg8b is involved in the formation of the autophagosomal membrane. Chemically synthesized siRNA against AcAtg8b reduced the encystation efficiency of Acanthamoeba, confirming that AcAtg8b, like AcAtg8, is an essential component of cyst formation in Acanthamoeba. Our findings suggest that Acanthamoeba has doubled the number of Atg8 gene copies to ensure the successful encystation for survival when 1 copy is lost. These 2 types of Atg8 identified in Acanthamoeba provide important information regarding autophagy formation, encystation mechanism, and survival of primitive, cyst-forming protozoan parasites.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Efficacy of propolis extract and eye drop solutions to suppress encystation and excystation of Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001-T4 genotype
Suthinee Sangkanu, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Roghayeh Norouzi, Julalak Chuprom, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sirirat Surinkaew, Rachasak Boonhok, Alok K. Paul, Tooba Mahboob, Imran Sama-ae, Sonia M. R. Oliveira, Tajudeen O. Jimoh, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Polra
PeerJ.2024; 12: e16937. CrossRef
Ac-HSP20 regulates autophagy and promotes the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
Siyao Guo, Di Liu, Xi Wan, Dingrui Guo, Meiyu Zheng, Wenyu Zheng, Xianmin Feng
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxicity Evaluation of Potassium Sorbate In Vivo with Drosophila Melanogaster
Xubo Zhang, Qian Zhang, Xiaoxuan Song, Wanchen Yang, Andi Cheng, Jianzhen Zhang, Wei Dong
Insects.2024; 15(9): 703. CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives
Rajalakshmy Ayilam Ramachandran, Jose Marcos Sanches, Danielle M. Robertson
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Curcumin effect on Acanthamoeba triangularis encystation under nutrient starvation
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Suganya Phumjan, Ramita Jongboonjua, Nawarat Sangnopparat, Pattamaporn Kwankaew, Aman Tedasen, Chooi Ling Lim, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Christophe Wiart, Karma G. Dolma, Alok
PeerJ.2022; 10: e13657. CrossRef
Proteomic analysis of Atg8-dependent recruitment of phagosomal proteins in the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica
Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui, Natsuki Watanabe, Kumiko Shibata, Ratna Wahyuni, Eri Miyamoto, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Stimulation of Acanthamoeba castellanii excystment by enzyme treatment and consequences on trophozoite growth
Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites
Hương-Giang Lê, Ji-Su Choi, Buyng-Su Hwang, Yong-Tae Jeong, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn-Cường Võ, Pyo-Yun Cho, Young-Kyung Lee, Won-Gi Yoo, Yeonchul Hong, Young-Taek Oh, Byoung-Kuk Na
Plants.2022; 11(24): 3459. CrossRef
Amoebicidal activity of Cassia angustifolia extract and its effect on Acanthamoeba triangularis autophagy-related gene expression at the transcriptional level
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Roghayeh Norouzi, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Nurdina Charong, Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Christophe Wiart, Hazel
Parasitology.2021; 148(9): 1074. CrossRef
Peganum harmala Extract Has Antiamoebic Activity to Acanthamoeba triangularis Trophozoites and Changes Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Julalak Chuprom, Mayuna Srisuphanunt, Roghayeh Norouzi, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Chr
Pathogens.2021; 10(7): 842. CrossRef
Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers: Emerging Regulators of Protozoan Parasites
Maryia Karpiyevich, Katerina Artavanis-Tsakonas
Biomolecules.2020; 10(10): 1403. CrossRef
Encystation: the most prevalent and underinvestigated differentiation pathway of eukaryotes
Pauline Schaap, Christina Schilde
Microbiology.2018; 164(5): 727. CrossRef
Autophagy protein 12 plays an essential role in Acanthamoeba encystation
So-Hee Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 159: 46. CrossRef
Autophagy Inhibitors as a Potential Antiamoebic Treatment for Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Eun-Kyung Moon, So-Hee Kim, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2015; 59(7): 4020. CrossRef

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Genetic Characterization of Clinical Acanthamoeba Isolates from Japan using Nuclear and Mitochondrial Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA: Md Moshiur Rahman, Kenji Yagita, Akira Kobayashi, Yosaburo Oikawa, Amjad I.A. Hussein, Takahiro Matsumura, Masaharu Tokoro; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):401-411.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.401

Abstract
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Because of an increased number of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) along with associated disease burdens, medical professionals have become more aware of this pathogen in recent years. In this study, by analyzing both the nuclear 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene loci, 27 clinical Acanthamoeba strains that caused AK in Japan were classified into 3 genotypes, T3 (3 strains), T4 (23 strains), and T5 (one strain). Most haplotypes were identical to the reference haplotypes reported from all over the world, and thus no specificity of the haplotype distribution in Japan was found. The T4 sub-genotype analysis using the 16S rRNA gene locus also revealed a clear sub-conformation within the T4 cluster, and lead to the recognition of a new sub-genotype T4i, in addition to the previously reported sub-genotypes T4a-T4h. Furthermore, 9 out of 23 strains in the T4 genotype were identified to a specific haplotype (AF479533), which seems to be a causal haplotype of AK. While heterozygous nuclear haplotypes were observed from 2 strains, the mitochondrial haplotypes were homozygous as T4 genotype in the both strains, and suggested a possibility of nuclear hybridization (mating reproduction) between different strains in Acanthamoeba. The nuclear 18S rRNA gene and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene loci of Acanthamoeba spp. possess different unique characteristics usable for the genotyping analyses, and those specific features could contribute to the establishment of molecular taxonomy for the species complex of Acanthamoeba.

