Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"ICR"

Brief Communications

Strain-dependent immune responses reveal a critical role of IL-17A in defense against Balamuthia mandrillaris: Yu Jin Jeong, Dong Gyu Han, Mi Kyung Park, Seo Yeong Choi, Shin Ae Kang, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):371-377.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25066

Abstract
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Balamuthia mandrillaris is a causative agent of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, a rare but often fatal condition. To investigate the role of T helper (Th) cell subsets in the immune response against B. mandrillaris, we examined 3 mouse strains with distinct immunological profiles: C57BL/6 (Th1-dominant), BALB/c (Th2-dominant), and ICR (balanced Th1/Th2). Mice were infected intranasally with 1×10⁵ amoebae. Body weight and neurologic symtoms were monitored weekly, and cytokine expression was assessed biweekly over 6 weeks. Minimal weight loss and no mortality were observed in C57BL/6 mice, whereas BALB/c and ICR mice exhibited significant early and delayed mortality, respectively. Interleukin-17A expression was notably elevated in C57BL/6 mice compared with the other strains. These findings indicate that a robust Th17 response, particularly interleukin-17A production, is a critical component of the host defense against B. mandrillaris infection.

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Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in high- and low-transmission areas of Tanzania: The role of asymptomatic carriers in malaria persistence and the need for targeted surveillance and control efforts: Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Seok Ho Cha, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Joon-Hee Han, Nyalali Kija, Smart Geodfrey, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-Hee Han; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):57-65.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24077

As many countries implement different programs aimed at eliminating malaria, attention should be given to asymptomatic carriers that may interrupt the progress. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Tanzania from December 2022 to July 2023 within 4 villages from each of the 3 regions, Geita and Kigoma, which are high malaria transmission, and Arusha, which is low transmission. Malaria was diagnosed in asymptomatic individuals aged 1 year and older using the malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope. A total of 2,365 of 3,489 (67.9%) participants were enrolled from high-transmission villages. The overall prevalence was 25.5% and 15.8% by malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope, respectively. Using the respective tools, the prevalence was significantly higher at 35.6% (confidence interval (CI)=23.6–49.9) and 23.1% (CI=16.2–35.1) in the high-transmission regions (Geita and Kigoma) compared with 2.9% (CI=1.1–3.5) and 1.1% (CI=0.7–1.8) in the low-transmission region (Arusha). Children younger than 15 years and males accounted for the greatest proportion of infections. In the study area, the prevalence of asymptomatic cases was higher than that of reported symptomatic cases in health facilities. We hypothesize that these parasite reservoirs may contribute to the persistence of malaria in the country. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive malaria control in the country, the surveillance and screening of asymptomatic malaria cases are vital.

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Hidden reservoirs of infection: prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria in a high-endemic region of Zambia
Wisdom Silwamba, David Chisompola, John Nzobokela, Martin Chakulya, Lombe Kabwe, Kingsley Tembo
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and rising resistance to first-line artemisinin partner drugs in Malawi
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Feng Lu, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
First report of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions compromising HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Malawi
Johnsy Mary Louis, Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Feng Lu, Eun-Teak Han, Jin-Hee Han
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Burden and determinants of asymptomatic malaria among adults living in urban and rural areas in Gabon in 2023: a community-based cross-sectional study
Bridy Chesly Moutombi Ditombi, Noé Patrick M’Bondoukwé, Jacques Mari Ndong Ngomo, Helena Noeline Kono, Bedrich Pongui Ngondza, Meredith Ada Mengome, Luccheri Ndong Akomezoghe, Dimitri Ardin Moussavou Mabika, Coella Joyce Mihindou, Reine Moutongo, Denise P
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Probiotic-induced changes in intestinal microbiome inhibits Toxoplasma gondii infection: Hak-Jae Lee, Do-Won Ham, Seung-Hwan Seo, Guang-Ho Cha, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):408-423.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24068

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Toxoplasma gondii primarily invades the central nervous system, causing latent infections. Cysts persist in the host for life and there is currently no effective treatment. T. gondii infects human hosts through contaminated meat, invading the intestinal tissue and leading to changes in the number and composition of the gut microbiota. Since probiotic ingestion modulates intestinal microbiota changes, we hypothesized that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis caused by T. gondii infection would be restored following probiotic supplementation. To this end, we orally infected C57BL/6 mice with 10 T. gondii cysts and administered supplemental probiotics daily. We analyzed the levels of T. gondii B1 gene DNA, indicative of T. gondii infection, in brain tissue. We investigated alterations in the gut microbiota composition and functional pathways between the probiotic and non-probiotic treatment groups via next-generation sequencing analysis of each fecal sample. The infection level in the probiotic-treated group was significantly reduced after 4 weeks (p<0.05). Probiotic supplementation notably changed the gut microbiota after 2 weeks of infection, increasing the relative abundance of Intestinimonas massiliensis and Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus. Probiotic supplements appear to modulate the gut microbiota, activating functional pathways involved in intestinal short-chain fatty acid production and strengthening the intestinal barrier, thereby impeding T. gondii infection and subsequent proliferation. Our findings provide valuable insights into T. gondii infection control and future study directions.

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Lactobacillus vaginalis alleviates DSS induced colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and increasing the production of 3-indoleacrylic acid
Zhuoya Wang, Tian Liu, Li Liu, Jian Xie, Furui Tang, Yimin Pi, Yuchun Zhong, Zhidong He, Wenming Zhang, Cihua Zheng
Pharmacological Research.2025; 213: 107663. CrossRef
Gut microbiota-derived butyrate alleviates the impairment of mice intestinal integrity caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection
Shuni Liu, Yutao Zheng, Bingqian Cui, Jiayi Yang, Bohui Yuan, Yuhan Cao, Zimu Zhao, Zhuo Sun, Qingling Wang, Xiaoying Yang, Wei Pan, Cheng He
Life Sciences.2025; 374: 123709. CrossRef
Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Assessment of Environmental Health in Western Anatolian Vole (Microtus lydius Blackler, 1916)
Tuba Yağcı, Gözde Ayseçkin
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences.2025; 10(4): 471. CrossRef
Microbiome of Dipteran vectors associated with integron and antibiotic resistance genes in South Korea
Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Hyun Seo Park, Du-Yeol Choi, Dongjun Kang, Singeun Oh, Dawon Lee, Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Yoon Hee Cho, Myung-hee Yi, Ju Yeong Kim
Acta Tropica.2025; 271: 107858. CrossRef
Urban environmental drivers of eukaryotic microbiota and parasite prevalence in domestic pigeon faeces: a metabarcoding-based public health risk assessment in Seoul, South Korea
Singeun Oh, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myungjun Kim, Dongjun Kang, Myung-hee Yi, Yoon Hee Cho, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Seongjun Choe, Ju Yeong Kim
Journal of The Royal Society Interface.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Microscopic findings of host–parasite interaction between the Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, and the monogenean ectoparasite, Microcotyle sebastis: Sang Phil Shin, Seokryel Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):490-496.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24043

Abstract
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This study was conducted to examine the pathogenesis of gill degeneration in the Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegelii, infested with the monogenean ectoparasite, Microcotyle sebastis. We collected 30 Korean rockfish from a fish farm in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, and examined them with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histopathology, in March 2018. The monogenean trematode, M. sebastis, was detected in 27 Korean rockfish (90%), with the intensity of infection being 31.7 per fish. The characteristic surface ultrastructures such as tegument with transverse striations, genital atrium, genital pore, and opisthaptor with numerous clamps were observed. The worms were firmly attached to the gill lamellae using clamps from the opisthaptor, causing gill damage and degeneration. The distal part of the lamellae was ruptured by the sclerites of the clamps. The histopathological examination revealed epithelial hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and occasionally fusion of the lamellae. These ultrastructural and histopathological findings provide some understanding of the pathogenesis of gill degeneration in the Korean rockfish infested with M. sebastis.

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Original Articles

A novel kit for enrichment of fecal helminth eggs: Eunsol Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):323-329.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24021

Abstract
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We developed a new concentration kit, called the ParaEgg (PE), for easy detection trematode eggs from fecal samples in endemic areas of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in Korea. To create a standard of detection efficiency, 120 fecal samples were examined using the water–ether concentration method (WECM). The PE kit and Mini ParaSep (PS) kit were used to compare the detection sensitivity of 100 egg-positive and 20 egg-negative samples in WECM. Additionally, stool samples, which were intentionally spiked with 10, 20, and 30 Clonorchis sinensis eggs, were evaluated to assess the sensitivity in lowinfection cases. The PE and PS kits showed detection rates of 100% and 92%, respectively, from 100 egg-positive samples in WECM. Meanwhile, eggs were detected in 3 (PE) and 2 (PS) out of 20 egg-negative samples in WECM. The PE kit detected the highest number of eggs per gram of feces (727 on average), followed by the WECM (524) and PS kit (432). In fecal samples that were intentionally spiked with 10, 20, and 30 C. sinensis eggs, PE only detected eggs 2 out of 5 samples in 10 eggs spiked (40%), and the detection rates were 80% and 100%, respectively. The PE kit enabled a more accurate identification of trematode eggs because of the clearance of small fecal debris in the microscopic field. In conclusion, the PE kit is obviously helpful to detect and identify trematode eggs in stool examinations especially in endemic areas of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis.

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2024년 장내기생충 유행지역 감염 조사

Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(19): 707. CrossRef
Diagnostic performance evaluation of ParaEgg for identifying intestinal helminthiasis: A comparative study with conventional copromicroscopy
Tilak Chandra Nath, Heeil Lee, Md. Mahamudul Hasan, Tanmoy Roy Rudro, Dipta Das, Md. Taufiqur Rahman, Nandiny Saha Roy, Pritha Parial, Proloy Chakraborty Tusher, Tarek Siddiki
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00449. CrossRef
Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Alterations in immunized antigens of Anisakis pegreffii by ampicillin-induced gut microbiome changes in mice: Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Myung-hee Yi, Singeun Oh, Tai-Soon Yong, Ju Yeong Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):351-364.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23114

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The gut microbiome plays an essential role in host immune responses, including allergic reactions. However, commensal gut microbiota is extremely sensitive to antibiotics and excessive usage can cause microbial dysbiosis. Herein, we investigated how changes in the gut microbiome induced by ampicillin affected the production of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in mice subsequently exposed to Anisakis pegreffii antigens. Ampicillin treatment caused a notable change in the gut microbiome as shown by changes in both alpha and beta diversity indexes. In a 1-dimensional immunoblot using Anisakis-specific anti-mouse IgG1, a 56-kDa band corresponding to an unnamed Anisakis protein was detected using mass spectrometry analysis only in ampicillin-treated mice. In the Anisakis-specific anti-mouse IgG2a-probed immunoblot, a 70-kDa band corresponding to heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was only detected in ampicillin-treated and Anisakis-immunized mice. A 2-dimensional immunoblot against Anisakis extract with immunized mouse sera demonstrated altered spot patterns in both groups. Our results showed that ampicillin treatment altered the gut microbiome composition in mice, changing the immunization response to antigens from A. pegreffii. This research could serve as a basis for developing vaccines or allergy immunotherapies against parasitic infections.

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Diversity of midgut microbiota in ticks collected from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from northern Mexico: Zinnia Judith Molina-Garza, Mariana Cuesy-León, Lidia Baylón-Pacheco, José Luis Rosales-Encina, Lucio Galaviz-Silva; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):117-130.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23006

Ticks host different pathogens as endosymbiont and nonpathogenic microorganisms and play an important role in reproductive fitness and nutrient provision. However, the bacterial microbiomes of white-tailed deer ticks have received minimal attention. This study aimed to examine the bacterial microbiome of ticks collected from Odocoileus virginianus on the Mexico–United States border to assess differences in microbiome diversity in ticks of different species, sexes, and localities. Five different tick species were collected: Rhipicephalus microplus, Dermacentor nitens, Otobius megnini, Amblyomma cajennense, and A. maculatum. The tick microbiomes were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Among all tick species, the most predominant phylum was Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The ticks from Tamaulipas and Nuevo León presented the highest bacterial species diversity. Acinetobacter johnsonii and A. lwoffii were the common bacterial species in the microbiome of all ticks, Coxiella were present in R. microplus, and Dermacentor nitens also exhibited a Francisella-like endosymbiont. The microbiome of most females in D. nitens was less diverse than that of males, whereas R. microplus occurs in females, suggesting that microbiome diversity is influenced by sex. In the bacterial communities of A. maculatum and O. megnini, Candidatus Midichloria massiliensis, and Candidatus Endoecteinascidia fumentensis were the most predominant endosymbionts. These results constitute the initial report on these bacteria, and this is also the first study to characterize the microbiome of O. megnini.

