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"Toxoplasma gondii"

Brief Communication

High Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity among Brain Tumor Patients in Korea
Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):201-204.
Published online April 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.201
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that can modulate the environment of the infected host. An unfavorable environment modulated by T. gondii in the brain includes tumor microenvironment. Literature has suggested that T. gondii infection is associated with development of brain tumors. However, in Korea, epidemiological data regarding this correlation have been scarce. In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between T. gondii infection and brain tumor development, we investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii among 93 confirmed brain tumor patients (various histological types, including meningioma and astrocytoma) in Korea using ELISA. The results revealed that T. gondii seropositivity among brain tumor patients (18.3%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with that of healthy controls (8.6%). The seropositivity of brain tumor patients showed a significant age-tendency, i.e., higher in younger age group, compared with age-matched healthy controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study supports the close relationship between T. gondii infection and incidence of brain tumors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Relationship between parasites and lung cancer: Unveiling the link
    Mariam T. El Khadrawe, Nahla El Skhawy, Maha M. Eissa
    Tropical Medicine & International Health.2025; 30(7): 613.     CrossRef
  • Comprehensive analysis of Toxoplasma gondii migration routes and tissue dissemination in the host
    Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores, Ricardo Mondragón-Flores, Mehmet Aykur
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(7): e0013369.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii: Seroprevalence and association with childhood brain tumors in Egypt
    Marwa M. Hamouda, Amany S. El-Saied, Ahmed Zaher, Amr Farid Khalil, Ayat A. ElBlihy, Nairmen Nabih, Samar N. El-Beshbishi
    Acta Tropica.2024; 251: 107123.     CrossRef
  • Whorling‐sclerosing meningioma invading skull bone and subcutaneous tissue with an incidental toxoplasmosis: A case report
    Zeina Alabbas, Yamani Tamer, Mhammad Jneidi, Rana Issa
    Neuropathology.2023; 43(3): 262.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with brain tumors in Southern Iran: a case-control study
    Qasem Asgari, Farshad Rajabi, Fataneh Sajadian, Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Nasir Arefkhah
    Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2023; 47(2): 291.     CrossRef
  • Differentiating Cerebral Toxoplasmosis and Tumor Recurrence by Thallium-201 Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography in a 28-Year-Old Female with Astrocytoma
    Mia Patrice Dela Vega, Paul Vincent Opinaldo, Julette Marie Batara
    Case Reports in Oncology.2023; : 372.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii infection/exposure and the risk of brain tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Ali Abdollahi, Iman Razavian, Elnaz Razavian, Sahar Ghodsian, Mustafa Almukhtar, Elika Marhoommirzabak, Behnam Sartip, Hamid Parsa, Ali Rostami
    Cancer Epidemiology.2022; 77: 102119.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii and Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected from migratory birds in the Republic of Korea
    A.-Tai Truong, Mi-Sun Yoo, Subin Min, Ji-Yeon Lim, Hyun-Ji Seo, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Chang-uk Park, Sook-Young Cho, Chang-Yong Choi, Young-Soo Kwon, Miran Kim, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
    Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Serology for Toxoplasma in Immunocompromised Patients: Still Useful?
    Damien Dupont, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Cécile Garnaud, Martine Wallon, Hervé Pelloux
    Trends in Parasitology.2021; 37(3): 205.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii infection and the risk of adult glioma in two prospective studies
    James M. Hodge, Anna E. Coghill, Youngchul Kim, Noemi Bender, Stephanie A. Smith‐Warner, Susan Gapstur, Lauren R. Teras, Tom K. Grimsrud, Tim Waterboer, Kathleen M. Egan
    International Journal of Cancer.2021; 148(10): 2449.     CrossRef
  • Imiquimod Targets Toxoplasmosis Through Modulating Host Toll-Like Receptor-MyD88 Signaling
    Maguy Hamie, Rania Najm, Carine Deleuze-Masquefa, Pierre Antoine Bonnet, Jean-François Dubremetz, Marwan El Sabban, Hiba El Hajj
    Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Infratentorial Stereotactic Biopsy of Brainstem and Cerebellar Lesions
    Jacek Furtak, Paulina Śledzińska, Marek G. Bebyn, Tadeusz Szylberg, Stanisław Krajewski, Marcin Birski, Marek Harat
    Brain Sciences.2021; 11(11): 1432.     CrossRef
  • Comprehensive Overview of Toxoplasma gondii-Induced and Associated Diseases
    Darine Daher, Ahmad Shaghlil, Eyad Sobh, Maguy Hamie, Malika Elhage Hassan, Mohamad Bahij Moumneh, Shaymaa Itani, Rana El Hajj, Lina Tawk, Marwan El Sabban, Hiba El Hajj
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  • Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Haemaphysalis Ticks in Korea
    Ju Yeong Kim, You Shine Kwak, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 327.     CrossRef
  • Increased risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: A meta-analysis of current evidence based on case-control study
    Lei Liu, Peng Wang, Jing Xu, Chao-Ming Xia
    Acta Tropica.2019; 192: 30.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Davood Anvari, Mehdi Sharif, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Sargis A. Aghayan, Shirzad Gholami, Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Reza Saberi, Tooran Nayeri Chegeni, Zahra Hosseininejad, Ahmad Daryani
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 129: 30.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in oral cancer patients in China: a case–control prospective study
    N. Zhou, X. Y. Zhang, Y. X. Li, L. Wang, L. L. Wang, W. Cong
    Epidemiology and Infection.2018; 146(15): 1891.     CrossRef
  • Puzzling and ambivalent roles of malarial infections in cancer development and progression
    ERIC FAURE
    Parasitology.2016; 143(14): 1811.     CrossRef
  • 10,667 View
  • 141 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

In Vitro and in Vivo Effects of Nitrofurantoin on Experimental Toxoplasmosis
Seon-Ju Yeo, ChunMei Jin, SungYeon Kim, Hyun Park
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):155-161.
Published online April 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.155
Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes toxoplasmosis, which has very few therapeutic treatment options. The most effective therapy is a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine; however, their utility is limited because of drug toxicity and serious side effects. For these reasons, new drugs with lower toxicity are urgently needed. In this study, the compound, (Z)-1-[(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methyleneamino]-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (nitrofurantoin), showed anti-T. gondii effects in vitro and in vivo. In HeLa cells, the selectivity of nitrofurantoin was 2.3, which was greater than that of pyrimethamine (0.9). In T. gondii-infected female ICR mice, the inhibition rate of T. gondii growth in the peritoneal cavity was 44.7% compared to the negative control group after 4-day treatment with 100 mg/kg of nitrofurantoin. In addition, hematology indicators showed that T. gondii infection-induced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, biochemical parameters involved in liver injury, were reduced by nitrofurantoin significantly. Moreover, nitrofurantoin exerted significant effects on the index of antioxidant status, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). The nitrofurantoin-treated group inhibited the T. gondii-induced MDA levels while alleviating the decrease in GSH levels. Thus, nitrofurantoin is a potential anti-T. gondii candidate for clinical application.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Extracts of food and medicinal plants sold in Moroccan markets induce apoptosis-like in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro
    Ismail Elkoraichi, Nathalie Moiré, Samira Rais, Isabelle Dimier-Poisson, Fouad Daoudi, Françoise Debierre-Grockiego
    Scientific African.2025; 27: e02529.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treatment of murine model of trichinellosis
    Basma M. Elmansory, Hager S. Zoghroban, Dina M. El-Guindy, Dina A. El-Guindy
    Experimental Parasitology.2025; 277: 109022.     CrossRef
  • The Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii strain BRI caused greater inflammation and impairment in anxiogenic behavior in mice, which was reverted by rosuvastatin treatment
    Fernanda Ferreira Evangelista, Priscilla de Laet Sant’Ana, Willian Costa Ferreira, Thaisa Andreia Ferreira, Milena Lopes dos Santos, Amanda Hinobu de Souza, Felipe Aparecido Lacerda de Andrade, Douglas Aparecido da Silva, Luiz Daniel de Barros, Cristiane
    Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Inclusion of Nitrofurantoin into the Realm of Cancer Chemotherapy via Biology-Oriented Synthesis and Drug Repurposing
    Perihan A. Elzahhar, Hisham A. Nematalla, Houssam Al-Koussa, Carla Abrahamian, Amira F. El-Yazbi, Larry Bodgi, Jolie Bou-Gharios, Joyce Azzi, Joelle Al Choboq, Hala F. Labib, Wassim Abou Kheir, Marwa M. Abu-Serie, Mohamed A. Elrewiny, Ahmed F. El-Yazbi, A
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  • Evaluation of mono and combined nitrofurantoin therapy for toxoplasmosis in vivo using murine model
    Asmaa Elkholy, Rita Wassef, Omnia Alsaid, Mona Elawady, Ashraf Barakat, Ashraf Soror, Shereen Kishik
    Pathogens and Global Health.2023; 117(7): 664.     CrossRef
  • Old Dogs with New Tricks: Antiparasitic Potential of Structurally Diverse 5-Nitrofuran and 5-Nitrothiophene Imines and Acyl Hydrazones
    Ibrahim S. Al Nasr, Waleed S. Koko, Tariq A. Khan, Rainer Schobert, Bernhard Biersack
    Scientia Pharmaceutica.2023; 91(3): 44.     CrossRef
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    Yan Piao, Lili Jin, Xu Cheng, Weifeng Yan, Changhao Zhang, Sihong Wang, Chunmei Jin
    Experimental Parasitology.2022; 242: 108397.     CrossRef
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    Christina Kannigadu, David. D. N'Da
    Current Pharmaceutical Design.2020; 26(36): 4658.     CrossRef
  • Safety and efficacy of the bumped kinase inhibitor BKI-1553 in pregnant sheep experimentally infected with Neospora caninum tachyzoites
    Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez, Ignacio Ferre, Michela Re, Patricia Vázquez, Luis Miguel Ferrer, Javier Blanco-Murcia, Javier Regidor-Cerrillo, Manuel Pizarro Díaz, Marta González-Huecas, Enrique Tabanera, Paula García-Lunar, Julio Benavides, Pablo Castaño, Andr
    International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2018; 8(1): 112.     CrossRef
  • A Systematic Review of In vitro and In vivo Activities of Anti-Toxoplasma Drugs and Compounds (2006–2016)
    Mahbobeh Montazeri, Mehdi Sharif, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Saeed Mehrzadi, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Ahmad Daryani
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Lectins from Synadenium carinatum (ScLL) and Artocarpus heterophyllus (ArtinM) Are Able to Induce Beneficial Immunomodulatory Effects in a Murine Model for Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii Infection
    Eliézer L. P. Ramos, Silas S. Santana, Murilo V. Silva, Fernanda M. Santiago, Tiago W. P. Mineo, José R. Mineo
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 10,150 View
  • 129 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Exosomes Secreted by Toxoplasma gondii-Infected L6 Cells: Their Effects on Host Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Changes
Min Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Song, Kyung-Ho Pyo, Ji Min Lee, Min-Kyung Kim, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):147-154.
Published online April 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.147
Toxoplasma gondii infection induces alteration of the host cell cycle and cell proliferation. These changes are not only seen in directly invaded host cells but also in neighboring cells. We tried to identify whether this alteration can be mediated by exosomes secreted by T. gondii-infected host cells. L6 cells, a rat myoblast cell line, and RH strain of T. gondii were selected for this study. L6 cells were infected with or without T. gondii to isolate exosomes. The cellular growth patterns were identified by cell counting with trypan blue under confocal microscopy, and cell cycle changes were investigated by flow cytometry. L6 cells infected with T. gondii showed decreased proliferation compared to uninfected L6 cells and revealed a tendency to stay at S or G2/M cell phase. The treatment of exosomes isolated from T. gondii-infected cells showed attenuation of cell proliferation and slight enhancement of S phase in L6 cells. The cell cycle alteration was not as obvious as reduction of the cell proliferation by the exosome treatment. These changes were transient and disappeared at 48 hr after the exosome treatment. Microarray analysis and web-based tools indicated that various exosomal miRNAs were crucial for the regulation of target genes related to cell proliferation. Collectively, our study demonstrated that the exosomes originating from T. gondii could change the host cell proliferation and alter the host cell cycle.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Human Brain Endothelial Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce Toxoplasma gondii Infection In Vitro in Human Brain and Umbilical Cord Vein Endothelial Cells
    Luiz Fernando Cardoso Garcia, Victoria Cruz Cavalari, Pryscilla Fanini Wowk, Letusa Albrecht
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(6): 2640.     CrossRef
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    Linfang Zhang, Jingshu Chi, Hao Wu, Xiujuan Xia, Canxia Xu, Hong Hao, Zhenguo Liu
    Journal of Extracellular Biology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii Me49 and NED strains arrest host cell cycle progression and alter chromosome segregation in a strain-independent manner
    Lisbeth Rojas-Barón, Carlos Hermosilla, Anja Taubert, Zahady D. Velásquez
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced host cellular DNA damage is strain-dependent and leads to the activation of the ATM-dependent homologous recombination pathway
    Lisbeth Rojas-Barón, Carlos Hermosilla, Anja Taubert, Zahady D. Velásquez
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Lisbeth Rojas-Baron, Kira Senk, Carlos Hermosilla, Anja Taubert, Zahady D. Velásquez
    Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • Toxoplasma gondii-Derived Exosomes: A Potential Immunostimulant and Delivery System for Tumor Immunotherapy Superior to Toxoplasma gondii
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  • Extracellular vesicles isolated from Toxoplasma gondii induce host immune response
    Valeria Oliveira Silva, Marta Marques Maia, Ana Claudia Torrecilhas, Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki, Gislene Mitsue Namiyama, Katia Cristina Oliveira, Kleber Silva Ribeiro, Maytê dos Santos Toledo, Patricia Xander, Vera Lucia Pereira‐Chioccola
    Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 11,514 View
  • 181 Download
  • 41 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Sterculic Acid and Its Analogues Are Potent Inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii
Pan Hao, Intisar Q. M. Alaraj, Juma’a R. Al Dulayymi, Mark S. Baird, Jing Liu, Qun Liu
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):139-145.
Published online April 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.139
Toxoplasmosis is a serious disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, one of the most widespread parasites in the world. Lipid metabolism is important in the intracellular stage of T. gondii. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), a key enzyme for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid is predicted to exist in T. gondii. Sterculic acid has been shown to specifically inhibit SCD activity. Here, we examined whether sterculic acid and its methyl ester analogues exhibit anti-T. gondii effects in vitro. T. gondii-infected Vero cells were disintegrated at 36 hr because of the propagation and egress of intracellular tachyzoites. All test compounds inhibited tachyzoite propagation and egress, reducing the number of ruptured Vero cells by the parasites. Sterculic acid and the methyl esters also inhibited replication of intracellular tachyzoites in HFF cells. Among the test compounds, sterculic acid showed the most potent activity against T. gondii, with an EC50 value of 36.2 μM, compared with EC50 values of 248-428 μM for the methyl esters. Our study demonstrated that sterculic acid and its analogues are effective in inhibition of T. gondii growth in vitro, suggesting that these compounds or analogues targeting SCD could be effective agents for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