Citations

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Molecular Evidence for Greater Diversity Within Acanthamoeba
Daniele Corsaro
Acta Parasitologica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Typing of Acanthamoeba Using Mitochondrial rDNA Spacers
Daniele Corsaro
Microorganisms.2025; 13(10): 2285. CrossRef
Sub-Genotyping of Acanthamoeba T4 Complex: Experience from North India
Kirti Megha, Megha Sharma, Amit Gupta, Rakesh Sehgal, Sumeeta Khurana
Parasitologia.2023; 3(1): 69. CrossRef
Molecular evidence for a new lineage within the Acanthamoeba T4 genotype
Daniele Corsaro, Danielle Venditti
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(6): 1445. CrossRef
Identification and genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. in the water resources of western Iran
Azadeh Karimi, Farnaz Kheirandish, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Niloofar Taghipour, Syedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Ali Aghajani, Nozhat Zebardast, Majid Faraji, Shirzad Fallahi
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2023; 22: e00308. CrossRef
The Risk Factors and Clinical Features of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: First Time Detection of Acanthamoeba T5 Genotype from Keratitis Patients in Turkey
Derya Dirim Erdogan, Mehmet Aykur, Nur Selvi Gunel, Melis Palamar, Ozlem Barut Selver, Buket Ozel, Ayse Yagci, Cumhur Gunduz, Hande Dagci
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(3): 1384. CrossRef
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Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting 18S Ribosomal DNA for Rapid Detection of Acanthamoeba: Hye-Won Yang, Yu-Ran Lee, Noboru Inoue, Bijay Kumar Jha, Dinzouna-Boutamba Sylvatrie Danne, Hong-Kyun Kim, Junhun Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):269-277.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.269

Abstract
PDF

Amoebic keratitis (AK) caused by Acanthamoeba is one of the most serious corneal infections. AK is frequently misdiagnosed initially as viral, bacterial, or fungal keratitis, thus ensuring treatment delays. Accordingly, the early detection of Acanthamoeba would contribute significantly to disease management and selection of an appropriate anti-amoebic therapy. Recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method has been applied to the clinical diagnosis of a range of infectious diseases. Here, we describe a rapid and efficient LAMP-based method targeting Acanthamoeba 18S rDNA gene for the detection of Acanthamoeba using clinical ocular specimens in the diagnosis of AK. Acanthamoeba LAMP assays detected 11 different strains including all AK-associated species. The copy number detection limit for a positive signal was 10 DNA copies of 18S rDNA per reaction. No cross-reactivity with the DNA of fungi or other protozoa was observed. The sensitivity of LAMP assay was higher than those of Nelson primer PCR and JDP primer PCR. In the present study, LAMP assay based on directly heat-treated samples was found to be as efficient at detecting Acanthamoeba as DNA extracted using a commercial kit, whereas PCR was only effective when commercial kit-extracted DNA was used. This study showed that the devised Acanthamoeba LAMP assay could be used to diagnose AK in a simple, sensitive, and specific manner.

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Ultrasensitive and rapid diagnostic tool for detection of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Susanna Haapanen, Maarit S. Patrikainen, Seppo Parkkila
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A simple and visible detection method for the rapid diagnosis of Ustilaginoidea virens in rice seeds by a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay
Wei Wang, Hang Yin, Ning Huang, Cuijing Zhu, Yufei Wang, Xintong Qi, Lu Ma, Yunxin Fan, Yao Yu, Hongsheng Zhang, Yongmei Bao
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Efficient nested-PCR-based method development for detection and genotype identification of Acanthamoeba from a small volume of aquatic environmental sample
Tsui-Kang Hsu, Jung-Sheng Chen, Hsin-Chi Tsai, Chi-Wei Tao, Yu-Yin Yang, Ying-Chin Tseng, Yi-Jie Kuo, Dar-Der Ji, Jagat Rathod, Bing-Mu Hsu
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Development of Visually Improved Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in a Tertiary Hospital in Chandigarh, North India
Hargobinder Kaur, Rakesh Sehgal, Devendra Bansal, Ali A. Sultan, Ashish Bhalla, Sunit C. Singhi
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 98(5): 1374. CrossRef
Detection of Acanthamoeba spp. in water samples collected from natural water reservoirs, sewages, and pharmaceutical factory drains using LAMP and PCR in China
Anna Lass, Milena Guerrero, Xiuping Li, Gabriele Karanis, Liqing Ma, Panagiotis Karanis
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Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2017; 35(1): 90. CrossRef
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Brief Communications

Effects of Mannose on Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Kyung-Tae Yoo, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):365-369.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.365

Abstract
PDF

Acanthamoeba spp. are single-celled protozoan organisms that are widely distributed in the environment. In this study, to understand functional roles of a mannose-binding protein (MBP), Acanthamoeba castellanii was treated with methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (mannose), and adhesion and cytotoxicity of the amoeba were analyzed. In addition, to understand the association of MBP for amoeba phagocytosis, phagocytosis assay was analyzed using non-pathogenic bacterium, Escherichia coli K12. Amoebae treated with mannose for 20 cycles exhibited larger vacuoles occupying the most area of the amoebic cytoplasm in comparison with the control group amoebae and glucose-treated amoebae. Mannose-selected amoebae exhibited lower levels of binding to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Exogenous mannose inhibited >50% inhibition of amoebae (control group) binding to CHO cells. Moreover, exogenous mannose inhibited amoebae (i.e., man-treated) binding to CHO cells by <15%. Mannose-selected amoebae exhibited significantly decreased cytotoxicity to CHO cells compared with the control group amoebae, 25.1% vs 92.1%. In phagocytic assay, mannose-selected amoebae exhibited significant decreases in bacterial uptake in comparison with the control group, 0.019% vs 0.03% (P<0.05). Taken together, it is suggested that mannose-selected A. castellanii trophozoites should be severely damaged and do not well interact with a target cell via a lectin of MBP.

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Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
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Commensals Serve as Natural Barriers to Mammalian Cells during Acanthamoeba castellanii Invasion
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Acanthamoeba castellanii as an alternative interaction model for the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum
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Tupanvirus-infected amoebas are induced to aggregate with uninfected cells promoting viral dissemination
Graziele Oliveira, Lorena Silva, Thiago Leão, Said Mougari, Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca, Erna Geessien Kroon, Bernard La Scola, Jônatas Santos Abrahão
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Production of a monoclonal antibody against a mannose-binding protein of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and its localization
A-Young Kang, A-Young Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Sutherland K. Maciver, Suk-Yul Jung
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 192: 19. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba-mediated cytopathic effect correlates with MBP and AhLBP mRNA expression
Sook-Luan Ng, Anisah Nordin, Norzana Abd Ghafar, Yusof Suboh, Noraina Ab Rahim, Kien-Hui Chua
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Short-Cut Pathway to Synthesize Cellulose of Encysting Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):361-364.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.361