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Distribution of Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma lusitanicum, and the pathogens they are carrying: A systematic review
Afito Luciano, Binta J.J. Jallow, Mandie Liu, Yuting Ma, Regina Daniel Miambo, Fanming Meng
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00437. CrossRef
Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef

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Babeisa duncani infection alters gut microbiota profile in hamsters: Shangdi Zhang, Jinming Wang, Xiaoyun Li, Yanbo Wang, Yueli Nian, Chongge You, Dekui Zhang, Guiquan Guan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):42-52.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22142

The genus Babesia includes parasites that can induce human and animal babesiosis, which are common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The gut microbiota has not been examined in hamsters infected by Babesia duncani. Red blood cells infected with B. duncani were injected into hamsters through intraperitoneal route. To evaluate the changes in gut microbiota, DNAs were extracted from small intestinal contents, acquired from hamsters during disease development. Then, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria was sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. Gut microbiota alternation and composition were assessed according to the sequencing data, which were clustered with >97.0% sequence similarity to create amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were made up of the major components of the gut microbiota in all samples. The abundance of Bacteroidetes elevated after B. duncani infection than the B. duncani-free group, while Firmicutes and Desulfobacterota declined. Alpha diversity analysis demonstrated that the shown ASVs were substantially decreased in the highest parasitemia group than B. duncani-free and lower parasitemia groups. Potential biomarkers were discovered by Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis, which demonstrated that several bacterial families (including Muribaculaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Helicobacteraceae, Clostridia UGG014, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Lachnospiraceae) were potential biomarkers in B. duncani-infected hamsters. This research demonstrated that B. duncani infectious can modify the gut microbiota of hamsters.

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Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef
Eimeria infections of plateau pika altered the patterns of temporal alterations in gut bacterial communities
Maoping Li, Suqin Wang, Liang Zhong, Petr Heděnec, Zhaoxian Tan, Rong Wang, Xinyang Chen, Yan Zhang, Bingmin Tang, Huakun Zhou, Jiapeng Qu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Atractylenolide-I Alleviates Hyperglycemia-Induced Heart Developmental Malformations through Direct and Indirect Modulation of the STAT3 Pathway
Mengwei Wang, Tong-hua Zhang, Yunjin Li, Xiaofeng Chen, Qiongyin Zhang, Ying Zheng, Denglu Long, Xin Cheng, An Hong, Xuesong Yang, Guang Wang
Phytomedicine.2024; 129: 155698. CrossRef
Qi Huang Fang improves intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbes in septic mice through NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cellular pyroptosis
Tingting Shu, Jun Zhang, Ruiying Hu, Fang Zhou, Hanyong Li, Jing Liu, Yanbo Fan, Xucheng Li, Peiwu Ding
Transplant Immunology.2024; 85: 102072. CrossRef

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Malaria Endemicity in the Rural Communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria: David Ekene Nwele, Ikechukwu Oliver Onyali, Milliam Okwudili Iwueze, Michael Okpara Elom, Ogbonna Elom Sabastian Uguru; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):173-179.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.173

Abstract
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Malaria remains a global health threat. Approximately 97% of the population is at risk in sub-Saharan countries, particularly Nigeria. This study compared the performance of 2 diagnostic methods in assessing malaria endemicity in the rural communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 1,140 study participants were screened for malaria parasite using Rapid Diagnostic Test kits (RDT) in the field, while thick and thin films for microscopy were examined in the laboratory. Our result showed that malaria prevalence was 56.8 by RDT and 38.6% by microscopic test. Age group under 10 years had the highest prevalence of 28.9% (RDT) and 23.6% (microscopy), respectively. The highest prevalence of 19.5% by RDT was recorded in Onicha Local Government Area, while the highest prevalence of 13.4% with microscopy was recorded in Ezza North Local Government Area. The sensitivity and specificity of microscopic examination were both 100%, while those of RDT were 95.5% and 75.9%, respectively.

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Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko, Mireille Cornelia Ingrid Denissio Morissi Nalingbo, Brice Martial Yambiyo, Roger Detol, Ermeland Moussa, Didita Nalinga, Lydie Joella-Venus de la Grace Namsenei-Dankpea, Alexandre Manirakiza, Lawrence Ayong, Yap Boum
Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2025; Volume 16: 1. CrossRef
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Olushina Olawale Awe, Peter Njoroge Mwangi, Samuel Kotva Goudoungou, Ruth Victoria Esho, Olanrewaju Samuel Oyejide
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ectoparasite species diversity and prevalence in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) within delta central senatorial district, Delta State, Nigeria

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Analysis of fractional-order model for the transmission dynamics of malaria via Caputo–Fabrizio and Atangana–Baleanu operators
Benedict Celestine Agbata, Raimonda Dervishi, Mehmet Gümüş, Aseel Smerat, Godwin Christopher Ezike Mbah
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimated distribution of malaria cases among children in sub-Saharan Africa by specified age categories using data from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019
Olorunfemi A. Oshagbemi, Pedro Lopez-Romero, Cornelis Winnips, Katalin R. Csermak, Guoqin Su, Elodie Aubrun
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Microbiome of Haemaphysalis longicornis Tick in Korea: Myungjun Kim, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, In-Yong Lee, Dongeun Yong, Bo-Young Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):489-496.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.489

Ticks can transmit pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses to humans and animals. In this study, we investigated the microbiomes of Haemaphysalis longicornis according to sex and life stages. The Shannon index was significantly higher for nymphs than adult ticks. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the microbiome composition of female adult and male adult ticks were different. Notably, Coxiella-like bacterium (AB001519), known as a tick symbiont, was found in all nymphs and female adult ticks, but only one out of 4 male adult ticks had Coxiella-like bacterium (AB001519). In addition, Rickettsia rickettsii, Coxiella burnetii, and Anaplasma bovis were detected in this study.

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Unveiling the Presence of Coxiella-like bacteria in Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks from Punjab, North India: A 16S rRNA metagenomic study
Vikas Sharma, Shriya Goel, Kamlesh Bisht, Taruna Kaura, Salony Verma, Abhishek Mewara, Gagandeep Singh Grover, Manisha Biswal
Veterinary Microbiology.2026; 312: 110783. CrossRef
Microbiome Composition of Haemaphysalis flava in Korea and Diversity Analysis Based on Region, Developmental Stage, and Sex
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan‐Eui Hong, Hyeonjun Shin, Hyeok Lee, Kyoung Won Lee, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Wook‐Gyo Lee, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Jung Han Park, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, S
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of tick-borne pathogens using next-generation sequencing in ticks from wild animals in the Republic of Korea
Hye-Ryung Byun, Mi-Sun Rieu, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Hyun-Young Nam, Seulgi Seo, Chang-Yong Choi, Ki-Jeong Na, Jong-Taek Kim, Soyeon Cho, Bo-Yeon Hwang, Joon-Seok Chae
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef
Microbiome of Invasive Tick Species Haemaphysalis longicornis in North Carolina, USA
Loganathan Ponnusamy, Nicholas Travanty, D. Watson, Steven Seagle, Ross Boyce, Michael Reiskind
Insects.2024; 15(3): 153. CrossRef
Organ-specific bacterial microbiota in the engorged female Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Sisi Li, Chen Yang, Yufan Zhang, Kaili Chen, Xiaoyu Zhang, Jingze Liu, Yankai Zhang
International Journal of Acarology.2024; 50(3): 320. CrossRef
Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiome of two adult tick species and their laboratory-reared offspring shows intra- and inter-species differences
Joshua Kamani, Jonathan Gonçalves-Oliveira, Jerome Nicolas Janssen, Joby Robleto Quesada, Yaarit Nachum-Biala, Shimon Harrus, Ricardo Gutiérrez
Acta Tropica.2024; 257: 107315. CrossRef
Comparative microbiome analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks at the Korea Combat Training Center in 2022
Minsung Kim, Singeun Oh, Myung‐hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Sohyeon Yun, Jun Ho Choi, Moonsoo Yoon, Tai‐Soon Yong, Buddle Lee, Kyung Tae Noh, Quehn Park, Chanhee Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 627. CrossRef
Bacterial microbiota analysis demonstrates that ticks can acquire bacteria from habitat and host blood meal
Si-Si Li, Xiao-Yu Zhang, Xue-Jiao Zhou, Kai-Li Chen, Abolfazl Masoudi, Jing-Ze Liu, Yan-Kai Zhang
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2022; 87(1): 81. CrossRef
Characterization of Haemaphysalis longicornis microbiome collected from different regions of Korean peninsula
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Tae Yun Kim, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, Yeon Soo Han, Hee Il Lee, Yong Seok Lee
Entomological Research.2022; 52(6): 271. CrossRef
The toxicity of the monoterpenes from lemongrass is mitigated by the detoxifying symbiosis of bacteria and fungi in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis
Desmond O. Agwunobi, Min Wang, Zihao Wang, Ruwei Bai, Ruotong Wang, Qiuyu Hu, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2022; 247: 114261. CrossRef

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Expression of Chicken NK-Lysin and Its Role in Chicken Coccidiosis Induced by Eimeria necatrix: Woo Hyun Kim, Wongi Min, Kwang Il Park, Hyun S. Lillehoj, Cherry P. Fernandez-Colorado, Rochelle A. Flores, Paula Leona T. Cammayo, Binh Thanh Nguyen; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):439-445.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.439

Abstract
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Coccidiosis in chickens is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites named Eimeria spp. In some Eimeria infections, intestinal lymphocytes are known to highly express chicken NK-lysin (cNK-lysin), an antimicrobial peptide with anticoccidial activity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the expression of cNK-lysin in E. necatrix-infected chickens and its role in E. necatrix infection. The expression of cNK-lysin transcript was significantly increased in E. necatrix sporozoites-treated lymphocytes. In E. necatrix infection, cNK-lysin transcript was induced in intestinal lymphocytes but not in the spleen. The recombinant cNK-lysin exhibited anticoccidial activity against E. necatrix sporozoites as well as immunomodulatory activity on macrophages by inducing proinflammatory cytokines. These results indicated that E. necatrix infection induces high local expression of cNK-lysin and the secreted cNK-lysin helps protect coccidiosis.

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Marius Ortjohann, Matthias Leippe
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Pan Chen, Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Yanfeng He, Aoyun Li, Fuchun Jian, Longxian Zhang, Shucheng Huang
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Orally delivered Bacillus subtilis expressing chicken NK-2 peptide stabilizes gut microbiota and enhances intestinal health and local immunity in coccidiosis-infected broiler chickens
Samiru S. Wickramasuriya, Inkyung Park, Youngsub Lee, Luciana M. Richer, Chris Przybyszewski, Cyril G. Gay, Jolieke G. van Oosterwijk, Hyun S. Lillehoj
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Brief Communication

Clinical Usefulness of LabChip Real-time PCR using Lab-On-a-Chip Technology for Diagnosing Malaria: Jeeyong Kim, Da Hye Lim, Do-CiC Mihn, Jeonghun Nam, Woong Sik Jang, Chae Seung Lim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):77-82.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.77

Abstract
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As malaria remains a major health problem worldwide, various diagnostic tests have been developed, including microscopy-based and rapid diagnostic tests. LabChip real-time PCR (LRP) is a small and portable device used to diagnose malaria using lab-on-a-chip technology. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of LRP for detecting malaria parasites. Two hundred thirteen patients and 150 healthy individuals were enrolled from May 2009 to October 2015. A diagnostic detectability of LRP for malaria parasites was compared to that of conventional RT-PCR. Sensitivity of LRP for Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale was 95.5%, 96.0%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Specificity of LRP for P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale was 100%, 99.3%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Cohen’s Kappa coefficients between LRP and CFX96 for detecting P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale were 0.96, 0.98, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively. Significant difference was not observed between the results of LRP and conventional RT-PCR and microscopic examination. A time required to amplify DNAs using LRP and conventional RT-PCR was 27 min and 86 min, respectively. LRP amplified DNAs 2 times more fast than conventional RT-PCR due to the faster heat transfer. Therefore, LRP could be employed as a useful tool for detecting malaria parasites in clinical laboratories.

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Original Articles

Comparative Microbiome Analysis of Three Species of Laboratory-Reared Periplaneta Cockroaches: Seogwon Lee, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, In-Yong Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Hye Su Moon, Dongeun Yong, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):537-542.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.537

Cockroaches inhabit various habitats, which will influence their microbiome. Although the microbiome can be influenced by the diet and environmental factors, it can also differ between species. Therefore, we conducted 16S rDNAtargeted high-throughput sequencing to evaluate the overall bacterial composition of the microbiomes of 3 cockroach species, Periplaneta americana, P. japonica, and P. fuliginosa, raised in laboratory for several generations under the same conditions. The experiments were conducted using male adult cockroaches. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was not significantly different among the 3 species. With regard to the Shannon and Pielou indexes, higher microbiome values were noted in P. americana than in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Microbiome composition was also evaluated, with endosymbionts accounting for over half of all OTUs in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Beta diversity analysis further showed that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa had similar microbiome composition, which differed from that of P. americana. However, we also identified that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa host distinct OTUs. Thus, although microbiome compositions may vary based on multiple conditions, it is possible to identify distinct microbiome compositions among different Periplaneta cockroach species, even when the individuals are reared under the same conditions.