Citations

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  • Fungal Δ9-fatty acid desaturase: a unique enzyme at the core of lipid metabolism in Aspergillus fumigatus and a promising target for the search for antifungal strategies
    Jonatas Erick Maimoni Campanella, Leonardo Talachia Rosa, Iran Malavazi, Marcio Rodrigues
    mBio.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Trithiolato-bridged dinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene conjugates tethered with lipophilic units: Synthesis and Toxoplasma gondii antiparasitic activity
    Oksana Desiatkina, Nicoleta Anghel, Ghalia Boubaker, Yosra Amdouni, Andrew Hemphill, Julien Furrer, Emilia Păunescu
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry.2023; 986: 122624.     CrossRef
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    P. Avato, A. Tava
    Phytochemistry Reviews.2022; 21(2): 401.     CrossRef
  • Update on food sources and biological activity of odd-chain, branched and cyclic fatty acids –– A review
    Grzegorz Dąbrowski, Iwona Konopka
    Trends in Food Science & Technology.2022; 119: 514.     CrossRef
  • Sterculic Acid: The Mechanisms of Action beyond Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Inhibition and Therapeutic Opportunities in Human Diseases
    Rafael Peláez, Ana Pariente, Álvaro Pérez-Sala, Ignacio M. Larráyoz
    Cells.2020; 9(1): 140.     CrossRef
  • Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Pathways Regulated by Sterculic Acid in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells
    Ana Pariente, Álvaro Pérez-Sala, Rodrigo Ochoa, Rafael Peláez, Ignacio M. Larráyoz
    Cells.2020; 9(5): 1187.     CrossRef
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    Beauty E. Omoruyi, David I. Ighodaro, Anthony J. Afolayan, Graeme Bradley, Yuan Xu
    Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Won Hyung Choi, In Ah Lee
    Pathogens.2019; 8(2): 61.     CrossRef
  • Anti-Toxoplasma gondii effect of two spider venoms in vitro and in vivo
    Shengjie Hou, Yuan Liu, Yaqin Tang, Mengqi Wu, Jianwu Guan, Xianyao Li, Zheng Wang, Jinying Jiang, Meichun Deng, Zhigui Duan, Xing Tang, Xiaoqing Han, Liping Jiang
    Toxicon.2019; 166: 9.     CrossRef
  • Identification and characterization of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic>
    Pan Hao, Xia Cui, Jing Liu, Muzi Li, Yong Fu, Qun Liu
    Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica.2019; 51(6): 614.     CrossRef
  • 3- O -Methyl-Alkylgallates Inhibit Fatty Acid Desaturation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    Nidja Rehberg, Edwin Omeje, Sherif S. Ebada, Lasse van Geelen, Zhen Liu, Parichat Sureechatchayan, Matthias U. Kassack, Thomas R. Ioerger, Peter Proksch, Rainer Kalscheuer
    Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Heng Zhang, Jing Liu, Congshan Yang, Yong Fu, Jianhai Xu, Qun Liu
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  • Lipidated cyclopropenes via a stable 3-N spirocyclopropene scaffold
    Pratik Kumar, Ting Jiang, Omar Zainul, Alyssa N. Preston, Sining Li, Joshua D. Farr, Pavit Suri, Scott T. Laughlin
    Tetrahedron Letters.2018; 59(37): 3435.     CrossRef
  • Molecular target analysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase genes of protozoan parasites
    He Lu, Xin Qin, Jing Zhang, Shuang Zhang, Yu Zhu, Wei Hua Wu
    Acta Parasitologica.2018; 63(1): 48.     CrossRef
  • 10,449 View
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  • 15 Web of Science
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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients in Eastern China
Guoqiang Shen, Xiaoming Wang, Hui Sun, Yaying Gao
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):93-96.
Published online February 26, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.93
Toxoplasmosis, a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, occurs throughout the world. Human T. gondii infection is asymptomatic in 80% of the population; however, the infection is life-threatening and causes substantial neurologic damage in immunocompromised patients such as HIV-infected persons. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in subjects infected with HIV/AIDS in eastern China. Our findings showed 9.7% prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibody in HIV/AIDS patients, which was higher than in intravenous drug users (2.2%) and healthy controls (4.7%), while no significant difference was observed in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody among all participants (P>0.05). Among all HIV/AIDS patients, 15 men (7.7%) and 10 women (15.9%) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody; however, no significant difference was detected in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody between males and females. The frequency of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody was 8.0%, 13.2%, 5.5%, and 0% in patients with normal immune function (CD4+ T-lymphocyte count ≥500 cells/ml), immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥200 and <500 cells/ml), severely immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥50 and <200 cells/ml), and advanced AIDS patients, respectively (cell count <50 cells/ml), while only 3 immunocompromised patients were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibody. The results indicate a high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in HIV/AIDS patients in eastern China, and a preventive therapy for toxoplasmosis may be given to HIV/AIDS patients based on CD4+ T lymphocyte count.

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    Pathogens.2025; 14(6): 534.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study from Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique
    Leonardo Manuel, Isac Comia, Regina Miambo, Irina Sousa, Nelson Cuboia, Awa Carimo, Sara Massuanganhe, Titos Buene, Lucas Banze, Belmiro Paraque, Noémia Nhancupe, Robert Schooley, Gabriela Santos-Gomes, Emília Noormahomed, Constance Benson
    Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2025; Volume 16: 43.     CrossRef
  • Impacto da imunossupressão pelo HIV na reativação da toxoplasmose: aspectos imunopatológicos, desafios diagnósticos e implicações clínicas
    Beatriz Ammar Roque, Fernanda Simoneto, Juliana Cogo
    RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Lactobacillus plantarum antimicrobial peptide Y8-2: A new strategy against Toxoplasma gondii
    Wenhui Guo, Jun Guo, Zixuan Wang, Pufang Liu, Jiashan Qin, Chao Duan, Xinyu Xue, Tieyun Chen, Xinlei Yan
    LWT.2024; 213: 117026.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo de Toxoplasma gondii en Personas que Viven con VIH/Sida (PVVS) en el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia
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    Gaceta Médica Boliviana.2023; 46(2): 62.     CrossRef
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    Amilcar Alejandro Flores Leon, Bertha Alanoca, Tania Vargas Rivero, Gustavo Allende Larrain
    Gaceta Médica Boliviana.2023; 46(2): 63.     CrossRef
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    Ying Zhou, Yongfeng Liu, Ying Wen
    BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Agnieszka Pawełczyk, Małgorzata Bednarska, Kamila Caraballo Cortés, Marianna Glamkowska-Sady, Justyna Kowalska, Beata Uszyńska-Kałuża, Marek Radkowski, Renata Welc-Falęciak
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(3): 638.     CrossRef
  • Effect of some plant extracts from Egyptian herbal plants against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro
    Sara T. ELAZAB, Amal F. SOLIMAN, Yoshifumi NISHIKAWA
    Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2021; 83(1): 100.     CrossRef
  • Molecular investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in oysters (Crassostrea spp.) sold on beaches in the State of Pará, Brazil
    Marcely Karen Santos do Rosário, Jacqueline Silva, Hugo Filipe Rodrigues Melo, Thamillys Rayssa Marques Monteiro, Davi Ribeiro da Costa, Alessandra Scofield, Carla Cristina Guimarães de Moraes
    Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Serological Evaluation of Toxoplasmosis and Related Risk Factors Among HIV+/AIDS Patients in Northern Iran
    Hasan Rafati-Sajedi, Bijan Majidi-Shad, Reza Jafari-Shakib, Zahra Atrkar-Roshan, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Seyed Mahmood Rezvani
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    Sekandarpour Sina, Jafari Modrek Mohammad, Shafiei Reza, Mohammadiha Anita, Etemadi Soudabeh, Mirahmadi Hadi
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  • Seroprevalence and B1 gene Phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii of Dogs and Cats in Republic of Korea
    Yeojin Park, Jinhyeong Noh, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Mi-Sun Yoo, Bo-Ram Yun, Jong-Ho Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Doo-Sung Cheon, Sung-Jong Hong, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 257.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-infected patients admitted to a university hospital
    Pinar ERGEN, Fatma YILMAZ-KARADAĞ, Özlem AYDIN
    Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2020; 3(4): 372.     CrossRef
  • A Large-Scale Serological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Among Persons Participated in Health Screening in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China
    Zhao Li, Chun-Yi Sun, Ren-Dan Yang, Chang-Jun Xu, Mei-Chen Chen, Yun-Jiang Zhang, Wei Cong, Xing-Quan Zhu, Yang Liu, Feng-Cai Zou
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    The Lancet HIV.2017; 4(4): e177.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Immunocompromised Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Ze-Dong Wang, Huan-Huan Liu, Zhan-Xi Ma, Hong-Yu Ma, Zhong-Yu Li, Zhi-Bin Yang, Xing-Quan Zhu, Bin Xu, Feng Wei, Quan Liu
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    Xun-hui Zhuo, Hong-chao Sun, Bin Huang, Hai-jie Yu, Ying Shan, Ai-fang Du
    Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B.2017; 18(6): 453.     CrossRef
  • A Human Proteome Array Approach to Identifying Key Host Proteins Targeted by Toxoplasma Kinase ROP18
    Zhaoshou Yang, Yongheng Hou, Taofang Hao, Hee-Sool Rho, Jun Wan, Yizhao Luan, Xin Gao, Jianping Yao, Aihua Pan, Zhi Xie, Jiang Qian, Wanqin Liao, Heng Zhu, Xingwang Zhou
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  • Elevated seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in AIDS/HIV patients: A meta-analysis
    Lei Liu, Li-Na Liu, Peng Wang, Tian-Tian Lv, Yin-Guang Fan, Hai-Feng Pan
    Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 162.     CrossRef
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  • 151 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
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Original Articles

Afatinib Reduces STAT6 Signaling of Host ARPE-19 Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):31-38.
Published online February 26, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.31
Specific gene expressions of host cells by spontaneous STAT6 phosphorylation are major strategy for the survival of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii against parasiticidal events through STAT1 phosphorylation by infection provoked IFN-γ. We determined the effects of small molecules of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on the growth of T. gondii and on the relationship with STAT1 and STAT6 phosphorylation in ARPE-19 cells. We counted the number of T. gondii RH tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after treatment with TKIs at 12-hr intervals for 72 hr. The change of STAT6 phosphorylation was assessed via western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Among the tested TKIs, Afatinib (pan ErbB/EGFR inhibitor, 5 ?M) inhibited 98.0% of the growth of T. gondii, which was comparable to pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 96.9% and followed by Erlotinib (ErbB1/EGFR inhibitor, 20 ?M) at 33.8% and Sunitinib (PDGFR or c-Kit inhibitor, 10 ?M) at 21.3%. In the early stage of the infection (2, 4, and 8 hr after T. gondii challenge), Afatinib inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT6 in western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Both JAK1 and JAK3, the upper hierarchical kinases of cytokine signaling, were strongly phosphorylated at 2 hr and then disappeared entirely after 4 hr. Some TKIs, especially the EGFR inhibitors, might play an important role in the inhibition of intracellular replication of T. gondii through the inhibition of the direct phosphorylation of STAT6 by T. gondii.