Abstract
PDF

The mature cyst of Acanthamoeba is highly resistant to various antibiotics and therapeutic agents. Cyst wall of Acanthamoeba are composed of cellulose, acid-resistant proteins, lipids, and unidentified materials. Because cellulose is one of the primary components of the inner cyst wall, cellulose synthesis is essential to the process of cyst formation in Acanthamoeba. In this study, we hypothesized the key and short-step process in synthesis of cellulose from glycogen in encysting Acanthamoeba castellanii, and confirmed it by comparing the expression pattern of enzymes involving glycogenolysis and cellulose synthesis. The genes of 3 enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and cellulose synthase, which are involved in the cellulose synthesis, were expressed high at the 1st and 2nd day of encystation. However, the phosphoglucomutase that facilitates the interconversion of glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate expressed low during encystation. This report identified the short-cut pathway of cellulose synthesis required for construction of the cyst wall during the encystation process in Acanthamoeba. This study provides important information to understand cyst wall formation in encysting Acanthamoeba.

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Original Articles

Interaction of Escherichia coli K1 and K5 with Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts: Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):349-356.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.349

Abstract
PDF

The existence of symbiotic relationships between Acanthamoeba and a variety of bacteria is well-documented. However, the ability of Acanthamoeba interacting with host bacterial pathogens has gained particular attention. Here, to understand the interactions of Escherichia coli K1 and E. coli K5 strains with Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts, association assay, invasion assay, survival assay, and the measurement of bacterial numbers from cysts were performed, and nonpathogenic E. coli K12 was also applied. The association ratio of E. coli K1 with A. castellanii was 4.3 cfu per amoeba for 1 hr but E. coli K5 with A. castellanii was 1 cfu per amoeba for 1 hr. By invasion and survival assays, E. coli K5 was recovered less than E. coli K1 but still alive inside A. castellanii. E. coli K1 and K5 survived and multiplied intracellularly in A. castellanii. The survival assay was performed under a favourable condition for 22 hr and 43 hr with the encystment of A. castellanii. Under the favourable condition for the transformation of trophozoites into cysts, E. coli K5 multiplied significantly. Moreover, the pathogenic potential of E. coli K1 from A. castellanii cysts exhibited no changes as compared with E. coli K1 from A. castellanii trophozoites. E. coli K5 was multiplied in A. castellanii trophozoites and survived in A. castellanii cysts. Therefore, this study suggests that E. coli K5 can use A. castellanii as a reservoir host or a vector for the bacterial transmission.

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Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes between Cysts and Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Eun-Kyung Moon, Ying-Hua Xuan, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):341-347.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.341

Abstract
PDF

Acanthamoeba infection is difficult to treat because of the resistance property of Acanthamoeba cyst against the host immune system, diverse antibiotics, and therapeutic agents. To identify encystation mediating factors of Acanthamoeba, we compared the transcription profile between cysts and trophozoites using microarray analysis. The DNA chip was composed of 12,544 genes based on expressed sequence tag (EST) from an Acanthamoeba ESTs database (DB) constructed in our laboratory, genetic information of Acanthamoeba from TBest DB, and all of Acanthamoeba related genes registered in the NCBI. Microarray analysis indicated that 701 genes showed higher expression than 2 folds in cysts than in trophozoites, and 859 genes were less expressed in cysts than in trophozoites. The results of real-time PCR analysis of randomly selected 9 genes of which expression was increased during cyst formation were coincided well with the microarray results. Eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG) analysis showed an increment in T article (signal transduction mechanisms) and O article (posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones) whereas significant decrement of C article (energy production and conversion) during cyst formation. Especially, cystein proteinases showed high expression changes (282 folds) with significant increases in real-time PCR, suggesting a pivotal role of this proteinase in the cyst formation of Acanthamoeba. The present study provides important clues for the identification and characterization of encystation mediating factors of Acanthamoeba.

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Down-Regulation of Cellulose Synthase Inhibits the Formation of Endocysts in Acanthamoeba
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Microarray and KOG analysis of Acanthamoeba healyi genes up-regulated by mouse-brain passage
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Proteomic profiling of the infective trophozoite stage of Acanthamoeba polyphaga
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Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba
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Short-Cut Pathway to Synthesize Cellulose of Encysting Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Protein kinase C signaling molecules regulate encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 132(4): 524. CrossRef

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Atg3-Mediated Lipidation of Atg8 Is Involved in Encystation of Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):103-108.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.103

Abstract
PDF

Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in the degradation of a cell's own components for cell growth, development, homeostasis, and the recycling of cellular products. Autophagosome is an essential component in the protozoan parasite during differentiation and encystation. The present study identified and characterized autophagy-related protein (Atg) 3, a member of Atg8 conjugation system, in Acanthamoeba castellanii (AcAtg3). AcAtg3 encoding a 304 amino acid protein showed high similarity with the catalytic cysteine site of other E2 like enzymes of ubiquitin system. Predicted 3D structure of AcAtg3 revealed a hammer-like shape, which is the characteristic structure of E2-like enzymes. The expression level of AcAtg3 did not increase during encystation. However, the formation of mature cysts was significantly reduced in Atg3-siRNA transfected cells in which the production of Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate was inhibited. Fluorescent microscopic analysis revealed that dispersed AcAtg3-EGFP fusion protein gathered around autophagosomal membranes during encystation. These results provide important information for understanding autophagic machinery through the lipidation reaction mediated by Atg3 in Acanthamoeba.