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Dongfen Geng, Haotian Yu, Teng Zhao, Chunxiao Li
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Endosymbiont and gut bacterial communities of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa
Kylene Guse, Jose E. Pietri
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Qihua Liu, Jian Tao, Longhui Kan, Yinglao Zhang, Shuxiang Zhang
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Zhiyu Chen, Sihao Wen, Juan Shen, Jie Wang, Wenbin Liu, Xiaobao Jin
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Amparo Latorre, Rebeca Domínguez-Santos, Carlos García-Ferris, Rosario Gil
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Kara A. Tinker, Elizabeth A. Ottesen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae) from Striped Field Mice, Apodemus agrarius, in Korea: Hyeon Cheol Kim, Eui Ju Hong, Si Yun Ryu, Jinho Park, Jeong Gon Cho, Do Hyeon Yu, Joon Seok Chae, Kyoung Seong Choi, Bae Keun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):403-411.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.403

Abstract
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Adult ascarid worms from the field mice, Apodemus agrarius, were observed with a light and scanning electron microscope, and molecularly analized with 18S rRNA gene. In the scanning electron microscope, 3 prominent labia were present in the anterior end of male and female worms, but the interlabia and gubernaculum were absent. Scanning electron micrographs showed cervical alae as vestigial organs that looked like a slightly uplifted superficial sewing stitch. Total 6 pairs of post-cloacal papillae were observed on the tail of the male worms. The tail of female worms was blunt and conical shape with a spine-like structure, mucron. The eggs were sub-globular, coated with the albuminous layer and 73 by 82 μm in average size. The superficial pits of T. apodemi egg (mean 8.6×6.7 μm) are obviously bigger than those of Toxocara spp. The partial sequence of 18S rRNA showed the sequence homology of Toxocara canis (99.6%), Toxocara cati (99.4%), Toxascaris leonina (99.4%), and Toxocara vitulorum (99.2%). Conclusively, it was confirmed that ascarid nematodes, Toxocara apodemi, recovered from striped field mice in Korea are taxonomically conspecific relationship with genus Toxocara and genetic divergence from other Toxocara species.

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Gustavo Macêdo do Carmo, Lorena Gisela Ailán-Choke, Hassan Jerdy, Hermínio Ismael de Araújo-Júnior, Felipe Bisaggio Pereira
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Vika Ichsania Ninditya, Fitrine Ekawasti, Joko Prastowo, Irkham Widiyono, Wisnu Nurcahyo
World's Veterinary Journal.2024; 14(4): 592. CrossRef
Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae)
Y. Gao, Y. Hu, S. Xu, H. Liang, H. Lin, T. H. Yin, K. Zhao
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Yue Xie, Lidan Wang, Yijun Chen, Zhao Wang, Pengchen Zhu, Zun Hu, Xinfeng Han, Zhisheng Wang, Xuan Zhou, Zhicai Zuo
Animals.2022; 12(24): 3546. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

A Novel Anti-Microbial Peptide from Pseudomonas, REDLK Induced Growth Inhibition of Leishmania tarentolae Promastigote In Vitro: Yanhui Yu, Panpan Zhao, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong, Shuxian Yuan, Xinhua Yao, Yanbing Guo, Hang Dong, Weina Jiang; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):173-179.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.173

Leishmaniasis is a prevalent cause of death and animal morbidity in underdeveloped countries of endemic area. However, there is few vaccine and effective drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are involved in the innate immune response in many organisms and are being developed as novel drugs against parasitic infections. In the present study, we synthesized a 5-amino acid peptide REDLK, which mutated the C-terminus of Pseudomonas exotoxin, to identify its effect on the Leishmania tarentolae. Promastigotes were incubated with different concentration of REDLK peptide, and the viability of parasite was assessed using MTT and Trypan blue dye. Morphologic damage of Leishmania was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Cellular apoptosis was observed using the annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit, mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit and flow cytometry. Our results showed that Leishmania tarentolae was susceptible to REDLK in a dose-dependent manner, disrupt the surface membrane integrity and caused parasite apoptosis. In our study, we demonstrated the leishmanicidal activity of an antimicrobial peptide REDLK from Pseudomonas aeruginosa against Leishmania tarentolae in vitro and present a foundation for further research of anti-leishmanial drugs.

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Pseudomonas bambusae sp.nov., an Aniline Blue-Decolorizing Bacterium Isolated from Decaying Round Bamboo Culms
Xiao-Long He, Jia-Yan Wang, Jin-Jia Liang, Cheng-Jing Ren, Xin-Yi Guo, Wen-Jie Ke, Min Wu, Hong-Zheng Liu, Min Jin, Fang-Li Sun, Shuai-Bo Han
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Sara M. Robledo, Silvia Pérez-Silanes, Celia Fernández-Rubio, Ana Poveda, Lianet Monzote, Víctor M. González, Paloma Alonso-Collado, Javier Carrión
Pathogens.2023; 12(7): 939. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Dientamoeba fragilis Infection in Patients with Digestive and Non-Digestive Symptoms: A Case-Control Study: Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Taisir Saber, Emad M. Eed, Amany S. Khalifa, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Saleh A. Alghamdi; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):129-134.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.129

In most developing countries, Dientamoeba fragilis infection is an obscure protozoan infection. We aimed to determine a frequency and clinical importance of D. fragilis infection in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A 1-year case control study included patients with gastrointestinal (cases, n=114) or non-gastrointestinal symptoms (controls, n=90). The fecal samples were examined with the classical parasitological methods for intestinal protozoa, and by real time PCR for D. fragilis. The infection by D. fragilis was detected in 5.8% by PCR and in 4.4% patients by microscopy. The infection was identified more in control group (n=9) than in cases (n=3); a sole infection in 11 patients and mixed with Giardia in 1 patient. The other enteric parasites detected were Blastocystis sp. (8.3%), Giardia sp. (5.3%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.4%), Entamoeba coli (0.9%) and Hymenolepis nana (0.4%). Our results tend to reinforce the need to increase awareness of D. fragilis infection in Saudi Arabia.

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C. Prieux-Klotz, M.-C. Sabate Ferris, L. Gan, X. Bohand, P. Rey
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The high co-existence rate of Blastocystis and Dientamoeba fragilis in human faecal samples and the analysis of demographic and clinical findings
Erdogan MALATYALİ, İbrahim YILDIZ, Evren TİLEKLİOGLU, Hatice ERTABAKLAR, Sema ERTUĞ
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Biology.2021; 10(10): 990. CrossRef

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Application of Autofluorescence for Confocal Microscopy to Aid in Archaeoparasitological Analyses: Johnica Jo Morrow, Christian Elowsky; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):581-585.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.581

Abstract
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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to examine archaeoparasitological specimens from coprolites associated with La Cueva de los Muertos Chiquitos (CMC) located near present-day Durango, Mexico. The eggs for 4 different types of parasites recovered from CMC coprolites were imaged using CLSM to assist with identification efforts. While some of the parasite eggs recovered from CMC coprolites were readily identified using standard light microscopy (LM), CLSM provided useful data for more challenging identifications by highlighting subtle morphological features and enhancing visualization of parasite egg anatomy. While other advanced microscopy techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), may also detect cryptic identifying characters, CLSM is less destructive to the specimens. Utilizing CLSM allows for subsequent examinations, such as molecular analyses, that cannot be performed following SEM sample preparation and imaging. Furthermore, CLSM detects intrinsic autofluorescence molecules, making improved identification independent of resource and time-intensive protocols. These aspects of CLSM make it an excellent method for assisting in taxonomic identification and for acquiring more detailed images of archaeoparasitological specimens.

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Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand using PvMSP1, PvMSP3 (PvMSP3α, PvMSP3β) Genes and Eight Microsatellite Markers: Supinya Thanapongpichat, Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):469-479.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.469

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax is usually considered morbidity in endemic areas of Asia, Central and South America, and some part of Africa. In Thailand, previous studies indicated the genetic diversity of P. vivax in malaria-endemic regions such as the western part of Thailand bordering with Myanmar. The
objective
of the study is to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax circulating in Southern Thailand by using 3 antigenic markers and 8 microsatellite markers. Dried blood spots were collected from Chumphon, Phang Nga, Ranong and, Surat Thani provinces of Thailand. By PCR, 3 distinct sizes of PvMSP3α, 2 sizes of PvMSP3β and 2 sizes of PvMSP1 F2 were detected based on the length of PCR products, respectively. PCR/RFLP analyses of these antigen genes revealed high levels of genetic diversity. The genotyping of 8 microsatellite loci showed high genetic diversity as indicated by high alleles per locus and high expected heterozygosity (H_E). The genotyping markers also showed multiple-clones of infection. Mixed genotypes were detected in 4.8% of PvMSP3α, 29.1% in PvMSP3β and 55.3% of microsatellite markers. These results showed that there was high genetic diversity of P. vivax isolated from Southern Thailand, indicating that the genetic diversity of P. vivax in this region was comparable to those observed other areas of Thailand.

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Alejandro Zamora, Alejandra Pinto, Denis Escobar, Hugo O. Valdivia, Lesly Chaver, Gloria Ardón, Erick Carranza, Gustavo Fontecha
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Kanyanan Kritsiriwuthinan, Warunee Ngrenngarmlert, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich, Supaksajee Phuagthong, Kantima Choosang, Jianbing Mu
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Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Kesara Na-Bangchang
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Jiraporn Kuesap, Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Mathirut Mungthin
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(1): 15. CrossRef
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Malaria Prevalence in a Low Transmission Area, Jazan District of Southwestern Saudi Arabia: Yousry Hawash, Khadiga Ismail, Khalaf Alsharif, Walaa Alsanie; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):233-242.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.233

Abstract
PDF

Detailed description of malaria in low transmission areas is crucial for elimination. The current study aimed to provide a comprehensive description for malaria transmission in Jazan, a low transmission district, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Patients at a tertiary care hospital were recruited in our study between August 2016 and September 2018. Malaria diagnosis was performed through a species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), microscopy and Paramax-3^TM rapid detection test (RDT). Malaria was detected in 30 patients by the PCR, with point prevalence of 10.9%. Of these malaria infections, 80% was imported, 26.6% was asymptomatic and 23.3% was sub-microscopic. Malaria was reported throughout the year, with February/March and September/October peaks. Infection was significantly more in males than in females (P=0.01). Likewise, infections were detected more in febrile than in non-febrile patients (P=0.01). Adult aged 15-24 years, fever and travel were identified as high-risk factors. Malaria was primarily attributed to Plasmodium falciparum mono-infections, followed by P. vivax mono-infections and lastly to falciparum/vivax mixed infections accounting 76.6%, 16.6%, and 6.6% of PCR-confirmed malaria cases, respectively. The nested PCR was superior to the smear microscopy (sensitivity 76.6%; specificity 100%) and the RDT (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 94.2%). The overall percent agreement between microscopy and the RDT was 92.7% (kappa=0.63). High proportion of imported malaria including sub-microscopic and sub-patent cases were described. We suggest that incorporation of molecular tool into the conventional malaria diagnosis is beneficial in Jazan district.

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Jamshaid Iqbal, Suhail Ahmad, Ali Sher, Mohammad Al-Awadhi
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The global burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria is obscure and insidious
Katherine E. Battle, J. Kevin Baird, Lorenz von Seidlein
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Raden A.K. Lestari, Novyan Lusiyana, Fitria S. Nurochmah, G. Gholib, A. Sutriana, A. Engelhardt, J. Duboscq, R. Sahara Zamzami
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Yiu‐Wing Kam, Mohamed Yousif Ahmed, Siti Naqiah Amrun, Bernett Lee, Tarik Refaie, Kamla Elgizouli, Siew‐Wai Fong, Laurent Renia, Lisa FP Ng
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Jamshaid Iqbal, Mohammad Al-Awadhi, Suhail Ahmad, Luzia Helena Carvalho
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Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2019; 8(10): 3318. CrossRef

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Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in Four High Malaria Endemic Areas in Thailand: Kanungnit Congpuong, Ratawan Ubalee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):465-472.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.465

Abstract
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Recent trends of malaria in Thailand illustrate an increasing proportion of Plasmodium vivax, indicating the importance of P. vivax as a major causative agent of malaria. P. vivax malaria is usually considered a benign disease so the knowledge of this parasite has been limited, especially the genetic diversity and genetic structure of isolates from different endemic areas. The aim of this study was to examine the population genetics and structure of P. vivax isolates from 4 provinces with different malaria endemic settings in Thailand using 6 microsatellite markers. Total 234 blood samples from P. vivax mono-infected patients were collected. Strong genetic diversity was observed across all study sites; the expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.5871 to 0.9033. Genetic variability in this study divided P. vivax population into 3 clusters; first was P. vivax isolates from Mae Hong Son and Kanchanaburi Provinces located on the western part of Thailand; second, Yala isolates from the south; and third, Chanthaburi isolates from the east. P. vivax isolates from patients having parasite clearance time (PCT) longer than 24 hr after the first dose of chloroquine treatment had higher diversity when compared with those having PCT within 24 hr. This study revealed a clear evidence of different population structure of P. vivax from different malaria endemic areas of Thailand. The findings provide beneficial information to malaria control programme as it is a useful tool to track the source of infections and current malaria control efforts.