Citations

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  • Small molecule kinase inhibitor altiratinib inhibits brain cyst forming bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii
    Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
    Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(2): e2409001.     CrossRef
  • iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Analysis Exposes Molecular Changes in the Small Intestinal Epithelia of Cats after Toxoplasma gondii Infection
    Bintao Zhai, Yu-Meng Meng, Shi-Chen Xie, Jun-Jie Peng, Yang Liu, Yanhua Qiu, Lu Wang, Jiyu Zhang, Jun-Jun He
    Animals.2023; 13(22): 3537.     CrossRef
  • Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
    Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249.     CrossRef
  • A Human Proteome Array Approach to Identifying Key Host Proteins Targeted by Toxoplasma Kinase ROP18
    Zhaoshou Yang, Yongheng Hou, Taofang Hao, Hee-Sool Rho, Jun Wan, Yizhao Luan, Xin Gao, Jianping Yao, Aihua Pan, Zhi Xie, Jiang Qian, Wanqin Liao, Heng Zhu, Xingwang Zhou
    Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.2017; 16(3): 469.     CrossRef
  • Adverse Event Profile of Pyrimethamine-Based Therapy in Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review
    Ruben R. Ben-Harari, Elizabeth Goodwin, Julio Casoy
    Drugs in R&D.2017; 17(4): 523.     CrossRef
  • Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells
    Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 491.     CrossRef
  • 10,345 View
  • 103 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • Crossref
A Novel Polyclonal Antiserum against Toxoplasma gondii Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1
Bin Xiao, Zhenzhan Kuang, Yanli Zhan, Daxiang Chen, Yang Gao, Ming Li, Shuhong Luo, Wenbo Hao
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):21-29.
Published online February 26, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.21
The sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), which functions in maintaining the ratio of Na+ and H+ ions, is widely distributed in cell plasma membranes. It plays a prominent role in pH balancing, cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. However, its exact subcellular location and biological functions in Toxoplasma gondii are largely unclear. In this study, we cloned the C-terminal sequence of T. gondii NHE1 (TgNHE1) incorporating the C-terminal peptide of NHE1 (C-NHE1) into the pGEX4T-1 expression plasmid. The peptide sequence was predicted to have good antigenicity based on the information obtained from an immune epitope database. After induction of heterologous gene expression with isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside, the recombinant C-NHE1 protein successfully expressed in a soluble form was purified by glutathione sepharose beads as an immunogen for production of a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. The specificity of this antiserum was confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The antiserum could reduce T. gondii invasion into host cells, indicated by the decreased TgNHE1 expression in T. gondii parasites that were pre-incubated with antiserum in the process of cell entry. Furthermore, the antiserum reduced the virulence of T. gondii parasites to host cells in vitro, possibly by blocking the release of Ca2+. In this regard, this antiserum has potential to be a valuable tool for further studies of TgNHE1.

Citations

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  • Identification and Characterization of a Cleavage Site in the Proteolysis of Orf Virus 086 Protein
    Xiaoping Wang, Bin Xiao, Jiafeng Zhang, Daxiang Chen, Wei Li, Ming Li, Wenbo Hao, Shuhong Luo
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 9,506 View
  • 87 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Brief Communications

Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China
Qing-Feng Meng, Wei-Lin Wang, Xiao-Ting Ni, Hai-Bin Li, Gui-Zhe Yao, Xiao-Lin Sun, Wei-Li Wang, Wei Cong
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):759-763.
Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.759
The breeding of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for human consumption has a long tradition in China. Infections that can affect the production of meat or even be transmitted from animals to humans are important to monitor, especially for public health reasons as well as for their impact on animal health. Thus, a total of 1,132 domestic rabbit sera from 4 regions in China were collected for serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi and for Toxoplasma gondii by ELISA and modified agglutination test (MAT), respectively. Antibodies to E. cuniculi were detected in 248/1,132 (21.9%) sera tested while antibodies against T. gondii revealed a seroprevalence of 51/1,132 (4.5%). We believe that the present results are of epidemiological implications and public health importance due to the acknowledged susceptibility of humans to E. cuniculi and T. gondii infections. Therefore, routine screening tests of domestic rabbits are proposed considering the zoonotic potential of these parasites.

Citations

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  • The Prevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the North-Western Region of Romania Using Serological Diagnosis: A Preliminary Study
    Anca-Alexandra Doboși, Anamaria Ioana Paștiu, Lucia-Victoria Bel, Dana Liana Pusta
    Microorganisms.2024; 12(7): 1440.     CrossRef
  • Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in pet rabbits in eastern coastal areas of China
    Yong WANG, Xuling QIN, Xiuguo DIAO, Yongxia LIU, Jianzhu LIU
    Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2022; 84(6): 777.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiological and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Rabbits and Hares: 2010–2020
    Sonia Almeria, Fernando H. A. Murata, Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar, Oliver C. H. Kwok, Alicia Shipley, Jitender P. Dubey
    Microorganisms.2021; 9(3): 597.     CrossRef
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    Anna Woźniak-Biel, Aleksandra Podolak
    Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2020; 20(4): 281.     CrossRef
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    Joseph A. Moss, Richard A. Snyder
    Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2019; 66(4): 617.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between seropositivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and renal biochemical markers in clinically healthy rabbits
    Özcan ÖZKAN, Banuçiçek YÜCESAN, Selçuk PEKKAYA, Mehmet Eray ALÇIĞIR, İsmayil Safa GÜRCAN
    Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.2019; 66(2): 197.     CrossRef
  • Occurrence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in slaughtered domestic rabbits in central China
    Weifeng Qian, Wenchao Yan, Chaochao Lv, Rongzhen Bai, Tianqi Wang
    Parasite.2019; 26: 36.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rabbit of local Algerian population
    Mina Henneb, Khaled Harhoura, Mohamed Amine Bekara, Safia Zenia, Miriem Aissi
    Veterinary World.2019; 12(6): 855.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Encephalitozoon cuniculi among domestic rabbits in central China
    Shuai Wang, Zhijun Yao, Lingjuan Li, Yaoqian Pan, Pengju Li, Xiaoxu Nan, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang
    Parasite.2018; 25: 9.     CrossRef
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    Miaoli Wu, Yujun Zhu, Feng Cong, Dan Rao, Wen Yuan, Jing Wang, Bihong Huang, Yuexiao Lian, Yu Zhang, Ren Huang, Pengju Guo
    BMC Veterinary Research.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 9,575 View
  • 108 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Chronic Toxoplasmosis Modulates the Induction of Contact Hypersensitivity by TNCB in Mouse Model
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):755-757.
Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.755
Mouse models of chronic toxoplasmosis and atopic dermatitis (AD) were combined to clarify the effect of opportunistic Toxoplama gondii infection on the development of AD. AD was induced as a chronic contact hypersensitivity (CHS) with repeated challenge of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) on the dorsal skin of mice. TNCB induced skin thickness increases in both normal and toxoplasmic mice. The changing patterns were different from the sigmoidal which saturated at 20 days in normal mice to the convex saturated at 12 days in toxoplasmic mice with the crossing at 18 days. Compared to normal mice, toxoplasmic mice presented CHS more severely in earlier times and then moderately in later times. These data suggest that host immune modification by T. gondii infection enhances CHS in early times of atopic stimulation but soothes the reaction of CHS in later times in mouse model.

Citations

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  • Effect of orally administered exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FC on a mouse model of dermatitis induced by repeated exposure to 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene
    Yayoi Gotoh, Shiho Suzuki, Midori Amako, Shinichi Kitamura, Toshiya Toda
    Journal of Functional Foods.2017; 35: 43.     CrossRef
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  • 86 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Toxoplasmosis in a Pet Peach-Faced Lovebird(Agapornis roseicollis)
Madalyn K. Cooper, Jan ?lapeta, Shannon L. Donahoe, David N. Phalen
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):749-753.
Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.749
Toxoplasma gondii atypical type II genotype was diagnosed in a pet peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and multilocus DNA typing. The bird presented with severe neurological signs, and hematology was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease. Gross post-mortem examination revealed cerebral hemorrhage, splenomegaly, hepatitis, and thickening of the right ventricular free wall. Histologic sections of the most significant lesions in the brain revealed intralesional protozoan organisms associated with malacia, spongiform changes, and a mild histiocytic response, indicative of diffuse, non-suppurative encephalitis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the causative organisms to be T. gondii. DNA isolated from the brain was used to confirm the presence of T. gondii DNA. Multilocus genotyping based on SAG1, altSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico markers demonstrated the presence of ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #3 and B1 gene as atypical T. gondii type II. The atypical type II strain has been previously documented in Australian wildlife, indicating an environmental transmission route.

Citations

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  • 11,541 View
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Original Article

Seropositivity of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women by ELISA at Minia University Hospital, Egypt
Amany M. Kamal, Azza K. Ahmed, Manal Z. M. Abdellatif, Mohamed Tawfik, Ebtesam E. Hassan
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):605-610.
Published online October 29, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.605
Toxoplasmosis is considered as an important risk factor for bad obstetric history (BOH) and one of the major causes of congenitally acquired infections. The present study aimed to estimate the seropositivity of T. gondii infection and associated risk factors among the attendees of high risk pregnancy and low risk antenatal care clinic of Minia Maternity and Pediatric University Hospital, Minia, Egypt. The study was carried out from April 2013 to April 2014 through 2 phases, the first phase was case-control study, and the second phase was follow-up with intervention. A total of 120 high risk pregnant and 120 normal pregnant females were submitted to clinical examinations, serological screening for anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA, and an interview questionnaire. Seropositive cases were subjected to spiramycin course treatment. The results showed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in high-risk pregnancy group was 50.8%, which was significantly different from that of normal pregnancy group (P < 0.05). Analysis of seropositive women in relation to BOH showed that abortion was the commonest form of the pregnancy wastage (56.5%). The high prevalence of T. gondii seropositive cases was observed in the age group of 21-30 years. Post-delivery adverse outcome was observed in 80.3% of high-risk pregnancy group compared to 20% of normal pregnancy group. There was a statistically significant relationship between seropositivity and living in rural area, low socioeconomic level, and undercooked meat consumption (P<0.05). Serological screening for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies should be routine tests especially among high-risk pregnant women.

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Dogs in Zhanjiang, Southern China
Hai-Hai Jiang, Ming-Wei Li, Min-Jun Xu, Wei Cong, Xing-Quan Zhu
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):493-496.
Published online August 25, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.493
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution. The present study investigated the prevalence of T. gondii in dogs in Zhanjiang city, southern China, using both serological and molecular detection. A total of 364 serum samples and 432 liver tissue samples were collected from the slaughter house between December 2012 and January 2013 and were examined for T. gondii IgG antibody by ELISA and T. gondii DNA by semi-nested PCR based on B1 gene, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG antibody was 51.9%, and T. gondii DNA was detected in 37 of 432 (8.6%) liver tissue samples. These positive DNA samples were analyzed by PCR-RFLP at 3'- and 5'-SAG2. Only 8 samples gave the PCR-RFLP data, and they were all classified as type I, which may suggest that the T. gondii isolates from dogs in Zhanjiang city may represent type I or type I variant. This study revealed the high prevalence of T. gondii infection in dogs in Zhanjiang city, southern China. Integrated measures should be taken to prevent and control toxoplasmosis in dogs in this area for public health concern.

Citations

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  • An investigation into Toxoplasma gondii at the human-livestock-wildlife interface, South Africa
    Refilwe P. Bokaba, Veronique Dermauw, Darshana Morar-Leather, Pierre Dorny, Louis van Schalkwyk, Luis Neves
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    Giulia Morganti, Giulia Rigamonti, Leonardo Brustenga, Valentina Calgaro, Giovanni Angeli, Iolanda Moretta, Manuela Diaferia, Fabrizia Veronesi
    Veterinary Research Communications.2024; 48(6): 3563.     CrossRef
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    Yeojin Park, Jinhyeong Noh, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Mi-Sun Yoo, Bo-Ram Yun, Jong-Ho Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Doo-Sung Cheon, Sung-Jong Hong, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
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    Jitender P. Dubey, Fernando H.A. Murata, Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar, Oliver C.H. Kwok, Yurong Yang, Chunlei Su
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    Zhengkai Wei, Zedong Wang, Xiao Liu, Chaoqun Wang, Zhen Han, Di Wu, Yong Zhang, Xichen Zhang, Zhengtao Yang, Quan Liu
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Among Primary School Children in Shandong Province, China
Ke-Sheng Xin, Hui Liu, Hong-Bing Wang, Zong-Liang Yao
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):489-492.
Published online August 25, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.489
Although Toxoplasma gondii infection in primary school children has been investigated in many countries, limited surveys have been available in primary school children in China. In the present study, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in primary school children in Shandong province, China. Sera from 6,000 primary school children were evaluated for T. gondii antibodies with ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 16.0% (961/6,000), of which 14.5% (870/6,000) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, 3.4% (206/6,000) positive for IgM, and 1.9% (115/6,000) were positive for both IgG and IgM. The results of the present investigation indicated a high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in primary school children in Shandong province, China. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to prevent and control T. gondii infection in primary school children in this province. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii seroprevalence in primary school children in Shandong province, China.