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The role of the Acanthamoeba castellanii Sir2-like protein in the growth and encystation of Acanthamoeba
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Apoptosis of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites Induced by Oleic Acid
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Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2018; 65(2): 191. CrossRef
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Li Li Chan, Joon Wah Mak, Stephen Ambu, Pei Yee Chong, Lorenzo Brusetti
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Atg8 is involved in endosomal and phagosomal acidification in the parasitic protist E ntamoeba histolytica
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Autophagy protein 12 plays an essential role in Acanthamoeba encystation
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Autophagy Inhibitors as a Potential Antiamoebic Treatment for Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Eun-Kyung Moon, So-Hee Kim, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Chloroquine Has a Cytotoxic Effect on Acanthamoeba Encystation through Modulation of Autophagy
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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2014; 58(10): 6235. CrossRef
Identification of Atg8 Isoform in Encysting Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 497. CrossRef
Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2012; 185(2): 121. CrossRef
Protein kinase C signaling molecules regulate encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 132(4): 524. CrossRef
Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes between Cysts and Trophozoites ofAcanthamoeba castellanii
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 341. CrossRef

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Phospholipase Activities in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Acanthamoeba: Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):1-8.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.1

Abstract
PDF

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infections remain incompletely understood. Phos-pholipases are known to cleave phospholipids, suggesting their possible involvement in the host cell plasma membrane disruption leading to host cell penetration and lysis. The aims of the present study were to determine phospholipase activities in Acanthamoeba and to determine their roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Using an encephalitis isolate (T1 genotype), a keratitis isolate (T4 genotype), and an environmental isolate (T7 genotype), we demonstrated that Acanthamoeba exhibited phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and phospholipase D (PLD) activities in a spectrophotometry-based assay. Interestingly, the encephalitis isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared with the keratitis isolates, but the environmental isolates exhibited the highest phospholipase activities. Moreover, Acanthamoeba isolates exhibited higher PLD activities compared with the PLA₂. Acanthamoeba exhibited optimal phospholipase activities at 37℃ and at neutral pH indicating their physiological relevance. The functional role of phospholipases was determined by in vitro assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We observed that a PLD-specific inhibitor, i.e., compound 48/80, partially inhibited Acanthamoeba encephalitis isolate cytotoxicity of the host cells, while PLA₂-specific inhibitor, i.e., cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, had no effect on parasite-mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity. Overall, the T7 exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared to the T4. In contract, the T7 exhibited minimal binding to, or cytotoxicity of, HBMEC.

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Experimental Parasitology.2014; 145: S78. CrossRef

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Endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba Isolated from Domestic Tap Water in Korea: Seon Hee Choi, Min Kyoung Cho, Soon Cheol Ahn, Ji Eun Lee, Jong Soo Lee, Dong-Hee Kim, Ying-Hua Xuan, Yeon Chul Hong, Hyun Hee Kong, Dong Il Chung, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):337-344.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.337

Abstract
PDF

In a previous study, we reported our discovery of Acanthamoeba contamination in domestic tap water; in that study, we determined that some Acanthamoeba strains harbor endosymbiotic bacteria, via our molecular characterization by mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (Mt DNA RFLP). Five (29.4%) among 17 Acanthamoeba isolates contained endosymbionts in their cytoplasm, as demonstrated via orcein staining. In order to estimate their pathogenicity, we conducted a genetic characterization of the endosymbionts in Acanthamoeba isolated from domestic tap water via 16S rDNA sequencing. The endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba sp. KA/WP3 and KA/WP4 evidenced the highest level of similarity, at 97% of the recently published 16S rDNA sequence of the bacterium, Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus. The endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba sp. KA/WP8 and KA/WP12 shared a 97% sequence similarity with each other, and were also highly similar to Candidatus Odyssella thessalonicensis, a member of the α-proteobacteria. The endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. KA/WP9 exhibits a high degree of similarity (85-95%) with genus Methylophilus, which is not yet known to harbor any endosymbionts. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, to show that Methylophilus spp. can live in the cytoplasm of Acanthamoeba.

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Mini Review

Molecular Phylogeny of Acanthamoeba: Hyun Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S21.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S21

Abstract
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After morphological grouping of Acanthamoeba by Pussard and Pons, phylogeny of the genus has been always a big topic to the researchers. Because of the variability of morphological characteristics, unchangeable and stable characters have been investigated for phylogenic criteria. Isoenzyme and mitochondrial DNA RFLP (Mt DNA RFLP) analyses revealed different patterns among strains assigned to a same species. Therefore, these characteristics would be considered as tools for strain discrimination than species identification. The most recently developed and the most promising method is the sequence analysis of 18s ribosomal RNA coding DNA (18s rDNA). The phylogenic tree based on comparison of 18s rDNA sequences distinguished the 3 morphological groups of Acanthamoeba and divided them into 12 unique sequence types (T1-T12 genotypes). Most clinical and environmental isolates belonged to the morphological group II and the genotype T4. In the Republic of Korea, 2 strains of Acanthamoeba, YM-2 and YM-3, were first isolated from the environment in 1974. However, phylogenic identification of Korean Acanthamoeba isolates from human infections or the environment were tried from the late 1990s. By RFLP analysis or total sequence analysis of 18s rDNA revealed that almost all clinical isolates including the one from a suspicious granulomatous amebic encephalitis patient belonged to the genotype T4. A large number of environmental isolates from contact lens storage cases, tapped water, and ocean sediments also belonged to the genotype T4. Almost identical strain characteristics, such as Mt DNA RFLP pattern of environmental isolates, with the clinical isolates could make a simple conclusion that most environmental isolates might be a potential keratopathogen.

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Original Articles

Construction of EST Database for Comparative Gene Studies of Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Joung-Ok Kim, Ying-Hua Xuan, Young-Sun Yun, Se Won Kang, Yong Seok Lee, Tae-In Ahn, Yeon-Chul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):103-107.
Published online May 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.103

Abstract
PDF

The genus Acanthamoeba can cause severe infections such as granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis in humans. However, little genomic information of Acanthamoeba has been reported. Here, we constructed Acanthamoeba expressed sequence tags (EST) database (Acanthamoeba EST DB) derived from our 4 kinds of Acanthamoeba cDNA library. The Acanthamoeba EST DB contains 3,897 EST generated from amebae under various conditions of long term in vitro culture, mouse brain passage, or encystation, and downloaded data of Acanthamoeba from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and Taxonomically Broad EST Database (TBestDB). The almost reported cDNA/genomic sequences of Acanthamoeba provide stand alone BLAST system with nucleotide (BLAST NT) and amino acid (BLAST AA) sequence database. In BLAST results, each gene links for the significant information including sequence data, gene orthology annotations, relevant references, and a BlastX result. This is the first attempt for construction of Acanthamoeba database with genes expressed in diverse conditions. These data were integrated into a database (http://www.amoeba.or.kr).