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Low Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Surface Protein in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand
Tachin Khulmanee, Thanyapit Thita, Kanyanan Kritsiriwutinan, Usa Boonyuen, Aminoh Saai, Kanjana Inkabjan, Rimi Chakrabarti, Pradipsinh K. Rathod, Srivicha Krudsood, Mathirut Mungthin, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(5): 94. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax populations in the western Greater Mekong Subregion evaluated using a genetic barcode
Yubing Hu, Yuling Li, Awtum M. Brashear, Weilin Zeng, Zifang Wu, Lin Wang, Haichao Wei, Myat Thu Soe, Pyae Linn Aung, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Myat Phone Kyaw, Zhaoqing Yang, Yan Zhao, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao, Karin Kirchgatter
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Extensive genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax from Sudan and its genetic relationships with other geographical isolates
Musab M. Ali Albsheer, Alfred Hubbard, Cheikh Cambel Dieng, Eyoab Iyasu Gebremeskel, Safaa Ahmed, Virginie Rougeron, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, Eugenia Lo, Muzamil M. Abdel Hamid
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2024; 123: 105643. CrossRef
Comparison of Vector Trapping Methods for Outdoor Biting Malaria Vector Surveillance in Thailand and Vietnam
Ratchadawan Ngoenklan, Tran Thanh Duong, Vu Duc Chinh, Nguyen Quang Thieu, Jeffrey Hii, Michael J Bangs, Boonserm Aum-Aung, Wannapa Suwonkerd, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Nobuko Tuno
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Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination
Yuling Li, Yubing Hu, Yan Zhao, Qinghui Wang, Huguette Gaelle Ngassa Mbenda, Veerayuth Kittichai, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Lynette Menezes, Xiaoming Liu, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Artyfechinostomum malayanum: Metacercariae Encysted in Pila sp. Snails Purchased from Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Muth Sinuon, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):341-345.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.341

Abstract
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The metacercariae of Artyfechinostomum malayanum (Leiper, 1911) Mendheim, 1943 were discovered in Pila sp. snails purchased from a market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. They were isolated from the snails using the artificial digestion technique and were orally fed to 2 hamsters, 1 rat, and 2 mice to obtain the adult flukes. The metacercariae were round, 145-165 μm in diameter, having a cyst wall of 6-10 μm in thickness, a head collar and collar spines, and characteristic features of excretory granules. Adult flukes were recovered in the small intestines of the animals at days 14 and 32 post infection and were morphologically observed using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. They were plump or elongated, ventrally curved, 6.0-8.1×1.6-2.0 mm in size, and characterized by the head collar bearing 43 collar spines, including 5 end group ones on each side, a long cirrus sac extending beyond the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, a submedian ovary, and 2 deeply lobed testes. Eggs in uteri were operculate, ovoid to ellipsoid, and 120-135×68-75 μm in size. In scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent with collar spines looking like horns. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the ventral surface between the head collar and ventral sucker. Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around suckers. By this study, it has been first confirmed that the life cycle of A. malayanum exists in Cambodia.

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The ribosomal transcription units of five echinostomes and their taxonomic implications for the suborder Echinostomata (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes)
Thanh Hoa Le, Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Dong Van Quyen, Khue Thi Nguyen, Huong Thi Thanh Doan, Weerachai Saijuntha, David Blair
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef
Mitophylogenomics of the zoonotic fluke Echinostoma malayanum confirms it as a member of the genus Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915 and illustrates the complexity of Echinostomatidae systematics
Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Weerachai Saijuntha, Scott P. Lawton, Thanh Hoa Le
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(3): 899. CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
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Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105210. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Platynosomum fastosum (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) from Cats in Vietnam: Morphological Redescription and Molecular Phylogenetics: Hung Manh Nguyen, Hien Van Hoang, Loan Thi Ho; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):39-45.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.39

Abstract
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The present study was performed to reveal the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic position of Platynosomum fastosum Kossack, 1910. A total 167 specimens of P. fastosum were collected in 8 (4.9%) out of 163 sets of gall-bladders and bile ducts of cats. The number of worms was 1-105 per infected cat. This species was characterized by having a long and slender body, slightly larger ventral sucker than the oral sucker, indistinct prepharynx, small pharynx, short esophagus, bifurcation midway between 2 suckers, and ceca extending to the posterior end of the body. The length of the partial sequences of ITS1 and 5.8S rDNA of P. fastosum were 990 bp, GC-rich. AT/GC ratio was 0.9, there were 9 polymorphic sites, and intraspecific variations ranged from 0.1% to 0.9%. Phylogenetic analyses by neighbor-joining phylogram inferred from ITS1 rDNA sequences revealed that the genetic distance between P. fastosum specimens ranged from 0.3 to 1.5% while the smallest interspecific distance among dicrocoeliid species was 20.9 %. The redescription and genetic characters of P. fastosum are taxonomically important to recognize future different species of the genus Platynosomum showing high intraspecific and morphological variability.

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Giant cell hepatitis with Platynosomum illiciens infection in a Japanese domestic cat
Natsumi Kobayashi, Aya Masuda, Jun Matsumoto, Natsumi Asai, Nobuhiko Hida, Tomoaki Murakami
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.2025; 37(6): 942. CrossRef
Occurrence and Risk Factors Associated with Platynosomum illiciens Infection in Cats with Elevated Liver Enzymes
Pinkarn Chantawong, Jiraporn Potiwong, Natchanon Choochote, Kakanang Piyarungsri, Chakorn Kunkaew, Sahatchai Tangtrongsup, Saruda Tiwananthagorn
Animals.2024; 14(7): 1065. CrossRef
Morphological and molecular data on helminths of Didelphis virginiana and Philander vossi (Mammalia: Didelphidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, southeast Mexico
JESÚS ALONSO PANTI-MAY, ANYELA JACKELIN CHAN-CASANOVA, ELSY CANCHE-POOL, RAÚL TELLO-MARTÍN, HUGO RUIZ-PIÑA, HENRY CONCHA-GUILLERMO, OSCAR RETANA-GUIASCÓN, PEDRO PABLO MARTÍNEZ VEGA, JUAN CHABLÉ-SANTOS, ERENDIRA ESTRELLA-MARTÍNEZ, WILSON ISAIAS MOGUEL-CHIN
Zootaxa.2024; 5463(1): 1. CrossRef
Survey on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in domestic cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in central Nepal
Roshan Babu Adhikari, Madhuri Adhikari Dhakal, Purna Bahadur Ale, Ganga Ram Regmi, Tirth Raj Ghimire
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2023; 9(2): 559. CrossRef
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the global status of Platynosomum sp. (Trematoda – Dicrocoelidae) infecting domestic cats (Felis catus)
Welitânia Inácia Silva, Thais Ferreira Feitosa, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
Veterinary Parasitology.2023; 322: 110031. CrossRef
Antigenic components, identification, and characterization of whole worm extract of Platynosomum illiciens
Shin Moe Aoke, Amaya Watthanadirek, Napassorn Poolsawat, Nitipon Srionrod, Pornpiroon Nooroong, Sutthida Minsakorn, Sitthichok Lacharoje, Woraporn Sukhumavasi, Panat Anuracpreeda
Veterinary Parasitology.2022; 310: 109774. CrossRef
Hepatic trematode Platynosomum sp. (Dicrocoeliidae) from a domestic cat in Colombo, Sri Lanka: Case report and molecular identification
Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Asha Erandhi Ranaraja, Thilini Anupama Nanayakkarawasam Mahakapuge, Dulari Samanthika Thilakarathne, Juliyabaduge Yushika Chamodi Dharmasuriya, Rajapakse Peramune Veddikkarage Jayanthe Rajapakse
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2022; 34: 100762. CrossRef
A first attempt at determining the antibody-specific pattern of Platynosomum fastosum crude antigen and identification of immunoreactive proteins for immunodiagnosis of feline platynosomiasis
Babi Kyi Soe, Poom Adisakwattana, Onrapak Reamtong, Panat Anuracpreeda, Woraporn Sukhumavasi
Veterinary World.2022; : 2029. CrossRef
Platynosomum illiciens (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) in a hybrid marmoset (Callithrix sp.) in the Municipality of Seropédica, RJ, Brazil – Case report
Rayane Christine Pereira de Assis, Diefrey Ribeiro Campos, Debora Azevedo Borges, Barbara Rauta de Avelar, Julia Aline Santos de Mello Pereira, Carlos Alexandre Rey Matias, Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes, Douglas McIntosh, Fabio Barbour Scott
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical pathological findings of a cat with chronic cholangitis
A. A. Ikhwan-Saufi, R. Ahmad-Rasul, H. X. Liew, M. Y. Lim, T. Adeline, R. Nuhanim, M. Daarulmuqaamah, A. Amlizawaty, M. Maizatul-Akmal, J. Johaimi, A. Rasedee, M. I. Mahiza, A. A. Azlina, H. Hazilawati
Comparative Clinical Pathology.2020; 29(1): 17. CrossRef
DNA sequences confirm low specificity to definitive host and wide distribution of the cat pathogen Platynosomum illiciens (= P. fastosum) (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae)
Hudson A. Pinto, Eduardo A. Pulido-Murillo, Roberta R. Braga, Vitor L. T. Mati, Alan L. Melo, Vasyl V. Tkach
Parasitology Research.2018; 117(6): 1975. CrossRef

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Electron Microscopic Alterations in Pediculus humanus capitis Exposed to Some Pediculicidal Plant Extracts: Dina M. H. El Akkad, Naglaa Saad M. El-Gebaly, Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof, Mousa A. M. Ismail; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):527-532.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.527

Abstract
PDF

Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, infestation is an important public health problem in Egypt. Inadequate application of topical pediculicides and the increasing resistance to the commonly used pediculicides made the urgent need for the development of new agents able to induce irreversible changes in the exposed lice leading to their mortality. The aim of the present work is to evaluate pediculicidal efficacy of some natural products such as olive oil, tea tree oil, lemon juice, and ivermectin separately in comparison with tetramethrin-piperonyl butoxide (licid), as a standard pediculicide commonly used in Egypt. The effects of these products were evaluated by direct observation using dissecting and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Results showed that after 1 hr exposure time in vitro, absolute (100%) mortalities were recorded after exposure to 1% ivermectin and fresh concentrate lemon juice. The mortalities were decreased to 96.7% after exposure to tea tree oil. Very low percentage of mortality (23.3%) was recorded after 1 hr of exposure to extra virgin olive oil. On the other hand, the reference pediculicide (licid) revealed only mortality rate of 93.3%. On the contrary, no mortalities were recorded in the control group exposed to distilled water. By SEM examination, control lice preserved outer smooth architecture, eyes, antenna, respiratory spiracles, sensory hairs, and legs with hook-like claws. In contrast, dead lice which had been exposed to pediculicidal products showed damage of outer smooth architecture, sensory hairs, respiratory spiracles and/or clinching claws according to pediculicidal products used.