Citations

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    Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
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    Shuai Wang, Zhijun Yao, Haoran Li, Pengju Li, Dong Wang, Haizhu Zhang, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang, Xiangrui Li
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    Thị Lam Thái, Hojong Jun, Seo-Hye Park, Hương Giang Lê, Jinyoung Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jung-Mi Kang, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Woo Nam, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim
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    Oluyomi A Sowemimo, Tsung-Han Wu, Yueh-Lun Lee, Samuel O Asaolu, Ting-Wu Chuang, Olaoluwa P Akinwale, Bolaji O Badejoko, Vincent P Gyang, Timothy Nwafor, Emmanuel Henry, Chia-Kwung Fan
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    X.-X. ZHANG, Q. ZHAO, C.-W. SHI, W.-T. YANG, Y.-L. JIANG, Z.-T. WEI, C.-F. WANG, G.-L. YANG
    Epidemiology and Infection.2016; 144(9): 2018.     CrossRef
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Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii Strains from Different Hosts and Geographical Regions by Sequence Analysis of GRA20 Gene
Hong-Rui Ning, Si-Yang Huang, Jin-Lei Wang, Qian-Ming Xu, Xing-Quan Zhu
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):345-348.
Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.345
Toxoplasma gondii is a eukaryotic parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, which infects all warm-blood animals, including humans. In the present study, we examined sequence variation in dense granule 20 (GRA20) genes among T. gondii isolates collected from different hosts and geographical regions worldwide. The complete GRA20 genes were amplified from 16 T. gondii isolates using PCR, sequence were analyzed, and phylogenetic reconstruction was analyzed by maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. The results showed that the complete GRA20 gene sequence was 1,586 bp in length among all the isolates used in this study, and the sequence variations in nucleotides were 0-7.9% among all strains. However, removing the type III strains (CTG, VEG), the sequence variations became very low, only 0-0.7%. These results indicated that the GRA20 sequence in type III was more divergence. Phylogenetic analysis of GRA20 sequences using MP and ML methods can differentiate 2 major clonal lineage types (type I and type III) into their respective clusters, indicating the GRA20 gene may represent a novel genetic marker for intraspecific phylogenetic analyses of T. gondii.

Citations

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  • Effects of latent infection of Toxoplasma gondii strains with different genotypes on mouse behavior and brain transcripts
    Bei-Bei Zhou, Hong-Jie Dong, Hang Sun, Xiao-Man Xie, Huan-Huan Xie, Wen-Ju Zhu, Ya-Nan Li, Chao Xu, Jian-Ping Cao, Gui-Hua Zhao, Kun Yin
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  • First Report on the Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii From Donkeys in Kenya
    Fredrick O. Obonyo, Ndichu Maingi, Samuel M. Githigia, Kevin O. Ochwedo, Anne A. Owiti, Evans N. Nyaboga
    Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(3): 1480.     CrossRef
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  • Crossref
Sequence Diversity in MIC6 Gene among Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from Different Hosts and Geographical Locations
Zhong-Yuan Li, Hui-Qun Song, Jia Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):341-344.
Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.341
Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals including humans with a worldwide distribution. Micronemes play an important role in invasion process of T. gondii, associated with the attachment, motility, and host cell recognition. In this research, sequence diversity in microneme protein 6 (MIC6) gene among 16 T. gondii isolates from different hosts and geographical regions and 1 reference strain was examined. The results showed that the sequence of all the examined T. gondii strains was 1,050 bp in length, and their A + T content was between 45.7% and 46.1%. Sequence analysis presented 33 nucleotide mutation positions (0-1.1%), resulting in 23 amino acid substitutions (0-2.3%) aligned with T. gondii RH strain. Moreover, T. gondii strains representing the 3 classical genotypes (Type I, II, and III) were separated into different clusters based on the locus of MIC6 using phylogenetic analyses by Bayesian inference (BI), maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML), but T. gondii strains belonging to ToxoDB #9 were separated into different clusters. Our results suggested that MIC6 gene is not a suitable marker for T. gondii population genetic studies.
  • 9,980 View
  • 93 Download
  • 1 Web of Science

Original Articles

Toxoplasma gondii B1 Gene Detection in Feces of Stray Cats around Seoul, Korea and Genotype Analysis of Two Laboratory-Passaged Isolates
Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyemi Lim, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):259-263.
Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.259
The increasing prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the human population in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) is due to various reasons such as an increase in meat consumption. However, the importance of cats in transmitting T. gondii infection through oocysts to humans has seldom been assessed. A total of 300 fecal samples of stray cats captured around Seoul from June to August 2013 were examined for T. gondii B1 gene (indicating the presence of oocysts) using nested-PCR. Fourteen (4.7%) of 300 cats examined were positive for B1 gene. Female cats (7.5%) showed a higher prevalence than male cats (1.4%). Cats younger than 3 months (5.5%) showed a higher prevalence than cats (1.5%) older than 3 months. For laboratory passage of the positive samples, the fecal suspension (0.2 ml) of B1 gene positive cats was orally inoculated into experimental mice. Brain tissues of the mice were obtained after 40 days and examined for the presence of tissue cysts. Two isolates were successfully passaged (designated KNIH-1 and KNIH-2) and were molecularly analyzed using the SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences. The SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences showed high homologies with the ME49 strain (less virulent strain). The results indicated the importance of stray cats in transmitting T. gondii to humans in Korea, as revealed by detection of B1 gene in fecal samples. T. gondii isolates from cats were successfully passaged in the laboratory for the first time in Korea.

Citations

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    Yeojin Park, Jinhyeong Noh, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Mi-Sun Yoo, Bo-Ram Yun, Jong-Ho Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Doo-Sung Cheon, Sung-Jong Hong, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
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Sequence Variation in Superoxide Dismutase Gene of Toxoplasma gondii among Various Isolates from Different Hosts and Geographical Regions
Shuai Wang, Aiping Cao, Xun Li, Qunli Zhao, Yuan Liu, Hua Cong, Shenyi He, Huaiyu Zhou
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):253-258.
Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.253
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans, livestock, and marine mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) of T. gondii can be used as a new marker for genetic study or a potential vaccine candidate. The partial genome region of the SOD gene was amplified and sequenced from 10 different T. gondii isolates from different parts of the world, and all the sequences were examined by PCR-RFLP, sequence analysis, and phylogenetic reconstruction. The results showed that partial SOD gene sequences ranged from 1,702 bp to 1,712 bp and A + T contents varied from 50.1% to 51.1% among all examined isolates. Sequence alignment analysis identified total 43 variable nucleotide positions, and these results showed that 97.5% sequence similarity of SOD gene among all examined isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these SOD sequences were not an effective molecular marker for differential identification of T. gondii strains. The research demonstrated existence of low sequence variation in the SOD gene among T. gondii strains of different genotypes from different hosts and geographical regions.

Citations

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  • Superoxide Dismutases in Immune Regulation and Infectious Diseases
    Tong Liu, Jiajin Shang, Qijun Chen
    Antioxidants.2025; 14(7): 809.     CrossRef
  • Immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii Superoxide dismutase (TgSOD) induces partial immune protection against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice
    Yuan Liu, Aiping Cao, Yawen Li, Xun Li, Hua Cong, Shenyi He, Huaiyu Zhou
    BMC Infectious Diseases.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 102 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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Pathogenicity of Five Strains of Toxoplasma gondii from Different Animals to Chickens
Shuai Wang, Guang-Wei Zhao, Wang Wang, Zhen-Chao Zhang, Bo Shen, I. A. Hassan, Qing Xie, Ruo-Feng Yan, Xiao-Kai Song, Li-Xin Xu, Xiang-Rui Li
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):155-162.
Published online April 22, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.155
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a broad range of intermediate hosts. Chickens as important food-producing animals can also serve as intermediate hosts. To date, experimental studies on the pathogenicity of T. gondii in broiler chickens were rarely reported. The
objective
of the present study was to compare the pathogenicity of 5 different T. gondii strains (RH, CN, JS, CAT2, and CAT3) from various host species origin in 10-day-old chickens. Each group of chickens was infected intraperitoneally with 5×108, 1×108, 1×107, and 1×106 tachyzoites of the 5 strains, respectively. The negative control group was mockly inoculated with PBS alone. After infection, clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures of all the chickens were checked daily. Dead chickens during acute phage of the infection were checked for T. gondii tachyzoites by microscope, while living cases were checked for T. gondii infection at day 53 post-inoculation (PI) by PCR method. Histopathological sections were used to observe the pathological changes in the dead chickens and the living animals at day 53 PI. No significant differences were found in survival periods, histopathological findings, and clinical symptoms among the chickens infected with the RH, CN, CAT2, and CAT3 strains. Histopathological findings and clinical symptoms of the JS (chicken origin) group were similar to the others. However, average survival times of infected chickens of the JS group inoculated with 5×108 and 1×108 tachyzoites were 30.0 and 188.4 hr, respectively, significantly shorter than those of the other 4 mammalian isolates. Chickens exposed to 108 of T. gondii tachyzoites and higher showed acute signs of toxoplasmosis, and the lesions were relatively more severe than those exposed to lower doses. The results indicated that the pathogenicity of JS strain was comparatively stronger to the chicken, and the pathogenicity was dose-dependent.

Citations

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  • Application of gold immunochromatographic assay strip combined with digital evaluation for early detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in multiple species
    Jiyuan Fan, Hao Sun, Jiawen Fang, Yafan Gao, Haojie Ding, Bin Zheng, Qingming Kong, Xunhui Zhuo, Shaohong Lu
    Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Si-Ang Li, Li-Yuan Huang, Xu-Dong Guo, Wen-Yuan Miao, Ying-Sheng Lin, Dong-Hui Zhou
    Poultry Science.2024; 103(9): 104024.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiological investigation and reinfection evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in chickens in Shandong Province, China
    Xiao Chen, Pei Sun, Junpeng Chen, Qianqian Tan, Jinxuan Li, Xiaomei Liu, Qianqian Xiao, Hongmei Li, Xiaomin Zhao, Ningning Zhao, Xiao Zhang
    Experimental Parasitology.2022; 238: 108276.     CrossRef
  • Experimental infection of Toxoplasma gondii in specific pathogen-free and commercial broiler chicks
    Xiao Chen, Junpeng Chen, Qianqian Tan, Jinxuan Li, Xiaomei Liu, Qianqian Xiao, Hongmei Li, Xiaomin Zhao, Xiao Zhang
    Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2022; 90-91: 101890.     CrossRef
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Seropositivity and Serointensity of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA among Patients with Schizophrenia
Ainsah Omar, Osman Che Bakar, Nor Fatini Adam, Hakim Osman, Arina Osman, Ahmad Hatim Suleiman, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf, Mohd Ikhsan Selamat
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):29-34.
Published online February 27, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.29

The aim of this cross sectional case control study was to examine the serofrequency and serointensity of Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) IgG, IgM, and DNA among patients with schizophrenia. A total of 101 patients with schizophrenia and 55 healthy controls from Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia and University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) were included in this study. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The presence of Tg infection was examined using both indirect (ELISA) and direct (quantitative real-time PCR) detection methods by measuring Tg IgG and IgM and DNA, respectively. The serofrequency of Tg IgG antibodies (51.5%, 52/101) and DNA (32.67%, 33/101) among patients with schizophrenia was significantly higher than IgG (18.2%, 10/55) and DNA (3.64%, 2/55) of the controls (IgG, P=0.000, OD=4.8, CI=2.2-10.5; DNA, P=0.000, OD=12.9, CI=2.17-10.51). However, the Tg IgM antibody between patients with schizophrenia and controls was not significant (P>0.005). There was no significant difference (P>0.005) in both serointensity of Tg IgG and DNA between patients with schizophrenia and controls. These findings have further demonstrated the strong association between the active Tg infection and schizophrenia.

Citations

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Brief Communication

Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Pet Dogs in Central China
Wei-Feng Qian, Wen-Chao Yan, Tian-Qi Wang, Kai Zhai, Li-Fang Han, Chao-Chao Lv
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):125-128.
Published online February 27, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.125

The prevalence and genotype of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs in Henan Province, Central China was investigated. A total of 125 blood samples were collected from pet dogs during April to June 2013, and all samples were examined by indirect hemagglutination antibody test (IHA) and nested PCR. The overall T. gondii prevalence in pet dogs was 24.0% (30/125), with 20.8% (26/125) in IHA and 10.4% (13/125) in PCR, respectively. No statistical associations were found between animal gender and age and the prevalence of T. gondii infection. Thirteen positive DNA samples were genotyped using 11 PCR-RFLP markers, including SAG1, (3’+5’) SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico. Of these, only 2 samples were genotyped with complete data for all loci, and a novel genotype (type III at SAG3 and GRA6 loci, and type I at other loci) was identified. This is the first report of genetic characterization of T. gondii infection in dogs in China.

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    Claudia Patricia Rico-Torres, Luis Fernando Valenzuela-Moreno, Sara Teresa Méndez-Cruz, Carlos Cedillo-Peláez, Heriberto Caballero-Ortega
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    Niuping Zhu, Liulu Yang, Shilin Xin, Wei Huang, Yibao Jiang, Yurong Yang
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  • Molecular Detection and Genotyping ofToxoplasma gondiiandNeospora caninumin Slaughtered Goats in Central China
    Weifeng Qian, Wenchao Yan, Chaochao Lv, Rongzhen Bai, Tianqi Wang, Zhiguo Wei, Min Zhang
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    Mohammed Nasiru Wana, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Malaika Watanabe, Norshariza Nordin, Ngah Zasmy Unyah, Sharif Alhassan Abdullahi, Ashraf Ahmad Issa Alapid, Tijjani Mustapha, Rusliza Basir, Roslaini Abd. Majid
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Original Article

Prominent IL-12 Production and Tumor Reduction in Athymic Nude Mice after Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen Treatment
Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Chun-Feng Xin, You-Won Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):605-612.
Published online December 23, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.605

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a Th1 cellular immunity. Our previous study showed that T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) treatment in S180 tumor-bearing mice resulted in tumor reduction by suppressing CD31 expression, a marker of angiogenesis. In the present study, to investigate tumor suppressive effect of TLA under the absence of T lymphocytes, athymic nude mice were compared with euthymic mice in the anti-tumorigenic effect triggered by TLA in CT26 tumors. According to the results, intratumorally injected TLA reduced tumor growth and TIMP-1 level, a metastatic marker, in both euthymic and athymic mice. TLA treatment led to a sharp increase in IL-12 expression in serum cytokine profiling of athymic mice, and increased MyD88 signals in macrophages derived from the bone marrow, implying the activation of innate immunity. The selective induction of IL-12 by TLA treatment had an anti-tumorigenic effect.