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Protein kinase C signaling molecules regulate encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 132(4): 524. CrossRef
Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes between Cysts and Trophozoites ofAcanthamoeba castellanii
Eun-Kyung Moon, Ying-Hua Xuan, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 341. CrossRef
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Keratitis by Acanthamoeba triangularis: Report of Cases and Characterization of Isolates: Ying-Hua Xuan, Byung-Suk Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong, Tae-Won Hahn, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):157-164.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.157

Abstract
PDF

Three Acanthamoeba isolates (KA/E9, KA/E17, and KA/E23) from patients with keratitis were identified as Acanthamoeba triangularis by analysis of their molecular characteristics, a species not previously recognized to be a corneal pathogen. Epidemiologic significance of A. triangularis as a keratopathogen in Korea has been discussed. Morphologic features of Acanthamoeba cysts were examined under a microscope with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the ocular isolates KA/E9, KA/E17, and KA/E23 were digested with restriction enzymes, and the restriction patterns were compared with those of reference strains. Complete nuclear 18S and mitochondrial (mt) 16S rDNA sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis and species identification. mtDNA RFLP of 3 isolates showed very similar patterns to those of SH621, the type strain of A. triangularis. 16S and 18S rDNA sequence analysis confirmed 3 isolates to be A. triangularis. 18S rDNA sequence differences of the isolates were 1.3% to 1.6% and those of 16S rDNA, 0.4% to 0.9% from A. triangularis SH621. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, confirmed by 18S and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, of keratitis caused by A. triangularis of which the type strain was isolated from human feces. Six isolates of A. triangularis had been reported from contaminated contact lens cases in south eastern Korea.

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Brief Communication

Differentially expressed genes of Acanthamoeba castellanii during encystation: Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):283-285.
Published online December 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.283

Abstract
PDF

To examine the expressed gene profile during encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii Castellani, we used differentially expressed gene (DGE) screening by RT-PCR with 20 sets of random primers. From this analysis, we found that approximately 16 genes showed upregulation during encystation. We chose 6 genes, which had relatively higher expression levels, for further investigation. Based on homology search in database, DEG2 showed 55% of similarity with xylose isomerase, DEG9 showed 37% of similarity with Na P-type ATPase, and DEG14 showed 77% of similarity with subtilisin-like serine proteinase. DEG3 and DEG26 were identified as hypothetical proteins and DEG25 exhibited no significant similarity to any known protein. Encystation of Acanthamoeba has been suggested to be a process to resist adverse environmental or nutritional conditions. Further characterization studies of these genes may provide us with more information on the encystation mechanism of Acanthamoeba.

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Original Articles

Natural occurrence of Mycobacterium as an endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba isolated from a contact lens storage case: Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Yeon-Chul Hong, Seong-Yong Seol, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):11-18.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.11

Abstract
PDF

Recent in vitro studies have revealed that a certain Mycobacterium can survive and multiply within free-living amoebae. It is believed that protozoans function as host cells for the intracellular replication and evasion of Mycobacterium spp. under harmful conditions. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of a bacterium naturally observed within an amoeba isolate acquired from a contact lens storage case. The bacterium multiplied within Acanthamoeba, but exerted no cytopathic effects on the amoeba during a 6-year amoebic culture. Trasnmission electron microscopy showed that the bacteria were randomly distributed within the cytoplasm of trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba. On the basis of the results of 18S rRNA gene analysis, the amoeba was identified as A. lugdunensis. A 16S rRNA gene analysis placed this bacterium within the genus Mycobacterium. The bacterium evidenced positive reactivity for acid-fast and fluorescent acid-fast stains. The bacterium was capable of growth on the Middlebrook 7H11-Mycobacterium-specific agar. The identification and characterization of bacterial endosymbionts of free-living protozoa bears significant implications for our understanding of the ecology and the identification of other atypical mycobacterial pathogens.

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Molecular characterization of bacterial endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba isolates from infected corneas of Korean patients: Ying-Hua Xuan, Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Sung-Yong Seol, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):1-9.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.1

Abstract
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The endosymbionts of 4 strains of Acanthamoeba (KA/E9, KA/E21, KA/E22, and KA/E23) isolated from the infected corneas of Korean patients were characterized via orcein stain, transmission electron microscopic examination, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Double membrane-bound, rod-shaped endosymbionts were distributed randomly throughout both the trophozoites and cysts of each of Acanthamoeba isolates. The endosymbionts of KA/E9, KA/E22, and KA/E23 were surrounded by electron-translucent areas. No lacunae-like structures were observed in the endosymbionts of KA/E21, the bacterial cell walls of which were studded with host ribosomes. Comparative analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences showed that the endosymbionts of KA/E9, KA/E22 and KA/E23 were closely related to Caedibacter caryophilus, whereas the KA/E21 endosymbiont was assigned to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum. In the 4 strains of Acanthamoeba, the hosts of the endosymbionts were identified as belonging to the Acanthamoeba castellanii complex, which corresponds to the T4 genotype. Acanthamoeba KA/E21 evidenced characteristics almost identical to those of KA/E6, with the exception of the existence of endosymbionts. The discovery of these endosymbionts from Acanthamoeba may prove essential to future studies focusing on interactions between the endosymbionts and the amoebic hosts.

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Molecular and biochemical characterization of a novel actin bundling protein in Acanthamoeba: Joanna It-itan Alafag, Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeon-Chul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):331-341.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.331

Abstract
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Actin binding proteins play key roles in cell structure and movement particularly as regulators of the assembly, stability and localization of actin filaments in the cytoplasm. In the present study, a cDNA clone encoding an actin bundling protein named as AhABP was isolated from Acanthamoeba healyi, a causative agent of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. This clone exhibited high similarity with genes of Physarum polycephalum and Dictyostelium discoideum, which encode actin bundling proteins. Domain search analysis revealed the presence of essential conserved regions, i.e., an active actin binding site and 2 putative calcium binding EF-hands. Transfected amoeba cells demonstrated that AhABP is primarily localized in phagocytic cups, peripheral edges, pseudopods, and in cortical cytoplasm where actins are most abundant. Moreover, AhABP after the deletion of essential regions formed ellipsoidal inclusions within transfected cells. High-speed co-sedimentation assays revealed that AhABP directly interacted with actin in the presence of up to 10 ?M of calcium. Under the electron microscope, thick parallel bundles were formed by full length AhABP, in contrast to the thin actin bundles formed by constructs with deletion sites. In the light of these results, we conclude that AhABP is a novel actin bundling protein that is importantly associated with actin filaments in the cytoplasm.