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Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil: an updated review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties
Andrea Bugarcic, Esther Joy Bowles, Kate Summer, Tamara Agnew, Bronwyn Barkla, Romy Lauche
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Toxicity of 6-gingerol and Cymbopogon citratus against Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae): Mortality, detoxifying enzymes, and morphological ultrastructure alterations in lice
Rizal Subahar, Rizqy Hadyansyah, Rachmanin Aldilla, Yulhasri Yulhasri, Rawina Winita, Surya Dwira, Gulshan Fahmi El Bayani
Research in Veterinary Science.2024; 177: 105364. CrossRef
D‐limonene nanoemulsion: lousicidal activity, stability, and effect on the cuticle of Columbicola columbae
Sahar M. Gadelhaq, Shawky M. Aboelhadid, Abdel‐Azeem S. Abdel‐Baki, Khaled M. Hassan, Waleed M. Arafa, Samar M. Ibrahium, Saleh Al‐Quraishy, Ahmed O. Hassan, Shams G. Abd El‐Kareem
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2023; 37(1): 63. CrossRef
Ovicidal and Pediculicidal Activity of Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Leaf Oil on Pediculus humanus capitis Egg to Adult Stages
Patwarapohn Udonsan, Ratchadawan Aukkanimart, Jatuporn Prathumtet, Somchai Butnan, Pranee Sriraj
Acta Parasitologica.2023; 68(4): 853. CrossRef
Biochemical constituents and insecticidal activities of Callistemon viminalis essential oil against adults and eggs of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae)
Manachai Yingklang, Aroonsri Priprem, Natsajee Nualkaew, Bunleu Sungthong, Porntip Pinlaor, Somchai Pinlaor
Phytomedicine Plus.2022; 2(1): 100156. CrossRef
Antiparasitic Activity of Tea Tree Oil (TTO) and Its Components against Medically Important Ectoparasites: A Systematic Review
Solomon Abrha Bezabh, Wubshet Tesfaye, Julia K. Christenson, Christine F. Carson, Jackson Thomas
Pharmaceutics.2022; 14(8): 1587. CrossRef
Unravelling the anthelmintic bioactives from Jasminum grandiflorum L. subsp. Floribundum adopting in vitro biological assessment
Dorria Hussein, Riham A. El-Shiekh, Fatema R. Saber, Marwa M. Attia, Mohamed R. Mousa, Attia H. Atta, Essam Abdel-Sattar, Samar M. Mouneir
Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2021; 275: 114083. CrossRef
In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
Rizal Subahar, Lisawati Susanto, Rachmanin Aidilla, Annisa Putri Aulia, Yulhasri Yulhasri, Rawina Winita, Nadar S. Lubis, Ika Puspa Sari
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Ovicidal effect of essential oils from Zingiberaceae plants and Eucalytus globulus on eggs of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer
Mayura Soonwera, Orawan Wongnet, Sirawut Sittichok
Phytomedicine.2018; 47: 93. CrossRef

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Identification of a Novel Microtubule-Binding Protein in Giardia lamblia: Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):461-469.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.461

Abstract
PDF

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that causes diarrheal diseases in humans. Cytoskeletal structures of Giardia trophozoites must be finely reorganized during cell division. To identify Giardia proteins which interact with microtubules (MTs), Giardia lysates were incubated with in vitro-polymerized MTs and then precipitated by ultracentifugation. A hypothetical protein (GL50803_8405) was identified in the precipitated fraction with polymerized MTs and was named GlMBP1 (G. lamblia microtubule-binding protein 1). Interaction of GlMBP1 with MTs was confirmed by MT binding assays using recombinant GlMBP1 (rGlMBP1). In vivo expression of GlMBP1 was shown by a real-time PCR and western blot analysis using anti-rGlMBP1 antibodies. Transgenic G. lamblia trophozoites were constructed by integrating a chimeric gene encoding hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GlMBP1 into a Giardia chromosome. Immunofluorescence assays of this transgenic G. lamblia, using anti-HA antibodies, revealed that GlMBP1 mainly localized at the basal bodies, axonemes, and median bodies of G. lamblia trophozoites. This result indicates that GlMBP1 is a component of the G. lamblia cytoskeleton.

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Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
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Omar Rojas-Gutiérrez, Armando Pérez-Rangel, Araceli Castillo-Romero, José Tapia-Ramírez, Emmanuel Ríos-Castro, Minerva Camacho-Nuez, Silvia Giono-Cerezo, Benjamín Nogueda-Torres, Gloria León-Avila, José Manuel Hernández
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(3): 1067. CrossRef

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Characteristics of Imported Malaria and Species of Plasmodium Involved in Shandong Province, China (2012-2014): Chao Xu, Qing-Kuan Wei, Jin Li, Ting Xiao, Kun Yin, Chang-Lei Zhao, Yong-Bin Wang, Xiang-Li Kong, Gui-Hua Zhao, Hui Sun, Xin Liu, Bing-Cheng Huang; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):407-414.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.407

Abstract
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Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Shandong Province, China; therefore, it is important to explore the characteristics of the current malaria prevalence situation in the province. In this study, data of malaria cases reported in Shandong during 2012-2014 were analyzed, and Plasmodium species were confirmed by smear microscopy and nested-PCR. A total of 374 malaria cases were reported, 80.8% of which were reported from 6 prefectures. Of all cases, P. falciparum was dominant (81.3%), followed by P. vivax (11.8%); P. ovale and P. malariae together accounted for 6.4% of cases. Notably, for the first time since 2012, no indigenous case had been reported in Shandong Province, a situation that continued through 2014. Total 95.2% of cases were imported from Africa. The ratio of male/female was 92.5:1, and 96.8% of cases occurred in people 20-54 years of age. Farmers or laborers represented 77.5% of cases. No significant trends of monthly pattern were found in the reported cases. All patients were in good condition after treatment, except for 3 who died. These results indicate that imported malaria has increased significantly since 2012 in Shandong Province, especially for P. falciparum, and there is an emergence of species diversity.

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Xiao Song, Yang Wang, Xiangli Kong, Haifang Wang, Xiaodan Huang, Hongmei Liu, Lijuan Liu, Xiuxia Guo, Chongxing Zhang, Yuqiang Zhao, Jingxuan Kou, Huaiwei Wang, Peng Cheng, Maoqing Gong
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Yiting Xie, Kai Wu, Weijia Cheng, Tingting Jiang, Yi Yao, Mingxing Xu, Yan Yang, Huabing Tan, Jian Li
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Misidentification of Plasmodium ovale as Plasmodium vivax malaria by a microscopic method: a meta-analysis of confirmed P. ovale cases
Manas Kotepui, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Giovanni De Jesus Milanez
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Ting Wang, Shui-Sen Zhou, Jun Feng, Myo Minn Oo, Jing Chen, Chang-Fu Yan, Yi Zhang, Ping Tie
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Chao Xu, Qingkuan Wei, Kun Yin, Hui Sun, Jin Li, Ting Xiao, Xiangli Kong, Yongbin Wang, Guihua Zhao, Song Zhu, Jingxuan Kou, Ge Yan, Bingcheng Huang
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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2017; 10(8): 802. CrossRef

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Biological Parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) Fed on Rabbits, Sheep, and Cattle: Miling Ma, Ze Chen, Aihong Liu, Qiaoyun Ren, Junlong Liu, Zhijie Liu, Youquan Li, Hong Yin, Guiquan Guan, Jianxun Luo; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):301-305.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.301

Abstract
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In order to determine the effect of various hosts on feeding performance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, we used 3 mammalian species as hosts, cattle (Qinchuan), sheep (T an), and rabbits (Japanese white rabbit) for infest-ing ticks. Five hundreds of R. microplus larvae were exposed to each animal (3 animals/host species). Tick recoveries were 11.0%, 0.47%, and 5.5% from cattle, sheep, and rabbits, respectively. The averages of tick feeding periods were not significantly different on cattle, sheep, and rabbits, 28.8, 25.3, and 26.7 days, respectively. The average weights of individual engorged female from cattle, sheep, and rabbits were 312.5, 219.1, and 130.2 mg, respectively and those of egg mass weights each to 85.0, 96.6, and 17.8 mg. The highest egg hatching rate was in the ticks from cattle (96.0%), fol-lowed by those from rabbits (83.0%) and sheep (19.2%). These data suggest that rabbits could be as an alternative host to cultivate R. microplus for evaluating vaccines and chemical and biological medicines against the tick in the laboratory, although the biological parameters of ticks were less than those from cattle.

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Brief Communications

Infections of Larval Stages of Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in Brown Garden Snail, Helix aspersa, in Turkey: Mustafa K?se, Mustafa Eser, K?r?at Kartal, Mehmet Fatih Bozkurt; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):647-651.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.647

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of larval stages of Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in the first intermediate host, a species of land snail, Helix aspersa, in Turkey. A total of 211 snails were collected in April-May 2014 from pastures in Mersin District. Larval stages of D. dendriticum were identified under a light microscope. Hepatopancreas from naturally infected H. aspersa snails were examined histologically. The prevalence of larval stages of D. dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in H. aspersa snails was found to be 2.4% and 1.9%, respectively, in Mersin, Turkey. Cercariae were not matured in sporocysts at the beginning of April; however, it was observed that cercariae matured and started to leave sporocysts by early-May. Thus, it was concluded that H. aspersa acts as an intermediate host to D. dendriticumin and Brachylaima sp. in Mersin, Turkey. A digenean trematode Brachylaima sp. was seen for the first time in Turkey.

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Invasive Alien Slug Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Arionidae) in Moscow Parks and Its Co-introduced Parasite Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider, 1859
Elena S. Ivanova, Violetta V. Mazakina, Sergei E. Spiridonov
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(2): 921. CrossRef
Histological Studies of Snails at Different Periods of Their Life Activity
I. S. Danilova, T. I. Fotina, T. M. Danilova
Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences.2022; 5(3): 18. CrossRef
THE PREVALENCE OF DİCROCOELİİDAE (DİGENEA) LARVAL STAGES IN THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOST HELIX LUCORUM, 1758 IN ESKISEHIR AND BARTIN PROVINCES OF TURKEY
Mustafa ESER, Kürşat KARTAL, Fahriye ZEMHERİ NAVRUZ
Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji.2021; 10(1): 38. CrossRef
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Alexandra Kahl, Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Jürgen Krücken, Martin Ganter
Animals.2021; 11(2): 549. CrossRef
Cepaea spp. as a source of Brachylaima mesostoma (Digenea: Brachylaimidae) and Brachylecithum sp. (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) larvae in Poland
Elżbieta Żbikowska, Anna Marszewska, Anna Cichy, Julita Templin, Anna Smorąg, Tomasz Strzała
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(1): 145. CrossRef
Brachylaima spp. (Trematoda) parasitizing Cornu aspersum (Gastropoda) in France with potential risk of human consumption
Claudia Gérard, Armelle Ansart, Nolwenn Decanter, Marie-Claire Martin, Maxime Dahirel
Parasite.2020; 27: 15. CrossRef
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Fatma Mohamed Abdualrazig Khalifa ISMAIL, Gözde GÜRELLİ
Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi.2018; 18(3): 272. CrossRef
Evaluation of molecular methods for the field study of the natural history of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Gillian Mitchell, Grace Cuthill, Alex Haine, Ruth Zadoks, Umer Chaudhry, Philip Skuce, Neil Sargison
Veterinary Parasitology.2017; 235: 100. CrossRef

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High Genetic Variability of Schistosoma haematobium in Mali and Nigeria: Charles Ezeh, Mingbo Yin, Hongyan Li, Ting Zhang, Bin Xu, Moussa Sacko, Zheng Feng, Wei Hu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):129-134.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.129

Abstract
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Schistosoma haematobium is one of the most prevalent parasitic flatworms, infecting over 112 million people in Africa. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of natural S. haematobium populations from the human host because of the inaccessible location of adult worms in the host. We used 4 microsatellite loci to genotype individually pooled S. haematobium eggs directly from each patient sampled at 4 endemic locations in Africa. We found that the average allele number of individuals from Mali was significantly higher than that from Nigeria. In addition, no significant difference in allelic composition was detected among the populations within Nigeria; however, the allelic composition was significantly different between Mali and Nigeria populations. This study demonstrated a high level of genetic variability of S. haematobium in the populations from Mali and Nigeria, the 2 major African endemic countries, suggesting that geographical population differentiation may occur in the regions.

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Yvonne Aryeetey Ashong, Emmanuel Odartei Armah, Jewelna Akorli, Frank Twum Aboagye, Isaac Owusu-Frimpong, Linda Batsa Debrah, Rhoda Lims Diyie, Samuel Armoo, Alexander Yaw Debrah, Mike Yaw Osei-Atweneboana, Clinton J. Jones, Marcello Otake Sato
Microbiology Spectrum.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Marta Reguera-Gómez, Maria Adela Valero, Patricio Artigas, Alejandra De Elías-Escribano, Maria Cecilia Fantozzi, Maria Pilar Luzón-García, Joaquín Salas-Coronas, Jérôme Boissier, Santiago Mas-Coma, Maria Dolores Bargues
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(3): 144. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
Rabecca Tembo, Panji Nkhoma, Mildred Zulu, Florence Mwaba, John Yabe, Hikabasa Halwiindi, Moses Kamwela, King S Nalubamba, Chummy S Sikasunge, Andrew M Phri
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Madeleine J. Rogers, Donald P. McManus, Stephen Muhi, Catherine A. Gordon
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P. Pillay, J.A. Downs, J.M. Changalucha, E.A.T. Brienen, C.E. Ramarokoto, P.D.C. Leutscher, B.J. Vennervald, M. Taylor, E.F. Kjetland, L. Van Lieshout
Acta Tropica.2020; 204: 105363. CrossRef
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Benjamin Sanogo, Dongjuan Yuan, Xin Zeng, Yanhua Zhang, Zhongdao Wu
Trends in Parasitology.2018; 34(6): 493. CrossRef
Geographic strain differentiation of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines using microsatellite markers
Kharleezelle J. Moendeg, Jose Ma M. Angeles, Ryo Nakao, Lydia R. Leonardo, Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Yasuyuki Goto, Masashi Kirinoki, Elena A. Villacorte, Pilarita T. Rivera, Noboru Inoue, Yuichi Chigusa, Shin-ichiro Kawazu, Aaron R. Jex
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Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Abdoelohab Saed Mohamed, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Jin-Su Lee, Sung-Tae Hong, Tai-Soon Yong, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 271. CrossRef

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Original Article

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods: Yousry Hawash, Laila Sh. Dorgham, Ayman S. Al-Hazmi, Mohammed S. Al-Ghamdi; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):479-485.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.479

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium diarrhea represents a relevant clinical problem in developing countries. In Al-Taif, a city of Saudi Arabia that lies at an altitude of an around 2 km above the sea level, Cryptosporidium infection seems to be undiagnosed in nearly all clinical laboratories. Furthermore, nothing was published regarding Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in this area. The
objective
s of this research were to (1) determine the Cryptosporidium prevalence among patients with diarrhea and (2) to estimate the performances of 3 different diagnostic methods. Total 180 diarrheal fecal samples, 1 sample per patient, were collected between January and August 2013. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium with modified Zeihl Neelsen (ZN) microscopy, RIDA® Quick lateral flow (LF) immunotest, and a previously published PCR. The Cryptosporidium prevalence rate was 9.4% (17/180), 10% (18/180), and 11.6% (21/180) by microscopy, LF, and PCR test, respectively. Infection was significantly (P=0.004) predominant among children <5 years (22%) followed by children 5-9 years (11.1%). Although infection was higher in males than in females (16.2% males and 8.5% females), the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.11). Compared to PCR, the sensitivity of microscopy and the LF test were 80.9%, 85.7%, respectively. To conclude, high Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea was found in this area especially in children ≤9 years. The PCR test showed the best performance followed by the LF test and ZN staining microscopy. The primary health care providers in Al-Taif need to be aware of and do testing for this protozoon, particularly for children seen with diarrhea.