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Mini Review

Recent Advances in Toxoplasma gondii Immunotherapeutics
Sherene Swee-Yin Lim, Rofina Yasmin Othman
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):581-593.
Published online December 23, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.581

Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is widespread globally and causes severe diseases in individuals with impaired immune defences as well as congenitally infected infants. The high prevalence rate in some parts of the world such as South America and Africa, coupled with the current drug treatments that trigger hypersensitivity reactions, makes the development of immunotherapeutics intervention a highly important research priority. Immunotherapeutics strategies could either be a vaccine which would confer a pre-emptive immunity to infection, or passive immunization in cases of disease recrudescence or recurrent clinical diseases. As the severity of clinical manifestations is often greater in developing nations, the development of well-tolerated and safe immunotherapeutics becomes not only a scientific pursuit, but a humanitarian enterprise. In the last few years, much progress has been made in vaccine research with new antigens, novel adjuvants, and innovative vaccine delivery such as nanoparticles and antigen encapsulations. A literature search over the past 5 years showed that most experimental studies were focused on DNA vaccination at 52%, followed by protein vaccination which formed 36% of the studies, live attenuated vaccinations at 9%, and heterologous vaccination at 3%; while there were few on passive immunization. Recent progress in studies on vaccination, passive immunization, as well as insights gained from these immunotherapeutics is highlighted in this review.

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Original Articles

A New IgG Immunoblot Kit for Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women
Imen Khammari, Fatma Saghrouni, Sami Lakhal, Aida Bouratbine, Moncef Ben Said, Jalel Boukadida
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):493-499.
Published online October 22, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.493

The determination of the accurate immune status of pregnant women is crucial in order to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. Equivocal results with conventional serological techniques are not uncommon when IgG titers are close to the cut-off value of the test, so that a confirmatory technique is needed. For this purpose, we developed a homemade immunoblot (IB) using soluble extract of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and assessed it by testing 154 positive, 100 negative, and 123 equivocal sera obtained from pregnant women. In order to select the more valuable bands in terms of sensitivity and specificity, we used the Youden Index (YI). The highest YIs were those given by the 32, 36, 98, 21, and 33 bands. The simultaneous presence on the same blot of at least 3 bands showed a much higher YI (0.964) and was adapted as the positivity criterion. The analysis of results showed that our homemade IB correlated well with the commercial LDBIO Toxo II IgG® kit recently recommended as a confirmatory test (96.7% of concordance).

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IgG Avidity Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in High Risk Females of Reproductive Age Group in India
Naushaba Siddiqui, Fatima Shujatullah, Haris M. Khan, Tamkin Rabbani, Parvez A. Khan
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):487-491.
Published online October 22, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.487

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that is distributed worldwide. Recently, several tests for avidity of Toxoplasma IgG antibodies have been introduced to help discriminate between recently acquired and distant infections. The study was conducted in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, India from February 2011 to September 2012. Serum specimens were subjected to Toxoplasma IgM ELISA and IgG avidity ELISA test. Out of 48 patients with abortions, 17 (35.4%) were positive for IgM ELISA, and 8 (16.6%) had low IgG avidity antibodies. Out of 48 patients with other obstetric problems, 23 (47.9%) were positive for IgM ELISA, and 17 (35.4%) had low IgG avidity antibodies. Combining both groups on avidity test, only 25 of 40 (62.5%) IgM-positive women had low-avidity IgG antibodies suggesting a recent T. gondii infection in these women. More importantly, 15 (37.5%) of the IgM-positive women had high-avidity antibodies suggesting that the infection was acquired before gestation The relation of IgM seropositivity with the following risk factors was not found to be statistically significant; contact with cats (0.13), non-vegetarian food habits (0.05), and low socio-economic status (0.49). While, for IgG avidity ELISA, only contact with cats (0.01) was significantly associated with seropositivity. All other risk factors have P-values of >0.05 (not significant). IgG avidity test when used in combination with IgM test was a valuable assay for diagnosis of ongoing or recently acquired T. gondii infection in India.

Citations

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Brief Communication

Gefitinib Inhibits the Growth of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):439-441.
Published online August 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.439

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis with symptoms of congenital neurological and ocular diseases and acquired lymphadenitis, retinochoroiditis, and meningoencephalitis. Small molecules which block the activity of protein kinases were tested in in vitro culture of T. gondii to find new therapeutic drugs of safer and more effective than the combined administration of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine that sometimes provoke lethal Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Among them, Gefitinib and Crizotinib inhibited intracellular growth of T. gondii in HeLa cells by counting the number of T. gondii per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane whereas Sunitinib did not. Gefitinib inhibited the growth of T. gondii in a dose-dependent manner over 5 ?M up to the tolerable concentration of HeLa cells and halted the division of the parasite immediately from the time point of treatment. Gefitinib inhibition suggests that tyrosine kinases of EGFR family or other homologous kinases of the parasite itself may be the target to cause the block of T. gondii growth.

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    Austin Lui, Jordan Vanleuven, David Perekopskiy, Dewey Liu, Desiree Xu, Omar Alzayat, Taiseer Elgokhy, Timothy Do, Meghan Gann, Ryan Martin, Da-Zhi Liu
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Original Articles

High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains of Toxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):367-376.
Published online August 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.367

Recombinant antigenic proteins of Toxoplasma gondii are alternative source of antigens which are easily obtainable for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. In this study, highly antigenic secretory organellar proteins, dense granular GRA2 and GRA3, rhoptrial ROP2, and micronemal MIC2, were analyzed by bioinformatics approach to express as water-soluble forms of antigenic domains. The transmembrane region and disorder tendency of 4 secretory proteins were predicted to clone the genes into pGEX-4T-1 vector. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into BL21 (DE3) pLysS E. coli, and GST fusion proteins were expressed with IPTG. As a result, GST fusion proteins with GRA225-105, GRA339-138, ROP2324-561, and MIC21-284 domains had respectively higher value of IgG avidity. The rGST-GRA225-105 and rGST-GRA339-138 were soluble, while rGST-ROP2324-561 and rGST-MIC21-284 were not. GRA231-71, intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of GRA2, was used as a linker to enhance the solubility. The rGST-GRA231-71-ROP2324-561, a chimeric protein, appeared to be soluble. Moreover, rGST-GRA231-71-MIC21-284 was also soluble and had higher IgG avidity comparing to rGST-MIC21-284. These 4 highly expressed and water-soluble recombinant antigenic proteins may be promising candidates to improve the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in addition to the major surface antigen of SAG1.

Citations

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  • Single Cell Expression Systems for the Production of Recombinant Proteins for Immunodiagnosis and Immunoprophylaxis of Toxoplasmosis
    Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
    Microorganisms.2024; 12(8): 1731.     CrossRef
  • A vaccine using Anaplasma marginale subdominant type IV secretion system recombinant proteins was not protective against a virulent challenge
    Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Matilde N. Mazzucco, Marcelo L. Signorini, Ignacio E. Echaide, Susana T. de Echaide, María E. Primo, Paulo Lee Ho
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    María E. Primo, Carolina S. Thompson, Beatriz S. Valentini, Macarena Sarli, María B. Novoa, Atilio J. Mangold, Susana T. de Echaide, Ulrike Gertrud Munderloh
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    Maika S. Deffieu, Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi, Christian Slomianny, Stanislas Tomavo
    Biology Open.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Rats (Rattus rattus) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Maha H. Elamin
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):257-261.
Published online June 26, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.257

Toxoplasma 3 main clonal lineages are designated as type I, II, and III; however, atypical and mixed genotypes were also reported. This study was conducted for detection of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in rats (Rattus rattus) in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. PCR test on T. gondii B1 gene was conducted on ELISA IgM positive samples for confirmation of the infection. However, genetic analysis of the SAG2 locus was performed to determine T. gondii genotypes using PCR-RFLP technique. PCR test on T. gondii B1gene showed that 22 (81.5%) out of the 27 ELISA IgM positive samples have T. gondii DNA. Genotypic analysis shows that, of the total 22 PCR positive samples, only 13 (59.1%) were of type II, 7 (31.8%) were of type III, and 2 (9.1%) were of an unknown genotype. It is obvious that the prevalence of both type II and III is high in rats. No reports have been available on T. gondii genotypes among rats in Riyadh region, and only little is known about its seroprevalence in rats. Future studies on T. gondii genotypes in rats using multi-locus markers is needed in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia for better understanding of T. gondii pathogenesis and treatment in humans and animals.

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  • Toxoplasma gondii infection affects the complete blood count and disturbs the markers of oxidative stress from the vital organs of wild rodents
    Maryam Ijaz, Asmat Ullah Khan, Shakir Ullah, Afshan Khan, Samir Ibenmoussa, Baye Sitotaw, Turki M. Dawoud, Adil Khan, Furhan Iqbal
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    Yang Zou, Hong-Li Geng, Hong-Lin Jia, Quan Zhao, Si-Yuan Qin, Xing-Quan Zhu, Xiao-Xuan Zhang
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    J. P. Dubey, F. H. A. Murata, C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar, O. C. H. Kwok, C. Su
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    Wen-Bin Zheng, Bin-Ze Gui, Hai-Bin Long, Yi-Wei Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu, Shui-Lian Wang, Guo-Hua Liu
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Evaluation of Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
Khadijeh Khanaliha, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Bahram Kazemi, Bahador Shahriari, Mojgan Bandehpour, Zarin Sharifniya
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):137-142.
Published online April 18, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.137

Serologic tests are widely accepted for diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii but purification and standardization of antigen needs to be improved. Recently, surface tachyzoite and bradyzoite antigens have become more attractive for this purpose. In this study, diagnostic usefulness of 3 recombinant antigens (SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3) were evaluated, and their efficacy was compared with the available commercial ELISA. The recombinant plasmids were transformed to JM109 strain of Escherichia coli, and the recombinants were expressed and purified. Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 antigens were evaluated using different groups of sera in an ELISA system, and the results were compared to those of a commercial IgG and IgM ELISA kit. The sensitivity and specificity of recombinant surface antigens for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG in comparison with commercially available ELISA were as follows: SAG1 (93.6% and 92.9%), SAG2 (100.0% and 89.4%), and SAG3 (95.4% and 91.2%), respectively. A high degree of agreement (96.9%) was observed between recombinant SAG2 and commercial ELISA in terms of detecting IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. P22 had the best performance in detecting anti-Toxoplasma IgM in comparison with the other 2 recombinant antigens. Recombinant SAG1, SAG2, and SAG3 could all be used for diagnosis of IgG-specific antibodies against T. gondii.

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  • IgM Antibody Detection as a Diagnostic Marker for Acute Toxoplasmosis: Current Status of Studies and Main Limitations
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    Guojing Li, Wangli Zheng, Jinfang Yang, Tongsheng Qi, Yongcai He, Wangkai Chen, Hejia Ma, Yali Sun, Ying Li, Ming Kang, Jixu Li
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    Leonardo Manuel, Gabriela Santos-Gomes, Emilia V. Noormahomed
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    Marcos Alexandre Bezerra, Luiz Miguel Pereira, Luciana Baroni, Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
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    Marijo S. Roiko, Kaice LaFavers, Diane Leland, Gustavo Arrizabalaga
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  • Development of an immunochromatographic test based on monoclonal antibodies against surface antigen 3 (TgSAG3) for rapid detection of Toxoplasma gondii
    Jiaqing Luo, Hongchao Sun, Xianfeng Zhao, Suhua Wang, Xunhui Zhuo, Yi Yang, Xueqiu Chen, Chaoqun Yao, Aifang Du
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    Juan G. Costa, Leandro E. Peretti, Valeria S. García, Luz Peverengo, Verónica D.G. González, Luis M. Gugliotta, Maria L. Dalla Fontana, Claudia M. Lagier, Iván S. Marcipar
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Brief Communications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Police Dogs in Shenyang, Northeastern China
Cheng-Wu Liu, Na Yang, Jian-Bin He, Ming-Yang Mu, Min Yang, Ning Sun, Hong-Kui Li
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):579-581.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.579

In recent years, worldwide surveys of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs have been reported. However, only limited surveys of T. gondii infection in police dogs have been available, including China. In the present study, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii in police dogs in Shenyang, northeastern China. Sera from 291 police dogs were examined for T. gondii antibodies with the modified agglutination test (MAT), and 30.9% animals were tested seropositive. The results of the present study indicated a relatively high prevalence of T. gondii infection in police dogs in Shenyang, China.

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    Ali Asghari, Shirin Jalili, Nader Azadi
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Detection of Acute Toxoplasmosis in Pigs Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Quantitative PCR
Yanhua Wang, Guangxiang Wang, Delin Zhang, Hong Yin, Meng Wang
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):573-577.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.573

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay allows rapid diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. In the present study, the LAMP assay was evaluated using blood from both naturally and experimentally infected pigs. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was compared with that of Q-PCR. Both assays detected T. gondii in the blood of experimentally infected pigs, with 100% agreement. In infected blood samples, the parasite was detected as early as 2 days post-infection and reached a peak in 3-5 days. In 216 field serum samples, the detection rates of LAMP and Q-PCR assays were 6.9% and 7.8%, respectively. This result indicates that the sensitivity of the LAMP assay was slightly lower than that of the Q-PCR assay. However, the LAMP may be an attractive diagnostic method in conditions where sophisticated and expensive equipment is unavailable. This assay could be a powerful supplement to current diagnostic methods.