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Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts: new ultrastructural findings
Bibiana Chávez-Munguía, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Anel Lagunes-Guillén, Maritza Omaña-Molina, Martha Espinosa-Cantellano, Adolfo Martínez-Palomo
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In Vitro Efficacies of Clinically Available Drugs against Growth and Viability of an Acanthamoeba castellanii Keratitis Isolate Belonging to the T4 Genotype
Abdul Mannan Baig, Junaid Iqbal, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2013; 57(8): 3561. CrossRef

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Comparison of specific activity and cytopathic effects of purified 33 kDa serine proteinase from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence: Won-Tae Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Young-Ran Ha, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):321-330.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.321

Abstract
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The pathogenic mechanism of granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and amebic keratitis (AK) by Acanthamoeba has yet to be clarified. Protease has been recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GAE and AK. In the present study, we have compared specific activity and cytopathic effects (CPE) of purified 33 kDa serine proteinases from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence (A. healyi OC-3A, A. lugdunensis KA/E2, and A. castellanii Neff). Trophozoites of the 3 strains revealed different degrees of CPE on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. The effect was remarkably reduced by adding phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), a serine proteinase inhibitor. This result indicated that PMSF-susceptible proteinase is the main component causing cytopathy to HCE cells by Acanthamoeba. The purified 33 kDa serine proteinase showed strong activity toward HCE cells and extracellular matrix proteins. The purified proteinase from OC-3A, the most virulent strain, demonstrated the highest enzyme activity compared to KA/E2, an ocular isolate, and Neff, a soil isolate. Polyclonal antibodies against the purified 33 kDa serine proteinase inhibit almost completely the proteolytic activity of culture supernatant of Acanthamoeba. In line with these results, the 33 kDa serine proteinase is suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis and to be the main component of virulence factor of Acanthamoeba.

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Molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba isolated from amebic keratitis related to orthokeratology lens overnight wear: Sun Joo Lee, Hae Jin Jeong, Ji Eun Lee, Jong Soo Lee, Ying Hua Xuan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung, Mee-Sun Ock, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):313-320.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.313

Abstract
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In an effort to characterize, on the molecular scale, the Acanthamoeba initially isolated from the cornea of an amoebic keratitis patient associated with overnight-wear orthokeratology lens in Korea, we conducted mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism, 18S rDNA sequencing, and drug sensitivity analyses on the isolate (KA/PE1). The patient was treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexidine and oral itraconazole, which resulted in resolution of the patient's ocular inflammation. The majority of the molecular characteristics of the KA/PE1 were determined to be identical, or quite similar, to those of A. castellanii Ma strain, which had been isolated also from amoebic keratitis. The risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis as a potential complication of overnight orthokeratology is briefly discussed.

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Jinfang Wu, Huatao Xie
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Yasin A. Khan, Renata T. Kashiwabuchi, Suy Anne Martins, Juan M. Castro-Combs, Sachin Kalyani, Philip Stanley, David Flikier, Ashley Behrens
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F R S Carvalho, A S Foronda, M J Mannis, A L Höfling-Lima, R Belfort, Denise de Freitas
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S21. CrossRef
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Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice.2007; 33(6): 373. CrossRef

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Genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba isolates from ocean sediments: Hua Liu, Young-Ran Ha, Sung-Tae Lee, Yean-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):117-125.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.117

Abstract
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Genetic diversity of 18 Acanthamoeba isolates from ocean sediments was evaluated by comparing mitochondrial (mt) DNA RFLP, 18S rDNA sequences and by examining their cytopathic effects on human corneal epithelial cells versus reference strains. All isolates belonged to morphologic group II. Total of 16 restriction phenotypes of mtDNA from 18 isolates demonstrated the genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba in ocean sediments. Phylogenetic analysis using 18s rDNA sequences revealed that the 18 isolates were distinct from morphological groups I and III. Fifteen isolates showed close relatedness with 17 clinical isolates and A. castellanii Castellani and formed a lineage equivalent to T4 genotype of Byers' group. Two reference strains from ocean sediment, A. hatchetti BH-2 and A. griffini S-7 clustered unequivocally with these 15 isolates. Diversity among isolates was also evident from their cytopathic effects on human corneal cells. This is the first time describing Acanthamoeba diversity in ocean sediments in Korea.

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Identification of differentially expressed cDNAs in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni after mouse brain passage: Kyu-Lee Han, Jongweon Lee, Don-Soo Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):15-20.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.15

Abstract
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Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis. Because the virulence of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni cultured in the laboratory is restored by consecutive brain passages, we examined the genes induced in mouse brain-passaged A. culbertsoni by differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). Enhanced A. culbertsoni virulence was observed during the second mouse brain passage, i.e., infected mouse mortality increased from 5% to 70%. Ten cDNAs induced during mouse brain passage were identified by DDRT-PCR and this was confirmed by northern blot analysis. BlastX searches of these cDNAs indicated the upregulations of genes encoding predictive NADH-dehydrogenase, proteasomal ATPase, and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase B, which have previously been reported to be associated with A. culbertsoni virulence factors.