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Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis
Nusrat Jahan Nipa, Nasima Aktar, Hasina M Hira, Farhana Akter, Dilshad Jahan, Salequl Islam, Ayukafangha Etando, Adnan Abdullah, Kona Chowdhury, Rahnuma Ahmad, Ahsanul Haq, Mainul Haque
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries
Shahira A. Ahmed, Panagiotis Karanis
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(18): 6824. CrossRef
Foodborne intestinal protozoan infection and associated factors among patients with watery diarrhea in Northern Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study
Birhane Berhe, Gessessew Bugssa, Sena Bayisa, Megbaru Alemu
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Human cryptosporidiosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Reza Berahmat, Adel Spotin, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei, Azim Rezamand, Nayyereh Aminisani, Morteza Ghojazadeh, Roghayeh Ghoyounchi, Tahereh Mikaeili-Galeh
Parasitology Research.2017; 116(4): 1111. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Children
Blandina T. Mmbaga, Eric R. Houpt
Pediatric Clinics of North America.2017; 64(4): 837. CrossRef
High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay
Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Mazen Almehmadi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 513. CrossRef
Assessment of microscopic and molecular tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of cryptosporidiosis in patients at risk
Y. Le Govic, K. Guyot, G. Certad, A. Deschildre, R. Novo, C. Mary, B. Sendid, E. Viscogliosi, L. Favennec, E. Dei-Cas, E. Fréalle, E. Dutoit
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2016; 35(1): 137. CrossRef
Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium in animal and human isolates from Jordan
Nawal Hijjawi, Rami Mukbel, Rongchang Yang, Una Ryan
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 228: 116. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular Detection and Seroprevalence of Babesia microti among Stock Farmers in Khutul City, Selenge Province, Mongolia: Sung-Hee Hong, Davaasuren Anu, Young-Il Jeong, Davaajav Abmed, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):443-447.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.443

Abstract
PDF

Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease in humans worldwide; however, little is known about the frequency of infection or prevalence of this disease in other parts of the world, excluding North America. In this study, we aimed to investigate Babesia microti infection frequency in a human population in Mongolia. One hundred blood samples were collected from stock farmers living in Khutul city of Selenge province, Mongolia. The sera and DNA from blood samples were evaluated for the presence of B. microti infection by using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests and PCR. The positive detection rates obtained using the IFA tests and PCR assays were 7% and 3%, respectively. This study is the first to detect of B. microti infections based on antibody seroprevalence or PCR assays for the presence of B. microti DNA in a Mongolian population.

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Original Article

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on the Cuticle of Moulting Larvae: Xin Zeng, Jie Wei, Juan Wang, Feng Wu, Feng Fung, Xiaoying Wu, Xi Sun, Huanqing Zheng, Zhiyue Lv, Zhongdao Wu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):633-636.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.633

Abstract
PDF

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode that needs to develop in different hosts in different larval stages. Freshwater snails, such as Pomacea canaliculata, are the intermediate host, and rats are the definitive host. Periodic shedding of the cuticle (moulting) is an important biological process for the survival and development of the parasite in the intermediate and definitive hosts. However, there are few studies on the cuticle alterations between different stages of this parasite. In this study, we observed the ultrastructural appearance and changes of the cuticle of the 2nd/3rd stage larvae (L2/L3) and the 3rd/4th stage larvae (L3/L4) using a scanning electron microscope. We also first divided L2/L3 into late L2 and early L3. The late L2 lacked alae, but possessed a pull-chain-like fissure. Irregular alignment of spherical particles on the cuticle were noted compared to the L3. Alae appeared in the early L3. The old cuticle turned into a thin film-like structure which adhered to the new cuticle, and spherical particles were seen regularly arranged on the surface of this structure. Regular rectangular cavities were found on the surface of L3/L4. The caudal structure of L3/L4 was much larger than that of L3, but caudal inflation, such as seen in L4, was not observed. These results are the first to reveal the ultrastructural changes of the cuticle of A. cantonensis before and after moulting of L2/L3 and L3/L4.

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Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters
Kathleen Howe, Lisa Kaluna, Alicia Lozano, Bruce Torres Fischer, Yaeko Tagami, Robert McHugh, Susan Jarvi, Matty Knight
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(4): e0209813. CrossRef
The genetic basis of adaptive evolution in parasitic environment from the Angiostrongylus cantonensis genome
Lian Xu, Meng Xu, Xi Sun, Junyang Xu, Xin Zeng, Dai Shan, Dongjuan Yuan, Ping He, Weiming He, Yulan Yang, Shiqi Luo, Jie Wei, Xiaoying Wu, Zhen Liu, Xiaomin Xu, Zhensheng Dong, Langui Song, Beibei Zhang, Zilong Yu, Lifu Wang, Chi Zhang, Xiaodong Fang, Qia
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(11): e0007846. CrossRef
Molluscicidal activity and mechanism of toxicity of a novel salicylanilide ester derivative against Biomphalaria species
Ping He, Weisi Wang, Benjamin Sanogo, Xin Zeng, Xi Sun, Zhiyue Lv, Dongjuan Yuan, Liping Duan, Zhongdao Wu
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen
JOEL BARRATT, DOUGLAS CHAN, INDY SANDARADURA, RICHARD MALIK, DEREK SPIELMAN, ROGAN LEE, DEBORAH MARRIOTT, JOHN HARKNESS, JOHN ELLIS, DAMIEN STARK
Parasitology.2016; 143(9): 1087. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

The Dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as Measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Sang-Hoon Cheon, Seung Ryong Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):243-246.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.243

Abstract
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It is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. In this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old T") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh T") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Although the fresh T had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old T, total length (about 26 ?m), including body length, flagella length, and axostyle length was almost the same in the 2 groups. A striking difference was observed between the axostyles of the 2 groups; the axostyle length of the fresh T (8.2 ?m) was more than twice as long as that of the old T (4.0 ?m). However, in several parasitology textbooks, the length of T. vaginalis is said to vary widely from 7 to 32 ?m, and its undulating membrane is said to extend about half way (53.5%) to the posterior end of the body. On the other hand, in our study, the undulating membrane was observed to extend more than 3/4 of the body length (72.1%) in old T, whereas in fresh T it could not be measured. Taken together, we suggest that T. vaginalis averages 26 (21-32) ?m in total length, with 9.5 (7.4-11.4) ?m of body length and 6.8 (5.3-7.7) ?m of width, and its undulating membrane extending 3/4 of its body length. Therefore, these findings may provide useful information for morphological characteristics of T. vaginalis.

Citations

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In vitro co-culture model of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus crispatus: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis
Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Luisa Trindade dos Santos, Saulo Almeida Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Tiana Tasca
Frontiers in Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis
Suhani B. Bhakta, Jose A. Moran, Frances Mercer
Open Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Neutrophils kill the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis using trogocytosis
Frances Mercer, Shek Hang Ng, Taylor M. Brown, Grace Boatman, Patricia J. Johnson, Fred Hughson
PLOS Biology.2018; 16(2): e2003885. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

11,544 View
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Electron Microscopy of the Separated Outer Tegument of the Sparganum and Its Antigenicity: Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):181-183.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.181

Abstract
PDF

The author reported previously on separation of the outer tegument of the spargana (plerocercoids of Spirometra mansoni) using high concentration of urea solution. To determine which layer of the tegument is separated by this method, an electron microscopic analysis has been processed in this study. It was confirmed that the basement layer of the tegument is separated from the parenchyme of the sparganum. In addition, the antigenicity of the separated outer tegument against the human sparganosis patient sera was evaluated. Numerous antigenic proteins, including 16 and 55 kDa proteins, were noticed in the separated tegument; however, there were no diagnostic 31/36 kDa molecules in this tegument. The molecules reactive with the patient sera in the tegument are to be characterized in future studies.

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Case Report

Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789) Infection in a Child: A Case Report: Adrian M?rquez-Navarro, Gudelio Garc?a-Bracamontes, Blanca E. ?lvarez-Fern?ndez, Luz P. ?vila-Caballero, Isabel Santos-Aranda, Dylan L. D?az-Chiguer, Rosa M. S?nchez-Manzano, Elvia Rodr?guez-Bataz, Benjam?n Nogueda-Torres; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):69-71.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.69

Abstract
PDF

We present a human infection with the canine whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, in a child suffering from rhinitis with a diagnosis of rhinitis. T. vulpis eggs resemble those of T. trichiura but they can be differentiated based on their morphological features and egg size, using micrometry with an ocular micrometer. T. vulpis eggs measured an average of 90 ?m by 44 ?m (range 86-99 ?m by 38-47 ?m). Prevalence of hookworms (28.1%), Toxocara canis (11.8%), and Trichuris vulpis (3.5%) was found in 292 fecal samples of dogs collected at the peri-domicile, which showed that the risk of infection was not only fortuitous. The treatment of canine whipworm infections is similar to that of T. trichiura infection. We recommend differentiation of the 2 species for their epidemiological and prevention implications.

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Original Articles

A Recombinant Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen-1 to Detect Human Infection in Iran: Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Mohammad Reza Khoramizade, Mehdi Nateghpour, Mehdi Mohebali, Gholam Hossein Edrissian, Mohammad Reza Eshraghian, Zargham Sepehrizadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):15-21.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.15

Abstract
PDF

In Iran, Plasmodium vivax is responsible for more than 80% of the infected cases of malaria per year. Control interventions for vivax malaria in humans rely mainly on developed diagnostic methods. Recombinant P. vivax apical membrane antigen-1 (rPvAMA-1) has been reported to achieve designing rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnosis. This study aimed to perform isolation and expression of a rPvAMA-1, derived from Iranian patients residing in an endemic area. Then, the diagnostic efficiency of the characterized Iranian PvAMA-1 was assessed using an indirect ELISA method. For this purpose, a partial region of AMA-1 gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in pET32a plasmid. The recombinant His-tagged protein was purified and used to coat the ELISA plate. Antibody detection was assessed by indirect ELISA using rPvAMA-1. The validity of the ELISA method for detection of anti-P. vivax antibodies in the field was compared to light microscopy on 84 confirmed P. vivax patients and compared to 84 non-P. vivax infected individuals. The ELISA cut-off value was calculated as the mean+2SD of OD values of the people living in malaria endemic areas from a south part of Iran. We found a cut-off point of OD=0.311 that showed the best correlation between the sera confirmed with P. vivax infection and healthy control sera. A sensitivity of 81.0% and specificity of 84.5% were found at this cut off titer. A good degree of statistical agreement was found between ELISA using rPvAMA-1 and light microscopy (0.827) by Kappa analysis.

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Serological responses to a soluble recombinant circumsporozoite protein-VK210 of Plasmodium vivax (rPvCSP-VK210) among Iranian malaria patients
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Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes between Cysts and Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Eun-Kyung Moon, Ying-Hua Xuan, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):341-347.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.341

Abstract
PDF

Acanthamoeba infection is difficult to treat because of the resistance property of Acanthamoeba cyst against the host immune system, diverse antibiotics, and therapeutic agents. To identify encystation mediating factors of Acanthamoeba, we compared the transcription profile between cysts and trophozoites using microarray analysis. The DNA chip was composed of 12,544 genes based on expressed sequence tag (EST) from an Acanthamoeba ESTs database (DB) constructed in our laboratory, genetic information of Acanthamoeba from TBest DB, and all of Acanthamoeba related genes registered in the NCBI. Microarray analysis indicated that 701 genes showed higher expression than 2 folds in cysts than in trophozoites, and 859 genes were less expressed in cysts than in trophozoites. The results of real-time PCR analysis of randomly selected 9 genes of which expression was increased during cyst formation were coincided well with the microarray results. Eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG) analysis showed an increment in T article (signal transduction mechanisms) and O article (posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones) whereas significant decrement of C article (energy production and conversion) during cyst formation. Especially, cystein proteinases showed high expression changes (282 folds) with significant increases in real-time PCR, suggesting a pivotal role of this proteinase in the cyst formation of Acanthamoeba. The present study provides important clues for the identification and characterization of encystation mediating factors of Acanthamoeba.