Citations

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    Mohammad Mahdi Jafari, Zahra Azimzadeh Tabrizi, Mohammad Saaid Dayer, Nazanin Atieh Kazemi-Sefat, Mahshid Mohtashamifard, Rahimeh Mohseni, Atefeh Bagheri, Saeed Bahadory, Amir Karimipour-Saryazdi, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
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Original Article

A Rapid Diagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis using Recombinant Antigenic N-terminal Half of SAG1 Linked with Intrinsically Unstructured Domain of GRA2 Protein
Kyoung Ju Song, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Jin-Soo Kim, Kyung Chan Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):503-510.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.503

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite with a broad host range of most warm-blooded mammals including humans, of which one-thirds of the human population has been infected worldwide which can cause congenital defects, abortion, and neonatal complications. Here, we developed a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for T. gondii infection. Antigenic N-terminal half of the major surface antigen (SAG1) was linked with intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of dense granule protein 2 (GRA2). The recombinant GST-GRA2-SAG1A protein was successfully expressed and purified as 51 kDa of molecular weight. Furthermore, antigenicity and solubility of the rGST-GRA2-SAG1A protein were significantly increased. The overall specificity and sensitivity of GST-GRA2-SAG1A loaded RDT (TgRDT) were estimated as 100% and 97.1% by comparing with ELISA result which uses T. gondii whole cell lysates as the antigen. The TgRDT tested with Uganda people sera for field trial and showed 31.9% of seroprevalence against T. gondii antibody. The TgRDT is proved to be a kit for rapid and easy to use with high accuracy, which would be a suitable serodiagnostic tool for toxoplasmosis.

Citations

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  • Development of an Immunochromatographic Test with Recombinant MIC2-MIC3 Fusion Protein for Serological Detection of Toxoplasma gondii
    Jianzhong Wang, Yi Zhao, Jicheng Qiu, Jing Liu, Rui Zhou, Xialin Ma, Xiaojie Wu, Xiaoguang Li, Wei Mao, Yiduo Liu, Heng Zhang
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    Jiyuan Fan, Hao Sun, Jiawen Fang, Yafan Gao, Haojie Ding, Bin Zheng, Qingming Kong, Xunhui Zhuo, Shaohong Lu
    Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
    Microorganisms.2024; 12(8): 1731.     CrossRef
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    Frank Seeber
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Brief Communication

IgG Western Blot for Confirmatory Diagnosis of Equivocal Cases of Toxoplasmosis by EIA-IgG and Fluorescent Antibody Test
Imen Khammari, Fatma Saghrouni, Alia Yaacoub, Sondoss Gaied Meksi, Hinda Ach, Lamia Garma, Akila Fathallah, Moncef Ben Sa?d
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):485-488.
Published online August 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.485

The performance values of available techniques used in serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis are satisfactory but they raise problems of equivocal and discordant results for very low IgG titers. Recently marketed, LDBio-Toxo II IgG Western blot (IB) showed an excellent correlation with the dye test. We estimated the proportion of equivocal and discordant results between the enzyme immunoassay Platelia Toxo IgG (EIA-IgG) and fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and assessed the usefulness of the IB as a confirmatory test. Out of 2,136 sera collected from pregnant women, 1,644 (77.0%) tested unequivocally positive and 407 (19.0%) were negative in both EIA-IgG and FAT. The remaining 85 (4%) sera showed equivocal or discordant results. Among them, 73 (85.9%) were positive and 12 (14.1%) were negative in IB. Forty-one (89.1%) equivocal sera in EIA-IgG and 46 (86.8%) equivocal sera in FAT were positive in IB. Reducing the cut-off values of both screening techniques improved significantly their sensitivity in detecting very low IgG titers at the expense of their specificity. In conclusion, equivocal results in routine-used techniques and their discordance in determination of the immune status in pregnancy women were not uncommon. IB test appeard to be highly useful in these situations as a confirmatory technique.

Citations

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  • Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis: Advances and Challenges
    Priscila Silva Franco, Ana Carolina Morais Oliveira Scussel, Rafaela José Silva, Thadia Evelyn Araújo, Henrique Tomaz Gonzaga, Camila Ferreira Marcon, Joaquim Pedro Brito-de-Sousa, Angélica Lemos Debs Diniz, Marina Carvalho Paschoini, Bellisa Freitas Barb
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    Alfredo Márquez-Mauricio, Heriberto Caballero-Ortega, Fernando Gómez-Chávez
    Acta Parasitologica.2023; 68(3): 473.     CrossRef
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    Sylvie Abraham, Raphael Piarroux, Ying Zhou, Vera Tesic, Ana Abeleda, Nadhira Houhou-Fidouh, Pascale Nicaise-Rolland, Luce Landraud, Rima McLeod, Sandrine Houzé
    European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2023; 42(11): 1327.     CrossRef
  • Determination of an optimal ELISA cut-off for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs using Bayesian latent class modelling of data from multiple diagnostic tests
    Abbey Olsen, Henrik Vedel Nielsen, Lis Alban, Hans Houe, Tina Birk Jensen, Matthew Denwood
    Preventive Veterinary Medicine.2022; 201: 105606.     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic Accuracy of LDBIO-Toxo II IgG and IgM Western Blot in Suspected Seroconversion in Pregnancy: A Multicentre Study
    Valeria Meroni, Francesca Genco, Luigia Scudeller, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Coralie L’Ollivier, Luc Paris, Hervé Pelloux
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    Luc Paris, Sandrine Houzé
    Revue Francophone des Laboratoires.2022; 2022(545): 33.     CrossRef
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    Vincent Jean-Pierre, Julien Miozzo, Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo, Cécile Garnaud, Marie Gladys Robert, Hervé Pelloux, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
    Parasite.2022; 29: 52.     CrossRef
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    Ben‐Abdallah Rym, Kalboussi Yasmine, Bellali Hedia, Issaoui Nesrine, Souissi Olfa, Maatoug Rania, Aoun Karim, Bouratbine Aïda
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    Abbey Olsen, Lis Alban, Matthew Denwood, Hans Houe, Tina Birk Jensen, Henrik Vedel Nielsen
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  • Contribution of the "Recomline Toxoplasma IgM" Kit in the Distinction between Toxoplasmic IgM and Natural IgM
    Khammari Imen, Ben Halima Nada, Ismaïl Samar, Chouaieb Hamed, Fathallah Akila
    International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Phytopharmacological Research.2021; 11(6): 15.     CrossRef
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    Aline de Castro Zacche-Tonini, Giuliana Schmidt França Fonseca, Laura Néspoli Nassar Pansini de Jesus, Geisa Baptista Barros, Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis, Samantha Ribeiro Béla, Anderson Silva Machado, Ana Carolina Aguiar Vasconcelos Carneiro,
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    Imen Khammari, Fatma Saghrouni, Sami Lakhal, Aida Bouratbine, Moncef Ben Said, Jalel Boukadida
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 493.     CrossRef
  • Identification of soluble and membrane antigenic markers of acquired toxoplasmosis by immunoblot
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  • 8,762 View
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  • Crossref

Original Article

Influence of Toxoplasma gondii Acute Infection on Cholinesterase Activities of Wistar Rats
Alexandre Alberto Tonin, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva, Maria Luiza Thorstenberg, L?via Gelain Castilhos, Raqueli Teresinha Fran?a, Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal, Marta Maria Medeiros Frescura Duarte, Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel, Mario Luiz de La Rue, Sonia Terezinha dos Anjos Lopes
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):421-426.
Published online August 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.421

Several studies have shown the mechanisms and importance of immune responses against Toxoplasma gondii infection and the notable role of cholinesterases in inflammatory reactions. However, the association between those factors has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in blood and lymphocytes and the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in serum of rats experimentally infected with T. gondii during the acute phase of infection. For that, an in vivo study was performed with evaluations of AChE and BChE activities on days 5 and 10 post-infection (PI). The activity of AChE in blood was increased on day 5 PI, while in lymphocytes its activity was enhanced on days 5 and 10 PI (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between groups regarding to the activity of BChE in serum. A positive (P<0.01) correlation was observed between AChE activity and number of lymphocytes. The role of AChE as an inflammatory marker is well known in different pathologies; thus, our results lead to the hypothesis that AChE has an important role in modulation of early immune responses against T. gondii infection.

Citations

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  • A meta-analysis of changes in cholinesterase activity among experimental animals infected with Toxoplasma gondii
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    Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Ahmad Daryani
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    Vanessa Sandri, Itamar Luís Gonçalves, Gustavo Machado das Neves, Marisa Lucia Romani Paraboni
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    M.H. Lashari, M Bibi, U Farooq, F Afzal, A Ali, M Safdar, M.S. Akhtar, A.A. Farooq, S Masood, M Ayaz, M.I. Khan
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  • 70 Download
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Mini Review

Clinical Features and Treatment of Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):393-399.
Published online August 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.393

Ocular toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the infection with Toxoplasma gondii through congenital or acquired routes. Once the parasite reaches the retina, it proliferates within host cells followed by rupture of the host cells and invasion into neighboring cells to make primary lesions. Sometimes the restricted parasite by the host immunity in the first scar is activated to infect another lesion nearby the scar. Blurred vision is the main complaint of ocular toxoplasmic patients and can be diagnosed by detection of antibodies or parasite DNA. Ocular toxoplasmosis needs therapy with several combinations of drugs to eliminate the parasite and accompanying inflammation; if not treated it sometimes leads to loss of vision. We describe here clinical features and currently available chemotherapy of ocular toxoplasmosis.

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Brief Communications

Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Lanzhou, China
Wei Cong, Si-Yang Huang, Dong-Hui Zhou, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Quan Zhao, Xing-Quan Zhu
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):363-367.
Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.363

The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in birds has epidemiological significance because birds are indeed considered as a good indicator of environmental contamination by T. gondii oocysts. In this study, the prevalence of T. gondii in 313 house sparrows in Lanzhou, northwestern China was assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies to T. gondii were positive in 39 (12.46%) of 313 samples (MAT titer ≥ 1:5). Tissues of heart, brain, and lung from the 39 seropositive house sparrows were tested for T. gondii DNA, 11 of which were found to be positive for the T. gondii B1 gene by PCR amplification. These positive DNA samples were typed at 9 genetic markers, including 8 nuclear loci, i.e., SAG1, 5'- and 3'-SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, L358, PK1, c22-8 and an apicoplast locus Apico. Of them, 4 isolates were genotyped with complete data for all loci, and 2 genotypes (Type II variants; ToxoDB #3 and a new genotype) were identified. These results showed that there is a potential risk for human infection with T. gondii in this region. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii seroprevalence in house sparrows in China.

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    Stacey A. Elmore, Kathryn P. Huyvaert, Larissa L. Bailey, Asma Iqbal, Chunlei Su, Brent R. Dixon, Ray T. Alisauskas, Alvin A. Gajadhar, Emily J. Jenkins
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    Wei Cong, Guo-Hua Liu, Qing-Feng Meng, Wei Dong, Si-Yuan Qin, Fu-Kai Zhang, Xiang-Yan Zhang, Xiang-Yang Wang, Ai-Dong Qian, Xing-Quan Zhu
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    Hai-Hai Jiang, Ming-Wei Li, Min-Jun Xu, Wei Cong, Xing-Quan Zhu
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  • Prevalence of Antibody toToxoplasma gondiiin Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), Dianchi Lake, China
    Qiang Miao, Jiang-qiang Han, Xun Xiang, Fei-Zhou Yuan, Yong-zhang Liu, Gang Duan, Xing-quan Zhu, Feng-cai Zou
    Journal of Wildlife Diseases.2014; 50(3): 717.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in three species of pet birds in China
    Wei Cong, Qing-Feng Meng, Hui-Qun Song, Dong-Hui Zhou, Si-Yang Huang, Ai-Dong Qian, Chunlei Su, Xing-Quan Zhu
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  • First Report of Genotyping ofToxoplasma gondiiin Free-LivingMicrotus fortisin Northeastern China
    Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Si-Yang Huang, Ying-Guang Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Xing-Quan Zhu, Quan Liu
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  • Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from cats in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China
    Yi-Ming Tian, Si-Yang Huang, Qiang Miao, Hai-Hai Jiang, Jian-Fa Yang, Chunlei Su, Xing-Quan Zhu, Feng-Cai Zou
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  • Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from pigs from different localities in China by PCR-RFLP
    Hai-Hai Jiang, Si-Yang Huang, Dong-Hui Zhou, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Chunlei Su, Shun-Zhou Deng, Xing-Quan Zhu
    Parasites & Vectors.2013;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Household Cats in Korea and Risk Factors
Sung-Hee Hong, Young-Il Jeong, Jae-Young Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Sang-Eun Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):357-361.
Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.357

Several epidemiological surveys have reported the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray cats in Korea, but little information is available on T. gondii infection in household cats. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of T. gondii infection among household cats reared in Seoul, Korea. A total of 474 blood samples were collected from clinically healthy household cats. All samples were tested using ELISA and PCR. The risk factor analysis was based on a questionnaire filled out by the owners. The overall positive rate for ELISA and PCR assays was 2.2% (10/437) and 2.1% (10/474), respectively. With regard to the origin of cats, the positive rates among cats adopted from the animal shelter and veterinary clinic for stray cats were significantly different (P<0.05). Our study demonstrated that the positive rate of T. gondii infection in household cats was low and that this low prevalence was assumed to be associated with keeping the cats indoors and restriction of eating raw food and uncooked meat. Therefore, we suggest that the owners check the origin of the cats prior to adoption to prevent infection of other animals, including humans.