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The role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases in Korea: Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):47-50.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.47

Abstract
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A survey was carried out from August to December 2004 in Pusan, Korea to document the presence of free-living amoeba (FLA), including the genus Acanthamoeba, in both contact lens storage cases and domestic tap water. Acanthamoeba was isolated from 5 (4.2%) in 120 contact lens storage cases. Four house tap water samples from residents, whose contact lens storage cases had been contaminated by Acanthamoeba, were also found to be contaminated with Acanthamoeba. Therefore, the contamination rate of FLA and Acanthamoeba in domestic tap water was investigated in order to examine the role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination of contact lens storage cases. FLA and Acanthamoeba were identified in 97 (46.8%) and 16 (7.7%) of the 207 domestic tap water samples, respectively. There were no significant differences between the contamination rates of FLA in tap water according to the filtration plant of origin. No FLA was detected in the tap water directly supplied by the water purification plants. Water storage tanks appear to promote FLA colonization, including Acanthamoeba, in domestic tap water. This increases the risk of Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases as well as increasing the risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

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Evaluation of taxonomic validity of four species of Acanthamoeba: A. divionensis, A. paradivionensis, A. mauritaniensis, and A. rhysodes, inferred from molecular analyses: Hua Liu, Eun-Kyung Moon, Hak-Sun Yu, Hae-Jin Jeong, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(1):7-13.
Published online March 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.7

Abstract
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The taxonomy of Acanthamoeba spp., an amphizoic amoeba which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and chronic amoebic keratitis, has been revised many times. The taxonomic validity of some species has yet to be assessed. In this paper, we analyzed the morphological characteristics, nuclear 18s rDNA and mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequences and the Mt DNA RFLP of the type strains of four Acanthamoeba species, which had been previously designated as A. divionensis, A. parasidionensis, A. mauritaniensis, and A. rhysodes. The four isolates revealed characteristic group II morphology. They exhibited 18S rDNA sequence differences of 0.2-1.1% with each other, but more than 2% difference from the other compared reference strains. Four isolates formed a different clade from that of A. castellanii Castellani and the other strains in morphological group II on the phylogenetic tree. In light of these results, A. paradivionensis, A. divionensis, and A. mauritaniensis should be regarded as synonyms for A. rhysodes.

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Isolates from ancient permafrost help to elucidate species boundaries in Acanthamoeba castellanii complex (Amoebozoa: Discosea)
Stas Malavin, Lyubov Shmakova
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Update on Acanthamoeba phylogeny
Daniele Corsaro
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Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea: Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(3):93-119.
Published online September 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.3.93

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba and Naegleria are widely distributed in fresh water, soil and dust throughout the world, and cause meningoencephalitis or keratoconjunctivitis in humans and other mammals. Korean isolates, namely, Naegleria sp. YM-1 and Acanthamoeba sp. YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, YM-6 and YM-7, were collected from sewage, water puddles, a storage reservoir, the gills of a fresh water fish, and by corneal washing. These isolates were categorized into three groups based on the mortalities of infected mice namely, highly virulent (YM-4), moderately virulent (YM-2, YM-5 and YM-7) and nonpathogenic (YM-3). In addition, a new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Korean isolate YM-4. The morphologic characters of its cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Based on experimentally infected mouse mortality, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. Moreover, an anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal antibody reacted only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of a 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster based on phylogenic distances. Thus Acanthamoeba YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned Acanthamoeba sohi. Up to the year 2002 in Korea, two clinical cases were found to be infected with Acanthamoeba spp. These patients died of meningoencephalitis. In addition, one case of Acanthamoeba pneumonia with an immunodeficient status was reported and Acanthamoeba was detected in several cases of chronic relapsing corneal ulcer, chronic conjunctivitis, and keratitis.

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Original Articles

Purification and characterization of a 33 kDa serine protease from Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2 isolated from a Korean keratitis patient: Hyo-Kyung Kim, Young-Ran Ha, Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):189-196.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.189

Abstract
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In order to evaluate the possible roles of secretory proteases in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, we purified and characterized a serine protease secreted by Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2, isolated from a Korean keratitis patient. The ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatant of the isolate was purified by sequential chromatography on CM-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, and mono Q-anion exchange column. The purified 33 kDa protease had a pH optimum of 8.5 and a temperature optimum of 55℃. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl-fluoride, both serine protease specific inhibitors, inhibited almost completely the activity of the 33 kDa protease whereas other classes of inhibitors did not affect its activity. The 33 kDa enzyme degraded various extracellular matrix proteins and serum proteins. Our results strongly suggest that the 33 kDa serine protease secreted from this keratopathogenic Acanthamoeba play important roles in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, such as in corneal tissue invasion, immune evasion and nutrient uptake.

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Acanthamoeba sohi, n. sp., a pathogenic Korean isolate YM-4 from a freshwater fish: Kyung-il Im, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):181-188.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.181

Abstract
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A new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Acanthamoeba sp. YM-4 (Korean isolate YM-4). The trophozoites were 11.0-23.0 ?m in length and had hyaline filamentous projections. Cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Acanthamoeba YM-4 can survive at 40℃, and its generation time was 19.6 hr, which was longer than that of A. culbertsoni. In terms of the in vitro cytotoxicity of lysates, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was weaker than A. culbertsoni, but stronger than A. polyphaga. On the basis of the mortality of experimentally infected mice, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was found to be highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. An anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal antibody, McAY7, was found to react only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster on the basis of phylogenetic distances. Thus the Acanthamoeba Korean isolate YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned as Acanthamoeba sohi.

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Degradation of immunoglobulins, protease inhibitors, and interleukin-1 by a secretory proteinase of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Hwa Cho, Chul-Yong Song, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(2):93-99.
Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.2.93

Abstract
PDF

The effect of a secretory proteinase from the pathogenic amoebae Acanthamoeba castellanii on host's defense-oriented or regulatory proteins such as immunoglobulins, interleukin-1, and protease inhibitors was investigated. The enzyme was found to degrade secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), IgG, and IgM. It also degraded interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β. Its activity was not inhibited by endogenous protease inhibitors, such as α2-macroglobulin, α1-trypsin inhibitor, and α2-antiplasmin. Furthermore, the enzyme rapidly degraded those endogenous protease inhibitors as well. The degradation of host's defense-oriented or regulatory proteins by the Acanthamoeba proteinase suggested that the enzyme might be an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba infection.

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FEMS Microbiology Reviews.2006; 30(4): 564. CrossRef
Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea
Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(3): 93. CrossRef

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A riboprinting scheme for identification of unknown Acanthamoeba isolates at species level: Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):25-31.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.25

Abstract
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We describe a riboprinting scheme for identification of unknown Acanthamoeba isolates at the species level. It involved the use of PCR-RFLP of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (riboprint) of 24 reference strains by 4 kinds of restriction enzymes. Seven strains in morphological group I and III were identified at species level with their unique sizes of PCR product and riboprint type by Rsa I. Unique RFCP of 17 strains in group II by Dde I, Taq I and Hae III were classified into: (1) four taxa that were identifiable at the species level, (2) a subgroup of 4 taxa and a pair of 2 taxa that were identical with each other, and (3) a species complex of 7 taxa assigned to A. castellanii complex that were closely related. These results were consistent with those obtained by 18s rDNA sequence analysis. This approach provides an alternative to the rDNA sequencing for rapid identification of a new clinical isolate or a large number of environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba.