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Brief Communication

Naegleria fowleri Lysate Induces Strong Cytopathic Effects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Release in Rat Microglial Cells: Yang-Jin Lee, Chang-Eun Park, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jinyoung Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):285-290.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.285

Abstract
PDF

Naegleria fowleri, a ubiquitous free-living ameba, causes fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. N. fowleri trophozoites are known to induce cytopathic changes upon contact with microglial cells, including necrotic and apoptotic cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In this study, we treated rat microglial cells with amebic lysate to probe contact-independent mechanisms for cytotoxicity, determining through a combination of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy whether N. fowleri lysate could effect on both necrosis and apoptosis on microglia in a time- as well as dose-dependent fashion. A ⁵¹Cr release assay demonstrated pronounced lysate induction of cytotoxicity (71.5%) toward microglial cells by 24 hr after its addition to cultures. In an assay of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, microglial cells treated with N. fowleri lysate produced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, though generation of the former 2 cytokines was reduced with time, and that of the last increased throughout the experimental period. In summary, N. fowleri lysate exerted strong cytopathic effects on microglial cells, and elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine release as a primary immune response.

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Original Articles

Assessment of Loiasis and Outcomes of Ivermectin Masstreatment in Ijebu-North, Nigeria: A. A. Hassan, B. Akinsanya, N. Iyase, F. O. Owagboriaye; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):153-159.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.153

Abstract
PDF

A total of 286 individuals from 3 selected communities (Areedi-Aje, Ipakodo/Ojokodo, and Ijebu-Igbo) of Ijebu-North, southwestern Nigeria were examined for Loa loa microfilaremia using finger prick blood smear, between December 2008 and March 2009. Rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) was used to obtain information, from 187 Ijebu-Igbo residents, on adverse reactions experienced from retrospective treatments with ivermectin and history of eye worm. Only 33.9% of the respondents reported having had a history of eye worm while 33.2% had microfilaremia. The demographic factor of gender was not significant determinants of the prevalence (P>0.05) while age was significant (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of eye worm history and microfilaremia were recorded in 61-70 and 15-20 years of age categories, respectively. Ijebu-Igbo had 27.3% eye worm history, 32.1% microfilaremia, and the highest intensity of 140 microfilariae (mf)/ml. Ipakodo area had the highest eye worm history of 54.4% and the highest intensity of 420 mf/ml. Areedi-Aje had the highest occurrence of 45.2% microfilaremia and the highest intensity of 460 mf/ml. Predictably, Areedi-Aje and Ipakodo areas were high risk communities. The low intensity of L. loa infection with an insignificant (2.1%; P>0.05) adverse reactions from 187 subjects involved in the retrospective ivermectin administration confirmed that ivermectin delivery may be considered safe. The community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) programme was most probably responsible for the low prevalence and intensity.

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In Southern Nigeria Loa loa Blood Microfilaria Density is Very Low Even in Areas with High Prevalence of Loiasis: Results of a Survey Using the New LoaScope Technology
Emmanuel Emukah, Lindsay J. Rakers, Barminas Kahansim, Emmanuel S. Miri, Bertram E. B. Nwoke, Emily Griswold, Yisa Saka, Ifeoma Anagbogu, Emmanuel Davies, Cephas Ityonzughul, Michael D’Ambrosio, Matthew Bakalar, Daniel A. Fletcher, Thomas Nutman, Joseph K
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Phospholipase Activities in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Acanthamoeba: Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):1-8.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.1

Abstract
PDF

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infections remain incompletely understood. Phos-pholipases are known to cleave phospholipids, suggesting their possible involvement in the host cell plasma membrane disruption leading to host cell penetration and lysis. The aims of the present study were to determine phospholipase activities in Acanthamoeba and to determine their roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Using an encephalitis isolate (T1 genotype), a keratitis isolate (T4 genotype), and an environmental isolate (T7 genotype), we demonstrated that Acanthamoeba exhibited phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and phospholipase D (PLD) activities in a spectrophotometry-based assay. Interestingly, the encephalitis isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared with the keratitis isolates, but the environmental isolates exhibited the highest phospholipase activities. Moreover, Acanthamoeba isolates exhibited higher PLD activities compared with the PLA₂. Acanthamoeba exhibited optimal phospholipase activities at 37℃ and at neutral pH indicating their physiological relevance. The functional role of phospholipases was determined by in vitro assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We observed that a PLD-specific inhibitor, i.e., compound 48/80, partially inhibited Acanthamoeba encephalitis isolate cytotoxicity of the host cells, while PLA₂-specific inhibitor, i.e., cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, had no effect on parasite-mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity. Overall, the T7 exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared to the T4. In contract, the T7 exhibited minimal binding to, or cytotoxicity of, HBMEC.

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Multiplex PCR Detection of Waterborne Intestinal Protozoa: Microsporidia, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium: Seung-Hyun Lee, Migyo Joung, Sejoung Yoon, Kyoungjin Choi, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):297-301.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.297

Abstract
PDF

Recently, emerging waterborne protozoa, such as microsporidia, Cyclospora, and Cryptosporidium, have become a challenge to human health worldwide. Rapid, simple, and economical detection methods for these major waterborne protozoa in environmental and clinical samples are necessary to control infection and improve public health. In the present study, we developed a multiplex PCR test that is able to detect all these 3 major waterborne protozoa at the same time. Detection limits of the multiplex PCR method ranged from 10¹ to 10² oocysts or spores. The primers for microsporidia or Cryptosporidium used in this study can detect both Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, or both Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. Restriction enzyme digestion of PCR products with BsaBI or BsiEI makes it possible to distinguish the 2 species of microsporidia or Cryptosporidium, respectively. This simple, rapid, and cost-effective multiplex PCR method will be useful for detecting outbreaks or sporadic cases of waterborne protozoa infections.

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Rapid diagnosis of parasitic diseases: current scenario and future needs
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Assessment of the first commercial multiplex PCR kit (ParaGENIE Crypto-Micro Real-Time PCR) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis from fecal samples
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Natane Barbosa Barcelos, Lorena de Freitas e Silva, Regyane Ferreira Guimarães Dias, Hélio Ranes de Menezes Filho, Rosângela Maria Rodrigues
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Wei Yan, Zhongyuan Shen, Xudong Tang, Li Xu, Qianlong Li, Yajie Yue, Shengyan Xiao, Xuliang Fu
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Shengyan Xiao, Zhongyuan Shen, Xudong Tang, Li Xu, Xuliang Fu, Yajie Yue, Nan Li, Wei Wang
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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera: Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):171-174.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.171

Abstract
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The antigen location of Cryptosporidium parvum, which stimulates antibody formation in humans and animals, was investigated using infected human sera. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that antigenicity-inducing humoral immunity was located at various developmental stages of parasites, including asexual, sexual stages, and oocysts. The amount of antigen-stimulating IgG antibodies was particularly high on the oocyst wall. The sporozoite surface was shown to give stimulation on IgG and IgM antibody formation. Trophozoites implicated the lowest antigenicity to humoral immunity, both IgG and IgM, by showing the least amount of gold labeling. Immunogold labeling also provided clues that antigens were presented to the host-cell cytoplasm via feeder organelles and host-parasite junctions.

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Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor ofCryptosporidium parvum
J.-M. KANG, H.-L. JU, J.-R. YU, W.-M. SOHN, B.-K. NA
Parasitology.2012; 139(8): 1029. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Large-scale Genotyping and Genetic Mapping in Plasmodium Parasites: Xin-zhuan Su, Hongying Jiang, Ming Yi, Jianbing Mu, Robert M. Stephens; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):83-91.
Published online May 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.83

Abstract
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The completion of many malaria parasite genomes provides great opportunities for genomewide characterization of gene expression and high-throughput genotyping. Substantial progress in malaria genomics and genotyping has been made recently, particularly the development of various microarray platforms for large-scale characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum genome. Microarray has been used for gene expression analysis, detection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV), characterization of chromatin modifications, and other applications. Here we discuss some recent advances in genetic mapping and genomic studies of malaria parasites, focusing on the use of high-throughput arrays for the detection of SNP and CNV in the P. falciparum genome. Strategies for genetic mapping of malaria traits are also discussed.

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Experimental evidence for hybridization of closely related lineages in Plasmodium relictum
Vaidas Palinauskas, Rasa Bernotienė, Rita Žiegytė, Staffan Bensch, Gediminas Valkiūnas
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2017; 217: 1. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in human malaria cases in Mali
Cécile Nabet, Safiatou Doumbo, Fakhri Jeddi, Salimata Konaté, Tommaso Manciulli, Bakary Fofana, Coralie L’Ollivier, Aminata Camara, Sandra Moore, Stéphane Ranque, Mahamadou A. Théra, Ogobara K. Doumbo, Renaud Piarroux
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Lindsey R. Friedrich, Jean Popovici, Saorin Kim, Lek Dysoley, Peter A. Zimmerman, Didier Menard, David Serre, Jane M. Carlton
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Case Report

Disseminated Microfilaremia Associated with Lung Cyst and Empyema: An Autopsy Report: Kirti Gupta, Uma Nahar Saikia, Prateek Bhatia, Mandeep Garg, Ajay Wanchu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):49-52.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.49

Abstract
PDF

Clinical manifestations of extralymphatic disease caused by filariasis are varied and range from symptoms due to tropical pulmonary eosinophilia to hematuria, proteinuria, splenomegaly, and rarely arthritis. Disseminated microfilaremia in association with loculated lung cyst and empyema is of rare occurrence and to the best of our knowledge has not been documented in the literature so far. We report here a case of disseminated microfilaremia due to Wuchereria bancrofti infection accompanied by a lung cyst and empyema in a 21-year-old Indian man.

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Original Articles

Contact-Independent Cell Death of Human Microglial Cells due to Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri Trophozoites: Jong-Hyun Kim, Daesik Kim, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):217-221.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.217

Abstract
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Free-living Naegleria fowleri leads to a fatal infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. Previously, the target cell death could be induced by phagocytic activity of N. fowleri as a contact-dependent mechanism. However, in this study we investigated the target cell death under a non-contact system using a tissue-culture insert. The human microglial cells, U87MG cells, co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites for 30 min in a non-contact system showed morphological changes such as the cell membrane destruction and a reduction in the number. By fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, U87MG cells co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites in a non-contact system showed a significant increasse of apoptotic cells (16%) in comparison with that of the control or N. fowleri lysate. When U87MG cells were co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites in a non-contact system for 30 min, 2 hr, and 4 hr, the cytotoxicity of amebae against target cells was 40.5, 44.2, and 45.6%, respectively. By contrast, the cytotoxicity of non-pathogenic N. gruberi trophozoites was 10.2, 12.4, and 13.2%, respectively. These results suggest that the molecules released from N. fowleri in a contact-independent manner as well as phagocytosis in a contact-dependent manner may induce the host cell death.