Citations

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  • Prevalence of selected infectious agents in Swedish cats with fever and/or anemia compared to cats without fever and/or anemia and to stable/stray cats
    Gunilla Ölmedal, Linda Toresson, Mary Nehring, Jennifer Hawley, Sue Vande Woude, Michael Lappin
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  • Establishment and application of an iELISA detection method for measuring apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) antibodies of Toxoplasma gondii in cats
    Yafan Gao, Yu Shen, Jiyuan Fan, Haojie Ding, Bin Zheng, Haijie Yu, Siyang Huang, Qingming Kong, Hangjun Lv, Xunhui Zhuo, Shaohong Lu
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  • Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico
    María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez, Claudia Charles-Niño, César Pedroza-Roldán, Carolina Salazar-Reveles, Karen Lissete Ocampo-Figueroa, Laura Roció Rodríguez-Pérez, Varinia Margarita Paez-Magallán
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  • Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in semi-domesticated and pet cats within and around Bangkok, Thailand
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    J.P. Dubey, C.K. Cerqueira-Cézar, F.H.A. Murata, O.C.H. Kwok, Y.R. Yang, C. Su
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  • Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Cat Sitters in Korea
    Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Sang-Eun Lee, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 203.     CrossRef
  • Serological and Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Babesia microti in the Blood of Rescued Wild Animals in Gangwon-do (Province), Korea
    Sung-Hee Hong, Hee-Jong Kim, Young-Il Jeong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Jong-Tak Kim, Sang-Eun Lee
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 207.     CrossRef
  • Molecular investigation on the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in cat feces using TOX-element and ITS-1 region targets
    W. Chemoh, N. Sawangjaroen, V. Nissapatorn, N. Sermwittayawong
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  • <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> B1 Gene Detection in Feces of Stray Cats around Seoul, Korea and Genotype Analysis of Two Laboratory-Passaged Isolates
    Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyemi Lim, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 259.     CrossRef
  • A high seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiantibodies in a population of feral cats in the Western Cape province of South Africa
    Kenneth Hammond-Aryee, Monika Esser, Lesley van Helden, Paul van Helden
    Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases.2015; 30(4): 141.     CrossRef
  • 9,965 View
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Original Articles

Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii Suppresses Host Cell Autophagy
Youn-Jin Lee, Hyun-Ouk Song, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):279-287.
Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.279

Autophagy is a process of cytoplasmic degradation of endogenous proteins and organelles. Although its primary role is protective, it can also contribute to cell death. Recently, autophagy was found to play a role in the activation of host defense against intracellular pathogens. The aims of our study was to investigate whether host cell autophagy influences Toxoplasma gondii proliferation and whether autophagy inhibitors modulate cell survival. HeLa cells were infected with T. gondii with and without rapamycin treatment to induce autophagy. Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that cell death was extensive at 36-48 hr after infection in cells treated with T. gondii with or without rapamycin. The autophagic markers, LC3 II and Beclin 1, were strongly expressed at 18-24 hr after exposure as shown by Western blotting and RT-PCR. However, the subsequent T. gondii proliferation suppressed autophagy at 36 hr post-infection. Pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), down-regulated LC3 II and Beclin 1. The latter was also down-regulated by calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor. Monodansyl cadaverine (MDC) staining detected numerous autophagic vacuoles (AVs) at 18 hr post-infection. Ultrastructural observations showed T. gondii proliferation in parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) coinciding with a decline in the numbers of AVs by 18 hr. FACS analysis failed to confirm the presence of cell apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii and rapamycin. We concluded that T. gondii proliferation may inhibit host cell autophagy and has an impact on cell survival.

Citations

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  • Modulation of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for Toxoplasma gondii infection
    Ao Cheng, Huanan Zhang, Baike Chen, Shengyao Zheng, Hongyi Wang, Yijia Shi, Siyao You, Ming Li, Liping Jiang
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Myrislignan Induces Redox Imbalance and Activates Autophagy in Toxoplasma gondii
    Jili Zhang, Jia Chen, Kun Lv, Bing Li, Biqing Yan, Lei Gai, Chaolu Shi, Xinnian Wang, Hongfei Si, Jiyu Zhang
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Restricts the Intracellular Growth of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy in Macrophages
    Jina lee, Jae-Won Choi, Hye Young Han, Woo Sik Kim, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Baek Byun, Eui-Hong Byun, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Min Yuk
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 7.     CrossRef
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    H. B. Ranjitha, Veena Ammanathan, Neha Guleria, Madhusudan Hosamani, B. P. Sreenivasa, V. V. Dhanesh, Rashmi Santhoshkumar, B. K. Chandrasekhar Sagar, B. P. Mishra, R. K. Singh, Aniket Sanyal, Ravi Manjithaya, Suresh H. Basagoudanavar
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  • The Nrf2 pathway is required for intracellular replication ofToxoplasma gondiiin activated macrophages
    Yu Pang, Zhaoxia Zhang, Yuntong Chen, Shinuo Cao, Xiuqin Yang, Honglin Jia
    Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Host-Toxoplasma gondii Coadaptation Leads to Fine Tuning of the Immune Response
    Thaís Rigueti Brasil, Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima, Alexandre Morrot, Andrea Cristina Vetö Arnholdt
    Frontiers in Immunology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Sunhwa Hong, Okjin Kim
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    Dongmei Gao, Jing Zhang, Jun Zhao, He Wen, Jiwen Pan, Shouzhu Zhang, Yong Fang, Xiuyi Li, Yu Cai, Xuelong Wang, Shiping Wang
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Kinetics of IL-23 and IL-12 Secretion in Response to Toxoplasma gondii Antigens from THP-1 Monocytic Cells
Juan-Hua Quan, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, In-Wook Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):85-92.
Published online February 18, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.85

IL-23 and IL-12 are structurally similar and critical for the generation of efficient cellular immune responses. Toxoplasma gondii induces a strong cell-mediated immune response. However, little is known about IL-23 secretion profiles in T. gondii-infected immune cells in connection with IL-12. We compared the patterns of IL-23 and IL-12 production by THP-1 human monocytic cells in response to stimulation with live or heat-killed T. gondii tachyzoites, or with equivalent quantities of either T. gondii excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) or soluble tachyzoite antigen (STAg). IL-23 and IL-12 were significantly increased from 6 hr after stimulation with T. gondii antigens, and their secretions were increased with parasite dose-dependent manner. IL-23 concentrations were significantly higher than those of IL-12 at the same multiplicity of infection. IL-23 secretion induced by live parasites was significantly higher than that by heat-killed parasites, ESP, or STAg, whereas IL-12 secretion by live parasite was similar to those of ESP or STAg. However, the lowest levels of both cytokines were at stimulation with heat-killed parasites. These data indicate that IL-23 secretion patterns by stimulation with various kinds of T. gondii antigens at THP-1 monocytic cells are similar to those of IL-12, even though the levels of IL-23 induction were significantly higher than those of IL-12. The detailed kinetics induced by each T. gondii antigen were different from each other.

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    Youngsub Lee, Woo H. Kim, Hyoyoun Nam, Hyun S. Lillehoj
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    Mingzhu Deng, Feifei Gao, Tianfeng Liu, Weiqiang Zhan, Juanhua Quan, Ziquan Zhao, Xuyang Wu, Zhuolan Zhong, Hong Zheng, Jiaqi Chu
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    Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Byung-Hun Kang, Jae-Su Kim, Jae-Hyung Lee, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
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    Emily J. Govro, Melissa K. Stuart
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    Liliana M. R. Silva, Tamara Muñoz-Caro, Rafael A. Burgos, Maria A. Hidalgo, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla
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    Seyed Hossein Abdollahi, Fateme Ayoobi, Hossein Khorramdelazad, Behzad Nasiri Ahmadabadi, Mohammadtaghi Rezayati, Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Mohammad Zare-Bidaki
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  • Intracellular Networks of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK Pathways for Regulating Toxoplasma gondii-Induced IL-23 and IL-12 Production in Human THP-1 Cells
    Juan-Hua Quan, Jia-Qi Chu, Jaeyul Kwon, In-Wook Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Min Yuk, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Young-Ha Lee, Salvatore V Pizzo
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    Tamara Muñoz-Caro, Liliana M. R. Silva, Christin Ritter, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla
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Brief Communication

Evaluation of Anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM, and IgA in Mothers with Spontaneous Abortion in Zanjan, Northwest Iran
Abbas Amin, S. Mazloomzadeh, A. Haniloo, F. Mohammadian, Asghar Fazaeli
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):371-374.
Published online November 26, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.371

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the major agents of infectious abortions and due to its worldwide distribution can threat healthy pregnant women who had no previous exposure to this parasite. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of T. gondii to spontaneous abortions in Zanjan, Northwest of Iran, using ELISA method. Blood Samples were collected from 264 mothers referred to the provincial hospitals of Zanjan due to spontaneous abortion. The sera were isolated and subjected to evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies. The results showed IgG positive (IgG+) in 99 cases (37.5%). A total of 68 women (25.8%) showed seroconversion with IgM or IgA or both IgM and IgA. They included: IgM+ in 21 (8.0%), IgA+ in 23 (8.7%) and both IgM+ and IgA+ in 24 (9.1%) subjects. In 23 cases, positive titers of IgM and IgG were accompanied. In general, the analysis of anti-Toxoplasma antibody patterns, showed that about 17% of the spontaneous abortions were associated with serological patterns of acute infection. According to these findings, a considerable proportion of spontaneous abortions can be attributed to T. gondii in the study area.

Citations

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  • Screening for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG, IgM and IgA in Females of Reproductive Age from Western Romania
    Alin Gabriel Mihu, Maria Alina Lupu, Alexandru Nesiu, Daniela Teodora Marti, Tudor Rares Olariu
    Life.2022; 12(11): 1771.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii infection and spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Narges Kalantari, Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee, Zahra Moulana, Mohammad Chehrazi, Salman Ghaffari
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 158: 105070.     CrossRef
  • The global seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women who had spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Afsaneh Amouei, Zahra Hosseininejad, Ahmad Daryani, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(3): e0008103.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women from Western Romania
    Tudor Rares Olariu, Sorin Ursoniu, Ionela Hotea, Victor Dumitrascu, Doru Anastasiu, Maria Alina Lupu
    Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2020; 20(10): 763.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma gondii Elongation Factor 1-Alpha (TgEF-1α) Is a Novel Vaccine Candidate Antigen against Toxoplasmosis
    Shuai Wang, Zhenchao Zhang, Yujian Wang, Javaid A. Gadahi, Lixin Xu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    M. Abedi, H. Heidari, Z. Sadeghi Dehkordi, M. R. Youssefi
    Comparative Clinical Pathology.2015; 24(3): 589.     CrossRef
  • Sequence Diversity in <i>MIC6</i> Gene among <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Isolates from Different Hosts and Geographical Locations
    Zhong-Yuan Li, Hui-Qun Song, Jia Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 341.     CrossRef
  • Protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice induced by a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii 10kDa excretory–secretory antigen (TgESA10)
    Shuai Wang, Yujian Wang, Xiaoni Sun, Zhenchao Zhang, Tingqi Liu, Javaid Ali Gadahi, Lixin Xu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li
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  • Protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice induced by a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii elongation factor 1-alpha
    Shuai Wang, YuJian Wang, XiaoNi Sun, ZhenChao Zhang, TingQi Liu, Javaid Ali Gadahi, Ibrahim Adam Hassan, LiXin Xu, RuoFeng Yan, XiaoKai Song, XiangRui Li
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Original Article

Serologic Survey of Toxoplasmosis in Seoul and Jeju-do, and a Brief Review of Its Seroprevalence in Korea
Hyemi Lim, Sang-Eun Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Ki Kim, Mi Youn Lee, Ho-Woo Nam, Jong-Gyun Shin, Cheong-Ha Yun, Han-Ik Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):287-293.
Published online November 26, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.287

Knowledge of the prevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection is required in the Republic of Korea. In this study, we surveyed the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and analyzed the risk factors associated with seropositivity among residents in 2 administrative districts; Seoul and the island of Jeju-do, which have contrasting epidemiologic characteristics. Sera and blood collected from 2,150 residents (1,114 in Seoul and 1,036 in Jeju-do) were checked for IgG antibody titers using ELISA and for the T. gondii B1 gene using PCR. In addition, participants completed a questionnaire that solicited information on gender, age, occupation, eating habits, history of contact with animals, and travel abroad. The T. gondii B1 gene was not detected in all residents examined. However, ELISA showed 8.0% (89 of 1,114 sera) positive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii in Seoul and 11.3% (117 of 1,036 sera) in Jeju-do. In both districts, the positive rates were higher in males than in females, and those 40-79 years of age showed higher rates than other ages. In Seoul, residents older than 70 years of age showed the highest positive rate, 14.9%, whereas in Jeju-do the highest prevalence, 15.6%, was in those in their sixties. The higher seropositive rate in Jeju-do than in Seoul may be related to eating habits and occupations. The present results and a review of related literature are indicative of an increased seroprevalence of T. gondii in Korea in recent years.