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Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea
Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(3): 93. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba sohi, n. sp., a pathogenic Korean isolate YM-4 from a freshwater fish
Kyung-il Im, Ho-Joon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(4): 181. CrossRef
Acanthamoebaspp. as Agents of Disease in Humans
Francine Marciano-Cabral, Guy Cabral
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2003; 16(2): 273. CrossRef

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Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a mammalian cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase from Acanthamoeba healyi: Yeon-Chul Hong, Mi-Yul Hwang, Ho-Cheol Yun, Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Tai-Soon Yong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):17-24.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.17

Abstract
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We have cloned a cDNA encoding a cysteine proteinase of the Acanthamoeba healyi OC-3A strain isolated from the brain of a granulomatous amoebic encephalitis patient. A DNA probe for an A. healyi cDNA library screening was amplified by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed on the basis of conserved amino acids franking the active sites of cysteine and asparagine residues that are conserved in the eukaryotic cysteine proteinases. Cysteine proteinase gene of A. healyi (AhCP1) was composed of 330 amino acids with signal sequence, a proposed pro-domain and a predicted active site made up of the catalytic residues, Cys²⁵, His¹⁵⁹, and Asn¹⁷⁵. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis indicates that AhCP1 belong to ERFNIN subfamily of C1 peptidases. By Northern blot analysis, no direct correlation was observed between AhCP1 mRNA expression and virulence of Acanthamoeba, but the gene was expressed at higher level in amoebae isolated from soil than amoeba from clinical samples. These findings raise the possibility that Ahcp1 protein may play a role in protein metabolism and digestion of phagocytosed bacteria or host tissue debris rather than in invasion of amoebae into host tissue.

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Samantha C. Carija, Avram Levy, Graham Weaire‐Buchanan, Terence Lee, Robin Woodward, Jake Gazeley, Troy A. Edwards, Jason M. Dyke, Vicki Fabian, Katherine Norton, Andrew Chapman, Paul R. Ingram
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Zhixin Wang, Duo Wu, Hiroshi Tachibana, Meng Feng, Xun-jia Cheng
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 409. CrossRef
Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2012; 185(2): 121. CrossRef
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Characterization of a Serine Proteinase Mediating Encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Differentially expressed genes of Acanthamoeba castellanii during encystation
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(4): 283. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health
Naveed Ahmed Khan
FEMS Microbiology Reviews.2006; 30(4): 564. CrossRef
Intracellular Localization and Trafficking of Serine Proteinase AhSub and Cysteine Proteinase AhCP of Acanthamoeba healyi
E.-K. Moon, S.-T. Lee, D.-I. Chung, H.-H. Kong
Eukaryotic Cell.2006; 5(1): 125. CrossRef
Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea
Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(3): 93. CrossRef

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Genetic analyses of Acanthamoeba isolates from contact lens storage cases of students in Seoul, Korea: Hak-Sun Yu, Kyung-Hee Choi, Hyo-Kyung Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):161-170.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.161

Abstract
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We conducted both the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA RFLP analyses for a genetic characterization of Acanthamoeba isolates from contact lens storage cases of students in Seoul, Korea. Twenty-three strains of Acanthamoeba from the American Type Culture Collection and twelve clinical isolates from Korean patients were used as reference strains. Thirty-nine isolates from contact lens storage cases were classified into seven types (KA/LS1, KA/LS2, KA/LS4, KA/LS5, KA/LS7, KA/LS18, KA/LS31). Four types (KA/LS1, KA/LS2, KA/LS5, KA/LS18) including 33 isolates were regarded as A. castellanii complex by riboprints. KA/LS1 type was the most predominant (51.3%) in the present survey area, followed by KA/LS2 (20.9%), and KA/LS5 (7.7%) types. Amoebae of KA/LS1 type had the same mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns as KA/E2 and KA/E12 strains, clinical isolates from Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS2 type had the identical mtDNA RFLP patterns with A. castellanii Ma strain, a corneal isolate from an American patient as amoebae of KA/LS5 type, with KA/E3 and KA/E8 strains from other Korean keratitis patients. Amoebae of KA/LS18 type had identical patterns with JAC/E1, an ocular isolate from a Japanese patient. Three types, which remain unidentified at species level, were not corresponded with any clinical isolate in their mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns. Out of 39 isolates analyzed in this study, mtDNA RFLP and riboprint patterns of 33 isolates (84.6%) were identical to already known clinical isolates, and therefore, they may be regarded as potentially keratopathogenic. These results suggest that contact lens wearers in Seoul should pay more attention to hygienic maintenance of contact lens storage cases for the prevention of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

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Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) analysis of Acanthamoeba healyi: Hyun-Hee Kong, Mee-Yeul Hwang, Hyo-Kyung Kim, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):151-160.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.151

Abstract
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Randomly selected 435 clones from Acanthamoeba healyi cDNA library were sequenced and a total of 387 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) had been generated. Based on the results of BLAST search, 130 clones (34.4%) were identified as the genes enconding surface proteins, enzymes for DNA, energy production or other metabolism, kinases and phosphatases, protease, proteins for signal transduction, structural and cytoskeletal proteins, cell cycle related proteins, transcription factors, transcription and translational machineries, and transporter proteins. Most of the genes (88.5%) are newly identified in the genus Acanthamoeba. Although 15 clones matched the genes of Acanthamoeba located in the public databases, twelve clones were actin gene which was the most frequently expressed gene in this study. These ESTs of Acanthamoeba would give valuable information to study the organism as a model system for biological investigations such as cytoskeleton or cell movement, signal transduction, transcriptional and translational regulations. These results would also provide clues to elucidate factors for pathogenesis in human granulomatous amoebic encephalitis or keratitis by Acanthamoeba.

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