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Hae-Jin Sohn, A-Jeong Ham, A-Young Park, Jeong-Heon Lee, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Jong-Hyun Kim
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Firooz Shahrivar, Ata Moghimi, Ramin Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad Hasan Kohansal, Ali Mortazavi, Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh, Ehsan Ahmadpour
Microbial Pathogenesis.2025; 206: 107762. CrossRef
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N. Datta
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Kerrie Ní Dhufaigh, Natasha Botwright, Eugene Dillon, Ian O’Connor, Eugene MacCarthy, Orla Slattery
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Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
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Fowlerstefin, a cysteine protease inhibitor of Naegleria fowleri, induces inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells in vitro
Thị Lam Thái, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Jinyoung Lee, Won Gi Yoo, Ho-Joon Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hae‐Jin Sohn, Kyoung‐Ju Song, Heekyoung Kang, A‐Jeong Ham, Jae‐Ho Lee, Yong‐Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Jong‐Hyun Kim, Ho‐Joon Shin
Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hae-Jin Sohn, Ga-Eun Seo, Jae-Ho Lee, A-Jeong Ham, Young-Hwan Oh, Heekyoung Kang, Ho-Joon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 217. CrossRef
In Vitro Activity of Statins against Naegleria fowleri
Aitor Rizo-Liendo, Ines Sifaoui, María Reyes-Batlle, Olfa Chiboub, Rubén L. Rodríguez-Expósito, Carlos J. Bethencourt-Estrella, Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández, Edyta B. Hendiger, Atteneri López-Arencibia, Pedro Rocha-Cabrera, José E. Piñero, Jacob Lorenzo-
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Excretory and Secretory Proteins of Naegleria fowleri Induce Inflammatory Responses in BV‐2 Microglial Cells
Jinyoung Lee, Jung‐Mi Kang, Tae Im Kim, Jong‐Hyun Kim, Hae‐Jin Sohn, Byoung‐Kuk Na, Ho‐Joon Shin
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2017; 64(2): 183. CrossRef
Amphotericin B induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi
Roberto Cárdenas-Zúñiga, Angélica Silva-Olivares, José D' Artagnan Villalba-Magdaleno, Virginia Sánchez-Monroy, Jesús Serrano-Luna, Mineko Shibayama
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Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against cathepsin B and cathepsin B-Like proteins of Naegleria fowleri
Gi-Sang Seong, Hae-Jin Sohn, Heekyoung Kang, Ga-Eun Seo, Jong-Hyun Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Experimental Parasitology.2017; 183: 171. CrossRef
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Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Ibne Karim M. Ali, Jennifer R. Cope, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Acta Tropica.2016; 164: 375. CrossRef
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Moisés Martínez-Castillo, Roberto Cárdenas-Zúñiga, Daniel Coronado-Velázquez, Anjan Debnath, Jesús Serrano-Luna, Mineko Shibayama
Journal of Medical Microbiology.2016; 65(9): 885. CrossRef
NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in THP-1 Target Cells Triggered by Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri
Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jong-Kyun Yoo, Heekyoung Kang, Gi-Sang Seong, Yong-Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin, J. A. Appleton
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Novel cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like cysteine protease of Naegleria fowleri excretory–secretory proteins and their biochemical properties
Jinyoung Lee, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Hee-Jong Yang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Yong-Joon Chwae, Sun Park, Kyongmin Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
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Naegleria fowleriLysate Induces Strong Cytopathic Effects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Release in Rat Microglial Cells
Yang-Jin Lee, Chang-Eun Park, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jinyoung Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Ho-Joon Shin
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Christian Gianinazzi, Marc Schild, Beatrice Zumkehr, Fritz Wüthrich, Irina Nüesch, Regula Ryter, Nadia Schürch, Bruno Gottstein, Norbert Müller
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Immunodominant antigens in Naegleria fowleri excretory–secretory proteins were potential pathogenic factors
Jong-Hyun Kim, Ae-Hee Yang, Hae-Jin Sohn, Daesik Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Ho-Joon Shin
Parasitology Research.2009; 105(6): 1675. CrossRef

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Microphallus koreana n. sp. (Trematoda: Microphallidae) Transmitted by a Marine Crab, Macrophthalmus dilatatus: Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, You-Me Kim, Seobo Sim, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):165-169.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.165

Abstract
PDF

Microphallus species occur primarily as intestinal parasites of birds and mammals, and metacercariae of a new species belonging to this genus have been discovered from the crab, Macrophthalmus dilatatus, in the Republic of Korea. The metacercaria of this fluke was round with 2 thick walls, and the excysted one had mature genital organs. The adult flukes recovered from experimentally infected chicks had numerous intrauterine eggs, well-developed pars prostatica, widely bifurcating ceca, and prominent uterine bulge. After observing internal structures, it was concluded that this species is different from any other known Microphallus spp. Based on the morphology of metacercariae and adult flukes, we describe this specimen as a new species, Microphallus koreana n. sp.

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Voleentina Devi Athokpam, Lalit Mohan Goswami, Veena Tandon
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Busaba Panyarachun, Arin Ngamniyom, Prasert Sobhon, Panat Anuracpreeda
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(4): 335. CrossRef

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Larval Gnathostoma hispidum detected in the red banded odd-tooth snake, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, from China: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):191-198.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.191

Abstract
PDF

A total of 205 larval gnathostomes were collected from 18 (22.5%) of 80 red banded odd-tooth snakes, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, which had been smuggled from China and confiscated at Customs in Busan, Republic of Korea. In order to identify the species, some of the larvae were observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The larvae were 2.18 x 0.29 mm in average size, and had a pair of lips at the anterior end, a muscular esophagus, 2 pairs of cervical sacs, and brownish intestines. The head bulb was characteristically equipped with 4 rows of hooklets; the average number of hooklets in each respective row was 38.6, 40.5, 41.5, and 43.7. In SEM views, the mouth evidenced a pair of lateral lips of equal size in a half-moon shape. Each lip featured a couple of labial papillae and a small amphid located between the 2 papillae. The hooklets on the head bulb had single-pointed, posteriorly-curved tips. The cuticular spines were larger and more densely distributed on the anterior part of the body, and decreased gradually in size and number toward the posterior body. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the larvae were identified as the third stage larvae of Gnathostoma hispidum.

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A serological survey of Dirofilaria immitis infection in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and effects of chemoprophylaxis: Kang Hyun Byeon, Bong Jin Kim, Sun-Mi Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Mee-Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):27-32.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.27

Abstract
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The status of Dirofilaria immitis infection was assessed in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and chemoprophylactic effects of microfilaricidal medication were evaluated. A total of 294 pet dogs older than 6 mo were examined, 217 of which had been maintained indoors, and 77 had been kept outdoors. The Snap^R kit and direct microscopic examinations of the peripheral blood were used. The mean overall parasite positive rates were 10.2% and 6.5%, respectively. Outdoor dogs evidenced adult worm infection rate of 31.2% and microfilaria infection rate of 18.2%. The indoor dogs, however, evidenced adult worm infection rate of 2.8% and microfilaria infection rate of 2.3%. The prevalence in males was more than 2 times that of females. The changing pattern of infection rates by age evidenced a gradual increase, from 2- to 6-year-old dogs, after which, a decrease in infection rates was noted. With regard to chemoprophylaxis, the infection rates of complete and incomplete chemoprophylaxis groups were found to be 2-3 times lower than that of the non-chemoprophylaxis group. The results of the present study indicate that the risk of exposure to D. immitis in pet dogs is quite high, particularly in male outdoor dogs, and chemoprophylactic measures were quite effective.

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Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2023; 4: 100148. CrossRef
Detection of Dirofilaria immitis using microscopic, serological and molecular techniques among dogs in Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil
Taíssa Angélica Lemos Trancoso, Nathália da Conceição Lima, Alynne Silva Barbosa, Daniela Leles, Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca, Norma Vollmer Labarthe, Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos, Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
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A new culture system for in situ observation of the growth and development of Eucyclops serrulatus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida): Sung-Hee Park, Cheon-Young Chang, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(4):141-147.
Published online December 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.4.141

Abstract
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A practical and convenient method of rearing Eucyclops serrulatus in a microculture environment is described. A complete life cycle of E. serrulatus was maintained in a narrow space on a microscope slide glass on which a cover glass of 22 x 40 mm in size was mounted at a height of 0.8 mm. The culture medium was constituted by bottled mineral water boiled with grains of Glycine max (soybean). Chilomonas paramecium, a free-living protozoan organism, was provided as live food. Growth of nauplii hatched from eggs to the first stage of copepodite took an average of 7.7 days, and the growth of copepodite 1 to the egg-bearing adult female took an average of 20.1 days in the microculture cell with an average life time of 44.7 days. Continuous passage of copepods was successfully maintained as long as sufficient medium and food were provided. The microculture method enables an in situ microscopic observation on the growth and developmental process of helminth larvae experimentally infected to copepods as well as of copepod itself. Furthermore, it does not require anesthetization and, therefore, minimize the amount of stress exposed to copepods during the handling process.

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Brief Communications

Ultrastructural observation of human neutrophils during apoptotic cell death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica: Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):205-208.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.205

Abstract
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Neutrophils are important effector cells against protozoan extracellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic colitis and liver abscess in human beings. Apoptotic cell death of neutrophils is an important event in the resolution of inflammation and parasite's survival in vivo. This study was undertaken to investigate the ultrastructural aspects of apoptotic cells during neutrophil death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica. Isolated human neutrophils from the peripheral blood were incubated with or without live trophozoites of E. histolytica and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neutrophils incubated with E. histolytica were observed to show apoptotic characteristics, such as compaction of the nuclear chromatin and swelling of the nuclear envelop. In contrast, neutrophils incubated in the absence of the amoeba had many protrusions of irregular cell surfaces and heterogenous nuclear chromatin. Therefore, it is suggested that Entamoeba-induced neutrophil apoptosis contribute to prevent unwanted tissue inflammation and damage in the amoeba-invaded lesions in vivo.

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Signaling Role of NADPH Oxidases in ROS-Dependent Host Cell Death Induced by Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 155. CrossRef
The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections
César Díaz-Godínez, Julio C. Carrero
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Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites Induce a Rapid Non-classical NETosis Mechanism Independent of NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species and PAD4 Activity
César Díaz-Godínez, Zayda Fonseca, Mario Néquiz, Juan P. Laclette, Carlos Rosales, Julio C. Carrero
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Entamoeba histolytica induces human neutrophils to form NETs
J. Ventura‐Juarez, MR. Campos‐Esparza, J. Pacheco‐Yepez, J. A López‐Blanco, A. Adabache‐Ortíz, M. Silva‐Briano, R. Campos‐Rodríguez
Parasite Immunology.2016; 38(8): 503. CrossRef
Modulatory mechanisms of enterocyte apoptosis by viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens
Andre G Buret, Amol Bhargava
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Anoikis potential of Entameba histolytica secretory cysteine proteases: Evidence of contact independent host cell death
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In vivo programmed cell death of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in a hamster model of amoebic liver abscess
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TGF‐β‐regulated tyrosine phosphatases induce lymphocyte apoptosis in Leishmania donovani‐infected hamsters
Rajdeep Banerjee, Sudeep Kumar, Abhik Sen, Ananda Mookerjee, Syamal Roy, Subrata Pal, Pradeep Das
Immunology & Cell Biology.2011; 89(3): 466. CrossRef
Involvement of Src Family Tyrosine Kinase in Apoptosis of Human Neutrophils Induced by Protozoan ParasiteEntamoeba histolytica
Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(4): 285. CrossRef
Calpain-dependent calpastatin cleavage regulates caspase-3 activation during apoptosis of Jurkat T cells induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
International Journal for Parasitology.2007; 37(11): 1209. CrossRef
Involvement of β2-integrin in ROS-mediated neutrophil apoptosis induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Seobo Sim, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Kyung-Il Im, Myeong Heon Shin
Microbes and Infection.2007; 9(11): 1368. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis promotes apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating caspase‐3 and reducing Mcl‐1 expression
J. H. KANG, H. O. SONG, J. S. RYU, M. H. SHIN, J. M. KIM, Y. S. CHO, J. F. ALDERETE, M. H. AHN, D. Y. MIN
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Toxoplasma gondii Inhibits Apoptosis in Infected Cells by Caspase Inactivation and NF-κB Activation
Ji-Young Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Hye-Sun Jun, Jai-Won Jung, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min
Yonsei Medical Journal.2006; 47(6): 862. CrossRef

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A survey of Brugia malayi infection on the Heugsan Islands, Korea: Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Yil Choi, Jong-Soo Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Kyun-Jong Park, Kyeong-Ae Yang, Keon-Hoon Lee, Mi-Jeng Park, Hyung-Ran Park, Mi-Ja Kim, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(1):69-73.
Published online March 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.69

Abstract
PDF

Lymphatic filariasis due to Brugia malayi infection was endemic in several areas of South Korea. The infection was controlled, or disappeared, in most areas, with the exception of the remote southwestern islands of Jeonranam-do, including the Heugsan Islands. To discover its current situation, a small-scale survey was performed on the Heugsan Islands in September 2000. A total of 378 people, 151 male and 227 female, living in 8 villages (6 on Daeheugsan-do, 1 on Daejang-do, and 1 on Yeongsan-do) were subjected to a night blood survey for microfilaremia, and physical examination for elephantiasis on the extremities. There were 6 (1.6%) microfilaria positive cases, all in females aged 57-72 years, and from only two villages of the Daeheugsan-do area. There were 4 patients with lower leg elephantiasis, but they showed no microfilaremia. The results show that a low-grade endemicity of filariasis remains on the Daeheugsan-do.

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Young Yil Bahk, Eun-Hee Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim
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Hyeng Il Cheun, Hee Eun Shin, Da Won Ma, Sung Hee Hong, Tae Yun Kim, Sang Eun Lee, JungWon Ju, Yun-Kyu Park, Tong-Soo Kim, Shin Hyeong Cho
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Shin Hyeong Cho, Da Won Ma, Bo Ra Koo, Hee Eun Shin, Wook Kyo Lee, Byong Suk Jeong, Chaeshin Chu, Won Ja Lee, Hyeng Il Cheun
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Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee-Il Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Jong-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 59. CrossRef
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Hyeong‐Il Cheun, Jong‐Soo Lee, Shin‐Hyeong Cho, Yoon Kong, Tong‐Soo Kim
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2009; 14(4): 445. CrossRef
Review of Zoonotic Parasites in Medical and Veterinary Fields in the Republic of Korea
Heejeong Youn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S133. CrossRef
Successful Control of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Republic of Korea
Hyeng-Il Cheun, Yoon Kong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong-Soo Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Joo-Shil Lee, Jong-Koo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(4): 323. CrossRef
Trends in parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea
Eun-Hee Shin, Sang-Mee Guk, Hyo-Jin Kim, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai
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