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    Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Hyejoo Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
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Brief Communications

Production and Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii Recombinant GRA7 for Serodiagnosis of Human Infections
Mina Selseleh, Hossein Keshavarz, Mehdi Mohebali, Saeedeh Shojaee, Monavar Selseleh, Mohammad Reza Eshragian, Fatemeh Mansouri, Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):233-238.
Published online August 13, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.233

The precise diagnosis of the acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and immunocompromsied patients has critical importance. Most of the commercially available assays use the whole Toxoplasma soluble extract as the antigen. However, the assays currently available for the detection of specific anti-Toxoplasma antibodies may vary in their abilities to detect serum immunoglobulins, due to the lack of a purified standardized antigen. The aim of this study was production and evaluation of the usefulness of the recombinant Toxoplasma gondii GRA7 antigen for the serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG by ELISA. A total of 70 T. gondii IgM positive sera, 74 T. gondii IgG positive sera, and 60 sera from subjects who were not infected with T. gondii were examined. These sera were shown different absorbance values in ELISA test. To control the specificity of the rGRA7 other parasitic diseases, for example, echinococcosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, fascioliasis, and strongyloidiasis were tested of which none showed positive results. Sensitivity and specificity of the generated recombinant IgG ELISA in comparison with commercial ELISA (com ELISA) were 89% and 90%, and the sensitivity and specificity of the generated recombinant IgM ELISA were 96% and 90%, respectively. The results obtained here show that this antigen is useful for diagnostic purposes.

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Detection of Ocular Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Chronic Irregular Recurrent Uveitis by PCR
Sang-Eun Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Seong-Ho Lee, Young-Il Jeong, Su Jin Lim, Oh Woong Kwon, Sun Hyun Kim, Young Sung You, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):229-231.
Published online August 13, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.229

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite resulting in human infections and one of the infectious pathogens leading to uveitis and retinochoroiditis. The present study was performed to assess T. gondii infection in 20 ocular patients with chronic irregular recurrent uveitis (20 aqueous humor and 20 peripheral blood samples) using PCR. All samples were analyzed by nested PCR targeting a specific B1 gene of T. gondii. The PCR-positive rate was 25% (5/20), including 5% (1) in blood samples, 25% (5) in aqueous humor samples, and 5% (1) in both sample types. A molecular screening test for T. gondii infection in ocular patients with common clinical findings of an unclear retinal margin and an inflammatory membrane over the retina, as seen by fundus examination, may be helpful for early diagnosis and treatment.

Citations

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in the Residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea
Hye-Jin Ahn, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):225-227.
Published online August 13, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.225

The seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis was surveyed among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do by means of ELISA using a crude extract antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 1,661 adult residents (866 males and 795 females) were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 17.0% positive rate (282 sera). The positive rate was significantly different between the sex; 20.6% for males and 13.1% for females (P<0.05). The positive rates were higher in fifties of males (28.7%) and forties of females (20.0%). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun residents is regarded as the highest among the surveys of different geographical regions of Korea. This high positive rate may due in part to peculiar geographical locality of the surveyed area near the naturally well preserved demilitarized zone (DMZ) or presumably consumption of the pork imported from high endemic nations. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun.

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Original Articles

Real-Time RT-PCR on SAG1 and BAG1 Gene Expression during Stage Conversion in Immunosuppressed Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii Tehran Strain
Monavar Selseleh, Mohammad Hossein Modarressi, Mehdi Mohebali, Saeedeh Shojaee, Mohammad Reza Eshragian, Mina Selseleh, Ebrahim Azizi, Hossein Keshavarz
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):199-205.
Published online August 13, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.199

Toxoplasmic encephalitis is caused by reactivation of bradyzoites to rapidly dividing tachyzoites of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised hosts. Diagnosis of this life-threatening disease is problematic, because it is difficult to discriminate between these 2 stages. Toxoplasma PCR assays using gDNA as a template have been unable to discriminate between an increase or decrease in SAG1 and BAG1 expression between the active tachyzoite stage and the latent bradyzoite stage. In the present study, real-time RT-PCR assay was used to detect the expression of bradyzoite (BAG1)- and tachyzoite-specific genes (SAG1) during bradyzoite/tachyzoite stage conversion in mice infected with T. gondii Tehran strain after dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DXM) administration. The conversion reaction was observed in the lungs and brain tissues of experimental mice, indicated by SAG1 expression at day 6 after DXM administration, and continued until day 14. Bradyzoites were also detected in both organs throughout the study; however, it decreased at day 14 significantly. It is suggested that during the reactivation period, bradyzoites not only escape from the cysts and reinvade neighboring cells as tachyzoites, but also converted to new bradyzoites. In summary, the real-time RT-PCR assay provided a reliable, fast, and quantitative way of detecting T. gondii reactivation in an animal model. Thus, this method may be useful for diagnosing stage conversion in clinical specimens of immunocompromised patients (HIV or transplant patients) for early identification of tachyzoite-bradyzoite stage conversion.

Citations

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  • Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Using Surface Antigen Grade 1 Detection by ELISA, Nano-Gold ELISA, and PCR in Pregnant Women
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    Microbial Pathogenesis.2023; 184: 106340.     CrossRef
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    Emily L. Lilly, Nathan J. Webster
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    Jichao Yang, Lihong Zhang, Huiyan Diao, Ningbo Xia, Yanqin Zhou, Junlong Zhao, Bang Shen
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Lili Cao, Zedong Wang, Shuchao Wang, Jiping Li, Xinglong Wang, Feng Wei, Quan Liu
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  • Brain cystogenesis capacity of Toxoplasma gondii, avirulent Tehran strain in mice
    Mehrzad Saraei, Yosef Ghaderi, Tahereh Mosavi, Mojtaba Shahnazi, Hossein Keshavarz, Saeedeh Shojaee
    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease.2014; 4: S739.     CrossRef
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A Surge in the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Islands in Gangwha-gun, Incheon, Korea
Zhaoshou Yang, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Hye-Jin Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):191-197.
Published online August 13, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.191

Seroepidemiological changes of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of the islands of Gangwha-gun, Incheon for 2 years were surveyed and evaluated by ELISA using a crude extract antigen. In 2010, sera of 919 adult residents in Gyodong-myeon and 313 adults in Samsan-myeon were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 14.5% (133 sera) and 19.8% (62 sera) positive rates, respectively. In 2011, sera of 955 adults in Gyodong-myeon and 341 adults in Samsan-myeon were examined, which showed an increase of positive rates to 23.8% (227 sera) and 31.7% (108 sera), respectively. Totally, the seroprevalence of the first year was 15.8% and it increased rapidly to 25.8% in the second year. The positive rates of both sexes increased simultaneously with the significant ratio of males to females by 1.7-2.2 fold (P<0.05). In both myeons, 661 sera were collected every year and showed changes in optical density (OD) in 177 sera; newly found as positives in 73 persons (11.0%), negative conversion in 10 persons (1.5%), and maintained or increased in 94 persons (14.2%). This rapid increase in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Gangwha islands may be due to in part peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the islands and presumably the consumption of the pork bred domestically within the islands or imported from high endemic nations. It is necessary to find out symptomatic toxoplasmic patients and confirm the risk factors for further infection in the islands of Gangwha-gun.

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    Sun Huh
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IgG Avidity ELISA Test for Diagnosis of Acute Toxoplasmosis in Humans
Amir Hossien Rahbari, Hossien Keshavarz, Saeedeh Shojaee, Mehdi Mohebali, Mostafa Rezaeian
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):99-102.
Published online May 24, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.99

Serum samples, 100 in the total number, were collected from different laboratories in Tehran, Iran and tested for anti-Toxoplasma specific IgG and IgM antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Using the IgG (chronic) and IgM (acute) positive samples, the IgG avidity test was performed by ELISA in duplicate rows of 96-well microtiter plates. One row was washed with 6 M urea and the other with PBS (pH 7.2), then the avidity index (AI) was calculated. Sixteen out of 18 (88.9%) sera with acute toxoplasmosis showed low avidity levels (AI≤50), and 76 out of 82 (92.7%) sera in chronic phase of infection showed high avidity index (AI>60). Six sera had borderline ranges of AI. The results showed that the IgG avidity test by ELISA could distinguish the acute and chronic stages of toxoplasmosis in humans.

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Gene Expression Profiles in Genetically Different Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: ALDH1A2, BEX2, EGR2, CCL3 and PLAU
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Juan-Hua Quan, Zhou Wei, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee, Chang-June Song
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):7-13.
Published online March 6, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.7

Toxoplasma gondii can modulate host cell gene expression; however, determining gene expression levels in intermediate hosts after T. gondii infection is not known much. We selected 5 genes (ALDH1A2, BEX2, CCL3, EGR2 and PLAU) and compared the mRNA expression levels in the spleen, liver, lung and small intestine of genetically different mice infected with T. gondii. ALDH1A2 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were markedly increased at day 1-4 postinfection (PI) and then decreased, and its expressions in the spleen and lung were significantly higher in C57BL/6 mice than those of BALB/c mice. BEX2 and CCR3 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased from day 7 PI and peaked at day 15-30 PI (P<0.05), especially high in the spleen liver or small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. EGR2 and PLAU mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased after infection, especially high in the spleen and liver. However, their expression patterns were varied depending on the tissue and mouse strain. Taken together, T. gondii-susceptible C57BL/6 mice expressed higher levels of these 5 genes than did T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice, particularly in the spleen and liver. And ALDH1A2 and PLAU expressions were increased acutely, whereas BEX2, CCL3 and EGR2 expressions were increased lately. Thus, these demonstrate that host genetic factors exert a strong impact on the expression of these 5 genes and their expression patterns were varied depending on the gene or tissue.

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    Xiaoxi Liu, Fenghua Liu, Yunfei Ma, Huanrong Li, Xianghong Ju, Jianqin Xu
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Anti-Apoptotic Effects of SERPIN B3 and B4 via STAT6 Activation in Macrophages after Infection with Toxoplasma gondii
Kyoung Ju Song, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):1-6.
Published online March 6, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.1

Toxoplasma gondii penetrates all kinds of nucleated eukaryotic cells but modulates host cells differently for its intracellular survival. In a previous study, we found out that serine protease inhibitors B3 and B4 (SERPIN B3/B4 because of their very high homology) were significantly induced in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with T. gondii through activation of STAT6. In this study, to evaluate the effects of the induced SERPIN B3/B4 on the apoptosis of T. gondii-infected THP-1 cells, we designed and tested various small interfering (si-) RNAs of SERPIN B3 or B4 in staurosporine-induced apoptosis of THP-1 cells. Anti-apoptotic characteristics of THP-1 cells after infection with T. gondii disappeared when SERPIN B3/B4 were knock-downed with gene specific si-RNAs transfected into THP-1 cells as detected by the cleaved caspase 3, poly-ADP ribose polymerase and DNA fragmentation. This anti-apoptotic effect was confirmed in SERPIN B3/B4 overexpressed HeLa cells. We also investigated whether inhibition of STAT6 affects the function of SERPIN B3/B4, and vice versa. Inhibition of SERPIN B3/B4 did not influence STAT6 expression but SERPIN B3/B4 expression was inhibited by STAT6 si-RNA transfection, which confirmed that SERPIN B3/B4 was induced under the control of STAT6 activation. These results suggest that T. gondii induces SERPIN B3/B4 expression via STAT6 activation to inhibit the apoptosis of infected THP-1 cells for longer survival of the intracellular parasites themselves.

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Brief Communications
Maintained Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Jeju Island, Korea
Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Kyutaeg Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Yeon-Pyo Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hak-Yong Kim, A-Ra Ko, Yong-Joo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):309-311.
Published online September 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.309

Seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis among the residents of Jeju island was surveyed and evaluated by ELISA with crude extract of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 2,348 residents (male 1,157 and female 1,191) were collected and checked for the IgG antibody titers, which showed 13.2% positive rate (309 sera). The positive rates were increasing gradually according to the age from 4.3% in teenage to 20.6% in seventies. The positive rates were significantly different between the sex by 16.2% for male and 10.2% for female (P<0.05). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Jeju island residents is regarded relatively higher than any other regions of Korea. And the high positive rate may be maintained continuously among Jeju island residents without any clear reasons until now but due to some parts peculiar socio-cultural tradition of Jeju island. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis of Jeju island.

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Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):303-308.
Published online September 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.303

This study investigated whether elevated host immune capacity can inhibit T. gondii infection. For this purpose, we used silk protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons as a natural supplement to augment immune capacity. After silk protein administration to BALB/c mice for 6 weeks, ratios of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells) and splenocyte proliferative capacities in response to Con A or T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) were increased. Of various cytokines, which regulate immune systems, Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12, were obviously increased in splenocyte primary cell cultures. Furthermore, the survival of T. gondii (RH strain)-infected mice increased from 2 days to 5 or more days. In a state of immunosuppression induced by methylprednisolone acetate, silk protein-administered mice were resistant to reduction in T-lymphocyte (CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells) numbers and the splenocyte proliferative capacity induced by Con A or TLA with a statistical significance. Taken together, our results suggest that silk protein augments immune capacity in mice and the increased cellular immunity by silk protein administration increases host protection against acute T. gondii infection.

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